Altaftj  ^0  otAivJVmyvi^W . 


COMPILED  AND  PEN-WRITTEN  BY 
JASPER  GOODYKOONTZ 


PUBLISHED  BY  J.  GOODYKOONTZ,  NK\V  YORK. 

PRICE,  $1.50.    TRADE  SUPPLIED  BY  THE  AMERICAN  NEWS  COMPANY,  NEW  YORK,  OR  THE 
SAN  FRANCISCO  NEWS  COMPANY,  SAN  FKANCISCO,  CALIFORNIA. 


INDEX. 


Ahhrrviations  38       Longevity  and  Marriage  .... 117 

AdSSi  por«»'of:::::::. :;••:; •£    TLoveKLet.Ver^ I0^ 

Album  Writer's  Department .V       Lumber  Tables 26 

American  W.i r>  i nd  Battles Man  and  Woman 116 

Anniversary  Calendar Map  of  World 9 

Application,  Letters  of Marriage   Laws  35 

Asteroids Marriage,  Legal  Requirements  of 105 

86       Marriage  Age  in  different  Countries 117 

:*..:::::.:::::.  5       Mean  Agnnull  Temperature ,87 

Bra -Masand  Weight  of U?        Men  at  their  Best 1,7 

Business  Arithmetic,  Dictionary  of 42       Mensuration 54 

Business  Correspondence    no       J*?*0™ V Jo 

HuMtu-«  K,,rm;    Dictionary  of I9S       Miscellaneous  Letters 108 

Busings  an,1  Legal  Terms: 19*       Mohammedan  Calendar 15 

B.,Mness  Time  Tables....                                  «,  ^^^^^... .................  £ 

Capital  Letters.  Rules  for lot       Moon,  Phases  of n 

Cards  and  Notes  ot  Ceremony 94       Moonlight  Chart,  Perpetual 19 

Cemetery,  In  the 3° 

Centenarians 117       Names  of  Men  and  Women 278 

Chenistryof  the  Body 117       Notes  of  Ceremony 94 

Chronology        ..........     119       parliamentary  Laws  and  Rules ., 148 

Circu-unavijrators  of  Globe Perpetual  Calendar 4 

Civil  Government    108       Perpetual  Calendar,  Notes  on 

•.-••• Perpetual  Moonlight  Chart 19 

Commercial  Law 1           Perpetual  Sunset  and  Sunrise  Table 10 

Common  Law I9»       Manets,  Facts  about n 

Compactof  Pilgrim  Fathers Politic  U  Economy 198 

Compound  Interest  Tables 24       portraits  of  Great  Men 86 

Correspondence    i           Punctuation  Points 101 

Dates.  Dictionary  of 118       Rainfall,  Average  Annual 18 

Day,  Length  of 10,  3      Recommendation,  Letters  of 107 

Distances,  fable  of 18 

Domestic  Letters 102      Seasons,  Theory  of n 

Signs   Monetary  and  Commercial loi 

Easter  Sunday  Table  for  600  Years Signs  of  the  Zodiac io-n 

Eclipses  Theory  of 11       So«iar  System „ 

:••••-• '9       Standard  Weights  and  Measures 66 

Epitaphs,  Collection  of 31       States,  Facts  about 34 

» Statistical  Bureau  of  United  States 34 

Kras.  Notes  on Statute  Law 198 

Etiquette,  Dictionary  of 164      Sun,  Declination  of lo 

Facts  about  the  Body 116      Sun,  Facts  About n 

Festivals,  Fixed  and  Movable  8      Sunset  Table  Prrpetual 10 

Fractional  Multiplication  Table 21       s>un,  Slow  or  Fast 10 

Geography  of  the  Heavens 37      Teeth,  Appearanceiof 117 

Tidf  s.  Theory  ot it 

Historical  Events 16      Troops  in  Federal  Army 35 

Holidays 8       Twilight  Table 20 

Human  strength 117      Velocities,  Table  of 41 

Instantaneous  Method  of  Computing  Interest..  22  wars    American  28 

Instantaneous  Method  of  Measuring  Lumber..  26  Weather  Wi-dom" 

Interest,  Legal  Rate  of     35  wedding  Anniversaries'"  '.'.'.".'.'.I'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.".'.'.'.'.  94 

Interest  Ta  bles.  Simple  .     Weight  and  Stature  at  different  Ages i  Jfi 

Interest  Tables,  Compound 24      what's  Your  Name 117 

Invitations,  Forms  of 94      wind>  Pressure,  etc.,  of 41 

Jewish  Calendar...  14      Women  Age  of 116 

Women's  Chances  to  Marry 117 

Land  or  Squire  Measure 73  Year  I  etipth  of 

Limitation,  Statutes  of 35          -ar,  Lengtn  oi 3 

Local  Time  Chart 9      Zodiac,  Signs  of io-n 


COPYRIGHT,  1894,   BY  JASPER    GOODYKOONTZ. 


tit'  <fc!«i'  »-t — JMM«A»» 

S* 


PERPTUAiCALENDAR 


REFOENCEMANUAL 


JANUARY — 


January  is  named  from  the  Roman  Jims,  who  was 
he  Porter  of  heaven.  He  presided  over  the  beginning  or 
opening  of  everyth'mg,hence,  Hie  first  -month  of  t  he 
•year  was  named  after  him.  Jairua™  wu  added  to  the 
ist  of  months  bij  Numa  Pompiliis,  672  B.C.  Among  the 
Romans,  on  the  first  of  this  month  all  enmities  were 
suspended,  presents  were  exchanged,  officers  were 
'nstalled,  etc.  Thus  iwiCTt'wis  theorigm 


May  is  probably  derived  from  Ma.il,  a  feminine  di- 
vinity worshipped  at  Rome,  to  whom  sacrifices  were 
offered  on  the  first  day  of  May.  The  custom  of  ob- 
serving May-day,  or  the  first  day  of  May,  with  floral 
and  festive  ceremonies,  is  older  than  the  Middle  Ages. 
The  May-Pole  was  once  general  in  England,  the  young  peo- 
ple going  out  before  sunrise  to  gither  flowers  to  adorn  it. 


<4 


Februiry  is  dewed  from  Fetna,  the  Roman  festwa 
of  general  expiation  and  lustration,  which  was  celebra- 
ted during  the  latter  part  of  this  month.  It  was  add- 
ed to  the  list  of  months  by  Nunta,672  B.C.  Evenj 
fourth  ijear  February  has  29  days  instead  of  2$ 
and  such  years  are  called  "bissextile  or'leapyears'. 
In  this  month  the  Lupercalia  wen  held  among  the 
Romans.  It  is  the  month  of  harvest  in  UpperEgypt. 


March  is  named  From  MATS,  the  Roman  god 
of  war.  It  was  the  first  month  in  the  early  calen- 
dar, and  the  kga)  year  began  with  March25th 
until  the  change  from  Old  to  New  Style  in  the  year 
1752.  The  value  of  March  weather  is  expressed 
in  the  sauings,"A  peck  of  March  dust  is  wprih 
a  King's  Tansorn."  "March  comes  in  like  a  lion, 
and  goes  out  like  a  lam b'.' Harvest  month  in  India. 


APRIL 


The  derivation  of  April  is  unknown,  uet  there 
is  a  traditional  etuntolofu,  omnia  i/>er/t,"\l  opens 
everything',' as  spring  and  the  buds  generally  open 
In  this  rnonth.  All-Fools'  Daij  (April  1)  is  traced 
through  evenj  country  of  Europe  to  the  Hindoos, 
and  even  farlner  back-to  the  mistake  of  Noah  in 
sending  the  dove  out  of  the  ark  before  the  wain-had 
abated,  on  the  Hebrew  first  da-y  of  the  rnonth. 


JUNE- 


June  has  commonly  been  traced  to  June,  worship- 
ped at  Rome  as  the  queen  of  heaven.  The  connection 
is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  month  of  June  was 
considered  the  most  favorable  period  for  marrying, 
and  Juno  was  believed  to  preside  over  marriage. 
The  summer  solstice  occurs  in  thismonth,and 
in  the  north  temperate  zone  it  is  the  most  pleas- 
ant month  of  the  year.  Harvest  month  in  South  U.S. 

*» 


JULY 


F 


July  derives  its  -name  from  JuJiusCaesar,v*ho 
was  born  on  the  12th  of  the  month.  It  was  original- 
ly called  Q.u!n/ilis,hom  its  having  been  Ihefiftli  month 
hr  the  original  Latin  year,  which  began  with  March. 
This  is  the  month  of"doq  days"  reckoned  as  com- 
mencing on  the  3d, and  ending  on  the  I  ltd  of 
August,  during  which  period  the  extreme  heat  of 
summer  prevails.  Harvest  month  in  mostcauihieinlllitlK 


—-AUGUST 


August  owes  its  name  to  Augustus Ctesir,  who 
followed  his  illustrious  predecessor  by  appropriating  a 
month  to  himself.  In  the  original  Lalin  year  it  was 
called  SKtfft,  from  its  being  the  sinth  month.  It  orig- 
inally contained  30daus,  but  to  gratify  the  vanity 
of  Augustus,  one  day  was  taken  from  February  and 
added  to  August, so  as  to  wake  his  month  equal  in 
extent  and  dignity  tethe  month  of  JuliusCaesjr-Julu. 


-SEPTEMBER- 


September  is  so  called  from  the  Latin Scpfem, sev- 
en, because  it  was  the  7lh  month  of  the  Roman  year. 
This  is  the  harvest  month  throughout  large  areas  of 
the  globe.  Harvest  moon  is  the  full  moon  nearest 
the  autumnal  equinox  (Sept.  21),  so  called  because  it 
enables  farmers  to  prolong  the  dag's  work  during 
the  autumnal  harvest;  especially  favoriHein  the  north. 


-OCTOBER— 


October  was  the  e_i<jtith  month  of  the  Roman 
calendar,  which  has  given  rise  to  the  following: 
"October  has  its  name  from  octo,  eight;  / 

Though  'tis  the  truth,  perhaps  'tis  well  to  state,      S 
Such  sixes  and  such  sevens  the  months  weit  knockeilo  / 
That  ten  became  translated  into  octo." 
The  changing  of  the  forests  to  the  gorgeous  and 
many-colored  hues  of  autumn  is  characteristic  of  October,  ( 


November  was  formerly  the  ninth  month,  now 
the  eleventh.  From  -norem,  nine.  This  month  is  re- 
deemed almost  every  year  from  its  cold  and  bluster- 
ing character,  by  the  delightful  weather  known  as 
Indian  Summer,  when  for  days  or  weeks  the  sun 
pours  its  tays  mildly  through  a  haze,  rendering  the 
air  soft  and  genial.  This  month  is  also  noted  for 
its  time-honored  festival  known  as  Thanksgiving. 


-DECEMBER- 


December  is  derived  from  decem, len,  as 
it  was  formerly  the  tenth  month.  The  longest 
nights  and  shortest  days  occur  during    this 
month,  the  winter  solstice  falling  on  tht  21st. 
As  the  rnonth  of  the  Christmas  holidays, which  con 
time  from  Derem.24  to  Jan. 2,  its  cold  winds 
and  glo-rrmj  atmosphere  are  enlivened  with  the  joy- 
ousness  and  charity  of  I  he  greatest  festi»al  in  the  yeat 


L— YEAR-DAY- 


The  Year  is  the  period  of  tirne  in  which  the 
earth  performs  a  revolution  in  its  orbit  a-round 
the  sun.  It  consists  of  365  days  5  hours48min- 
utes,  and  46  seconds  of  n-iean  solar  time.  The  Day 
is  the  interval  of  tim«  which  elapses  between  two 
consecutive  returns  of  the  same  terrestrial  merid- 
ian to  the  sun.  The  Week  is  a  period  of  seven  days, 
having  no  reference  to  the  celestial  moiions-a  cir- 
cumstance to  which  it  owes  its  unalterable  uniformity. 


CALENDAR  FC 


GOODYKOONTZ'S  PERPETUAL  CALENDAR* 

An.    instantaneous    re/ereticc  cal  eri  d  i'r    frbiri    which 

the  complete  and   correct  calendar  for  an  y    year,  either  old  or  nev»  stule, 

before  or  a/ter  Chri  st,  w  a  y   be  itis*antl  y    fo  u-ti  d  . 


-:^ 


A  <£  .>¥> 

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^-^•'^#••••-1 


YEARS    OF    THE    CENTURIE 


S  A.ND 


To  /'iti^  the  calendar  tor  any  year, 
look  iti  the  column  of  cetiturtin  at  «hc 
l*l<  <OT  th«  re<guire4  century,  at  thi> 
rifht  o/  which  is  lh«  C«tituTM  Letter 
/OT  New  Styl«(si-nce  Sept.  3,nS2),and 
»t  the  le/«,«he  Century  UtMTMrOM 
Style.  Ttwte  lette-r»  ii-rect  to  corre- 
tfontinq  ktteti  atthetopi  o>  the 
double  columns,  in  which  tre  ^iven 
the  y«*T«  of  the  centurict.  At  the 
riaht  of  each  i^etr  in  the  double  col- 
umn* n  the  Calendar  NumlMT,d!rect- 
ing  to  the  corresponding  number  of 
the  calendars  which  follow.  Ml  the 
y«an  of  1800  art  given  in  the  second 
double  column  under  B;  all  the  yean 
of  1300,  in  the  third  double  column.etc. 


Exattiples. 

I. -Find  the  calendar  fo-f  1894.  Lj»k 
in  the  column  of  centuriei  for  I800;at 
its  rioht  is  B,  directing  to  8  at  the  lop 
o/the  second  double  column;  at  the 
riaht  of  9*  in  this  column r>  2, direct 
ino  to  Calendar  Number  2,  which  is 
the  correct  calendar  for  1 894-. 

A. -On  what  day  was  Washinyton 
inaugurated  President,  April  30,11897 
At  the  riaht  of  1700  (in  century  celntnn) 
i»  A;  under  A  in  the  first  double  col- 
umn.atthe  riaht  of  89  is  5:  in  cal- 
endar number  5  April  30ih  is  Tbur<d«y. 

3. -On  whaKiiM  did  Columbus  dis- 
cover America,  October  \1. 149j»-At 
the  left  of  I400(0ld  Style)  it  A;  under 
A  at  the  n'«htof  92  is  I  A;  in  calendar 
number  IA  the  12th  of  October  is  Friday. 


April' 5th  of  the  year  4.  B.C.T-T>ie years 
B.C.baing  reckoned  backward, it  is  neces- 
sary to  take  the  year  of  the  century  from 
100,  and  use  t  h«  century  letter  of  the  prt 
ceding  cenluru:thu«,4(yearofc«ntttTul 
from  100  leaves  98 ;  century  letter  for  1 00 
(New  Style)  it  C ;  under  C  in  the  Kurd  doub 
le  column  at  the  ri«hl  of  96  is  2A-  in 
calendar  number  2A  the  5th  of  Aoril 
is  Friday. 

lino  that  time  has  been  reok 


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JULY   •—3-4-" 

9  IO  1       1 

1  6  1  7  1  8  1 
2324252 

<J  T  F"  S                    S  M  T 

OCT.          2 

5678                        891 
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3202     22                      22232 
S  27  28  29       ....           29303 

r  W  T  R  S 

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3202     2223 
32728293O 

NOTES  ON  THE  CALENDAR. 

^WM§)   'e  cen  uri/  letters,  at  the  right  of  the 
fanfof.  linn  of  centuries,  are  given  both  A. 
onffifi  ind  B.C.  in  New  Sly  e  in  order  to  r 

•jjKJS  the  advent  cf  man  on  the  earth,4-0 
<l§5£    B'C''  UTlt''  ""  PT«"i,  and  ill  full 
&J  »         To  find  the  ce-nturij  letter  for  IT 
century  bei/ond  those  g  ven  in  Die  c 
umn  of  cen  uries,  it  is  only  necessary  to  r*m 
bfr  that  every  centesimal  leap--year(every  cent 
imal  ijear  divisible  by  400)  has  D  for  its  cen 
ri,  letter;  then  the  ne«t  century,  Aj  then  B  an 

C,  »nd  so  on  forever;  thus,  &400  his  D;  8500,  A 
8600,  B;  8700,  C;  8800,  D;  etc. 
ol        If  it  be  desirable  to  use  the  Old  Stule  century 
3.  letters  beyond  those  given  at  the  left  of  thecolumr 
p-  of  centur  es,  repeat  them  in  the  si-me  order  as  jive 
«        There  are  two  methods  of  reckoning  the  years  B.I 
4  known   as  the"Aslronorners'  MelhodJ*  and  the"Chro 
re  no  ogers'  Method}'   The  former  method  is  used  i 
this  Calendar,  as  it  represents  regular  successio 
•y  of  years  from  B.C.  to  A.  D.,  while  the  latter  doe 
-  not.  The  difference  between  the  two  methods 
sw  may  be  seen  from  the  fo  owing  illustration: 

es         e.c.    i  *.a- 

u-     543210     234  3=AslTonomers*  Method, 
d       5432112345     =Chronologers'  Method. 

;  The  years  B.C.  and  A.D.  ire  reckoned  from   t  h  e 
point  010-year)  the  same  as  the  degrees  on  t  he 
scae  of  a  thermometer  are  reckoned  above  and 
be  ow  O(O-degree). 
i     There  haw  been  two  defects  in  rVrpetua!  Cal- 
.  endiTs  that  Have  heretofore  rendered  Ihetri 
-  impracticable  for  genera,  use;  viz.,  Tl  e  lia- 
1  bility  to  find  the  incorrect  date,  and  the  time 
n  required  to  point  out  any  given  date. 
Should  any  one  feel  disposed  to  discredit  the  ac- 
curacy of  this  calendar,  if  he  will  furnish  proof 
of  such,  he  will  be  amply  rewarded  for  his 
trouble. 
The  calendar  for  any  year  may  be  found  with 
in  the   emit  of  six  seconds. 

ERAS  COMPARED. 

NOTE  SON  THE  ERAS. 

MOVABLE  FESTIVALS. 

FIXED  FESTIVALS  .HOLIDAYS. 

s3^ 

UJ 

^-FJuj 

Ul 

jjj 

The  Ghriwian  (T*  commenced 

To  find  the  day  of  the  month 

JANUARY   I.NewVcar's   andCir- 

s«  ==: 

.      ^£ 

r~-    vi  \~*~  ^ 

h—  ** 

l~ 

on  Saturday  (Old  Stylel.January 

upon  which  any  of  the  follow- 

cumcision;  6.  Epiphany. 

«  ^3 

»»_  Q^ 

i-i_  .^J       ^ 

M-  ** 

* 

1st  of  the  year     A.D.  The  first 

ino  festivals  occurs  for  any  oiv- 

FEBRUARY  a,  Pu»ificatioi;l4,Si. 

SeS 

o  uj 

o  ^^!<^  c^ 

f*%l^ 

•*• 

Julian  Period  commenced  Jan- 

en year,  select  the  date  of  Eas- 

Valentine's Can;  32,  WasHinoton's  1 

••S 

C/"i  -*- 

CO  ££•»/}  ci 

C/l  ^   *• 

uary  1,4713  B.C.,  and  ends  Jan- 

ter for  the  required  uear  from 

Birthday;  84,  St.  Matihiu'  Day. 

«=  «= 

IAJ  CO 

LU  t  .  *  i  .  i          llj  ^- 

uary  1,3268  A.D.,  it  consist- 

the table  below,  then  select  the 

MARCH  17,  Si.  Patrick's  Day;  », 

18* 

fs 

ing  of  7980  years.  It  is  used  to 
avoid  ambiguities  in  chronolog- 

calendar for  the  fiven  wear  from 
the  Perpetual  Calendar. 

Annunciation,  or  Lady  Dau. 
APRIL  M.St.Gforoe's  D«y;2S, 

=2  s 

z'*^  ^  c?5!§ 

ical  dates.The  Mundane  era 

Sepluaoesima  9th  Sun.bertreEttter. 

St.  Mark's  Day. 

£c: 

LU 

i_u  ~ 

t.  f  —  3 

LU  C3     -' 

commenced  with  October 

Sexaoesitna     8th    »      >•        i« 

MAY  1,  St.  Phi  ip's  and  St.  James'  1 

& 

C  J   ^ 

CJ> 

,"> 

4-004  B.C.  The  Jewish  era 

dulnqiiigninta  7th    <  i      1  1        i  » 

Day;  30,  Memorial  Day. 

lS24 

rwi 

raw 

SOI? 

SHR 

A 

commenced  with  October 

Shrove  Tues.    7thTue$.   n        11 

JUNE  II.  S«.  Barnabas'  Oau;  34, 

1424 

1361 

fao4 

?9ij 

.'I  no 

n 

3761  B.C.  The  era  of  «h« 

Ash  Wed.       7th  Wed.  •>       it 

St.  John  Baptist's  Day;  29,  St.  1 

1324 

6861 

7104 

7813 

3IO< 

Declaration  of  Independence 

FintSw.itilMt  Oil-Sun.  .,        > 

Peter's  Day. 

1224 

1761 

7004 

Til] 

iooc 

P 

commenced   July  4,  1776  A.D. 

Second     >«       Slh    «      ••        • 

JULY  4,  Independence  Day;2S, 

1  1  14 

6661 

6304 

7613 

290( 

A 

The  Moriamtttedavt  «T» 

Third      •«      4th   >i      n       • 

St.  James'  Day. 

1024 

656 

680-1 

7513 

D 

commenced  on  Friday,  July 

Tourth    .  >      3rd    •  i      >  i        • 

AUGUST  74,S(.BaTtholomew'<  Day. 

924 

64bl 

6704 

7413 

2700 

C 

16,  621  A.D.  Us  centuries  can- 

Fifth      >  i       2nd    ••      •  >        i 

SEPTEMBER,  /irst  Mondav.La- 

824 

6361 

6604 

7313 

2600 

B 

not  be  shown  with  those  at 

Palm  Sunday   1st   >»     ti       • 

bor  Day,  ai,St.  Matthew's  Day; 

724 

8261 

61  i-04 

721; 

2M)0 

A 

the  left,  owiny  to  its  differ- 

Good Friday     1st  Friday  i        i 

Z9.  M  ichielrnas. 

624 

6161 

6404 

7li: 

2400 

D 

ent  length.  See  Mohtwntetfan 

Maiindu  Thur.    1st  Thur.  *»       « 

OCTOBER   IB,  St.  Luke's  Day; 

104 

goai 

BS04 

7013 

2300 

C 

Ca*W»r»&*»vher«  in  this  book. 

EASTER  SUNDAY,  see  TaMc. 

58,  St.  Simon's  and  St.Judes' 

424 

9961 

6IC4 

6913 

liOO 

R 

To  find  the  year  of  the  century 

Low  Sunday    1st  Sun.  after  Taster. 

Day;  31,  Halloween. 

324 

}8  6  1 

5IC4 

$8U 

21  00 

^ 

of  any  of  the  other  eras  corre- 

Rotation Sun.    5th    »  >      i  i       >  » 

NOVEMBER   1,  All  Saints'  Day; 

224 

176  1 

or  04 

6713 

2000 

11 

sponding  to  any  $iven  year  of  the 

Ascension  Day  6th  Thttr.  t  t       1  1 

first  Tuesday  after  first  Mon- 

124 

5661 

If  04 

t  e  i  ? 

1900 

C 

Christian  era  ,  add  the  year  of 

Whit  Sun.  or 

day,  General  E  ection  Day;  last 

24 

5561 

1804 

6513 

1800 

1 

the  century  to  the  number 

Pentecost    7th  Sun.  11       »» 

Thursday,  Thanks  9  ivi-n9  Day; 

5461 
5361 

J704 
SB04 

641.' 
631? 

1700 
1600 

A 
D 

of  the  other  century  found 
opposite  to  the  Christian  cen- 

Trinity Sun.  8th    »»      i»       n 
Corpus  Christ!   9th  ThitT.  »  >       t» 

30,  St.  Andrew's  Day. 
DECEMBER  6,  St.  Nicholas' 

••»<; 

5261 
516 

S404 

6213 
61  13 

1500 

1400 

C 
B 

tury.  Thus,  the  year  of  the 
Jewish  era  correspond  in  9 

First  Smi.inAdv't  4th  Sun.bef.Ckristmas. 
Second     i  j       3rd    »  «      »  »       n 

Dau;  2l,S«.ThoMias*  Dau; 
as,  Christmas  Daw  ;  06, 

.... 

506 

Id  6  1 

5304 
^2  04 

6013 

1300 

1  2  QC 

A 

0 

to  1894  of  the  Christian  era 

Third      «       2nd    <t      »       >i 

St.  Stephen's  Oau;  a?,  St. 

'..'.'. 

4861 

r  i  04 

581  ; 

IOC 

C 

opposite  to  1800)  +94  =5655. 

CrlRISTMAS.Dccember  2S.(IMmnbty 

nocents'  Day. 

':•::*: 

4761 
466 
4461 
k4£  1 

S004 
4904 
4804 
4704 

5713 
5613 

5M3 
5413 

1000 

900 

.300 
*700 

B 
A 
D 
C 

EASTER  SUNDAY  TABLE  FOR  600  YEARS. 

Previous  to  1752  the  dates  arc  computed  fVotn  the  Old  Sty  \e.  As  Easter 

'.air 

«36I 
4261 
4161 
4061 

4604 
4504 
4404 
4304 

5313 
5213 
51  13 
5013 

600 
1500 
1400 

not 

B 
A 

D 
C 

can  occur  only  in  March  and  April,  Match  is  indicated  by  M  and  April  by  A. 

ISOO   A    19 

1600  M  23 

1700  M  31 

1800  A  13 

1900  A  is 

aooo  A  as 

3961 

4204 

4913 

b200 

B 

1    A   II 

51  M  29 

i  A  a 

51   M  3C 

1    A  20 

51    A     7 

1   A     S 

31   A  20 

1    A     7 

51  M  25 

1   A  15 

51   A     a 

MnM 

386: 

-4104 

4813 

«l  00 

A 

2  M27 

S2  A  r 

2  A     4 

52  A     £ 

2  A     S 

52  M  29 

2  A   18 

52  A  1 

2  M  30 

52  A   13 

2  M  3 

52  A  21 

3761 

IM4 

47  12 

Q 

3   A  16 

53  A     ' 

3  A  *b 

53  A  II 

3  M  21 

53  A  2' 

3  A   II 

53  M  2' 

3  A  i; 

53  A     5 

3  A  20 

53  A     6 

CNMfT 

3661 

3904 

4613 

"l  00 

C 

4    A     ' 

54  M  21 

4  A     t 

54  M  li 

4  A  16 

54  A   11 

4  A 

54  A  16 

4  A    ; 

54  A   li 

4  A   1 

54  M  29 

356 

3804 

4513 

•  200 

B 

5  M  23 

55  A   14 

S  M  3 

55  A   1! 

S  A     8 

55  M  30 

5  A  14 

55  A     8 

5  A  23 

55  A   10 

5  M  27 

55  A  18 

.  •  . 

3461 

3704 

4413 

|30f 

A 

6  A   12 

56  A     5 

6  A  20 

56  A     6 

6  M  24 

56  A   18 

£  A     6 

56  M  23 

6  A   IS 

56  A      1 

6  A  16 

56  A    2 

wM 

3361 

3604 

4313 

1400 

D 

7  A    4 

57  A   18 

7  A     5 

57  M  2S 

7  A   13 

57  A   10 

7  M  29 

57  A  12 

7  M  31 

57  A  21 

7  A    ( 

57  A  22 

:  .\E  ? 

3261 

?504 

4213 

"5  0  0 

C 

8  A  23 

58  A   10 

8  M  27 

58  A   II 

8   A    4 

58  M  26 

8  A  17 

58  A    4 

8  A   19 

58  A     6 

8  M  2! 

58  A  14 

3161  3404:41  13 

600 

8 

9   A     8 

59  M  26 

9  A   16 

39  A     3 

9   A  24 

59  A   15 

9  A     2 

59  A  24 

9  A   II 

59  M  29 

9  A  \: 

59  M  30 

?    .r.  3061  330414013 

W7oo 

A 

10  M  31 

60  A   14 

10  A     8 

60  A  r 

10   A    9 

60  A     6 

10  A  22 

60  A     8 

10  M  27 

60  A   17 

10  A    4 

60  A   18 

I?""?™  29  61  320413913 

T800 

n 

II   A  20 

61   A     6 

II   M  24 

61    A   14 

II   A     1 

61  M  22 

II    A  14 

61  M  3 

II    A  16 

61   A     2 

II    A  24 

61    A  10 

VF1  2861  31  04  3813 

900 

c 

12  A   1  1 

62  M  29 

12  A   12 

62  M  3C 

12  A  20 

62  A   II 

12  M  29 

62  A  20 

12  A     7 

62  A  22 

12  A     8 

62  M  26 

'.'•".  !  2761  3004'37l3 

1000 

s 

13  M  27 

63  A   II 

13  A    4 

63  A  19 

13  A     S 

63  A     3 

13   A   18 

63  A    5 

13  M  23 

63  A  14 

13  M  31 

63  A  IS 

P  '.<>f,  2661  2904:3613 

II  00 

A 

14   A   16 

64  A     2 

14  A  24 

64  A     C 

14  M  28 

64  A  22 

14  A  II 

64  M  27 

14  A  12 

64  M  29 

14  A  20 

64  A     6 

•     * 

2561  2804!35I3 

1200 

n 

15  A     8 

65  A  22 

IS  A     9 

65  M  26 

IS  A   17 

65  A     7 

15  M  26 

65  A  16 

15  A  14 

65  A  IE 

15  A     5 

65  M29 

2461 

2704  3413 

1300 

c 

16  M  23 

66  A   14 

16  M  31 

66  A     S 

16  A     1 

66  M  30 

16  A  14 

66  A     1 

16  A  23 

66  A   10 

16  M  27 

66  A  II 

•    •    •    • 

2361 

2604 

3313 

1400 

I 

17  A  12 

57  M  30 

17  A  20 

67  A     t 

17  A  21 

67  A  19 

17  A     6 

67  A  2 

17  A    8 

67  M  26 

17  A  16 

67  A    3 

WMV 

2261 

2504 

3213 

ISOO 

A 

18  A     4 

68  A  13 

18  A     5 

68  M  22 

18  A  13 

68  A     3 

18  M  22 

68  A  12 

18  M  31 

68  A  14 

18  A     1 

68  A  22 

MOf  F$ 

2161 

2404 

31  13 

1600 

D 

19  A  24 

69  A   10 

19  M  2i 

69  A 

19  M  29 

69  M  26 

19  A   II 

69  M  2.8 

19  A  20 

69  A     6 

9  A  21 

69  A  14 

Hffi 

2061 

2304 

3013 

1700 

C 

20  A     8 

70  M  26 

20  A   16 

70  A     3 

20  A   17 

70  A   IS 

20  A     2 

70  A  17 

10  A  24 

70  M  29 

20  A  12 

70  M  30 

»C  L  ~ 

i'Hn'-i" 

1961 

2204 

2913 

1800 

i 

21  M  31 

71  A  1! 

21   A      1 

71   A  23 

21  A    9 

71   M  31 

21   A  22 

71  A    9 

21  M  y.1 

71   A  II 

21   A    4 

71   A  19 

KM 
ffi 

1861 
1761 
1661 

2  )  04 
2004 
1904 

2813 
2713 
2613 

I9CO 
2000 

21  CO 

A 

D 
C 

22  A  20 
23  A     5 

24  M  27 

72  A    6 
73  M  22 
74  A   II 

22  A  21 
23  A  13 

24  M  28 

72  A     7 
73  M  30 
74  A  19 

22  M  25 
23  A  14 
24  A    5 

72  A  19 
73  A   II 
74  A     3 

22  A     " 
23  M  30 
24  A   18 

72  M  31 
73  A  13 
74  A    5 

22  A   16 
23  A     1 
24  A  20 

72  A     3 
73  A  22 
74  A   14 

22  A  17 
23  A     9 
24  M  31 

72  A  10 
73  M  26 
74  A   15 

I"  III 

1561 

1804 

2513 

4303 

B 

25  A  16 

73  A     3 

25  A  17 

75  A    4 

25  M  28 

7j  A   16 

23  A    3 

75  M  28 

25  A  12 

75  M  30 

25  A  20 

75  A     7 

j   .   .'-. 

1461 

1704 

2413 

53  00 

A 

26   A      1 

76  A  22 

26  A     9 

76  M  26 

26  A  10 

78  A     7 

26  M  26 

76  A  16 

26  A   4 

76  A  18 

26  A     5 

76  A  19 

;  £  .  ,>;? 

1361 

1604 

2313 

2400 

D 

27   A  21 

77  A    1 

27  M  25 

77  A     5 

27  A    2 

77  M  30 

27  A  15 

n  A 

27  A  17 

77  A  10 

27  M  R8 

77  A  1  1 

1261 

1504 

2213 

zsoo 

C 

28  A  12 

78  M  30 

28  A   l£ 

78  M  31 

28  A  21 

78  A   19 

28  A  21 

78  A  21 

28  A     8 

78  M  26 

28  A   16 

78  A     3 

.... 

1161 

1404 

21  It 

2600 

B 

29  M  28 

'9  A  19 

29  A     5 

79  A  20 

29  A    6 

79  A    4 

29  A  19 

79  A  13 

29  M  31 

79  A  15 

29  A     1 

79  A  23 

1061 

1304 

2013 

2700 

A 

30  A   17 

80  A     i 

30  M  28 

80  A   II 

30  M  29 

80  M  26 

30  A   II 

80  M  28 

30  A  20 

80  A    6 

30  A  21 

80  A    7 

.  .  .  . 

961 

204 

913 

2QOO 

R 

31    A     9 

81  M  26 

31  A  10 

81   A     3 

31   A  18 

II   A  15 

31   A     3 

)l   A  17 

31    A     S 

II   A  19 

31   A   13 

81  M  30 

tw? 

861 

1  04 

1813 

3900 

c 

32  M  31 

82  A  15 

32  A      1 

82  A  16 

32  A    9 

82  M  31 

32  A  22 

82  A    9 

32  M  27 

82  A  II 

32  M28 

82  A  19 

761 

1004 

1713 

3000 

3 

3  A   13 

83  M  31 

33  A  21 

83  A     8 

33  M  25 

83  A  20 

33  A     7 

83  M  25 

33  A  16 

83  A     3 

3  A  17 

13  A    4 

•  •  •  . 

661 

904 

1613 

31  00 

A 

34  A     5 

84  A  19 

34  A     8 

84  M  30 

34  A   14 

14  A   II 

34  M  30 

84  A  1? 

34  A     1 

84  A  22 

*  A     9 

84  M  26 

*i  *  *• 

561 

804 

1513 

3200 

D 

5  M  28 

85  A  II 

35  M  29 

85  A  19 

35  A     6 

15  M  27 

35  A  19 

85  A     5 

35  A  21 

IS  A     7 

35  M  25 

IS  A  13 

Svj^f 

461 

704 

1413 

3300 

C 

38  A  16 

86  A    3 

36  A  17 

86  A    4 

36  A  25 

86  A  16 

36  A    3 

86  A  25 

36  A  12 

86  M  30 

6  A   13 

16  M  31 

*?E.  ".".' 

361 

604 

313 

3400 

R 

37  A     1 

n  A  16 

37  A     9 

17  M  27 

17  A   10 

87  A     8 

17  M  26 

87  A  10 

37  M  28 

87  A  19 

37  A    5 

87  A  2.0 

.*•*?  . 

261 

504 

1213 

3500 

A 

8  A  21 

88  A     7 

38  M  25 

18  A     S 

38  A     2 

18  M  23 

'A  A  IS 

18  A 

38  A  17 

88  A     3 

38  A  25 

88  A  II 

1  61 

404 

1  1  13 

3600 

0 

9  A     6 

89  M  30 

39  A   14 

89  M  31 

39  A  22 

89  A   12 

39  M  31 

89  A  21 

39  A    9 

19  M  16 

39  A  10 

19  A     3 

,  ,  .  . 

61 

304 

1013 

3700 

40  M  28 

90  A  19 

40  A     5 

90  A  20 

40  A     6 

10  A    4 

40  A  19 

90  A    6 

40  M  24 

30  A  IS 

40  A     1 

90  A   18 

j*  f  f  K 

204 

913 

iaoo 

3 

41   A   17 

91   A    4 

41   A  25 

1   A  12 

41  M  29 

1    A  24 

41   A  II 

91   M  29 

41   A   13 

1   M  31 

41  A  21 

ll  A    I 

rjfw*': 

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4. 

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7  13 

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Q 

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3  M  25 

2  M  26 
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^3  A     1 

92  M  27 

T      A         g 

42  A   18 
43  A     3 

2  A     8 

3  M  3  1 

42  M  27 

3  A   16 

2  A   17 

3  A     2 

42  A     5 

13  A  25 

2  A   19 
3  A  1  1 

42  A     6 

'3  M  19 

i  M  30 
'3  A  12 

m 

'•9V. 

613 

513 

41  00 

4200 

g 

4  A   13 
5  A     5 

4  M  f  1 

5  A  20 

4  A  21 
•5  A    6 

4  A    8 
5  M  2.4 

44  M  25 
'IS  A  14 

4    A   10 
5  A     5 

44  A     7 

^  M  23 

4  M  25 
5  A   14 

>4  A     9 

>5  A      1 

4  A     3 
5  A  1  6 

'4  A  17 

>5  A    9 

4  A     4 
5  A  24 

413 

3  00 

4 

6  A  25 

8  A   1  1 

•6  M  29 

6  A  li 

46  M  30 

6  M  27 

16  A   12 

'6  A     5 

16  A  21 

6  A     T 

•6  M  25 

6  A  15 

3  13 

4400 

3 

7  A  10 

7  M  27 

7  A   18 

7  A    4- 

7  A  19 

7  A   \8 

17  A    4 

7  A   18 

17  A    6 

7  M  30 

7  A  14 

7  M  3  1 

213 

•500 

8  A      1 

8  A   16 

•8  A    2 

8  A  OA 

8  A   10 

8  A     8 

•  8  A  23 

8  A   1  0 

8  A  11 

•8  A     5 

1  12 

600 

j 

9  A  21 

9  A    8 

•9  M  25 

S  A    9 

9  M  26 

9  M  24 

9  A     8 

9  A    d 

19  A  17 

9  A    4 

9  A  25 

9  A  12 

JULIAN 

WIK-O 

IESINS 

•70O 

SO  A     8 

SO  A   14 

50  A   15 

50  M  31 

50  A    9 

0  A  10 

CHART       SHOWIMO      l_OO\L.      T  I  IVI  E 
P-QR      ETAOH      OR      THE      2.  4-     HOURS. 


ro  use  rnf 


r,  ofsceivo  on 


perpetual  Subset  ai?d  Sunrise  Gable. 


r  iti  nearest 

d  left;  then  paw  i 

p»ro  •'"• 


ider  the  column  of  months  at  the 
n  headed  by  your  latitude  ( 

nmale) 'where  will  be  found  the  time  of  sunset  and  sunrise  , 
he  tract  lime  may  be  found. To  find  the  length  o/the  day, 
the  time  of  sunset;  thus.  May  10,  in  latitude  fr,  is  Whours  16  min 
>ng.To  find  the  length  of  the  nioht,  ^o\n>o\e.  the  time  of  sunrise;  thus, 
i  ibova  date,  the  night  is  9  hours  44  rrinutM  lon^.OH  the  same  day, 
wn  by  ih«  column  "Sun  slow  orfajt,"  the  sun  is  4  minute;  tester 
mean  time.  A/ter  finding  uour  latitude,  draw  a  red  line  on  cacVi 


4T49-5T5T  ttSS&fSr  *S  VfGS&Bf 


Asteroids  or  small  plan- 
, there  are  about  140.  In 
dimensions,they  are  a 
.t  deal  smaller  than 
j  others,  the  ta-rg- 
ist  no*  beiri9  230 
•miles  in  diameter, 
hile  many  are 
IcssthanSOmiles. 
Their  orbits 
IOTE  el- 
liptical than 
those  of  the 
large  plan- 
ets,and  at 
•many  pla- 
ces cross 
each  oth- 
er. They 
occupy  a 
belt  more 
than  100, 
000,000miles: 
in  width,  be- 
tween the 
irbits  of  Ju- 
piter and  Mars, 
hcirdistance 
from  the  Su-n 


ASSE^IMN      The  SolarSiislein  consists  of  th« 

ROM      )  Sun,  the  cioht  lar«e  planets,lhe 
MERCURY  /  names  of  which  ars  jiven  at 

the  left,  one  hundred  and 
'  forty  small  planets,  a 
ui  vast  number  of  ms 
teoric  bodies. an 
known  number  of 
comets,  and 
rinp  of  n  e  t 
lous  matte 
known  as  -m- 


The  pla 
et;  which 
CCBF«  n  c«  mov8  d;' 

^lii«,£ 

f. . 


nona 

200,000,000  to 
300,000,000 


has  I  ;atellite;Ju.pi- 
ter,4;  Saturn^;  Ufa 
nut.o;  Neptune,!.  S 
urn  is  also  surrounded  \>\)  a 
circular  belt. The  planets  wove 
round  the  Sun  from  west  to  east. 
Their  orbits  are  elliptical,  so  that 
they  are  nearer  the  Sun  at  cer- 
tain times  than  at  others.  When 
•nearest  the  Sun  they  are  in 
\w,  when  /arthest,  in 


THEOF\V  OP  THE  T|D^S. 


The  mean  distance  of  the  S 
from  the  Earth  !s9l,000,000i 
Its  diameter  is  852,584  miles. 
Its  volume  is  1,200,000 
times  greater  than  that 
of  theEarth.  It  ro- 
tates on  its  axis 
once  in  about  25 
aays.OtitheStw's  ^ 
di'sc  are  seen  va-  fa 
rious  cavities 


Meteors  arc 
also  called 

The  WOLSTlCfc 
number  that  tra 
erse  the  atmosphe 
daily  is  upward  of  t 
number,  400, 000, OOO.Thc 
Zodiacal  Ligh*  isalenticul 
shaped  blush  of  li^ht  visible  after  suit- 
set  in  early  spring,  atid  befoTE  sunrise 
early  autumn.  It  is  supposed  *•?  be  dae  to  a 
ri-ng  of  rneteoriifis  -revo!vin9  »rou.nd  the  Sun. 


There  are  -many  hiA-ndreds  o/  bod 
ies  called  co'»e'(s,and  recojnii- 
ed  as  beloTi9i-n9  to  the  so\«.v 
They  contain  but 
little  -matter,  and  their 
•bits  areareatly  e 
lonoated.  Only   a 
part  o^  the  com 
ets  have  tails, 
and  these  are 
often  150,000,000 
ofmiles 

length.  Ha 
comet  revolves 
inT6jieaTs;Bie 
la's  in  6  years 
9rnonths;Encl<e's 
in  3/i  years;  and 
Faye's  inT*i  years 


The  Moon's  diameter  is 
I  miles;  its  wean  distance 
from  *he  Earth  is  231,5  19  mi  Ies. 
olume  is  X*  that  of  the  Ear*h. 
iod  oJ1  revolution  (also  o/rota*ion 
:  J7days,7  hours,  4-3  minutes,  and  5  seconds. 


I-TI IS/IE  TABLE  NllMlBEIl—  I. 

Sh  owl  Tip   the  Number  o/  Daijs  /Vo-m  »hc  Bcointii-np  and  to  *he  End  Q(  the  Yeaf. 


56    T    819   10  II 

58155     54153     53     3  |_u.?° 

^*=^ — faJL» .  —  — 'fc!_ 


The  table  applies  to  common  years 
>nly.  For  leap  years,  otic  day  -mas*  be- 
added  after  passing  February  28. The 
>old- faced  type  rep-resent  the  days  of  the 
month,  and  the  small  type  above  and 
iclow  the  bold-faced  type  re  present  the 
ays  from  the  beflinnin?  a-nd  to  the 
nd  o/  the  year,  as  shown  by  the  dfrec- 
ion  of  the  arrows. 

Exa-mplct. 

I.- To  find  the  di  CCerence  between  two 
ates  withi-n  the  year,  take  the  difference 
etween  the  days  from  the  beginnino  and 
he  day?  to  the  end  o(  the  year:  thm,from 
March  5  to  Oct.  27  is  (300-64)  236  days. 
X.—  I/ one  date  fall  within  the  year <ol- 
owinp  the  current  year,  add  the  number 
/  days  to  the  e-nd  o/ the  year  to  the  TIUTTV 
erfrow  the  bea!nnin9:  th its.  from  June 
ro  to  February  16  in  the /ollowiru  year 
s(2ll+47)258  days. 


3.  — If  one  date  /all  within  the  yea-r 
preceding  the  current  year,  add  the  num- 
ber of  days  /row  the  beoinnin?  o/  the 
year  to  the  tmmber  to  the  end  of  the 
year:  thus,  /rom  May  4  to  Se_p*.  18. 
of  the  preceding  year  (reckoning  back 
-  -  ays. 


There  beinq  a  table  for  each  the  com 
won  and  the  leap  years,  select  the  table 
to  suit  the  year.  Select  the  -month  from 
which  the  date  is  reckoned,  at  the  top  of 
the  table,  then  descend  the  column  to 
the  month  to  which  the  date  is  reckon- 
ed,where  will  be  found  the  exact  num- 
ber of  days.  The  small  /i9UTes,/rom  I 
to  12,  show  the  -number  of  months. 
Examples. 

I. — What  is  the  number  o(  days  /Tom  ju 
ly  4  to  March  4  (common  year)  » — From 
July  at  -the  top  of  the  table,  descend  the 
column  to  March,  where  is  Sound  243,tl*.  M 
exact  number  of  days. 

St. —  Find  the  <Mumbe-«  of  days  /rom 
Feb.  14-  to  Sept.  2  I  (Leap  year).  — From 


Feb.  at  the  top  descend  to  Sept.,  whe 
is  found  213,  which  is  the  number  of 
day*  to  the  14th  of  Sept.-,  then  to  the 
21st  is  7  days  more,  makino  220  days 

3.  — Required,  the  nuonber  of  days  from 
June  I, to  Oct.  I  of  the  following  year.- 
From  June  at  the  top  descend  to  Jum 
where  is  found  365;  thence  descend  t. 
Oct. .where  is  found  122, which  added 
to  365, equals  467. 

4-.— A  -note  maturi-rig  Sept.  13,  isdis 
counted  June  24  previous;  what  is  the 

'    ie  to  run?— From  June  24  to  Sept 


24,  by  the  table,  is  92  days',  the  13th  be 
iri9  ((days  before,  9 ives  (92-11) Bldaio 


The  table  applies  to  common  years  on 
ly.  For  leap  years,  add  one  day  after  ou> 
iny  Feb.  38. 

Exawple. 

Find  the  number  of  days  between 
arch  17  and  Feb.  4  in  the  leltowl-na 
year.  —The  lieures  opposite  the  17th  day  in 
the  first  March  column  are  76:  opposite  the 
4th  day  of  second  Feb. col.  are  40d;di{.c324. 


II 


2-TIIVJE  TABLE  N\JNlBEF\-£* 

SViowiticj  the  Nurnibet  o/  Days  fVotn  atiy  Day  o^  any  otic  Month  to  the  satne  Day  o/any  otherMonth. 

—  n 
-A 

FOR  COMMON  \EARS. 

—  n 

f 

FOR  LEAP  \EA.RS. 

JA.N. 

f*B. 

NV\I\.  /VFfV  m*V-  J\)NE  J\JL\.  AjjO.  S$>.  OCT. 

NOV. 

JA 

N.  ?^B.  NV\I\.  Vf\.  W\.  JUNEJIJLV;.  A)J£.  3$>.  OCT. 

NOV. 

D*C 

Jan. 
365 

Jan. 
334 

Jan. 
306 

1  0 

Jan. 
275 

9 

Jan. 
245 

a 

an. 
114 

7 

an. 
184 

8 

i 

Jan. 
122 

4 

an. 
92 

3 

*» 

I""?' 

Jan.l 
366 

3*35 

Jan. 
306 

1  0 

Jan.:J 
275 

9 

an. 
45 

8 

an. 
114 

Jan. 
184 

Jan. 
153 

5 

Jan. 
122 

Jan. 
92 

3 

Jan. 
6 
a 

Jan 
31 

f 

t-eb. 
31 

365 
i  a 

331 

306 

1  0 

278 

9 

145 

8 

215 

-i 

184 

B 

153 

5 

IT13 

92 

3 

62 

) 

-H 

31 

366 
1  1 

337 

306 

176 

145 

l-eb. 
,115 

l-eb. 
184 

t-eb. 
153 

l-eb. 
123 

l-eb. 
91 

t-eb 
62 

\\ 

Mar. 
59 
a 

Mar. 
28 

MOT. 
365 
la 

MaT. 
334 

Mar. 

304 

War. 
273 

9 

War. 
243 

8 

MaT. 
212 

7 

Mar. 
181 

6 

Mar. 
1  51 

5 

Mar. 
120 

Mar. 
90 

3 

Mar. 
60 

3 

Mar. 
29 

MaT. 
366 

12 

MaT. 
335 
i  i 

05 

1  0 

Vlar. 
J74 

9 

Mar. 
244 
a 

Mar. 
213 

7 

Mar. 
182 

8 

Mar. 
152 

i 

Mar. 
121 

4 

Mar 
91 

3 

V 

APT. 
90 

3 

APT. 
59 
a 

APT. 
31 

APT. 
365 
i  a 

A.pr. 
335 

Apr. 
304 
l  0 

APT. 
274 
9 

Apr. 
243 
8 

Apr. 

212 
7 

Apr. 
182 
6 

Apr. 
151 

9 

Apr. 
I2I 

* 

APT. 
91 

3 

APT. 
60 
1 

1 

APT. 
366 

13 

\PT. 

!36 

Apr. 
305 

10 

Apr. 
275 
9 

APT. 
244 

8 

APT. 
213 

7 

Apr 
183 
e 

Apr. 
152 
5 

APT 
112 

4 

i 

May 
120 

4- 

May 
89 

3 

May 
61 

a 

May 
30 

May 
365 

i  a 

May 
334 

May 
304 

1  0 

May 
273 

9 

May 
2-Wt 
8 

May 
212 

May 
181 

6 

May 
I5I 

May 
121 

^ 

3 

May 
61 
a 

May 
30 
l 

ilay 
366 

Way 
335 
i  i 

May 
305 

1  0 

May 
274 
9 

May 
243 
8 

May 
213 

7 

May 
182 

May 
152 

S 

f 

June 
151 
5 

June 
120 

4 

June 
92 

s 

June 
61 
a 

Jutw 
31 

Jure 
365 
i  a 

JuTie 
335 
i  i 

June 
304 

1  0 

June 
273 

* 

June 
243 
a 

211 

7 

June 
I  82 
e 

152 

5 

121 

4 

92 

3 

61 

31 

366 
11 

336 

305 

10 

June 
274 

9 

June 
244 
8 

Jun« 
213 

T 

Julie 

183 

8 

July 
181 
e 

July 
ISO 

3 

July 
122 

4 

July 
91 

3 

July 
61 

3 

July 
30 

July 
365 

July 
334 

Ju.ly 

303 

July 
273 

9 

July 
242 
8 

July 
2I2 

7 

July 
182 
e 

July 
151 

5 

July 
122 

4- 

July 
91 
3 

uly 
61 

July 
30 

i 

July 
366 

July 
335 
l  i 

304 

10 

#$ 
9 

as 

8 

July 
213 

7 

AU.O. 

m 

7 

Auo. 
181 
e 

153 

5 

Auo. 
122 

4 

Auo. 

rt 

3 

Auo. 
61 

a 

Auo. 
31 

i 

Auo. 
365 

12 

Auo. 
334 
1  1 

Auo 
304 

1  0 

AU.O. 
273 

9 

Auo. 
243 
8 

Aug. 
213 

7 

182 

6 

Auo. 
153 

5 

U2 

4 

to 

3 

•7 

Auo. 
31 

Auo 
368 

Auo 
335 

ALW 

305 

Auo. 

r?4 

9 

Auo 
244 

8 

Sept. 
243 

8 

Sept. 
212 

7 

Sept 
184 

6 

Sept. 
153 

s 

Sept. 
123 

Sept. 
92 

3 

Sept. 
62 
a 

Sept. 
31 

Sept. 
36S 

Sept 
335 

Sept. 
304 

1  0 

Sept. 

274 
9 

Se 

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U 

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S«pt. 
213 

Sept. 
184 
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Sept. 
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"apt. 
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4- 

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Sept. 
62 

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Sept 
31 

i 

Sept 
366 

Sept 
336 

Sept. 
305 

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Sept 
215 
a 

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Oct. 
273 

9 

Oct. 
242 

8 

Oct. 
214 

7 

Oct. 
183 
a 

Oct. 
153 

s 

Oct. 
122 

* 

Oct. 
32 

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Oct 
61 
a 

Oct. 
30 

Oct 
365 

la 

Oct. 
334 
l  i 

Oct. 
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I  0 

Oct. 
274 

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Oct. 

243 
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Oct. 
214 

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Oct. 
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e 

3ct. 
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Oct. 
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Oct. 
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Oct. 
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Oct 
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Oct 
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Oct. 
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Oct 
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Nov. 
304 

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Nov. 
273 

Nov. 
245 
a 

Nov. 
214 

7 

Nov. 
184 

0 

Nov. 
153 

s 

Nov. 
123 

Nov. 
92 
a 

Nov. 
61 

a 

Nov 
31 

Nov. 
365 

i  a 

Nov. 
335 
i  i 

Nov. 
305 

10 

Nov. 
274 

9 

Nov. 
245 

8 

Nov. 
214 

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Mov- 
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6 

N-5V. 

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Nov. 
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Nov. 
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Nov. 
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Nov 
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Nov. 
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Nov 
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V 

Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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9 

Dec. 
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4 

Dec. 
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Dec 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Dec. 
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Doc. 
122 

4- 

Dec 
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3 

Dec 
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a 

Dec. 
30 

Dec 
366 

—  \ 

Showin  9  the  Is* 

3-TIIVIE  T/VBL.E  NbrvlBEK-3. 

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«h«  Jewish  ytar  is  lun'udar,  and  it  ordmi-  1 
ry  or  ewbofisnhc,  consisting  of  twelve   or    c 
thirteen  lunar  months,  eaca  fff  uriiich  his  29  1 
or  30  days.  The  length  of  the  ordinary  ye  IT  t 
is  35i  days,  and  rf  Me  enbolismic,  384  djy<;  i 
in  either  cast,  it  is  sonetimes  made  a  day 

ISH  CAL| 

4  minutes  ?i  secondhand  ihit  the  yea 
es  on,  or  immediately  after,  the  new 
awing  the  autumnal  equinox.  The  m 
ear  is  also  assumed  t  :  be  365diys  '. 
ninu'tes  25^|  seconds,  so  that  a  cycle  o 
uch  years,  is  the  exact  measure  of  2? 

EN 

T  commen- 
THOOTI  fol- 
an  solar 
[hours  5  5 
nineteen 
5  nf  th* 

Cise,  being  at  once  dete 
of  days  that  the  year 

JEWISH  MONTHS. 

mitTed  by  the  total  number 
•nay  happen  to  contain, 

PRINCIPAL  DAYS  OF  THE 
HEBREW  CALENDAR. 

HESREYv  0^0 

,.     ;    V-      | 

more  at  a  day  less,  in  order  that  certain  i 

issumed  lunations. 

MONTHS  Bvr 

,:..,. 

TIS"     1  Newttjr  fttst«fIi»iM* 

"*         The  distribution  of  the  embolism*  years 

essive  years  are  adjusted,  an  estimation  of  the 

TISRl          3( 

30 

r»    ib',  Fist  of  Expiation'. 

in  each  cvcle  of  19  years,  is  determined  according  c 

onsccutive  intervals,  by  taking  th 

difference,*!!! 

HtSl-AN      ?' 

+     29+ 

?>    l5,Fei5tafT»bm!icles. 

to  the  following  rule:  The  number  of  a  Jewshyeir 

how  thj  duration  and  character  o 

'  the  vears  th  jt 

KISLEV      3C 

-      30- 

-.f  2l,l.»5tOijoftlwFotivil. 

havmg  its  commencement  in  a  tiegon'an  year  is  ob- 
tained by  adding  3761;  divide  the  Jewish  ytirt»l9;  t 
then  the  quotient  it  the  number  of  the  completed  cy-  ( 
ck,  and  the  remainder  is  the  year  of  the  current  cy-  t 
ck;  if  the  remainder  be  3,  6,  8,  II,  14,  17,  or  9(0), 

espectively  intervene.  According  to  the  number 
if  days  thus  found  to  be  contained  in  the  differ- 
nt  years,  the  d«ys  of  the  seven  months  are  dis- 
ributed  as  in  the  table  of  -months.  The  signs  -t- 
nd  —  are  respectively  annexed  to  Hesvan  and 

TEBAT     21 

SEBAT        3C 
AOAR          2S 
[VEAO.W    (.. 
NISAN        3C 
YIAR          Zc 

29 
30 
30 
(29) 
30 
29 

?»  22,Fejst  oftkt  8UiDay. 

KISIEV  J^Btdicrtiim  of  Tmple.' 
T£8ETIO,Fjst,Si(9eofJm«lii 
AOAR   13,  Put  of  Esther. 

the  year  is  embolismicj  if  any  other,  the  yeir  is  or-  t 

islev  to  indicate  that  the  former  of  these  month 

SIVAN       3C 

30 

NISANI5,PassoveT. 

dinary. 

nay  sometimes  require  to  have  one 

day  more, 

TAMUZ       2£ 

29 

SIVAN   6,Pentecost. 

The  calendar  is  constructed  on  the  issu-mp-  i 
lion  that  the  mean  lunation  is  29  days  [ihovs  c 

nd  the  latter,  one  day  less,  thin  the  number  of 

ays  shown  in  the  table,-  the  result,  in  every 

AB  '          30 

ELUL           29 

12 

rAMUZ  !7,Flit,1ikinjof  Jm-'lon. 

TABLE  OF  HEBREW  YEARS.  (FROM.  WOOLHOUSE'S 

WEIC-HTS, 

MEASURES,  ETC.) 

fid 

N    v- 

COMMENCEMENT 

JEWISH 

SUM 

COMMENCEMENT 

JEWISH 

NUM- 

COMMENCEMENT 

JEWISH 

N 

COMMENCEMtNT 

YEAR 

BER01 

JAYS 

(1ST  OF  TISRl). 

YEAR. 

BER  OF 
<J  % 

(1ST  OF  TISRl). 

YEAR. 

BER  OF 

•^  4  '•  -•  . 

(1ST  OF   TISRl) 

YEAR, 

B-  ;  of 

^  >  ;' 

(1ST  OF  TISRl). 

S85Z 

•  -^^ 

THUR, 

2  OCT.     1845 

55J3 

•  :  S 

THUR. 

2  OCT.     1902 

OT'Ji1 

;s 

3 

SAT. 

•' 

OCT.     1  959 

5777 

: 

53 

MON. 

3  OCT.    2016 

07 

355 

MCN. 

21    SEPT.  1846 

64 

354 

TUES. 

22  SEPT.  1903 

21 

35 

-^ 

THUR. 

^; 

SEPT.   I960 

T£ 

• 

•- 

THUR. 

21   SEPT.  2017 

OS 

393 

SAT. 

1  1    SEPT.  1847 

63 

383 

SAT. 

10  SEPT.  1904 

22 

38 

3 

MON. 

: 

SEPT.  1961 

: 

MON. 

10  SEPT.  2018 

09 

354 

THUR. 

28  SEPT.  1848 

66 

353 

SAT. 

30  SEPT.  1905 

23 

31 

5 

SAT. 

29 

SEPT.  1962 

8C 

s 

53 

MON. 

30  SEPT.  2019 

10 

335 

MON. 

17   SEPT.  1849 

67 

J34 

THUR. 

10  SEPT.  1906 

24 

3! 

~ 

THUR. 

19 

SEPT.  1963 

81 

j 

53 

SAT. 

19  SEPT.  2020 

.•   '  ' 

385 

SAT. 

7  SEPT.  1850 

•  I  ^ 

383 

MON. 

9  SEPT.  1907 

23 

31 

3 

MCN. 

7 

SEPT.  1964 

J  82 

3 

W 

TUES. 

7  SEPT.  2021 

^  "2 

333 

SAT. 

27  SEPT.  1851 

"  69 

355 

SAT. 

26  SEPT.  1908 

26 

3! 

3 

MON. 

" 

SEPt  1965 

"  33 

3 

5 

MON. 

26  SEPT.  2022 

o  13 

384 

TUES. 

14  SEPT.  1852 

o  70 

383 

THUR. 

16  SEPT.  1909 

o27 

,:t 

3 

THUR. 

13 

SEPT.  1966 

o  84 

S 

J3 

SAT. 

16  SEPT.  2023 

"  14 

335 

MOfi 

3  OCT.     1853 

"  71 

354 

TUES. 

4  OCT.     1910 

"28 

33 

4 

THUR. 

3 

OCT.     1967 

"  85 

3 

THUR. 

3  OCT.    2024 

1  5 

355 

SAT. 

23  SEPT.  1854 

r,  72 

353 

SAT. 

23   SEPT.  1911 

29 

3! 

3 

MON. 

23 

SEPT.  1968 

f:  se 

•• 

J4 

TUES. 

23  SEPT.  2025 

"    16 

383 

THUR. 

13  SEPT.  1855 

"  73 

385 

THUR. 

12  SEPT.  1912 

°30 

38 

3 

SAT. 

13 

SEPT.  1969 

°  87 

3 

JS 

SAT. 

12  SEPT.  2026 

„   "7 

334 

TUES. 

30  SEPT.  1856 

_  74 

354 

THUR. 

2  OCT.     1913 

^   1 

3! 

4 

THUR. 

I 

OCT.     1970 

«  8^ 

3 

-.? 

SAT. 

2  OCT.    2027 

*   18 

355 

SAT. 

19   SEPT.  1857 

"  75 

333 

MON. 

21   SEPT.  1914 

^32 

5 

MON. 

^J 

SEPT.  1971 

3 

^4- 

THUR. 

21  SEPT.  2028 

£  19 

385 

THUR. 

9  SEPT.  1858 

S  76 

383 

THUR. 

9  SEPT.  1915 

°  33 

3  e 

3 

SAT. 

^ 

SEPT.  1972 

9C 

3 

J3 

MON. 

10  SEPT.  2029 

^20 

354 

THUR. 

29  SEPT.  1839 

77 

334 

THUR. 

28  SEPT.  1916 

"34 

3J 

5 

THUR. 

23 

SEPT.  1973 

n  91 

.? 

53 

SAT. 

28  SEPT.  2030 

2i 

353 

MON. 

17   SEPT.  I860 

78 

335 

MON. 

17  SEPT.  1917 

35 

3: 

4 

TUES. 

17 

SEPT.  1974 

92 

3 

S4 

THUR. 

18  SEPT.  2031 

22 

;sc 

THUR. 

5  SEPT.  1861 

79 

383 

SAT. 

7  SEPT.  1918 

36 

-•• 

5 

SAT. 

6 

SEPT.  1975 

93 

3 

33 

MON. 

6  SEPT.  2032, 

23 

THUR. 

23  SEPT.  1863 

80 

354 

THUR. 

25  SEPT.  1919 

37 

33 

3 

SAT. 

23 

SEPT.  1976 

94 

3 

S3 

SAT. 

24  SEPT.  2033 

24 

383 

MQN. 

14  SEPT.  1863 

§i 

383 

MON. 

13  SEPT.  1920 

38 

384 

TljES. 

13 

SEPT.  1977 

95 

385 

THUR. 

14  SEPT.  2034 

3623 

335 

SAT. 

1    OCT.     IS64 

^J 

555 

MON. 

3  OCT.     1921 

5739 

33 

9 

MON. 

1 

OCT.     1978 

575e 

.5 

J4 

THUR. 

4  OCT.    2033 

26 

354 

THUR. 

21    SEPT.  1865 

83 

333 

SAT. 

23  SEPT.  1922 

40 

3; 

? 

SAT. 

22 

SEPT.  1979 

97 

3 

J3 

MON. 

22  SEPT.  2036 

383 

MOM 

10  SEPT.  1866 

84 

384 

TUES. 

I  1   SEPT.  1923 

41 

& 

3 

THUS. 

1  1 

SEPT.  I960 

98 

3 

J3 

THUR. 

10  SEPT.  2037 

M 

353 

MON. 

30  SEPT.  1867 

85 

335 

MON. 

29  SEPT.  1924 

42 

4- 

TUES. 

29 

SEPT.  1981 

99 

-• 

-4 

THUR. 

30  SEPT.  2038 

29 

354 

THUR. 

1  7   SEPT.  1  868 

86 

333 

SAT. 

19  SEPT.  1825 

43 

3: 

S 

SAT. 

9 

SEPT.  1982 

5800 

3 

-0 

MON. 

19  SEPT.  2039 

j  30 

385 

MON. 

6  SEPT.  1869 

J  87 

383 

THUR. 

9  SEPT.  1926 

•  44 

3t 

3 

THUR. 

B 

SEPT.  1983 

.  01 

,J 

)3 

SAT. 

8  SEPT.  2040 

"  31 

333 

MON. 

26  SEPT.  1870 

"  88 

354 

TUES. 

27  SEPT.  1927 

^43 

33 

4 

THU.R. 

27 

SEPT.  1984 

02 

3 

••- 

THUR. 

26  SEPT.  2041 

-(  32 

383 

SAT. 

16  SEPT.  1871 

^  89 

385 

SAT. 

15  SEPT.  1928 

3£ 

1 

MON. 

16 

SEPT.  1985 

o  °3 

3 

JS 

MON. 

15  SEPT.  2042 

"33 

354 

THUR. 

3  OCT.     1872 

"  90 

353 

SAT. 

5  OCT.    1929 

^  47 

K 

3 

SAT. 

* 

OCT.     1  386 

04 

3 

13 

MON. 

3  OCT.    2043 

*"  34 

353 

MON. 

22  SEPT.  1873 

-154 

TUES. 

23  SEPT.  1930 

£  48 

33 

4 

THUR. 

24 

SEPT.  1987 

^  05 

3 

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THUH. 

22  SEPT.  2044 

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383 

SAT. 

12   SEPT.  1974 

"92 

385 

SAT. 

12  SEPT.  1931 

49 

J8 

3 

MON. 

13 

SEPT.  1988 

06 

3 

}4 

TUES. 

12  SEPT.  2045 

.36 

335 

THUR. 

30  SEPT.  1875 

o93 

355 

SAT. 

1    OCT.     1932 

_  50 

/•j' 

3 

SAT. 

30 

SEPT.  1989 

,»  07 

3 

>3 

MON. 

1   OCT.    2046 

£37 

354 

TUES. 

19  SEPT.  1876 

354 

THUR. 

21    SEPT.  1933 

o  5' 

X 

4 

THUR. 

» 

SEPT.  1990 

o  08 

3 

13 

SAT. 

21  SEPT.  2047 

£38 

385 

SAT. 

8  SEPT.  1877 

°  9  ^ 

383 

MON. 

10  SEPT.  1934 

^52 

)£ 

.i 

MON. 

I 

SEPT.  1991 

°  09 

14 

TUES. 

8  SEPT.  2048 

355 

SAT. 

28  SEPT.  1878 

™  96 

353 

SAT. 

28  SEPT.  1935 

"53 

5: 

! 

MON. 

28 

SEPT.  1992 

"  10 

3 

3 

MON. 

27  SEPT.  2049 

40 

354 

THUR. 

18   SEPT.  1679 

97 

354 

THUR. 

17  SEPT.  1936 

34 

i: 

S 

THUR. 

SEPT.  1993 

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i 

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T 

* 

*1  •'    •!  JKI'l'l  •' 

.^-^H&KSfe^^                                                                           „  ; 

f  IVIUI 

* 

in 

BBaBlHSHyHsi 

lj 

f~*$!iS&*kt  Mohammedan 

era,  OT  era  of 

^^-^i-L^i^syypjJA^P1^ 

To  find  if  a  year   is  intercalary  or  common,  di- 

Apostle.' The  Mohammedan  doctrine  of  God's  being 

tySySHf  the  Heoira,  is  dattd  from    t  he 

/f/'.'.^VJ  flight  of  Mohimmed  from  Mec- 

vide  it  by  30;  the  quotient  will  be  the  number 
of  completed  cycles,  and  the  reminder  will  be  the 

and  attributes  coincide  with  the  Christian,  so  far 
as  relates  to  him  at  the  Creator  of  heaven  and  earth 

i 

P9$|]|  cai  to  Medina,  wh 

ch  was  in  the 

yen  of  the  current  cycle;  if  this  last  be  one  of  the 

who  rules  and  preserves  all  things,  and,  who    is 

d 

i£S&t   night  of    Thursday  the  15th   of 
^   July  621  A.O.,  and  it  comment 

numbers  2,  5,  7,  0,13,16,18,11,24,16,29,  the 
year  is  inttrci  ary  and  consists  of  355  daysjif 

without  beginning,  omnipotent,  omniscient,  om- 
nipresent, and  ful   of  mercy. 

i 

1 

[    ed  on  the  day  fo  owing. 
,           The  years  of  the  Heqira  ire  pure 

it  be  any  other  number,  the  year  is  common. 
The  intercalary  years  of  each  cycle  in  the  table. 

MOHAMMEDAN    MONTHS. 

i 

>    ly  lunar,  and  always 

consist  of    a 

of  years  is  distinguished  by  an  asterisk. 

M-uharram  30  S 

haaban  09 

% 

'    period  of  twelve  unar 

months,  com- 

The  table  of  years  given  below  shows  the  dates 

Siphar    .       .      .  .29   f 

a-madan  30 

<j 

1 

!j  mencing  with  the  app 

roxirrute   new 

of  the  commencement  of  Mahommedan  yejtsftom 

flabiaL  .      .      .  .30  £ 

hiwall  .29 

?  moon,  without  any  i 

itercalatio-n  to 

1845  up  to  2047,  OT  from  the  43rd  to  the  49th 

RibiaH  29  [ 

•ulkuda  30 

t 

•v(v     keep    theiri  to  the  sun 

f    spiton  w  th 

Cycle  inclusive,  wh  ch  form  the  whole  of  the  seventh 

Jornada  I.        .       .   .30   1 

ulheggia.  .   >  .  .29 

c 

W^    respect  to  the  sun,  so  that  they  retro- 

period  of  seven  cycles.  Throughout  the  next  pe- 

Jornidall.     ...  .29 

99         and  in  in- 

grad 

e  through  all  the  seasons  ii 

i  about    324 

riod  of  seven  cycles,  and  all  other  like  periods,  th« 

Rajab  30 

tercalary  years.  .30 

years.  They   are  also  partitioned  into  cycles   of 
30  years,  19  of  which  are  common  years  of  354 
days  each,  and  the  other  II  are  intercalary  years 

days  of  the  week  will  occur  in  exactly  the  sam  ordet 

PRINCIPLES.  OF  THE  MOHAMMEDAN  RELIGION. 

PRINCIPAL  DAYS  OF  THE  MOHAMMEDAN  CALENDAR. 

MuharTam   1,  New  Year. 

hat 

ro  an  additional  day  apperu 

ed'.i  the  last 

There  igion  founded  by  Mohammed,  is,accor- 

>  »        10,  Ash-uTa. 

rnor 

th. 

ding  to  him,  the  only  orthodox  creed   existing 

Racial.       II,  Birth  of  Mohammed. 

The  mean  length  of  the  year  is  354  days,  8 
hours,  and  48  minutes,  and  that  of  the  month 

from  the  beginning  of  the  world,  and  preach- 
ed by  all  the  prophets  ever  since  Adam.  It   is 

Jornada  I.    20j  Taking  of  Constantinople. 
Rajab          15,  Day  of  Victory. 

is  29days,llhouTs,and44  minutes,  whi  ch  ditfeo 

also  called  \s\un. 

»             20,  Exultation  of  Mohammed. 
Shiaban      15,  Borak's  Night. 

only  2.8  seconds,  so  that  the  er 

TOT  amo-unts 

are  contained  in  the  two  articles  of  belief.-'Tnere 

Shawall   1,2,3,  G-rand  Bsiram. 

to  only  a  day  in  about  2400  years. 

is  no  6-od  but  tod;  and  Mohimrned  is  G-od's 

rj-ulheggii      1,  Kurban  Bairam. 

TABLE 

OF  MOHAMMEDAN  YEARS.IFROM  WOOLHOUSE'S  W[IGHTS,MEASURES,  ETC.) 

YEAR  OF 

COMMENCEMENT 

YEAR  OF 

COMMENCEMENT 

YEAR  OF 

COMMENCEMENT 

YEAR  OF 

COMMENCEMENT 

YEAH  OF 

COMMENCEMENT 

HEGIRA 

(1ST  OF  MUHARRAM). 

HE&IRA 

(  ST  OF  MUHARRAM). 

HEGIRA 

(1ST  OF  MUHARRAM). 

HEGIRA 

(1ST  OF  MUHARRAM). 

HE&IRA 

OST  OF  MUHAftRAM]. 

130 

FRID. 

2  N 

)V.     1883 

1344* 

WEO. 

22  JULY     1925 

1384 

w 

.1). 

13  MAY      1964 

1427 

TUES.   3l   JAN.     100€ 

43  CYCLE. 

130 

J 

TUES. 

21  0 

;T.     1884 

1345 

MON. 

12  JULY    1926 

1385* 

Si 

N. 

2  MAY      1965 

1428* 

SAT.     20  JAN.    2007 

130 

3* 

SAT. 

10  C 

IT.     1885 

1346* 

FRIO. 

1  JULY     1927 

1386 

FF 

10. 

22  APRIL    1968 

1429 

THUR. 

10  JAN.    2008 

126 

FRID. 

10  JAN.     1845 

130. 

I 

THUR. 

30  S 

.PT.   1886 

1347 

WED. 

20  JUNE    1928 

1387* 

TL 

ES. 

II  APRIL   1967 

1430 

MON. 

29  DEC.    2008 

126 

t* 

TUES. 

30  DEC.     1849 

130 

3 

MON. 

19  S 

;PT.    1887 

1348 

SUN. 

9  JUNE    1929 

1388 

si 

N. 

31  MAR.    1368 

1431* 

FRID. 

18  DEC.    2009 

126 

3 

SUN. 

20  DEC.    1846 

130 

5* 

FRID. 

7  S 

:PT.    1888 

1349* 

THUR. 

29  MAY      1930 

1389 

ft 

UR. 

20  MAR.    1969 

1432 

WED. 

8  DEC.    2010 

126 

1 

THUR. 

9  DEC.     1847 

130 

7 

WED. 

28  A 

JG.     1889 

1350 

TUES. 

19  MAY      1931 

1390* 

M 

Wi 

9  MAR.    1970 

1433 

SUN. 

27  NOV.     2011 

126 

5* 

MON. 

27  NOV.     1849 

1301 

3* 

SUN. 

17  A 

JG-.     1890 

1391 

St 

T. 

27  FEB.     1971 

1434* 

THUR. 

15  NOV.     2012 

126 

SAT. 

17  NOV.      1849 

130 

3 

FRIO. 

7  A 

JC-.     1891 

46  CYCLE. 

1332 

W 

EO. 

16  FEB.    1972 

1435 

TUES. 

5  NOV.     2013 

126 

7* 

WED. 

6  NOV.     1850 

131 

3 

TUES. 

26  J 

JLY     1892 

1393* 

si 

S. 

4  FEB.    1973 

1436* 

SAT. 

25  OCT.     2014 

126 

3 

MON. 

27  OCT.     1851 

131 

* 

SAT. 

15  J 

JLY      1893 

1351 

SAT. 

7  MAY      1932 

1394 

FF 

ID. 

25  JAN.     1974 

1437 

THUR. 

15  OC1.     2015 

126 

3 

FRID. 

15  OCT.     1852 

31 

Z 

THUR. 

5  J 

JLY     1894 

1352* 

WED. 

26  APRIL    1933 

1335 

TL 

ES. 

14  JAN.     1975 

1438 

MON. 

3  OCT.     2016 

127 

3* 

TUES. 

4  OCT.     1853 

31 

3 

MON. 

24  J 

JNE    1895 

1353 

MON. 

16  APRIL    1334 

1336* 

Sf 

T. 

3  JAN.     1976 

1439* 

FRIO. 

22  SEPT.    2017 

127 

SUN. 

24  SEPT.    1854 

I3i 

1* 

FRID. 

12  J 

JNE    1896 

1354 

FRID. 

5  APRIL    1935 

1397 

ft- 

UR. 

23DE£.    1976 

1440 

WED.   Il2  SEPT.    20lfl 

127 

2 

THUR. 

13  SEPT.    1855 

131 

3 

WEO. 

2  J 

JNE     1897 

1355* 

TUES. 

24  MAR.     1  936 

1398* 

M 

M. 

12  DEC.     1977 

A  A  pvn  c 

127 

3* 

MON. 

1  SEPT.    1856 

131 

3* 

SUN. 

22  M 

AY      1898 

1356 

SUN. 

14  MAR.     1337 

1399 

s; 

T. 

2  DEC.     1978 

49    UYlfLC. 

127 

t 

SAT. 

22  AU6.     1857 

31 

7 

FRID. 

12  M 

AY      1893 

1357* 

THUR. 

3  MAR.     1938 

1400 

w 

EO. 

21  NOV.     1379 

1441    ISUN. 

.  SEPT.  2019 

127 

1 

WEO. 

II  AUG.     1858 

131 

3 

TUES. 

!   M 

AY      1900 

1358 

TUES. 

21  FEB.     1939 

1401* 

SI 

N. 

9  NOV.     1  980 

!442*n'HUR. 

20  AUG.    2020 

127 

5* 

SUN. 

31  JULY     1859 

131 

3 

SAT. 

20  A 

3RIL   1901 

1359 

SAT. 

10  FEB.     1940 

1402 

Ffi 

10. 

30  OCT.     1981 

1443    TUES. 

10  AUC.    2021 

127 

' 

FRIO. 

20  JULY     I860 

132 

3 

THUR. 

0   "\ 

'RIL    1902 

1360* 

WED. 

29  JAN.     1941 

1403 

TU 

ES. 

19  OCT.     1982 

1444    SAT. 

30  JULY    2022 

127 

3* 

TUES. 

9  JULY     1861 

1361 

MON. 

19  JAN.     1942 

1404* 

S/ 

T. 

8  OCT.     1  983 

I443*|WEO. 

19  JULY    2023 

127 

3 

SUN. 

29  JUNE    1861 

45  CYCLE 

1362 

FRID. 

8  JAN.     1943 

1405 

TV 

UR. 

27  SEPT.    1984 

1446  'MON. 

8  JULY     2024 

128 

THUR. 

18  JUNE    1863 

1363* 

TUES. 

28  DEC.     1943 

1406* 

M 

DN. 

16  SEPT.  1985 

I447*F.R1D. 

27  JUNE    2025 

128 

* 

MON. 

S  JUNE    1864 

132 

MON. 

30  M 

URCH   1903 

1364 

SUN. 

17  DEC.     1944 

1407 

s; 

T. 

6  SEPT.   1986 

1448 

WEO. 

17  JUNE    2016 

128 

1 

SAT. 

27  MAY     1865 

32 

2* 

FRID. 

18  M 

ARCH   1904 

1365 

THUR. 

6  DEC.     1945 

1408 

w 

EO. 

26  AUG.    1387 

1449 

SUN. 

6  JUNE    2027 

128 

3 

WED. 

16  MAY     1866 

132 

3 

WEO. 

8  M 

ARCH  1905 

1366* 

MON. 

25  NOV.     1946 

1409* 

Si 

N. 

14  AUG.    1988 

1450* 

THUR. 

25  MAY      2028 

128 

i* 

SUN. 

5  MAY      1867 

132 

1 

SUN. 

25  F 

EB.     1906 

1367 

SAT. 

15  NOV.     1947 

1410 

FR 

10. 

4  AUG.    1989 

1451 

TUES. 

15  MAY     2029 

128 

S 

FRIO. 

24  APRIL    1868 

132 

y 

THUR. 

14  F 

EB.    1907 

1368* 

WEO. 

3  NOV.     1948 

1452 

SAT. 

4  MAY      2030 

128 

TUES. 

3  APRIL    1869 

132 

S 

TUES. 

4  F 

EB.    1908 

1369 

MON. 

24  OCT.     1949 

4 

8  CYCLE. 

1453* 

23  APRIL   203 

128 

7 

SUN. 

3  APRIL   1870 

132 

7* 

SAT. 

23  J 

\H.    1909 

1370 

FRIO. 

13  OCT.     1950 

1454 

MON. 

12  APRIL  2032 

128 

3 

THUR. 

23  MARCH  1871 

132 

B 

THUR. 

13  J 

W.    1910 

1371* 

TUES. 

2  OCT.      1951 

1411 

TL 

ES. 

24  JULY    1990 

1455  IFRIO. 

1  APRIL   2033 

128 

3* 

MON. 

II  MARCH  1872 

32 

9 

MON. 

2  J 

UN.     1311 

1372 

SUN. 

21  SEPT.    1952 

1412* 

S/ 

T. 

13  JULY    1991 

1456* 

TUES. 

21  MAR.    2034 

129 

J 

SAT. 

1  MARCH  1873 

133 

3* 

FRIO. 

220 

EC.    1911 

1373 

THUR. 

10  SEPT.    1953 

1413 

n 

UR. 

2    JULY    1992 

1457 

SUN. 

1  1  MAR.    2035] 

133 

1 

WED. 

1  1  D 

EC.    1912 

1374* 

MON. 

30AU&.     1954 

1414 

M 

Mi. 

21  JUNE    1993 

1458* 

THUR. 

28  FEB.    2036 

44  CYCLE. 

133 

2 

SUN. 

30  N 

0V.     1913 

1375 

SAT. 

20  AUG.     1955 

1415* 

FF 

ID. 

10  JUNE    1994 

1459 

TUES. 

17  FEB.    2037 

133 

3* 

THUR. 

19  N 

0V.     1914 

1376* 

WED. 

8  AUC.     1356 

1416 

W 

EO.  ' 

31  MAY      1935 

1460 

SAT. 

6  FEB.    2038 

129 

WED. 

18  FEB.     1874 

133 

4 

TUES. 

9N 

3V.     I9i; 

1377 

MON. 

23  JULY     1957 

1417* 

Si 

N. 

19  MAY      1336 

1461 

WED. 

26  JAN.    2039 

129 

2* 

SUN. 

7  FEB.     1875 

133 

3 

SAT. 

28  0 

CT.     1916 

1378 

FRID. 

18  JULY    1958 

1418 

FF 

ID. 

9  MAY      1997 

1462 

MON. 

16  JAN.    2040 

129 

3 

FRID. 

28  JAN.     1876 

133 

S* 

WED. 

17  0 

CT.     1317 

1379* 

TUES. 

7  JULY     1959 

1419 

Tl 

ES. 

28  APRIL   1398 

1463 

FRIO. 

4  JAN.    2041 

123 

4 

TUES. 

16  JAN.     1877 

133 

7 

MON. 

•70 

CT.     1918 

1380 

SUN. 

26  JUNE    1360 

1420* 

S 

\T. 

17  APRIL   1999 

1464* 

TUES. 

24  DEC-    2041 

129 

5* 

SAT. 

5  JAN.     1878 

133 

8' 

FRID. 

26  S 

EPT.    1919 

1421 

T 

UR. 

6  APRIL  2000 

1465 

SUN. 

14  DEC.    2042 

129 

5 

THUR. 

26  DEC.     1878 

133 

3 

W€D. 

15  S 

EPT.    1920 

47  CYCLE. 

1422 

M 

W. 

26  MAR.    2001 

1466* 

THUR. 

3  DEC.    2043 

129 

7* 

MON. 

15  DEC.     1879 

134 

) 

SUN. 

4  S 

EPT.    1921 

1423* 

FF 

D. 

15  MAR.   2002 

1467 

TUES. 

22  NOV.    2044 

129 

8 

SAT. 

4  DEC.     1880 

134 

1* 

THUR. 

24  A 

UG.    1922 

1381 

THUR.  115  JUNE     1961 

1424 

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EO. 

3  MAR.    2003 

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1  1  NOV.    2045 

129 

9 

WED. 

23  NOV.     1881 

134 

2 

TUES. 

14  A 

OG.    1923 

1382* 

MON.  [4  JUNE     1962 

1425 

SI 

N. 

22  FEB.    2004 

1469* 

WED. 

31  OCT.    2046 

1300 

SUN. 

12  NOV.     1882 

1343 

SAT. 

4  AUG.   1924 

1383 

SAT.    R5MAY      |963 

1426* 

THUR. 

10  FEB.    2005 

1470 

MON. 

21  OCT.    2047 

IB 


The  followi 

I  Landmarks  of  «*•  I 

World's  Hi  story,  I 

•vhllt  notice  « 


memory  those 
events  that  have 
- 


. 

ANNIVERSARY  CALENDAR. 


the  week  the 

I  vent  occurre, 

(he  weekday  is 

"' 


I  -  Union  Fl.g  t.nf  unfurled  by  Washinglo 


•-Battle  of  New  Orleans -British  defeated  by  Jackson,  ItlKW     _. 

1-Astor  library  in  New  York  City  opened,  IB54,>Ao-»\o,a\t. 

0- Penny  Postage  in  Great  Britain  came  into  operation,  1840,5 
1 1  -  Bill  to  abolish  slavery  in  the  U.S.  submitted  to  the  Senate, !864.Vvw 
ia-8irth  of  John  Hancock,  Revolutionary  Patriot, I"J  •"-'-  - 


It-Oerman  Emp 

19-GoW  d.scovared  in  Calif 

30  First  English  Parliament  con 

31  -Louis  XV).  of  France  beheaded 
«-Unita4  Parliaments  of  England  a 
23  -Panama  Canal,  to  loin  the  two 
34-0«ath  of  Henry  W.  Longfellow,  A 


blithed,  l81l,V»e,o««d,au'. 
•s  Mill,  1848, V 


24-0«ath  of  Henry  w.  Longfellow,  American  Poet,  ltKt.^«M«ta>». 
13-Conver»ion  of  %l.Paul,  Apostle  to  Gentiles,  33  £o.,TtUt**>>. 

2C-Expiration  of  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,  1801, \Aov\&.».\». 
27- Treaty  of  Ghent,  closing  War  of  1812  ratified  by  EnolanJ,l8l5,v>\»»u. 
~v  Accession  of  Edward  VI.  to  the  Throne  of  Enoland,l547,TT\o.»v). 
-  Uniform  Rule  of  Naturalization  adopted  by  Congress,  H95;TVv>Oo.a.u. 


nching 


l-Amendment  13th,  abolishing  Slavery,  passed  by  the  House,  l865<Nio 

2- Treaty  of  Peace  between  United  States  and  Mexico,  1847,  %t«t««i>. 

3-lndeMndence  of  Greece  proclaimed,  1830, v»e«v*so,a>». 

4-Peace  Conference  convened  at  Washington,  l86l->Aov\o,av). 

}-Sw>etn  acknowledges  Independence  of  United  Slates,  I783,>»le«neso,»u. 

C-J*mes  M.  accedes  *o  the  Throne  of  England,  IV8S.VVio.av.. 

7-Pennsylvania  Hopital  (first  in  America) established, nll^Vnnstoy 

6-Southcrn  Confederacy  formed  at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  IB6l,^v\o,Au. 

9-Rogcr  Williams  arrived  at  Boston  from  England,  !63l.>Ne«.*o.»u 
10- Naiml  Battle    U.S. Sloop-Hornet"  captures  Brit.  Bri« 'Hev>lute,"l8l3,  VMeo 
II -Circular  utter  of  Mass,  against  Taxation  published,  n68,AV\*Y»V«.u. 
12-Firct  Fugitive  Slave  Law  passed  by  Congress,  I  793,"\\v«o.av». 
13-  William  and  Mary  became  King  and  ftueen  of  England,  !689.VJcV4a-> 

14-Captaln  Cook,  English  navigator,  killed  on  Sandwi  '  '  ' 

15-St.  Louis.  Mo.,  settled  by  the  French,  IT  ~ 


MARCH 

l-B«nko<  Pennsylvania  chartered,  fir)l  in  the  U.S.,  n8 
3- Bureau  of  Education  established  at  Washington,  I867,^>»x^ 
3-Min««riComfTomis«  Bill  palted  by  Control,  1820,%  Vxti 
4  British  House  of  Commons  resolves  to  end  Anser.War,  I783, 
J-Second  affray  in  Boston-"  Boston  Ma»t»cre."mo,>A 
*-Ored  Scott  Oeclnon  by  U.S. Supreme  Court,  I857,f  r' 

~ 


*-  W«t  Point  Wllitarv  Academy  founded  by  Congress, l«02.S>ul -si 
t-The  Stamp  Act  repealed  by  the  British  Parliament, nse^sves^ 
7-B.ston  «v.ci.at«d_>v  the  British  soldier;,.  I776.^r&*u. 


-Act  to  prevent  Slave  Trade  passed  by  Coti^ress.HS*,  ^•>*^-«6a.^. 
-War  declared  by  Plymouth  against  the  lndians,l6a3.J«.T>o».\). 
-Spain  acknowledges  Independence  of  United  StatM,l183,W\o\\<i»v1. 
-Abolition  of  Slave  Trade  in  British  Empire.  l807,y<«A««»k»H. 
-Providence,  R.I.,  attacked  bu  the  Indians,   I6T6,  %\*v>6ivi. 
-Battlcof  Horse  Shoe  Bend,  Ala.  .Jackson  deceits  Creeks,  1914,  %»•«(.»«. 
-  Vote  of  Censure  passed  by  Senate  aoainst  Prcs'*  Jackson,  l834At>6»M. 
-Surrend«r  of  Vera  CTU.Z,  Me»  ico,  to  General  Scolt,l841,Voy\»ts) 
-Sicilian  Vespcrs-ia.OOO  Frenchmen-  massacred,  1282,  rAo  •**««). 
-Battle  of  Dinwiddie  Court  House  -Sheridan  defeats  Ue,iB65,W\6a\(, 


I-  Harvey,  discoverer  of  Circulation  of  Blood,  born,  iS78,^^t»6,*vi. 
l-U.S.Mint,thefirst,established  at  Philadelphia,  1792,  \Ao-v\6i\c 
9-Richmond,Va..  evacuated  bu  the  Confederates,  1865,  VAowo.3,«. 
t-Death  of  the  President,  William  H.  Harrison,  1841  <iwtto/».v>. 
5-  York  town,  Va.,  besieged  bu  General  McClellan,  l86a,%AtM--<6»v). 
5-  Battle  of  Shi  I  oh,  Tenn.,  Grant  defeats  Bevureaard,  180/LWivVu. 
7-  Mississippi  Territory  for-med  by  Act  of  Congress,  1798,  lb».\\«o.»^. 
(-Bill  to  abolish  Slavery  passed  by  the  Senate,  1864,  VVA»^.          • 
)-Ue's  Surrender  to  Grant  at  Appomattor  Court  House,  l863,VlMMIa. 
3-  U.  S.  Bank  re  -charteredjcapltai  «35,  000,000),  1  8  1  6,\Nea-ne.so,a.\t. 


2-Scotl 


, 

ida  discovered  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  15  12,  V_a«e.v 
d  declared  incorporated  with  England,  l 


.,  ,(  Nantes, tolerating  Proles 
4- President  Lincoln  assassinated  by  John  Wilkes  Booth,l865,TV\ka\). 
5-Patcnt  Right  Law  first  enacted  by  Congress,  rftB.TVwajntige, 
6-Slavery  abolished  in  District  of  Columbia,  l862.,Weo,rv«.»fcau. 
/-Columbus  obtains  sanction  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, !497,T\>.«o.a,\(. 
8-Corner  Stone  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome  laid,  I506.5>%xwvo,-a\). 
9-  Battle  of  Lexington-first  in  Revolutionary  War,  I775.^*ao\\e.so.a.\j. 
!0-Expulsionofthe"'Hump"Parlia-mcnt  byCromwell,  l653.Vlfcoineso.a.^. 
:i-United  States  Mint  established  at  Denver.Col.,  l862,N\ov\c,a\). 
!2-Battle  of  Cranicus,  Alexander  defeats  Darius, 334  B.C.,^VnnrsAa>),WS 
13-Oeath  of  William  Shakspeare.Eng.  Dramatic  Poet.  1616, Tw.cs^a\). 
!4  Boston  News  Letter,  first  paper  published  in  U.S.,  HD4  WVOY\O,»\». 
IS-New  Orleans  captured  by  Commodore  Tarragut,  l8t!LTlr\4*u. 
!6-Hoslilities  begin  between  United  States  and  Mexico, 1 841. «vmte>» 
!7-  Death  of  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  American  Poet,  1882, •VVivor«.ia«( 
[8- Charlotte  Harbor, Fla.,  attacked  by  the  Seminoles,  1836. AV\\«s4a\). 
!9-  Battle  of  Orleans,  France,  sieae  relieved  by  Joan  of  Arc.  1429,  VV\k**). 
10- Washin9ton  inaugurated  first  President  of  U.S.,n89,Tviu.-<*4au. 

MAY- 

l-F*irst  Inter  national  Exposition  opened  at  London,  IBSlJXVtWfaAftlf. 

1- Bat  tie  of  Lut7en,Cer.,  Napoleon  defeats  the  Allies,  I8i3,%u.wo,&u. 
3-Death    of  Tho-rnas  Hood,  English   Poe*,    I845,>»vwv^t>,. 
4-Anarchist  Riot  In  Chicago-many  policemen  killed,  1886, ^uesaau. 

5  Death  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  on  Isle  of  St.Helena,  1821, ?>axu.va»\». 

6  Death  of  Sir  William  Hamilton, Eng. Mathematician,  iB56,T«.e»c.a\». 

7  Battle  of  Baton  Rouoe, la. .captured  byFarragut,  I882.w«ivta«k«u. 
8- Innocent  XIII.  is  made  Pope  at  Home,  H  i  I ,  VA o  v\ C.A« . 

9- Battle  of  Ijesacadela  Palma, Taylor  defeats  Mexicans,  1846. Swvtttv,. 
0-  Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia  opens,  t8/6^corv£so^M 
I- War  declared  by  United  Slates  against  Merico,  1846,  WOYIO.J.M- 
I-Batt  le  SpottsylvatiiaC.H.,Va.,  Hancock  captures  Johnson,  18  64,  TVwvt&au. 
3    Naturalisation  Treaty  made  with  Great  Britain,  1870,  V  -»\  o»u  . 
4-  Vacci  nation  discovered  by  Edward  Jenner,o(  E  ng.,  I79S,  %a.«\vv  &a,vt 
5 -Protective  Tariff  adopted  by  U.S. Government,  I  828,^Vv«.-»«,o,»\». 
6- Acquittal  of  President  Johnson  -impeachment,  1868.  %«w.o.»u. 
7-Great  Fire  in  St.  Louis.  Mo.,  much  suffering,  l849,~\Y\wtto,a.\t 
8- Napoleon  Bonaparte  made  Emperor  of  the  Trench,  1804,  VVx&au. 
9-Last  of  the  Crusades  to  Palestine  ended,  1 181,  V».>»»i»H. 
10- Mecklenburg  (N.C.)  Declaration  o(  lndependence,lIT5,S»v«.-<6,»M 
'-Terrible  Fighting  in  Paris  (21  to  27),l87l,Suv>o,»A»,*\o-vxo,a,\»,  c*c 

-Chas.Sumner  assaulted  in  Senate  bg  Rep.  Brook, i8S6,^v>u.\«&a.v,. 
Jamestown, Va., settled-first  per.  Eng.  set't  in  U.S.,l60l,S&iv«o,»«. 

-Missouri  Comproniise  repealed  by  Congress,  1854  V>leo,Y*esc,a^ . 

-  Dens.  Howe,  Burgoyne  and  Cli  titon  arrive  at  Boston,  1115, "V«Mw;o,av> 
-Matsacre  of  Pequods  at  Ft.  Mystic, Conn.,  by  Mason,  1697,  Vv\^a.vi. 

First  Telepraph  operated  in  U.S.-  Washington  >o  Baltimore,l844,VAo«6j.v|. 

'Noah  Webster,  American  lexicographer,  died  ,  1843.  %\A.-««,aM. 
-Restoration  of  Monarchical  Government  in  Fng.,  l660,^vMlsc,*M. 

-  Columbus  embarks  on  his  third  vouaoe  of  ol«e«ver».l48e.N4»**«»». 
-Copyright  Law  first  enacted  by  Congress,  ITM, »*«V\S%\|. 

JUNE. 

-  The-lnvincible  Armada"  sail)  from  Lisbon,Spain,l588,4a»>>.Yial>,, ' 

-  Naval  Ba«*lc  on  Lake  Champlain -Brit. defeat  ftmer.,  1813-^Ne.V  4»M- 

-  Battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Va., Grant  outflanks  lee,  l864,v*tt.Y\<taaM. 
-Treaty  of  Peace  between  U.S  and  T  ri  poll,  lVOB.Au.a*k*%|. 
-First  Balloon  ascension,  from  Lyons,  France,  l783,^V\vvvi,fcaA». 
-An  American  Congress  first  proposed  by  James  Otis,  1165,  TVvxors  >.»>». 
-Coronation  of  Louis  XIV.  King  of  France,  1654,  W  e  6.  v<  e  *  &  a.\f 
-Jamestown.  Va..  abandoned.-Starving  Time,"l6IO,  ^-r\  ^»^.      ., 


16 


4 -National  Flay,  with  stars  first  added,  adopted  by  Conart'ss,  I777,s\vw»  4A\j. 
5- Washington  appointed  Commander  in- Chief,  17  75,~VV\v>.YScVa.v>. 
6-Convcntion  at  Cincinnati  nom. Hayes  andWhepler,  1876, V  i\4a\). 
1- Battle  o(  Bunker  Hill, first  .ea\in  Revolution,  1715;  "iaVu.Yiax). 
8    Battle  of  Waterloo,  Belgium  -Napoleon  defeated,  18 16,  %\vY\4av,. 
9-  Naval  Action  "Kearsaroc"  sinks  the"Alabama','IS64,'i\*r.4au. 
0- Alaska  ceded  by  Russia  to  the  United  States,   I  861,  ~vv\\>.rs4a\(. 
l-Ninth  State  Ratified  Constitution  making  it  binding, I788,%ax»i  o.a\). 
2-Arkansas  reconstructed  after  secession,  I  BG»,  Vf\o-v\&4\». 
3-  Battle  of  Springfield,  N.J.,  Brit,  defeated  by  G  ret  ne. 1780,  WVO.AM. 

4  Newfoundland  discovered  by  the  C  a  bots,  I491,^ivv.-<c,a^. 

5  Gen. Custer,U. S.A. .killed  by  Sioux  Indians,  D.T.,  !876.%w.'A6a^. 
6- Battle  of  Mechanicsville,  Va.,McClellan  defeats  Let,l862,^YuM*4a\i. 
'7-  Joseph  Smith,  the  Mormon  Prophet,  murdc red,  1844, ^\vMY<;aa\). 
8 -Victoria  Alcxandrina  Edward  crowned  Queen  of  Eng..l838/\V\iA<>4l>,\». 
9- Pope  Pius  VII.  condemns  Bible  Societies  by  his  Bull,  1811,  Swna'&t,. 
0- Charles  J.Cuiteau.,  assassin  of  Pres't  Garfield, hanged,  I882,^v\i»a^. 

JULY- 

i-Battie  of  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  Meade  defeats  Lee,  i863,VMa4v\e,^oa^,e*G 
2-President  Garfield  shot-fatally  wounded-buCuiteay,i88i,s»»»<»»\). 
3-U.S.  Mint  established  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  1852,  •=>»**»  4ax>. 
4-lndependencc  of  United  States  declared,  I  ;iS,^v>u.vsi»\). 
5-Columbian  (S.A.)  Declaration  of  Independence,  I8II,V  V\4a\». 
6- John  Hus3,  Bohem.  relig.  reformer,burnt  alive,  1415.  Savv,Y4a\». 
7-California  declared  a  part  of  the  United  States,  1646,  "\\>,<is4a\>. 
8- Bat  tie  of  Pultowa,  Rust.,  Pott  r  the  Great  defeats  Chas.lfll.,  l709,Wv4»M. 
9-BradJock  defeated  by  French  and  Indians,  II  55,>Ne.V«\e*oa\». 
0-Bill  tore-chaTter  U.S. Bank  vetoed  by  Pres't  Jackson, !83J,^vMiso,»\). 
I  -  Nine  U.S. Senators  expelled  from  Congress  for  Treason,  I86l,~^\\\ors4a^. 
2-Canada  invaded  by  Genera  I  Hull,  I  8  I  2,  <b%»,Y\  6a^  . 
i-Draft  Riots  take  place  in  New  York  City,  1863, W>o-x\c>a.\,. 

5-First  Crusade  to  Palestine  camr  to  an  etid,  1*099,  "v-x\4a\». 
6- Era  of  the  Hcgira  begins-  Flioht  of  Mohammed,  6  2a,^V\c,a\».   . 
1- Yellow  Fever  E  p  idem  ic.  begins  at  .New  Orleans.  1818,  VMeo'  &a\), 

!0-ConfederateCdpitol  remuved  to  Richwonctjva.,  l86l,S>atwY4i\». 
il-Proclamation  by  Pres't  Hayes  for  rioters  to  disperse,  l877,Sa<.««4»\). 
!d-Atlanta,Ga.,  besieged  by  Genera  I  Sherman.  1864,^  V\4a«. 
!3-E«.T>res't  Grant  died  at  Mt.  McGregor,  N.Y.,  1 885,TY\\v«4,av>. 
!4-Thc  Mormons  arrive  at  Salt  Lake  Valley,  184-T,  %aVwvA,-aA). 

!6    Capture  o<  Ticonderoga,  N.Y.,  by  Amhersl,  1759,^  v>  \A--W  6 -ax). 


23-  Treaty  of  Ar 


AUGUST. 


I  -Battle  of  the  Nile -Nelson  defeats  French  f  ice  t,  1798,  vNaiwesJ 
2-  Battle  of  Cannae,  Italy -Hannibal  defeats  Romans,  aib"  B.C.,VJ>ov 

*- Abolition  of  .Feudal  privileges  in  Western  Europ.c, I78'9,"\\ve,«. 
5-Battle  of  Mobile  Bay— Farragut  repulses  Confederates, !864,Vv'\4 
6- Dissolution  of  the.  Holu  Roman  Empire,  l806,VJe-QV\es4' 
7- Battle  of  Thermopylae,  heroism  of  Leonidas,480  B.C.,c,axwx4 
B-Wilmot  Proviso,  restricting  Slavery,  presented  in  House,  l84S,<ba> 
9 -New  York  passed  to  control  of  »he  Dutch,  I  61  3,>iaV\vYO, 
0- Observatory  at  Green  wich. England,  founded,  1615,  "\  we. s 4 
I -first  attempt  to  lay  Atlantic  table  (ails,  I  8  51,  T«.e,=.6.2 
2- Death  of  Geo. Stephens""  ' " --_:---  '.n«o  *.._... 


t,Mich.,SM.rrendtred  to  British  by  Hull,  I  8  —, -, 

7-Dcath  of  Frederick  the&reat,  King  of  PTussia,  n8e,"vv\vm»k»i>. 
B- Bat  tie  of  Yellow  Medicine,  Minn.,  Sioux  massacre  Whites,  1 8  6X, \Atm6av). 
S- Paulus  Hook  (Jersey  City)  captured  by  Ma>  HcnTV  Lee,  m6,A^\v«c,»u. 
0    End  of  Civil  Wr  by  Proclarnation  of  Pres't  Johnson,  1866,  Vf\or\4aM. 
l-The  Puritans  embark   from  Dartmouth, Enfl.,  I  620,  XAor\4aM. 
I-  French"  Directory," consisting  of  five, established  1795  c,atu^4a\*. 
!-  Battle  of  Staten  Island,  British  defeat  Sullivan,   I777,?,a.w-<&a%». 
I-  Washington  City  captured  by  British, Pub.  Build's  bur'd   1814  VNeA'fcau. 
5-Montreal, Canada,  sacked  by  Iroquois  Indians,  1689,  'bu.T\4a\). 
S-Julius  Caesar  invades. the  British  Isles,  55  B.C.,  Svvwia^. 

3-  St.  A  u.gust!ne,FI  a. .founded  -oldest  town  in  U.S.,  ISSB.Vl^Tvcs^oav). 
0-Mail  Steamer  Teuton  lost  with  QOO  lives,  188  I,"V  \xe-i4-aw. 
I -Great  Charleston, S.C.,  earthquake  commenced,  !88S,T\«.e«,4i^. 


pulsed  bu  &er.,l870,^ 
ed  over,  I  566  .'bvi. 
c.  Eng.Com'lth,  l658,'?r 
dson,  I807A 


•reat  London  Fire,436'acres  bu- 

leath  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  Lord  Pro 

ulton's  first  steamboat  voyage  o  ,,  vnK  nw-u^w  r,,  iou 

"he  Pacific  Ocean  discovered  bu  Balboa,  1513,  W\ 

hakspeare  Jubilee  at  Stratford-on- Avon,  17.69, V> 

tion  of  Independence  by  Empire  of  Braiil.182; 

L:-    -'  ' '--    by  Titus-l,IOO,OOOJewskiMed,10  • 


-  Decl 

of  Je 

-  The  United  Stat 


of  A 


,         .. 

lled,  177  6,  VA 
Lake  trie,   1813,  Vv\ 
def.  Washington,  n77,^V 
,  I  85O,  TV-^ 
~ 


-Battle  of  the  Branduwine,  Ho 
-Fugitive  Slave  Law  passed  by 

Battle  of  Quebec -C-eneral  Wolfe  6i  I  led',  1159,' 

-New  Style  Calendar  adopted  by  England,  II  5d,  TV»*.v 
-Ordinance  of  1181  adopted  by  Continent  Cong.,  1787,  %ax.u 
-Fahrenheit,  inventor  of  Thermometer,  died,  1736,  A  Vvw 
-Constitution  of  United  States  passed  Convent  Ion,  1787,  Wvo-> 
-Anne  Hutchinson, religious  enthusiast, arr.at  Boston, 1634  TYv 
-Death  of  President  Carfield  at  Elbcron,  N.J.,  I  8  8  I  V*  o  w 


-King  William's  Wa 
-Oeath  of  Sir  Walt 
Tre 


ded  by  4 

at  West  Point  discovered,  l'180, 

John  Patil  Jones'  great  naval  victory,  n~!9,TVv \x-vs4a\j 
Suspension  of  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  in  U.S.,  1861, V^wesiax,.. 
Battle  of  Montreal,  Ethe  n  Allen  taken  prisoner,  1775, X^ov>4».^. 
Philadelphia  captured  by  the  British  army,  1117.  V=-»\&»M. 
First  passenger  railroad  opened  in  England, I825,"^\ves4a\i 
Battle  of  Marathon, Greeks  defeat  Persians.490  e.C.,VNe4r.es4ax». 


Stanford  University,  Palo  Alto,  Cal.,  opened, l89l,"VVvvi,rs4aM. 
Execution  of  Major  And  re, British  spy,  118  0,  WVoY)4a\). 
Death  of  Miles  Standish,  great  Indian  f  ighter,l656,Y"t\4ax). 
In  dependence  of  Belgium  declared,  I  8  3d,  wv  o  v>  &av). 
Battle  of  the  Thames, Can. .Harrison  defeats  Proctor.  ISIS.T^A^ax). 
Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery  taken  by  Clinton, l717,»J\OT\o»«. 
The  Colonial  Congress  meets  in  New  York, l7S5,tAov\4aj»- 
GTeat  Chicago  fire  commcnced.-Loss«190,000,000,l81I.Swn&a\4. 
International  Postal  Treaty  concluded  at  Berne,  1814 ,^Y\ia^- 
Battle  of  Tours, FT., Martel  defeats  Saracens,  131,  V  -v'\  4«.\}. 
New  Netherlands  granted  to  Amsterdam  Co.,  I  6  I4,"\«.fb4»>j. 
Christopher  Columbus  discovers  America,  I49a,v  V»  4»^>. 
Death  ot  R.E.Lee,  Confederate  General,  I  81O,A\Av».-<i,iiaN,. 

Battle  Of  Hastings,  Duke  of  Normandy  def.  Harold, l066,%alUYoa%). 
Death  of  kosciuszko,at  Solleure, Switzerland, I8n,^jc.4«c.s4a\). 
Houses  of  Parliament,  London,  burned,  I  8  34,"\VwA.Ys4a-^. 
First  Legislative  Assembly  of  New  York  meets,  1683,  VMe,o.Y\e,s4a\). 
king  George's  War  ends  by  Treaty  of  Aix  la  Chapelle,l748,"We*4&\). 
Cornwallis  surrenders  to  Washington  at  Yorkeown,l78l,W>4ax). 
Battle  of  Salamis, Greeks  defeat  Persians,  480  t.C.,<HfciMMm. 
Great  Earthquake  at  San  Franci»co,Cal.,  l868,\Ne.4Yvc^i.a\». 
Revocation  of  Edict  of  Nantes  by  Louis  XIV,  IS85,^Vvv>.T«,4avi. 
First  Parliament  of  Great  Britain  meets, noi,TVv«.v<,4a\». 
Death  of  Daniel  Webster,  Amer.  statesman,  I  852,S>v>.v\  Aav». 
F  rig.  "United  States"  captures  Brit.  Nig."Mactdoma,"IBI2,W*4aM. 

Island  of  Cuba  discovered  by  ChristophtrColumb'us,l493,^av'4iv\. 
Battle  of  White  Plains,N.Y.,  Howe  defeats  Washington,n76^Aov4a^. 
Infamous  execution  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  I  6  I  a.Tvvvfr-io.ax,. 
Death  of  Edmund  Cartwright, inventor  of  Loom,l813,~V<wft4a\>: 


Death  of  Oliver  P.  Morton,  prominent  U.S.  Sen  ator,i877,'\v\ 
National  Thanksgiving  for  the  Peace,  I  86  5  ,A  V\\*-<  s4 
American  Armu  is  disbanded  by  Cong  ress,  l783.W\O 
Penn's  Treaty  of  Peace  and  Friendship  with  lndians,l683,<b»V 
Gunpowder  Plot,  London,  Guy  Fawkcs  arrested,  1605,  "\  \*.c,«, 
British  Orders  in  Council  passed.  II  9  3,  VMc  6  wt.%  4a\> 
Battle  of  Tippecanoe.lnd.,  Harrison  defeats  Indians,  IBM,  ^V\NW 
Re-election  of  Pres't  Lincoln  tothe  Presidency  1864.  "We.  * 
Great  fire  it  Boston,  Ioss,«t13,000,000,  1812,  %^xwviia 
Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia  closed.  1876,?  Vv 
Gen.  Sherman  begins  his  march  to  the  sea,  1864,  ^-»\ 
Berlin,  Germany,  declared  in  a  state  of  siege,  1848,  l=^-v\ 
Mason  and  Dixon,  surveyors,  arr.  at  Philadelphia,  1763,  Sv>, 
Chas.  Carroll,  last  surviv.  signer  of  Dec.  Indepen.,  died,  1831,  vjMc 
The  Articles  of  Confederation  adopted,  1111,  "iAVxvx 
Corner  stone  new  building  Edinburo.  Univer.  laid,l189,N\o 
Congress  meets  for  first  time  in  Washington,  l800,VJ\ 
New  standard  railroad  time  adopted  in  U.S.,  1863,  "bvvvi 
Nullification  Ordinance  passed  by  South  Ca 


,         , 

First  Nat'l  Encampment  G.A.  R.,  at  Indianapolis,  18  66,  ^^V8, 
Berlin  Decree  issued  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  1806,  fV\ 
Battle  Ft.  Pickcns.Fla.,  Confederates  defeat  Bragg,  l86l, 
Battle  Lookout  Mountain,  "above  the  clouds,"  !863,VNo-v 
Discovery  of  Tasmania  by  Abel  Janszen  Tasman,l642,^ 
Evacuation  of  New  York  City  by  British  army,  n83,~rvxu 
Oliver  E  Us  WOT  th,Exr  U.S.  Chief  Jus  t  ice,  died,  I  801,~S\\\ 
Hoosac  Tunnel  opened,  23,100  feet  long,   1873,  A\\\v.is6 
Magellan,  circumnavigator,  first  enters  Pacif  ic  Ocean,  I520, 
Death  of  Thos.Woisey,  Eng.  Cardinal  and  Statesrtian,l530," 
Revolution  closed    by  treaty  with  Creat  Brit.  ,1782,  'ia 


-Portugal  becomes  independen-t  of  Spai  n,  I64O,"V 
John  Brown  executed  at  Charlestown.Va.,  I859A  Y' 
Battle  of  Hohenlinden, French  defeat  Austrians.l803,<iu 
Washington's  Farewell  Address  to  his  Army,  I183,"\V\\IY 
Battle  o*  Co  ffeevi  lie,  Miss.,  Con  fed.  loss  heavy,  1 861  ,Wv 
Amer.  Anti  Slavery  Society  formed  at  Philade!'a,l833,V-v 
Noah's  Deluge  said  to  have  commenced, 2348  B.C.,<ba 
Proclamation  of  Conditional  Artinesty,Pres.Lincoln,IB63,-\u. 
Buffalo, N.Y.,  burned  by  British  and  Indians.  ISIS^Vvv^i 
Martin  Luther  ljurns  the  papal  bull,  I  5  20,  W\ov\i 
A-mer.  Army  goes  into  winter  quarters,  I  m,"^V\\x-«44 
Kalafcaua.kiTig  Hawaiian  Isls., visits  Washirigton,IS74,«>at 
B  at  tic  of  Fredericksburg, Union  Army  repulsed,  1862, •=  a*  u. 
Washington  dies  at  Me. Vernon,(IO  p.m.)  1193,  "batwYi 


4a.\». 
"&a\>. 
-.4an». 


.  . 

ets.  18  l 


:ford  Convention  (a 

Boston  Tea  Party,342  chests 
Milan  DecreclBrit.  Blockade)  issued  by  Napolcon.iaoi.^V^t 
Constitutional  Amendment  abolishing  slavery, I865,^o 
Pres't  Lincoln  calls  for  30O.OOO  volunteers,  l8B4,N\ov 
South  Carolina  first  to  secede  from  Union,  I860,~SV\^ 
Pilgrim  Fathers  land  at  Plymouth  Rock,  I620JN.S.),  \^o> 
Massacre  of  100  soldiers  at  Ft.  Kearney,  18  66,'bax.^Y 

Treaty  of  Ghent  signed-ending  War  of  I  8  12  ,'  I  8  14,'iian 
Charlemagne  crowned  Emperor  of  the  West,  800,  <FV> 
Massacre  of  36,000  Turks  at  Ismail, Russ.,  1730,  <=>MV\ 
Explosion  of  str.  "West  Point,"  York  Riv.,Va.,  I88l.^\xc< 
Abbey,  London,  dedicated,  I  0  6  5,Ve4Y 


ttle  of  Narragansett  Swamp.Kinq  Philip  defeated, l675,*i 
ss  ion  of  Gadsden  Purchase  to  United  States,  1853,  T  V»  l 
ttle  of  MuTfreesboTo.Tenn.,  Union  victory,  I862,vic  4 


17 


I 


« 
3 
C 
C 
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—  —    —         _'__  '^2  '    .'  —  '  _ •    — i _!__—  - '  - 

»'  u-v*  •«    o"   o"  "o" '  u*»"  ~o*  o~ "  o"   •*    »/>'   o"  uV~ih'    iA;   o' 


"  •*  j'° *^V    Ol~ 


r_,^r-  »>S  O*    'K  r-S  *"*-   •*  °  '  S  J1O  rSrf 


o    S  ,-S  „ 


.     fjk  j         4__— j_      i     ~.._— , 


*     --— '2252  2oTo.o-  oe2t/»crtw>*^>t/>>— H->>? 


1892,  BY  JASPER  QOODYKOONTZ 


•*-< 

^ffif«MAJititiM£^AAi,tA>4S4i4iti4ili^                                     *  >v.  .  \i  /  .  ^- 

®*fWlllGHT  ^BlE.*®*—  a- 

Showing  the  beginning  and  end  of  twilight  for  the  first,  eltventh,and  twenty-first  days  of  every  month,  as  seen 
on  the  parallels  of  2ir30t33°36,°39,<>42°45,0and48<'north  latitude,  and  by  estimation,  will  serve  equally  well  for  adjacent  points. 

L      A      T      1      T       U      O        E_. 

37* 

30' 

33* 

36s 

39° 

4-2 

45° 

4-8° 

Mont  he. 

Btfins 

Ends 

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Begins 

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Begins 

Ends 

Begins 

Ends 

iegine 

Ends 

Begins 

Ends 

Begins 

Ends 

A.M. 

P.M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

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h    m 

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h 

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h    m 

h    -m 

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5  28 

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38 

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5  27 

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36 

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5   50 

6    18 

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5  24 

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5  28 

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33 

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FEB.    1 

5  21 

7      0 

5  28 

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5 

30 

6  57 

5  32 

8  54 

5   35 

6  52 

5  37 

6  50 

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6  36 

M      II 

5  20 

7      8 

5  22 

7     6 

5 

24 

7     7 

5  25 

7    4 

5  16 

7     2 

5  27 

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5 

15 

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7  12 

5    15 

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MAR.    1 

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5     7 

7    18 

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8 

7    19 

5     5 

7  20 

5     4 

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24 

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10 

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55 

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4     0 

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,  ,    |  | 

3  45 

8    II 

3  37 

8    17 

3 

30 

8  22 

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3     5 

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13 

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49 

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,  .    II 

3    17 

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3    13 

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3 

10 

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1  50 

9   1  1 

2  36 

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39 

10  30 

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II    36 

,,  ,    11 

3    15 

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8 

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34 

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MY  i 

3  21 

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3 

13 

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140 

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39 

10  37 

11  28 

II   27 

3   30 

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3    19 

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3 

20 

8  48 

3     7 

9     0 

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29 

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3  55 

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50 

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4  20 

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4 

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15 

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740 

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23 

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725 

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4  36 

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4  40 

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4  38 

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4  47 

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A                                                                                                                          A 

^wflSs^i^l^-         ;'r"  ' 

^3fc             iT-^xv^^i^LF^ 

ennri  j.^aSSaza.*.^^         *  .-i-W*^  '  MtO-nfiftL 

<=.  t  \ucAT\irD\ifi 

^SjgLnKSypfe         •  '*' 

M^    «VW*n9v  "V^Qg?^          $&»££&&**• 

Weather  is  the  condition  of  the  a;- 
•Mosphere  at  any  time  and  place  with 
respect  chiefly  to  its  tem  perature,  hu- 
midity ,  clearness  or  cloudiness,  rain, 

formed  groups  of  these  clouds  are  fre 
quently  seen  in  fair  and  settled  weath 
er.The  cirri  are  also  the  clouds  on  th 
foie-part  of  the  storm,  where  they  are  u. 

F€»9S.—  Fogs  indicate  set-tied 
-   weather.  Morning  fogs  seldom  last  till  noon. 
,      Frost.  —First  and  last  frosts  are  usual  ly 
-   preceded  by  a  temperature  much  above  mean. 

fog,  or  snow,  and  wind. 

ually  more  abundant,  very  ragged,  am 

Halo(sun-dogs).—  Large  circles,  or  parts 

Barottieter.—  In  prognosticating 

generally  blend  into  a  white.far-reachin 

i    of  circles,  about  the  sun  or  moon.  A  halo 

the  weather  by  the  barometer,  notice 
whether  it  be  greatly  above  or  below  the 
mean  heigh*,  and  the  rapidity  of  its  rise 
or  fall.  Higher  and  steady,  foretells  con- 
tinued fair  weather.  Lower  and  falling, 
rain,  or  damp  cloudy  weather.Rapio 
•rise  or  fall,  continued  unsettled  weath- 

cloud- bank.  The  curmwXw.*,  "thunder 
heads,"  or"cotton  bates,"  are  of  a 
hemispherical  form,  with  horizonta 
base.  When  they  appear  in  the  heat  of  th. 
day  and  pass  away  in  the  evening,  then 
foretell  continued  fair  weather.  I/  they  it 
crease  rapidly,  sink  into'thc  lower  at-mo" 

•    after  fine  weather  indicates  a  storm. 
Rainbows.—  A  morning  rainbow  in- 
dicates rain;  an  evening  one,  fair  weather. 
e      Sky  Color.-A  deep-blue  sky,  even  if 
seen  through  clouds,  indicates  fair  weath- 
•   er;  a  growing  whiteness,!  stor-m. 
Sunset  Colors  .  -  A  gra  y,  lowering  sun- 

er  and  much  wind  . 
Clouds.—  Clouds  are  distinguished  by 

pherc,and  remain  as  evening  approach? 
rain  is  at  hand.  Loose  patches  on  theit 

,   set,  or  one  where  the  sky  is  green  or 
yellowish  green,  indicates  rain.  A  red 

their  textures,  motions,  and  outlines. 
The  ew<n«.t,  or"mare'»  tails,"  appear  at 

surfaces  predict  showers.  The  **<•&&** 
appear  as  a  continuous  layer  of  widely  extei 

,    sunset  foretells  fine  weather. 
i       Sunrise  Colors.  -A  red  sunrise,  wit 

a  greater  elevation  than  other  forms, 
and  are  marked  by  thvi-r  light  texture, 
fibrous  and  sundered,  or  interlacin9 

ded  sheet  of  cloud,  at  a  lower  level  than  th 
cumulus,  and  often  touching  the  earth. 
Co-ro-na.  -Circles  around  the  moon  o 

,    lowering  clouds  later  in  the  -morning,  in- 
dicate rain;  a  grey  sunrioc,  dry  weather, 
r      Visibility.—  Unusual  clearness  of  the 

as  in  the  far-spreading  white  cloud  which 
produces  the  halo.S-tnall,  regular  1  y 

sun.  Crowing  smaller  they  indicate 
r«i-n;  growing  larger,  fair  weather. 

atmosphere,  unusual  brightness  or  twink- 
ling of  the  stars,  indicate  rain. 

90 


Table  is  especially  valuable  to  eti9ravers,electrotupeTS,  and  ajl  others  havitio  frequent 

jsion  to  ttnd  the  products  of  numbers,  both  integral  and  fractional, not  exceeding^! 

To  u-se  the  table,  select  either  dimension  at  the  top  ma^in,  theti  descend  the  column 
io  the  other  (shown  by  the  small  number  above  the  lar^e),  where  is  ^iventheintejfal  prod- 


*2 


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6   6 


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4    14 


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39 


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32 


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3  52 


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s  60 


is  64 


7   68 


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80 


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a  10 


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345 


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7  85  is  90  19  95' 


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3    18 


424 


s  30 


e  36 


42 


848 


9  54 


60  n    6612  72 


78 


4  84  is   90 


e  96 


i  102 


8  108 


ttWi 


2    14 


428 


535 


«  42 


7  49  8  56 


63  io  70 


i   77 


is  84 


9  81 


98 


7(19 


8 126 13 133 


2ol4S 


3  24 


432 


s40 


648 


7  56? 


s  64 


9  72 


o  80 


i   8811  96  3 104 


4  112 


5120 


7  136  1 8 144  19 152 1«I90 


i  9 


2  18   3  27 


4  38 


3  45 


i  54 


8  72 


9    81 


o  90 


99 


2108 


13(17 


*I26  is  135  is  144 


7(53 


(62 


n(7l 


i  10 


i  20 


330 


440 


5  50  6  60 


7  70 


8  80 


9  90 


io  1 00 


1 110  13120 


3 130 


14(40 


3)50 


id60 


7  170  is  180 


i  II 


221 


333 


ii 
444T's55 


e  66 


7  77 


s  88  999 


ollO 


n  121 


nl32 


3143 


4 154  is  165  le  176 


i(87 


18(98 


i9209io220 


i  12 


2  24 


3  36 


448 


5  60 


672 


7  84 


9(08 


•  ISO 


132 


12)44 


3156 


4)68 


5180 


16(92 


R204 


is2!6 


9228  io240 


i  13 


26 


339 


4  52 


5  65 


6  78 


7   91 


•in 


;I30 


1431 


13 

13169 


14(82 


6208 


n22l 


s234 


19247 


i  14  i  28 


3  42 


456 


5    7ft 


s  84 


7  98: 


»it2 


9 126 


tl68 


13(82 


14196 


15216 


e224 


iiXM 


9266  i 


r    '  15 


i  30 


345 


460 


5  75 


6  SO 


8  120 


5  135 


,150 


165 


13(95 


i*2IO 


15225 


is240 


7255 


18270 


)285«300 


i   16 


232 


348 


464 


5  80 


6   96 


7112 


8(28 


io  160 


ii  176 


2 192  1 3208 


14224  ,524»  i  s256  1727? 


8288  19304 


io320 


i»H    'H 


234 


331 


468 


s85 


6)02 


7(19 


e!36 


iol70 


n  187 


13221 


14238 


19299  16273  iv289li8306 19323 


36   3  54 


el08 


7|26 


e!44 


3)62 


nl98 


12216 


3234  14252 


s270 


17306 


8324  u342 


«360 


i  19 


a  38 


476 


6  114 


7133 


8)52 


•171 


19 
190  n209 


12228  13247  14266  ,s285  i«304 


is342 


19361 


io380 


-    i  20 


a  40 


360 


4  80   5100 


6120 


7(40 


8(60 


9180 


10200 


220 


224^13260 


i^^.saoo 


n340  is360 


19380  io400 


21 


po  find  Hie  lute 

turn  far  any  time, at  atiy  rate  per  cent. 

given  in  the  table,  find  the  interest  (I)  on  the  sum  (or  the  years 
(2)  for  the  months;  (3)  (or  the  days,  and  then  add  the  several  results  " 


To  /ind  the  interest  at  %.%,  fiiiJ  it  at  4%  by  the  table,  atid  take  half  the  amou-nt;  /or  3%,*ake  half  the.  amount  /or 
6?S;  for  7/4??,  take  half  of  5?S;  for  3/4  ?S,  take,  half  of  7%;  for  8%,  take  twice  4%  ;  fo-r  10%,  fake  twice  5X;forn%, 
take  twice  6%.  The  (able  is  so  constructed  as  to  be  the  most  possible  convenient  /or  compittitt?  interest  with  rapidity, 
the  a-mount  and  the  interest  being  given  together  in  the  same  rectangular  space,  so  that  when  the  t  trie  is  known, 
simply  descend  the  coltwin  to  the  required  amoi4.nt(the  back-hand  mi/mber)  where  will  be  /ou.ti<4  the  nterest  jint 
beneath  it.  The  interest  at  any  per  cent.  not  given  in  the  table  or  mentioned  above,  -may  be/ow-nd  readily  by  proportion. 


23 


tefeg$gj£        •  MIWWWMUHI'I  III^EIMllIiroOS''1*-1'  ' 

.r  jsSisitm 

1  —  TABLE;  NUlviBE;F\  —  1., 

Showi-ng  the  Accurtiulatio:H~oV  Principal  and  Interest  on  one  Dollar,  *He  Interest  bai-no  compounded  •jttvmaN\H 

To  use  Tables  Nos.  1  and  a  ,  observe  at  whit  intervals  the  interest  is  pay  able,  also  the  number  of  such  intervals,  and  the 

rate  correspond!  rip  to  each.  Find  from  the  tables  the  compound  amount  of  *l  for  this  rate  and  number  of  inter 

va  s,and  -multiply  it  bu  the  given  principal.  If  the  number  of  years  be  greater  than  30,  find  t  ha  product  of  the 

amounts  for  any  two  nutnbors  of  years.  Thus,  the  amount  for47yearsat  2,9S-l.8ll3(am't  for30yrs.)>  I.4002(am'tforl7|rr4 

Vrs. 

a% 

a>4% 

3% 

3k  % 

4-% 

4-Vi% 

5% 

6% 

7^0 

8% 

9% 

10% 

1.0200s 

'    .  02SCT 

f"    .0300V 

r"  I.0350V 

f    .0400V 

f1    .0450"- 

K    .0500s 

{    .0600s 

'     .0700s 

'     .0800s 

*     .0900s 

2 

1.0404 

.0506 

.0609 

.0712 

.0816 

.0920 

.1025 

.1236 

.1449 

.1664 

.1881 

.2100 

3 

1.0612 

.0769 

.0927 

.  1087 

.1248 

.(411 

.1576 

.1910 

.2250 

.2597 

.2950 

.3310 

4 

1.0824 

.  1038 

.1755 

.  1475 

.1698 

.1925 

.2155 

.2625 

.3108 

.3005 

.41  16 

.4641 

5 

1.10411      .1314,. 

I    .'593 

N    .  1  877^ 

..2160. 

L    .2462 

L    .2763 

.3382, 

N    .4025^ 

.4693 

.5386 

.6105 

6 

1.  1261 

.1597 

r   .1940 

.2292 

.2653^ 

P   .3022C 

P    .340.C 

f    .4185 

.5007 

\     .5868 

f    .7715 

7 

1.  I486 

.  1887 

.2298 

.2723 

.3159 

.3608 

.4071 

.5036 

.6058 

I   .7138 

l!8280 

.9487 

1.1716 

.2184 

.2667 

.3168 

.3685 

.4221 

.4774 

.5938 

.7182 

.8509 

1.9925 

2.1436 

1.1951 

.2488 

.3047 

.3629 

.4233 

.4861 

.5513 

.6895 

.8384 

.9990 

2.1719 

2.3579 

10 

1.2190 

L      .2801 

L,    .3439,. 

.4  IPS. 

L     .4802J 

.    .5529 

L    .6289 

.7908 

.9971 

La.  1589 

[2,3673 

2.5937 

II 

1.2433 

.3121 

.3842 

.4599 

.3394 

)   .6228C 

f    .7I03C 

1.8983 

2  .  1  048 

'2.33I6V 

'2.5804^ 

2.8531 

19 

1.2682 

.3449 

.4257 

.51  10 

.6010 

.6959 

.7958 

2.0122 

2.2522 

2.5181 

2.8126 

3.  1384 

IS 

1  .2936 

.3785 

.4685 

.5639 

.6650 

.7722 

.8856 

2.1329 

2.4098 

2.7196 

3.0658 

3.4522 

14 

1.3194 

.4129 

.5126 

.6187 

.7317 

.8519 

.9799 

2.2609 

2.5785 

2.9372 

3.3417 

3.7975 

IS 

1.3458 

..4483, 

N    .5579^ 

N    .6753^ 

.8009 

.9353J 

L2.0789  J 

2.8965^ 

2,7590 

3..722J 

3.6425  ( 

,4.  1772, 

J  f 

16 

1.3728^ 

.4845 

.6047 

.7340 

.8730 

/2.0223V 

2.1828 

2.5403^ 

2.9521 

'/3.4269X1 

3.9703 

4.5949 

17 

1.4002 

.5216 

.6528 

.7946 

.9479 

2.  1  134 

2.2920 

2.6927 

3  .  1  588 

3.7000 

4.3278 

5.0544 

18 

1.4282 

.5596 

.7034 

.8575 

2.0258 

2.2085 

2.4066 

2.8543 

3.3799 

3.9960 

4.7171 

5.5599 

19 

1  .4568 

.5986 

.7535 

.9225 

2.1068 

2.3078 

2.3269 

3.0256 

3.6165 

4.3157 

5:1416  ' 

6  .  1  1  59 

90 

I.4859J 

.6386  , 

L     .806lJ 

.     .9898 

2.  1911 

2.4117 

2.6533 

3.2071 

.3.8697 

.4.6609 

5.6044 

.6.7275 

91 

'  1.5156^1 

3    .8796^ 

'    .8603V 

2.0594^ 

2.2787] 

2  7859 

•^3.3995 

J4.|405 

5.0338 

6.1088 

7.4002 

99 

1  .5459 

.7215 

.9101 

2.1315 

2.3699 

2!6336 

2^9252 

3.6035 

4.4304 

5.4365 

6.6588 

8.1403 

as 

1.5769 

.7646 

.9736 

2.2061 

2  .4647 

2.7521 

3.0715 

3.8197 

4-.  7405 

5.8714 

7.2578 

8.9543 

94 

1  .6084 

.8087 

2.0328 

2.2833 

2.5633 

2.8760 

3.2251 

4.0489 

5.0723 

6.3413 

7.91  1  1 

9.8497 

95 

^.6406] 

.8539J 

.2.0937 

2.3632 

^2.  6658; 

3.  0054  J 

.3.  3863. 

4.2918 

5.4274 

6.8485 

.8.6231  J 

10.8347 

as 

'  I.6734V 

'    .9003V 

2.1566 

2.4459 

2.7724 

3.  1407 

3.5556 

4.5494 

5.8073 

^7.3963 

9.3991  1 

11.9182 

97 

1.7069 

.9478 

2.2213 

2.5315 

2.8833 

3.2820 

3.7334 

4.8223 

6.2(38 

7.9880 

10.2451 

13.1100 

39 

1.7410 

.9965 

2.2879 

2.6201 

2.9987 

3.4297 

3.9201 

5.  1  1  17 

6  .  6488 

8.6271 

11.1671 

14.4210 

98 

1.7758 

2  .  0464 

2.3565 

2.71  19 

3.  1  186 

3.5840 

4.1  161 

5.4184 

7.  1  142 

9.3173 

12.1722 

15.8631 

30 

1  .8113 

N2.0975^ 

2.4272 

.2.8069 

3  .  2494 

3.7453 

4.3219 

5.7435 

,7.  6122  J 

10.0626 

13.2677 

17.4494 

Showing  the 

2  —  TABLE  NUMBER—  a. 

VTS. 
1 

i*  '0 

1.0101^1 

'    .02511 

J  -/o 

'      .0301' 

'    .0353^ 

'    .0404^1 

"    .0455Y    -0506^ 

t>-70 

.0712^ 

n~/o 

"    .0816^1 

9-7-0 
'    i  0920^1 

.I025N 

51 

1  .  0406         .0519 

.0613 

.0718 

.0824 

.0930         .1028 

'.1255 

.  1475         .1692  1      .2134  1     .2155 

3 

1.0615         .0783 

.0984 

.1097 

.1161 

.  1438         .1596 

.1940 

.2292        .2646        .3250        .3400 

4 

1.0828         .1054 

.  1264 

.1488 

.1715 

.1948         .2184 

.2667 

.3168         .3678        .4470        .4773 

3 

I.I  0461      .  I33ay 

.1605 

.1894 

v    .2l88y 

.2481  1     -2800 

,.3439 

.41051     •479^JL    -S697JI    .6287^ 

6 

I.I268T     .1617 

.  1956 

.2314 

^    .2681 

.3004|      -3448  1 

.4257  ] 

^    .51101      -6002T     .7l4lY  .7957   1 

7 

1.1494 

.  1909 

.2317 

.2759 

.3193 

.3643 

.4129 

.5125 

.6186 

.7307 

.8713 

.9747 

1.1725 

.2209 

.2689 

.3210 

.3726 

.4264 

.4845 

.6047 

.7339 

.8720 

2.0641 

2.1827 

1.1960 

.2516 

.3073 

.3676 

.4281 

.4913 

.5596 

.7024 

.8574 

2  .  0247 

2.2541 

2  .4064 

[10 

1.2200 

.2831 

.3463 

.4I54J 

^    .4958J 

.5592J 

.     .6385 

.8061 

.     .9897  J 

V2  .  1  899y 

2  .46  i  5  . 

,2.6530, 

II 

I.2445Y    .3I54Y    .3875Y    .4654Y    .5458Y    -630lY    .7234Yl.9l6r 

2.  13I5|2.3687Y2  6880^2.3250^1 

ia 

1.2696         .3484         .4295         .5171         .6082        .7044        .8086      2.0326 

2i2833      2^5619      2i3354     3^2248  ' 

13 

1.2931         .3824         .4727         .5704        .6732        .7820         .9001      2.1564 

2.4459      2.7710      3.2055     3.5558 

14 

1.3211         .4171         .5172         .6259         .7408        .8631          .9963      2.2878 

2.6201       2.9971      3.5005     3.3198 

18 

I.3477J     -45"A    .5630X    -6833X    -SMlJ^   .9479^2.0933X2  .4271^ 

.2.8068X3-  24  1  7A3  .  8227A>  •  32  ijyj 

16 

1.37481 

'    .4893> 

fTiiir 

^    .7418 

.8843^ 

2.0365^ 

^.2027  1 

^2  .  5749  1 

/j   0067\ 

3.5062^ 

4.  1  744 

4.7645 

II 

1  .4024 

.    .5268 

.6589 

.8043 

.9604 

2.  1272 

2.3142 

2.7317 

3^2208 

3.7923 

4.5586 

5.2529 

IB 

1.4307 

t    .5652 

.7091 

.  8680 

2.0396 

2.2240 

2.4313 

2.8981 

3.4502 

4.  1018 

4.9781 

5.7883 

N 

1.4593 

I    .6045 

.7607 

.9339 

2.1220 

2.3252 

2.5544 

3.0746 

3.6960 

4-.4365 

5.4361 

6-3816 

90 

I.4886X    .6449X    .8140X2.  0021X2  .2078X:t-43l0A:t  •  6831A3  •  26'8A3-  9593A4'  198JA5'  9370A7-  036a^ 

91 

1.  SISsY    .6863Y    .8686Y2-0729Y2.  2970  Y  2.541  5  Yl-S'^Ys.  4605  Y4.  241  2Y  5  .  1300y6.4833  Y7  •  7514 

B9 

1.5490         .7287         .$253      2.1451      2.3898     2.6572      2.9624      3.67U      4.5433      5.6(36  '    7.0906      8.5575 

93 

1.5801         .7722        ,9835      2.2208     2.4863      2.7781       3.1  123      3.8948      4.8669      6.0716      7.7525     9.4292 

94 

1.61  18         .8168      2.0434      2.2992      2.5868      2.9045      3.2699      4.1320      5.2136      6.5670      8.4659     10.3957 

95 

.1  .  64431     •  8625J1  •  '  05213  •  3804J2  .  69  1  3J3  •  036713  -435yU.  383615  •  5849X  7  .  1  030X9.  2A50  Jjl  -*6  '  \ 

196 

I.6772Y   .9093Y2    !68sY2  464sY2   BOOeYs    '  749Ys   6094Y4   6506J  5   9827  i    7  682sYo   OgSsY*  6359 

I.'TI  10         '.99T>  •    2!  234  4      l!  55  IS       I'.Slil       3.'  3  193      3.'  7921      4^9338       6  1  4088       8.3034  III  '.  0248  1  3.'  93  II 

1.7453      2.0066      2.3019      2.6416      3.03)8      3.4703      3.9841      5   2343      6.8653      8.9875    12   0334    15.3591 

1.7804      2.0571       2.3715      2.7348      3.1543     3.6282     4.1858      5.3531       7.3543      9.7208    1  3.  1473      6.9334 

30 

J.  8  163X2-  1088X2.4432X2    8314X3.2818X3    7933X"    3917^5-89  1  3X^-878  lX  0.  5143X4  .  35  7lX?-  6691  , 

(rivinq  the  Present  Wo 

rth  orValu 

to*!20  a  year,  payabl 

B  annually,  fo-r  25  years  at  6  %  ;  what  is  the  present  value  of  her  interest  ?  So\v**\»t\-.-*l20 

(the  annuity)  x3»  12.  7833  (the  present  value  of  *l  ar 

nuity  /or  25  year;,  at  6%)  =«!531t.OO.  It  the  annuity  be  payable 

semi-annuall 

y  and  so 

m-annua 

interest  is  to  be  al 

owed,tak 

i  the  present  value  for  dou 

ble  the  -number  of  i, 

(ears,  at 

one-half  the 

9wen  rat 

e  .^Vu.s,  an  annuity  of  *l  eve 

ry  six  mot 

ths,for  lOi^rs.at  895=«l  per  anr 

urti  for  20yTs.at4%=*l3.5503 

YTS 

2% 

a  v^?^  i   3?*o 

3/4°-^     1    49^ 

4-'':% 

S  %     i     6%      I     7  % 

8%     1      9% 

I0?o 

1 

JQ   9804V 

Jd    9756^ 

/Q     9T08^ 

SQ    96gaYo    3615^ 

[^0.9569V 

'o.9514Yo.9434Yo.9346V 

'y0.9259YO-9n4-V 

^0.9091  V 

a 

I.'94I5 

K9215 

l'.  9  1  34 

1  !8997      1  !S86I 

1  .8726 

1  .8594       1  .8334       1.8080 

1.7833      1.7591 

1.7355 

3 

2.8839 

2.8560 

2.8186 

2.8016      2.7751 

2.7489 

2.7232      2.6730      2.6243 

2.5771       2.5313 

2.4869 

4 

3.8077 

3.7619 

3.7110 

3.6731      3.6299 

3.5875 

3.5459      3.4651       3.3872 

3.3121      3.2397 

3.1699 

5 

S4.7I34^ 

4.6458 

4.5797 

4.5150  14.4518 

^4.3899^ 

4.3295  14.21  23  1  4.  1002 

3.9927   1  3.8896 

3.7909 

~6 

5.6014^ 

rs.sosi 

P5.  41721 

5.  3185  Ys.  2421 

r5.t578 

[5.0757  74.917374.7665] 

4.622974.5216^ 

[4.3553 

7 

6.4719 

6.3494 

6.2303 

6.  1  145      6.6020 

5.8926 

5.7864      5.5824      5.  3893 

5.2064      5.0657 

4.8684 

S 

7.3255 

7.  1701 

7.0197 

6.8739      6.7327 

6.5958 

6.4632      6.2097      5.3713 

5.7466      5.5648 

5.3349 

9 

8.  1622 

7.9708 

7.7861 

7.6077      7.4353 

7.2687 

7.  1078      6.8017      6.5152 

6.2469      6.0228 

5.7590 

10 

-.8.9816., 

L.8.  7521  . 

L8.5302J 

..8.3166  JL8.  1  1  09^ 

L7.9l2lx. 

L  1.  72  17  J.7.  3  601  17.0236  J 

.6.7101  16.4429  ., 

6.  1446. 

II 

9.7868 

[9.5142 

9.2526] 

9.001578.7605 

[8.52881 

8.  3064  YT.  8869  Y''  -4987  S 

)1.  I390Y6.  8284^ 

^6.4951 

12 

10.5753 

10.2578 

9.9540 

9.6633      9.3851 

9.1  IBS 

8.8632      8.3838      7.9427 

7.5361       7.  1888 

6.8137 

13 

11.3484 

10.9831 

10.6349 

JO.  3027     9.9856 

9.6828 

9.3936      8.  8517       8.3576 

7.9038      7.5131 

7.1034 

14 

12.1063 

1  1.6902 

1  1.2960 

10.9205     10.5631 

10.2223 

9.8386      9.2950      8.7454 

8.2442      7.8101 

7.3667 

IS 

J2.8493  J 

J1.3BI4. 

Lj  1.9339  J 

J  1.5174  111  .  l  184  J 

JO.  7395  J 

JO.  3796  J.9.  7I22J-9.  1079.1 

.8.5595  JL8.  0626  J 

-.7.6061  .. 

16 

13.57771 

13.0550 

n2.56l  iS 

12.0941  711.65231 

11.2339 

"10.8378  710.  1059  79.44661 

;8.  8514  YS.  32261 

J7.8237 

17 

14.2916 

13.7122 

13.  1661 

12.6513     12.  1656 

11.7072 

1  1.2741      10.4772      9.7632 

9.  1216      8.5621 

8.0216 

18 

i4.992l 

14.3534 

13.7535 

13.1897     12.6593 

12.  1600 

1  1.6896     10.8276    10.0591 

9.3719      8.7725 

8.2014 

19 

15.6784 

14.9163 

14.3238 

13.7098     13.  1339 

12.5932 

12.0853     11.1581      10.3356 

9.6036      8.9656 

8.3649 

ao 

^16.3514^ 

J5.589I, 

.14.8774^ 

J4.  2  124  113.5903 

13.0079  . 

,12.4622  ll  1.4694  llO.  5940  J 

9.8181    l9.  1428 

8.5136 

aT 

17.01  121 

16.  1606 

[15.41507 

14.6979  714.02911 

•13.4047 

13.821  1  p  1.7641  VlO.fraSsS 

10.016879-30531 

8.6487 

29 

17.6581 

16.7421 

15.9369 

15.1671      14.451  1 

13.7844 

13.  1630     12.0416     11.0612 

10.2007      9.4543 

8.7715 

33 

18.2922 

17.3094 

16.4436 

15.6104     14.8568 

14.  1478 

13.4885     12.3034     11.2722 

10.3711       9.5912 

8.8832 

24 

18.9138 

17.8628 

16.9355 

16.0583     15.2469 

14.5650 

13.7986     12.5503     11.4693 

10.5288      9.7167 

8.9847 

as 

19.5235 

18.4028 

17.4131  J 

I6.48l5ll5.622t  f 

J4.82S2 

,14.0939^12.7833^1  1.6536^ 

10.6748  19.8330 

9.0770 

26~ 

20.11501 

18.9296 

"17.87687 

\6.  8903^5.9827 

\5.  14661 

"14.2752  Y'3-  0032  Y1  '  •  8258 

10.810079.  9375 

9.  1609 

ai 

20.7069 

19.4435 

18.3270 

17.2853    16.3296 

15.4513 

14.6430     13.2105     11.9867 

10.9352     10.0344 

9.2372 

98 

21.2813 

19.9448 

18.7641 

17.6670     16.6630 

15.7429 

14.8981     13.4062     12.  1371 

11.0511      10.1233 

9.3066 

99 

21.8444 

20.4339 

19.  1884 

18.0357     16.9837 

16.0219 

15.141  1      13.5907     12.2777 

11.1584     10.2048 

9.3698 

30 

22.3964 

JO.91.3, 

^19.6004^ 

^8.3920^,11.2920 

6.2889 

15.  3724  JL|3.  7648  JL|2.  4090^ 

11.2578^10.2874 

9.4269 

friving  the  A-Miouttt  of*!  Annuity  per  ann"um  atCompound  Interest.  To  use  the  *able,  -multiply  *he  annuity  by 

At  the  birth  of  a  son  a  father  in 

vests  fo-r  Him  WIOO  at  5%, 

interest  computed  annually 

and  the  same  amount  with 

accrued  inter 

est  on  es 

ch  birthd 

ay  thereafter  till  t 

He  son  is 

21  years  old;  what  su-m  w 

ill  the  son   have 

rt/hen  he 

comes  of  age?  SoWV\o*i.-3SIOO(  the  annuity)  x  3*35.7193  (the  amount  of»lannui*y  for  2lj/rs.  at  5%)=*357I.93. 

Vrs.l 

an, 

a^% 

3%      I 

3M%    1    4% 

4-Xi% 

5%      1      6%      j_    7  %     | 

8%      I      99S_| 

10% 

I  ! 

'  i.ooooN 

'  1.0000s! 

'  l.0000\ 

'  i.ooooY  i.oooo^ 

/  i.ooooN 

'  i.ooooY  i.ooooY  i.oooo^r 

'  i.ooooY  i.oooo^ 

1.  0000^1 

a 

2.0200 

2^0250 

2.0300 

2.0350       2.0400 

2.0450 

2.0500       2.0600       2.0700 

2.0800       2.0900 

2.1000 

3 

3.0604 

3.0756 

3.0309 

3.1062       3.1216 

3.1370 

3.1525       3.1836        3.2149 

3.2464-       3.2781 

3.3  100 

4 

4.  1  2  1  6 

4.1525 

4.1836 

4.2149       4.2465 

4.2182 

4.3101       4.3746       4.4399 

4.5061       4,5731 

4.6410 

S 

5.2040 

5.2563  J 

5.3091  j. 

5.3625  1  5.4163  J 

5.4707  1 

5.5256  1  5.637  1  1   5.7507  1 

5.8666  A  5.9847  i 

6.1051  , 

~6 

'6.308lS 

6.387  lS 

'  6.4684\ 

6.5502Ys.633oS 

6.7169\ 

6.80  1  sY  6-9753  Y  ~>-  '  5337 

7.3359Y7-5833  S 

7.7I56N 

7 

1.4342 

7.5474 

7.6625 

7.7794       7.8983 

8.0191 

8.1420       8.3938       8.6540 

8.9228       9.2604 

9.4872 

a 

8.5829 

8.7361 

8.8923 

9.0517       9.2142 

9.3800 

9.5491        9.8975      10.2598 

10.6366      1  1.0884 

1  1.4359 

9 

9.1546 

9.9545 

10.1591 

10.3685     10.5828 

10.8021 

1  I.026S     1  1.4913      1  1.9780 

12.4876      13.0810 

13.5795 

10 

10.9491 

II  2034 

1  1.4639  1 

1  1.1314  112.0061  1 

12.2883  i 

^2.5779^13.  1808  1  13.8  1641 

14.4866  11  5.2529  1 

15.9374. 

II 

12.  1681  1 

12.48341 

12.80787 

13.  l42oY3-4864S 

13  84  I  1  S 

^4  206sYl4  97l6Y'5-7836  T 

16  6455YI7.6203  7 

18.5312 

12 

13.4121 

13.7955 

14.1920 

14.6020      15.0258 

15^4640 

I5i9l  11      I6!8699      I7.'s885 

1  8^977  1     20i2207 

21.'  3843 

13 

14.6803 

15.  1404 

15.6178 

16.  1  I  30      16.6268 

17.1599 

17.7130     18.8821      20.1406 

21.4953     23.0334 

24.5227 

14 

15.9139 

16.5189 

17.0863 

17.6710      18.2919 

18.9311 

19.5986     21.0151      22.5505 

24.2149     26.0992 

27.9750 

IS 

J  1.29  34  / 

17.9319  J 

1  8.5989  Jl 

^19.2957^20.0236^ 

20.78401 

2  1.5786  123.2760  125.1  290  1 

27.  1521  1J9.44Q9  1 

3I.7725/ 

16 

8.6392S 

19.38021 

20.15697 

20.971  oY3'-8245S 

•22.71937 

23.e515<Y25.6125Y2~'-888l\ 

30.3243Y33-0834  T 

35.9497 

If 

20.0120 

20.8641 

21.1616 

22.1050     23.6915 

24.7417 

25.8404    28.2129     30.8402 

33.7502     37'.0537 

4o!5447 

18 

21.4123 

22  3863 

23.4144 

24.4991     25.6454 

26.8550 

28.1324    30.9057     33.9990 

37.4502    41.3813 

45.5992 

19 

22.8405 

23.9460 

25.1  169 

26.3M2     21.6712 

29.0635 

30.5390     33.7600     37.3790 

4.1.4463    46.0984 

SI.  1591 

20 

24.2973  J 

V25.5446J 

V26_8704l 

28.2197  129.7781  J 

,31.3714,1 

33.0660  136.  7856/140.99  55  A 

45.7620  J5  1.240  1  1 

57.2750. 

"aj~ 

35.7833S 

'21  lASsS 

"28.67651 

30  1696Y31  969lS 

•35.  7193  739.9927  7*4.86527 

50.4229  Y56-84457 

64.0015 

29 

27.1989 

28.8229 

30.5368 

32.3290     34.2480 

36i3033 

38.5052    43.3923     49.0057 

55.4568     62.9533 

71.4027 

23 

18.8449 

}0  5444 

32.45J9 

34.4605     36.6179 

38.9370 

41.4305    46.9938     53.4361 

60.8933     69.61  19 

79.5430 

24 

30.42  1  8 

32  3090 

34.4165 

36.6666     39.0816 

41.6892 

44.5020    50.8156     58.1767 

66.7648     76.8698 

88.4973 

2S; 

32.0303 

,341177  J 

.36.4^^3  1 

38.9499  141.6459  J 

44.565^1  1 

47.727  1  154.8645  1.63.2490  1 

73.  1059A84.7809  1 

98.3470 

I? 

33.6709S 

'35  9lllS 

^a.sssoSr 

41.3139144.31  nS 

41  sioeS 

1  9.9  544  Y  93.4040  y 

109  1817 

27; 

35.3443 

31.8720 

40.7096 

43.7598     41.0842 

Sflill  13 

54^669  1     63'.7057     74i4838 

87.3508     IB2.803I 

I2U0239 

28 

31.05H 

39.8198 

42  9309 

46  2914    49.9616 

53.9933 

58.4026     68.52S7     80.6977 

95.3334    113.0482 

134.2099 

29 

38.1923 

41  8163 

45.2188 

48.91  16     52.9663 

51.4230 

62.3227     73.6404     87.3465 

03.9659     134.2153 

148.6309 

30 

,40.5680^143.8617^ 

,47  5754/ 

^51.6235X56.0849^1 

\6.I-007V 

Hi  i  he  ubk', Board  atid  Plank  Measurement,  the  \c,\\^\\\  is  given  at  the  top;  the  \m^XV\ 
at  th«  left,  and  also  in  the  body  of  the  table.  If  the  dimensions  of  any  board  erceed  the 
dimensions  9iven  in  the  table, take  atiy  two  dirnensions.and  add.  To  find  the  feet  in 
aboard,  take  the  length  at  the  top,  and  descend  the  column  to  the  required  width 
(shown  by  the  small  back-hand  number),  where  is  found  the  number  of  feet  and  inch- 
es. In  the  other  tables, fractions  of  A  foot  are  dropped  if  less  than  J-i;  added  if  more. 


tSJSsa?8fia^VKWtVM;fr;tw.*S|!» 


War  of  the  Revolution 1 775  to  1782 

Indian  War  in  Ohio  Territory I  790 

Warwiththe  Barbary States .  .  ..1 803 to  1804 

Tecumseh  Indian  War 1811 

War  with  Great  Britain J8l2tol8l5 

Alaerine  War 1815 

First  Seminole  War 1817 

Black  Hawk  War I  832 

Second  Seminole  War 1 845 

Mexican  WaT 1 846  to  I  848 

Mormon  War 1856 

Civil  WIT 1861  to  186 


Stillwatei,N.Y. 
Ft.  Merc«r,Nl 
Red  Bank.NJ. 
Ft.Mifflin,P.«. 
Monmouth.  .  . 
Schoharie,N.Y.  J 
Wuomina,Pa. 
QuakerHillJU 


Dutch  War. 1673 

Klnq  Philip's  War I  676 

Kinq  William's  W.aT. I  68£ 

DewfieW,  Maes. burned  by  Indians I  70^ 

Haverhill, Mass. burned  by  Indian I  70S 

TuscaroTas  expelled  from  North  Carolina  .1713 

Queen  Anne's  War 1 744 

French  and  Indian  War 1754  to  I  759 

Pontiac's  Conspiracy 1 762 

Massacre  of  Wyoming 1 778 

Treaity  with  the  Si»  Nations- 1 7  94 

Tneitij  with  the  Delawares 1 804 

War  with  the  Crjeks 1813  to  1814 

War  with  the  Sentinol<s 1 835  to  I  342 

Cherokee  Removal 1 836  to  I  837 

Capture  of  Osceola I  837 

Aroostook  Disturbance.  .*.  ..  .1838  to  1 839 

Roque  River  Indian  War 1 855 

Oregon  Indian  War 1 856 

Minnesota  Indian  WJT 1 862 

Chivinqton's  Massacre. near  Ft,  Lyon.  .  .  1864 

Modoc  Disturbance. . '. 1 873 

Custrr  Defeat  by  Indians I  876 

Indian  Messiah  Craze  Disturbance  ...  1 890 


SunbuTy,Gj. 
Sherry  valley 
)TifTCrert,Gi. 
KettlcCreek.Ca. 


ff£VOLUr/OM 


exinqtin. 

Ticonderoqa 
Bunker  Hill. 
Quebec  .  .  . 
Norfolk,  Va.  . 
Boiion.  .  .  . 
Ft.  Moult™. 
LvnaWtni. 
Harlem  Plains 
White  Plains. 
LMM 


Princeton.  . 


Apr.l9.-75 

Ju*n,'-75  P'. 

tetf.3Mrt.MI 


V  -..:.- 

.     - 


Parker 
tllen 
rescott 

.    "   A1-.:-   -. 


-.:-  'i  ..  '.      ',';•: 

uM.  titMXtS 


--..-, 


.27,76  Putnam 
Stp".  16,76  Washington 
Oct.28,-76  Washm^m 


Howe 

Otc.26,76)WasMn9t(m|Rahl 
Jan.  3,-H  Washinjion  tbwhood 


IE 


BRIT 


)e  Li  place 

HOWE 

CLINTON 

CimtON 
Diirrmore 
CTaVi  VVi« 
Clinton 


- 


Amer. 
Amer. 

BTit. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

t\\\v 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amei. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amrr. 

Amerr. 


Hubbardton. 
Ft.Schuyler. 
Benning,ton  . 
Brandywiiw.Pa 
Bemis  HeigHsJIY 
ernantown. 


Aug.  6, 


Oct.  4, 
ie, 

7, 

zt, 

22, 

Nov.19, 

Je.  28,78  Washiiijtai  Cl 
Brown 


.      Auq.29," 
hjA.Oec.29,. 


Howe 

Jan.  9,79  Lane 
No*i!j,-78 
Uch.  3,79  Ashe 
Feb.  14,'  - 


51  owj  Point,  N.YX 
fenobscot.Me. 
PauktsHook,N.J. 


Savanna  h,Ga. 
ltarl 

Waxhaw,  S.C.  . 
jfrinjfMMLJL 

Rocky  Mount 


ishina  Creek 
Kim's  MaratXSi  Oct.  7, 
rishdji.F«Td,S.C.  Nov.12. 


Feb.25. 


3lockstocks,S.C, 
^owpens,  S.C. 
Battle  of «h Haw 
lT07dC.H.,l«.C.Mcli.l5. 

Ninety-Su,N.c! 
AuousU,&a. 


York  town,  Va 


FOUtUT. 


7,-77  Warner 


Herkime? 
Stark 

Wjshinjton 

"ales 

WjsWngtonH 

Clinton  "' 

Gates 

Greene 

Greene 

Thatjtr 


Je.  20,  » 

Juh|l6," 


Lovell 
Lee 

Sullivan 

_  ,__  ,     Lincoln 

lestcn,S.C.  Mai)  12^  Lincoln 
""  Buford 
Greene 
Sumter 
Sumter 
Gates 
Sumter 
Campbell 
Sumler 
Sumter 


29, 

Oct.  9, 


29, 

S 

JuJi|30, 


•  •  !    j] 


Butler 
Sullivan 


Pickrns 
Lincoln 


Jan.17,-81  Morian 


Lee 

&reene 

Greene 

Creerif 

idlest  on 

Leduard 

Greene 


FrazeT 

Leijer 

Biurn 

Howe 
urqcgne 
owe 

Clinton 

Burqoyne 

Donop 

Howe 

Howe 
ntoir 

Indians 

Butler 

Piqot 

Campbell 

Prevost 

IIMA* 

Prevost 

Boyd 
Maitland 
Clinton 
McLean 

Brint 

Prevost 

Clinton 

Tarleton 

Njphausm 

Tumbull 

Brown 

dmwallis 

Tarleton 

FeiqusoTi 

wemyss 

Tarleton 

Tarleton 

Peyle 

Cornwillis 

Rawdon 

Cruder 

Brown 

Arnold 

Stewart 

Cemwallis 


•\  =  M  \  . 


Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit, 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Arner. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

BTit. 

Brit. 
Brit. 
AmeT. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Brit, 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Arner. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Amex 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Arner. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Neither 
Amer. 


W/lff   Of  /ff/2. 


WH  ERE. 

FOUGHT. 


lrownstown,Can. 
Maqumqa  .  . 

Detroit.  .  .. 
lutmstown.  . 
^densbuTi).  . 
TeTichtown  . 
'ort  (Toronto)  . 


15, 
Ort.13, 


Sacketfs  Harbor 
Stony  Creek  . 


Vanleneki  Brock 


Forsuth 


., 
Oct.5, 


COMMWDEBS 


Miller 
Hull 


Tecumseli 
Teeumsth 
Brock 


kn2Z,-t3glMHtB 

Aptl7,      ' 
MayS, 

2?; 

29, 

Oe.  8, 


Pike 

Clay 

Dearborn 

Beawlty 

Brown 

Winder 

Croahan 

Harrison 


Proctor  ' 
Sheafft 
Proctor 
Vincent 
Tfcumseh 
Prevost 
Vfncent 
Proctor 
Proctor 


Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Arner. 
Arner. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Amer. 


FOUGHT.    FOUGHT    AMER.  I  BRIT.!   ARMY 


Chrysler's  Fie 
LaCaell  Mill. 
Wash  inq  ton 
Chippewa. 
Lun  du's  Lane 
Ft.  Erie. .  .  . 
Bladensburq. 
Plattsburq 
North  Point . 
Ft.McHenry . 
Ft.Bowuer. . 
Ft-Erie..  .. 
Ft. Niagara. . 
JhnilesfmmmL 
New  Orleans 


|0»..- 
Mch.30;l 
Apr.55, 
JuluS" 
"25," 


13  Boyd 


Oec.19, 
23, 
Jan. 


8,-l5  J 


Morrisonl  AmtT 


Brown 
Brown 
Gaines 
Winder 
Macomb 
Strieker 
Armistead 
Lawrence. 
Brown 
Leona' 
Jackson 
lackson 


Hancock 
ROSS 
Riall 
Drumiwa 


Drarnmon  Amer 


J ! 


Ross 

Prevost 

Brooke 

Cxhrane 

Nicholls 


Pac^nr-  ^mer. 


WHERE 
FOUGHT 


Aiij.13,-12 
Off  Massachusetts  Aug.19, 


Oct.  18, 


Off  NoithCiToliiu 


Off  San  Salvador  Oec.29, 


Off  Oemerrju  . 


British  Channel  A 
Off  Maine.. 
Lake  Erie.  .. 


Lake  Ontario 

Harbor ofValpuiso  Mch.28,14 


Off  Florida. 
BiitishClmmel  Je 
Near  Africa.  . 
Lake  Champiain 


Mobile  Bay.  . 
LakeBorque. 
Off  New  Jersey. 
Off  Madeira  blrt 
Olf  Brazil... 


WHEN 
FOUGHT. 


orter    Lauflham 

£ 

Jones 


Bailee 
MtJNSKn 

F«!>.24.13  Lawrence 


unel, 
uj.14, 
Sep.5, 
Sep.10, 
Oct.  5, 


Apr.29, 
.28, 

Sep.  1, 
ep.ll, 


Sep.  15," 
Dec.  9," 
Jan.15,-150 
:eb.20, 
Mch.23, 


NNta^si. 


fflMMWDEIt!  VEj  :, 


AMER.     BHlT. 


Lawrence 

Im^ 

Allen 
W^ta 

Burrows 

ti$ 

Perr 


'orter 


Blakflg 
Si^^i^ 
Blakely 


.awrentt 

W.%0\V 

Jones 


Stewart 

MtfRSS 

Biddle 


SUCCESS. 
ARMY. 


AmeT. 
Am  er. 


Whimjato  A  met 
Am  tr 
Amer 
Amer 

BTit. 

Brit. 
Amer. 
Arner. 

'Brit. 
Amex 
Amer. 
A  met. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Brit. 

BTit. 

Arner. 
Am  err. 


Carder.. 
ff^Mnft 

Lambert 
^.im 
eake. 
^\E» 

Broke 

w^\Cf 

Maples 

SMflE 
Blythe 
iT^loit 
Barday 


l'lyar 

V-A< 

Wales 

Wij&U* 

Manners 


Arbutmiot 
S»>  VN 

Jownie 

9^S 
Nichols 

^ovvmi 
Lockyer 

W^w 
Hayes 


Brit. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
AmeT. 


Brit. 
Arner. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Arner. 
Bri-t. 

8  Tit. 

Neither 


The  War  of  1812  was  really  a  continu- 
ance of  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  caused  bythe 
impressment  of  American  seamen,  and  harassing 
of  American  comnfra.  It  is  noted  tor  the  arqe 
TiurnberoNaval  en^eme-ntj. 


<M 

I-H 
*-^S 

WHERE 
FOUGHT 

StoneRiwrJIen 

WHEN 
FOUGHT 
Jan.2;6 

Feb.  3,*: 
Miy  1,  ' 

::J;: 

"12,  ' 
"14,  ' 

"27,'  : 

Je.6,  ' 
"9,  . 
"14,  ' 
"20   ' 
JuluU-,  ' 
•T»4j. 

"  14)  • 
lee.  4  " 

"25|  » 

Mch.5',-64 

»  iio'  r> 

»I2!» 

i; 

Je.  (I5, 

"22', 
"27,  ' 
wlu9,  ' 

',,'  ' 

"31,'" 
Sep.  19," 

S'l9i  " 

::£,:: 

ov.30,  " 
Dec.  l;» 
aruJ5,65 

ek.27,'  .'. 
•27," 
•  27,  » 

"  6,'  " 
'•  9,  " 
"  II,  » 

"12," 

«>u4'.: 

UOMM 
UNION 
Bpsecrans 

(PORTER 

WaemHi 

Hardinc) 
Nixon 
DeHuff 
Sedawick 
Hoole'r 
G-rant 
fjrant 

Banks 
Thomas 

Milroy 
Rosecrans 
Meade 
Grant 
'rentiss 
&rant 
Banks 
Silmore 
Surnside 
iosecrans 
Warren 
9umside 
Grant 
Hooker 
Hooker 
Meade 
Hicks 
Ba.nKs 
Wessells 
Jrint 
G-rant 
Grant 
Butler 
Sherman 
Sherman 
>ra.nt 
Orant 
yieade 
Sherman 
Wallace 
Sherman 
Sherman 
Grant 

IFARRACUT 

&RArt&En 

Jranl 
Varren 
jrant 
Sherman 
Sheridan 
Sheridan 

rrant 
heridan 

'leasan'.on 

rTZnt 

chofield 
^homas 

Shridan 
Settofield 
herman 

Wilson 
rant 
heridn 
Vli  ^\nt( 

SaRr"  1 

\tV^i«i\v 

ANDERS 
CONFEC 
Braqq 
PlUUgjill 

SDCCfi 

ARMY 

Union 
Union 

+*Af*fu    i  *  uujij^i^^-aatj 
1  jm11                        » 

'i~> 

>-:-»»*« 

f*~ 

•4 

Ft.Donelson,Te» 
Suffolk.Va. 

MFX/CAM   WAR 

LiGrange,Ar 
FredeTicksbJ,Va 

Lonjsheet 
Lee 
Johnston 
Pemberton 
Pemberton 
Pemberlon 
Gardner 

Ewetl 

Brago 
Lee. 

'embfrton 

Johnston 
Jardner 
ieaureqard 
:razier 
Brig  n 
Hill 
Lonqstiwt 
Bra9, 
Bra.qq 
Hardee 
Lee 
Forrest 
Smith 
Hoke. 
Let 
Lee 
Lee 

Johnston 
-onjstwet 
-ee 
.ee 
Lee 
Johnston 
:irlu 
Jooo 
•food 
.ee 

SS^^NAN 
.ee 
'ickett 

.ee 
lood 

'ariy 
'rice 

'rice 
.ee. 

lood 
Hood 

ohnson 
ohnson 
.ee 
.ee 
orrest 
.it 
.ee 

IJljIOT 

mn\4n»\i 
VoSVtr 

Confed 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Confed 

Union 

Con'fe'd 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Confed 
Union 
Confed 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 

Union 
Union 
Confed 

Union 
Union 
Union 
Confed 
Confed 
Conftd. 
Union 
Confed. 
Union 
Union 
Confed. 
Union. 
Donfed. 
Union 
Confed. 
Union 

Union 
Jnion 
Donfed. 
Inion 
Jnion 
Jonfed. 
Jnion 
Jni  on 
Jnion 
Jnion 
Jnion 
Jnion 

Jnion 
Jnion 
Jnion 
Jnicm 

*\wX. 

Wvro. 
rcvvxx. 

IB62,Feb,6,  Fk.Hennj,Term.,captured  byFooU;  Feb. 
8,Roanoke  Island  captured  by  Goldsborouqh  andBurn 
side;  Feb.16,  Ft.Donelson,Term.,  orces  of  Grant 
and  Foote;  Mar.  8,  Confed.  Ram  Merrirnac'sniks" 
U.S.  Friaaus  Cumberland  and  Conqress,  Hamp- 
ton floads,Va.;  Mar.  9,  Federal  Monitor  disables 
Merrimac;  Apr.  6,  Pittsburq  Landing;  Apr.  8,  Cap- 
ture of  Isknd  No.  10;  Apr.ll,  Ft.Pulaski  Ga.  cap- 
tured by  land  and  naval  forces;  Apr.34,  Fts. 
Jackson,  St.Phillip,  and  New  Orleans;  May  ^Nat- 
chez, Miss.,captured  bu  Farragutj  July  l,Malvern 
Hill. 
1863,  Ft.HindmaTi,Ark.,on  Jan.ll,  also  U.S.Stea™- 
rr  Hatteras  sinks  Confed.  Alabama;  Jan.n,Mo-n- 
itor  Weehawken  captures  Confed.  Ram  Atlintj;  Jan. 
IO,Vicksburq,Miss.;  July  8,  Pt.Hudson,Miiuca» 
lured,  also  Natchei. 
!864,June  19,  U.S.  Steamer  Kearsiqe'sinki  the  Al- 
abama" off  CheTboUTq,France;Aitq.5,  Mobile,  All. 
1865,  Jan.l5,Ft.Fisher,N.C,capturedbuTenij  and 
Porter. 

Afl/MffFff  OF  rffOOPS  /ft  T/ff  WAftS. 

WHERE 
FOUGHT 

WHEN 
fOUGHl 

COMMANDERS 

a/cos 

Jackson^Miss 

AMER 

MEX. 

'  ARMY 

Palo  Alto. 
birth  MI 

Monterey. 
Bucite... 
Bucna  Vista 
Sacramento 
Vera  Cruz. 
CerroCordo 
Contreras  . 
Churubusco 
MoliiK  del  Reij 
Chapultepec 
Mexico  .  . 
Huamantha 

.  Way  8,-4f 
J  "  9,  ' 

.  Sep.24,' 
.  Oec.25,' 
Feb.23;4 
"  28,  • 
MchJ7,  ' 
Apr.18,' 
Aug.20,  ' 
"  20,  ' 

"  14*,  • 
Oct.  9,' 

Taylor 
Taylor 
Taylor 
Ooniphar 
Taylor 
Donipliar 
Scott 
Scott 
Scott 
Scott 
Worth 
Scott 
Scott 
Lane 

Arista 
Arista 
Amptid  < 

fence  delfoi 
SaniaAmt 
Trias 
Morales 

Valencia 
Santaflirna 
Alvarez 
Bravo 
SntaAima 
Santi^nra 

Ame 
Ame 
Amer 
Ame 
i  Ame 
Ame 
Ame 
Ame 
Ame 
Ame 
Ame 
Awe 
Ame 
Amer 

SigBlickRiver,  • 
Vicksbura.Miss 
Pt.  Hudson. 

JeverliiFard/Vi 
/Vinchestn-,Va 
3helbyville,Term 

/icksburg,Mis 
felena,Ark. 
iolton,Miss. 
"ort  Hudson 

lumber  land  Gap 

iristow,  Va. 
fno*ville,Term. 
ihattanooqa. 

linqold,  G-a. 
.ocust  Grove,  Va. 
'aducah,KLj. 

'lLjmoath,N.C. 
Wldern«ss,Va 
>potst|lvan°ia,Va. 
Spotsylvania,Va. 
:t.Darlinq,Vi. 
tewctJnu  , 
lallas,  G-a.,  . 
Cold  Harbor,Va. 
PetersbuTo,Va. 
VeldonR.1i.,Va. 

<onocricij,Mc 
:tlaTrfa,G-a. 

Mobile  Bay,  All. 
eepBottom,Va. 

MileStitim,Va. 

Atlanta,  G-a. 
BunkerHill,Va. 
:isher'sHill,Va. 
ronton,  Mo. 
'etersburg,Va. 
jedarCreek,l'a. 
imsCieek,Mo. 
alrheis  Run,Vi 

ashville,Term. 
rt.  Fisher  .  . 

entonvillt,li.C, 
ftersburo,,Va. 
lv'fForks,Va. 

ipornaitoiC.H. 
:.  Blakelij,Ala, 

UT*V\Ci^  tA 

vcnt^itx  o^ 
^xT[^^CltToX 

C/IS/Z.     WA/f. 

WHERE 
FOUGHT 

WHEN 
FOUGHT 

COMMANDERS. 

SUCCESS. 
ARMY. 

UNION 

CONFEO 

R.SuTnler 
Baltimore.  . 

Big  Bethel,Va. 
C«iihaqc,Mo 
RjchMtrafn^VA 
Bull  Run,Va. 
Wilson's  &m,Mo 

Urinaton  Mo 
Ball's  Bluf  ,Va 
Belmont,Mo 
Pt.f\oyal,S.C. 
Piketon,  Ky. 
Milford,  Mo. 

Roa-nokels.',N.C 
Ft.  Henryjen 
Ft.DmelsJH,Term. 
fea  Ridge,  Ark 

Newbem,N.C. 
Wi  richest  cr,Va. 

iTrs9URtTJ 

Island  No.10  .  . 
Wifemshng,Va 
Winchester,  Va. 
Hanover  CJt,Va. 
1  Corinth,  Miss. 
I  Fair  Oaks,  Vi. 
rairOaks,Va. 
1  Cross  Keys.Va. 
Pt.ftepublic,Vj. 
Chickantnihiij,Va. 
GainesMills.Va. 
MalvernHill,va. 
BalonRou<ie,U. 

Gallatin,Term. 
Kettle  Bun,Va. 
Cioveton,Va. 
Bull  Run,Va. 

tUMUHu,Vi. 

Hjipn'sFerri)>Va. 
A-ntietam,Md. 
1     luka.Miss. 
1    Corinth,  Miss. 
1     Peiruville.Kij. 
Prairierow.Hrk. 
1    FredericlBlm^Va. 
|    Vicksbur<j,Miss. 

Apr.12,-6 
'I 

»&,  : 

"  21,  • 
Nov.  7,  > 

»  8',  " 

Dec.18,  " 
Jan.19,-62 
Feb.  8,  " 

"  I6J» 
Mch.a" 

::  23',:: 

Aprtf    " 
"  10," 

'•"25;  :: 

"  29  '• 
"30," 
"31," 
Je.   1,  " 
"  8,  » 
"  9,  " 
"26,  " 
"27,  " 
uluL  " 

"22'" 
"27,  " 

"30,  •'• 
tfcL« 

•Ji 

ctj',  ' 

»jj!  • 

•IB!' 

Anderson 

MULJML 

Price"' 

Siqel 

MtClellan 
McDowell 
Lyon 
Reynolds 

Baker 
kelson 

wL 

Thomas 

Sj    :•'.-:..;• 

BumisiDE 

/urtis 
lurnside 

HOOKER 

links 
ktonell 
Halleck 
A-Cldlan 
kMbn 
rtmont 
Shields 
^cClellan 
'orter 
*Dlellm 

lanks 
ohnson 
'ooker 

\l\tt* 
jcOtUin 

jmside 
herman 

Bcaurfqard 
Peqram 

IttQIUOCH 

Lee 
Price 
Evtns 

Jrayton 

Zofcoffer 
Wise 
iWwJvi\ 

Branch 
Jackson 

\iaSSSit 

Makad 
Lonqslreet 

JEWELL 

Branch 
Btauicjaid 
Johnston 
Johnston 
Jackson 
Jackson 
Lee 
Let 
.ee 

Jarkson 

.ee 
Smith 
.ee. 
.ee 
Hill 
& 

Iraag 

w^?*a^,_ 

ee 

ohnston 

Union 
Union 
Confet 
Union 

Confe< 
Confec 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
j^sxtm 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union- 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Confed. 
Union 
Union 
Confed. 
Union 
Confed. 
Confed. 
Union 
Confed. 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Ccmfcd. 
Union 
Union 
Confed. 
Can  fed. 
Con  fed. 
Union 
Confed. 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Union 
Ion  fed. 
lonfed. 

WARS. 

RE^MS. 

vouniFiK 

TOTAL. 

Revolution  
Northwestern  Indian  Wars  . 
War  with  France(l798)  .  . 
War  with  Tripoli.  .  ,  .  .  . 
Creek  Indian  War  
War  of  1812  

130,711 

85,Vo6 
1,000 
1,339 

"935 
11,169 
30,954 
•|,5M 

164,080 

47*1,622 
Mil 

5,126 
9,494 
12/83 
29,953 
73,776 
1,061 
3,687 

309,781 
8,983 
4,593 

1  3*781 
576,622 
7,911 
6,465 
9,494 
13,418 
41,122 
112,230 
2,561 
3,887 
2,772/08 

SeminoleWar  
Black  Hawk  War-  
Cherokee  Disturbance.  .  .  . 
Creek  Indian  Disturbance. 
Florida  fndianWai.  .  .  . 
War  with  Mexico.  .  .'. 
Apache,  Navjjo,«Utah  War. 
SrmmoleWaT(l856).  .  .  . 
Civil  War.  

In  the  War  of  1812  there  were  10  bailies,  8  corakib 
and  assaults,52  actions  and  bombardments.  In 
:he  Mexican  War  there  were  II  pitched  battles,  and 
35  actions,  combats,  sieges  and  skirmishes,  hi  the 
livil  War  there  were  107  pitched  battles,  102  com- 
>ats,  and  362.  actions,  sieves  and  lesser  affairs. 
The  number  of  battles,  fights  and  actions  waq- 
ed  iqainst  Indians  have  been  Upward,  of  1000. 

COST  or  r#r  w/iffs- 

The  cost  of  the  War  of  the  Revolution  was 
*  135,133,703:  of  the  War  of  I8l2,*l07,l59,00i 
ofthe  Mexican  War,*66,000,000;  of  theCivil 
WiT,*6,500,000,000. 

ff/LLfO  A/V0  WOWOfO. 

Iti  the  Civil  War  the  Provost  Marshal  Gener- 
al's report  shows  that  there  were  killed  in  _ar- 
;ion  or  died  of  their  wounds  while  in  service: 
iommissioned  officers,  5,221;  enlisted  men, 
90,868.  Died  from  disease  or  accident:  Com- 
missioned offictrs,2,32l;  enlisted  men,l82,329 
rnakinq  a.  total  loss  of  2.80,739. 

Groveton,Va.,Fed.,  6,000-Confed.,  12,'oopjChan- 
cellorvillt,  Fed.,  15,000-Confed.,  18,000;  GFetttjs- 
bura,  Fed.,  28,  198  -Confed.,  37,000:  Vicksburj, 
Fed.,  3,933-Confed.,  9,000;  Chickamiuoa,  Fed. 
0,906-Confed.,  17,000;  Chaltanooqa,Fed.,4000 
Confed.,16,  000;  Nashville,  Fed.,  6,500-Confrieral, 
23,000;  Cold  HirboT,Ffl,9,000-Corjfed.,  8,000.  ' 

20 


Musi  Jesus  bear 

the  cross  alone. 
And  ill  the  world 

ao  free! 
No;  there's  a  cross 

for  every  one, 
And  there's  a  cms? 

for  m«. 
The  co  nsecnttd  cross 

I'll  bear 
Till  death  shall  set 

•me  free, 
And  then  90  home 

•my  crown  to 
For  there's  a  crown 

for  me. 


As  you.  are  now, 

to  once  wj»  I, 
As  I  am  now, 

you  toon  shall  be. 
Sooner  or  later, 

herein  you.1l  lie; 
Then  b«  prtpared 

to  follow  me. 


LITTLE  EDDY, 

-DIEO- 
OctoberlO,l937. 


LILLIE, 

l-nfant  daughter  of 

EAC.  Moore, 


"Sh«  filt- 
ered by  the 
wayside, and  the 
Angell  tooK 
htr  home." 


'tis  a  little  9n«, 

but  0,  hive  care, 
For  worldwide  hopes 

are  buried  there*, 
How  much  of  light, 

how  much  ot  joy, 
Is  buried  with  a 

da-rlinj  boy." 


Aupu-st  13,1917. 
A«ed  63  Years. 


Beneath  this  stone, 

in  soft  repose, 
Is  laid  a  mother's 

dearest  pride; 
A  (lower  that  strrce 

hid  waked  to  life 
And  light  wd  beaut ji. 

ere  it  died." 


Died  May  3,1916. 

AGED  70  YEARS. 


Dying  is  but 
001119  home: 


Husband  of 
E.E.Stephenson. 
Born  Oct.1,1907. 
Died  May 3,131 1. 


The  Angelscalled 
him  on  a  sun- 
ny  day, 
September  5, 1933. 

*BE04Y'S,3M'S,601 


ENTERED  8HR1TI.IFE 

October  17,1947. 
Aoed2lY\3M's. 


BORN, 

November  4, 1893. 
DIED, 

December  13, 1351. 


ANDREW  OOX, 

December  19, 19  n. 

Aged  36  Ytart-. 


A^ed  41  Years 
November  1,1937. 


"0  land  beyond  the 
setting  sun! 

than  poets  dTcim! 
How  clear  thy  silvery 

streamlets  run, 
How  bright 

glories  alea-m 


"This  lovely  bud, 

so  young, so  fair, 
Galled  henct  by 

early  doom, 
Jast  came  to  show 

how  sweet  a  flower 
In  Paradise  would 

bloom." 


Heaven's 

eternal  year  is 
thine:* 


He  died  as  he  livet- 

a  Christian. 


'When  immorta 
spirits  reijn, 

There  we  sha 
meet  again." 


RN  INTO  SUMMER  UK 

September  1,1927. 
Aped  l9Y's,TM's. 


Sixteenth 
President  of  the 
United  States, 

Born 
February  IZ.I809. 

Died 
April  15,1863. 


CAPT.OF 

5lst  Regimenl 
I II.  Volunteers, 

Killed  at  the  Battle 
of 

October  8,1 864. 


F\.^.  HANCOCK, 

-OIEO- 
February  7,1839. 

Aged 
59Y'8,3M's,40's. 


-Admiral  O.S.N. 
Died  Feb.l3.B9l. 


-OIED- 
March.17,1941. 


Amiable. 

she  won  all; 

intelligent,she 

charmed  illjfment, 

she  loved  all; 

and  dead,she 

saddened 

HI." 


n 


"Happy  infant,  early  blest! 
Rest  in  peaceful  si  umbers,  rest." 

'"  Sw«t  flower.tra-nsplinted  to  a  clime 
Where  never  comes  the  blight  of  time." 

"To  us  for  sixteen  anxious  months, 

His  infant  smile  wa&  given, 
And  then  he  bad«  farewell  to  earth 

And  went  to  live  in  heaven." 
"Ere  sin  could  blight,  or  sorrow  fa.de,- 
•   Deaih  came  with  friendly  care; 
The  opening  bud  to  heav'n  conveyed, 
And  bade  it  blossom  there." 


G-e-rttle, Sweet  little 
Charlie. 


''We  shall  all  go  home  to  our  Father's  house, 

To  our  Father's  house  in  the  skies, 
Where  the  hope  of  our  souls  shall  have  no  blight 
~And  our  love  no  broken  ties) 
We  shall  roam  on  the  banks  of  the  River  of  Peace, 

And  bathe  in  its  blissful  tide; 
And  one  of  the  joys  of  our  heaven  shall  be 
The  little  boy  that  died." 

"Suffer  little  children  to  come  unto  me." 

"  There,  in  the  Shepherd's  bosom. 

White  as  the  drifted  snow, 
Is  the  little  lamb  we  missed  one  morn, 
From  the  household  flock  below." 

"Of  such  is  the  kingdom  of  Heaven." 
"My  Lord  hath  need  of  these  f  low'rets  gay'* 

The  Reaper  said,  and  smiled; 
"Dear  tokens  of  the  earth  are  they. 

Where  He  was  once  a.  child." 
"  The  morning  flowers  display  their  sweets, 

And  gay  their  silken  leaves  unfold; 
As  careless  of  the  noonday  heats, 

And  fearless  of  the  evening  cold. 
Nipped  by  the  wind's  unkindly  blast, 

Parch'd  by  the  sun's  director  ray, 
The  momentary  glories  waste, 

The  short-lived  beauties  die  away." 


Father 
OUT  Mother. 

"In  after  Time  we'll  meet  Her." 
'Her  children  rise  up  and  call  her  blessed." 

"We  loved  her." 
'Sweet  is  the  image  of  the  brooding  dove; 

Holy  _as  heaven  is  a  mother's  tender  love. 

Soon  did  these  eyes  their  trembling  lustre  close, 

And  welcomed  the  dreamless  nijhlof  ton)  repostf 

'Iknow  his  face  is  hid-Underthe  coffin  lid; 

Closed  are  his  eyes;  cold  is  his  forhead  fair. 

My  hand  that  marble »£lt-OVr  it  in  prayer  I  knelt; 

Yet  my  heart  whispers  that— he  is  not  here." 


Darling  Sister. 
"Rest,  Darling  Sister,  Rest." 
"Yet,  though  thou  wear's!  the  glory  oMhesku, 
We  know  thou'lt  keep  the  same  beloved  name 
The  same  fair,  thoughtful  brow  and  gentle  eye, 
Lovlier  hi  heaven's  sweet  climate,  yet  the  same' 

"Shed  -not  (or  her  the  bitter  tear, 

Noraive  the  heart  to  vain  regret, 
Tis  but  the  casket  that  lies  here, 
The  g«,m  that  filled  it  sparkles  yet." 

"  She  vyas  but  as  a  smile, 

Which  9listens  in  a  tear, 
Seen  but  a  little  while, 
But,  oh!  how  loved,  how  dear!" 

"  Death  lies  on  her,  like  an  untimely  frost 
Upon  the  sweetest  (lower  of  all  the  field." 
"  E  ar  I  y  ,  bright,  transient,  chaste  as  morning  dew, 
She  sparkled,  was  exhil'd,  and  went  to  heaven." 

"The  day  without  a  cloud  hath  passM, 
And  thou-  wert  lovely  to  the  list; 
Exlinguish'd,  not  decay'd! 
As  stars  that  shoot  along  the  sky 
Shine  brightest  as  they  fall  from  high." 


"  We  saw  not  the  Angels  who  met  him  there, 

The  gates  of  the  city  we  could  not  see. 
Over  the  -river,  over  the  river, 
My  darliny  stands  waiting  to  welcome  me? 

"So  the  bird  of  my  bosom  fluttered  up  to  the  dawn, 
A  window  was  opened—  my  darling  was  gone! 
A  truant  from  time,  from  tears,  and  from  sin. 
For  the  angel  on  watch  took  the  wanderer  in. 

'From  meadows  fanned  by  heavenls  life-breathing  wind, 
In  the  resplendence  of  that  glorious  sphere, 
And  larger  movements  of  the  unfettered  mind, 
Dome  darling,  oft,  and  meet  me  here." 

"  Death  loves  a  shin  ing  -mark." 

Death  is  the  gate  of  life." 

"  G-O-NC  before  us,  0  our  brother, 

To  the  spirit  land! 
Vainly  look  we  for  another, 
In  thy  place  to  stand." 

"  Known  and  unknown,  human,  divine, 
Sweet  darling  hand,  and  lips  and  eye; 
Dear  heaven  \y  one,  thou  canst  not  die, 
Mine,  mine  forever,  ever  mine." 


"Christ  is  my  hope." 

"There  shall  be  no  Night  there." 

"He  carries  the  lambs  in  his  bosom." 

'1  love  them  that  love  me,  and  they  ih»i  seek 
•me  early  shall  find  me." 

"Judge  not  the  Lord  by  feeble  sense-, 

But  trust  Him  for  His  grace; 
Behind  a,  frowning  providence, 
He  hides  a  smiling  face." 

"  Not  thus  his  riobler  part  shall  dwell 

A  prisoner  in  this  narrow  cell; 
But  he,  whom  we  now  hide  from  men, 
With  youth  renewed,  shall  live  again." 
'Though  I  walk  through  the  valley  of  the- 
shadow  of  death,  I  will  fear  no  evil,  for 
Thou  art  with  me." 

"Thy  rod  and  Thy  staff,  they  comfort  me." 

"Sweet  is  the  scene  when  virtue  dies! 
When  sinks  a  righteous  soul  to  rest, 
How  mildly  beam  the  closing  eyes, 
How  gently  heaves  the  expanding  breast!" 


"Mere  I  lay  my  burden  down, 

Change  th»  cross  into  *h«  crown." 
'I  shall  know  the  loved  who  have  gone-  before, 

And  joyfully  sweet  will  the  -meeting  be, 
When  over  the  river,  the  peaceful  river, 

The  angel  of  death  shall  carry  me." 

"  Because  I  lived,  ye  shall  live  also." 

"Dear  is  the  spot  where  Christians  sleep, 
And  sweet  the  strains  that  angels  pour. 
0!  why  should  we  in  anguish  weep? 
They  are  not  lost,  but  gone  before." 

"l  arn  the  resurrection  and  the  life." 

"Life's  duty  done,  as  sinks  the  day, 
Light  from  its  load  the  spirit  flies; 
While  heaven  and  earth  combine  to  say, 
How  blest  the  righteous  when  he  dies.1 

"he  giveth  his  beloved  sleep." 


'*  G-reen  be  the  turf  above  thee, 

Friend  of  my  better  daysi 
None  knew  tHee  but  to  love  thee, 
Nor  named  thce  but  to  praise." 

'  By  foreign  hands  thy  dying  eyes  were  clos'dy 
By  foreign  hands  thy  decent  limbs  compos'd, 
By  foreign  hands  thy  humble  (rave  ajjorn'd, 
By  strangers  honor'd,and  by  strangers  doa 


"We  will  Meet  again." 
"Over  in  the  Summer  Land." 
*"  Farewell  to  thee,  my  house  of  clay! 
long  have  we  two  been  bound  together, 
But  1  forsake  thy  porch  to-day, 
And  yield  thee  up  to  wind  and  weatFier. 
Sleep,  sleep  at  last!  thy  deep  shall  be 
My  test,  my  strength,  my  victory." 

"Absent,  not  Dead." 

-"  Rest  in  peace-,  thou  gentle  spirit, 

Throned  above — 
Souls  like  thine  with&od  inherit 
Life  and  love." 

"  G-one  Home." 

"  Death,  thou-  art  but  another  b'rrtfr, 
Freeing  the  spirit  from  the  clogs  of  earthv" 

"0  Deathjwhere  is  thy  sting?   0  6-raveI 
where  is  thy  victory?" 

"  G-one,  but  not  forgotten." 

"A  happier  lot  than  ours,  and  larger  light 
surrounds  thee  there." 

"  Life  is  real,  life  is  earnest, 

And  the  grave  is  not  its  goal; 

"Dust  thou  art,  to  dust  returnest. 

Was  not  spoken  of  the  soul." 

"  We  only  know  that  thou.  hast  aone, 

And  that  the  same  retu-rnless  tide, 
Which  bore  thee  from  us,still  glides  on, 
And  we,  who  mourn  thee,  with  it  glide." 

"The  Morning  Cometh." 
"Where  immortal  spirits  reijn, 
There  we  shall  meet  agam." 
'The  sands  are  numbered  that  made  upmjilife." 

The  boast  of  heraldry,  the-  pomp  of  power, 
And  all  that  beauty,  and  all  that  wealth eergave, 
Await  alike  the  inevitable  hour, 
The  paths  of  glory  lead  but  to  the  grave." 

"f>ood-bye,  proud  world!  I'm  going  home, 
Thou,  art  not  my  friend,  and  I'rh  not  thine? 

"  Sleep  the  sleep  that  knows  no  breaking, 
Morn  of  toil,  nor  night  of  waking." 

"  Death  is  only  kind  to  mortals." 


31 


"Desint  -no*  to  live  long,  but  to  I've  well; 
•  Ho*  Ion9  we  liye,not  yean,  but  actions  tell." 

"  Press  on!  our  lift  is  not  a.  dream, 
Though  often  such  its  -maies  seem; 
W«  wm  not  bom  to  live  at  ease, 
Ourselves  alone  to  aid  and  please." 

"As  you  travel  through  life,  scatter  words 
and  gentle  deeds;  in  so  doing  you  will 
enrich  your  soul.  Withhold  them  a-nd 

1*  tends  to  poverty." 

"Give  tvrry  -man  thine  ear,  but  few  thy  voice; 
Take  each  •man's  censure,  but  men* 


"Know  when  to  speak—  for  many  I'met  it  brings 
Danger,  to  jive  the  best  advice,  to  kings." 
"  Fear  not  the  anger  of  the  wise  to  raise; 
Those  best  can  bear  reproof  who  merit  pr»iseT 

"  I  find,  quoth  M»t,  -reproof  is  vain! 
Who  first  offend  will  first  complain." 

"(rood  advice  is  one  of  those  injuries  which 

a  good  man  ought,  if  possible,  to  forgive,  but 
at  all  events  to  forget  at  once." 


"  When  the  golden  sun  is  setting 

And  your  heart  from  care  is  free, 
When  o'er  a  thousand  things  you'te  thinking 

Will  you  sometimes  think  of  me!" 
"  Years  have  -not  sun — time  shall  not  see 
The  hour  that  tears  my  soul  from  thee." 

"There  are  moments  of  mingled  sorrow 

a.nd  tenderness,  which  hallow  the  caresses 

of  affection." 

"  When  years  and  months  have  glided  by. 

And  on  this  page  you  cast  your  eye, 
Remember  'twas  a  friend  sincere 
That  left  this  kind  remembrance  here, 
With  best  wishes  for  your  future  cheer." 

"There  are  few  mortals  so  insensible  that 
their  affections  cannot  be  gained  by  mild- 
ness, their  confidence  by  sincerity,  their 
hatred  by  scorn  or  neglect." 

"  Passing  through  life's  field  of  action, 

lest  we  part  before  its  end, 
Take  within  your  modest  volume 
This  memento  from  a  friend." 
"Hearts  may  be  attracted  by  assumed  qual- 
ities, but  the  affections  are  onlu  to  b<  fil- 
ed bv  those  that  are  nal. 

"We  seek  what  w«  love;  our  .Mori,  fol- 
low our  affections,  whether  we  know  it 
or  not.** 


BIRTHDAY. 

"  I  w!sh  thee  every  blertin^ 
That  can  attend  thee  here; 
And  may  each  future  birthday  prove 
My  wish  to  be  sincere." 

"My  birthday! — -How  many  years  ago! 
Twenty  or  thirty!"  Don't  ask  me! 
"Forty  or  fifty!"  How  can  I  t«ll? 
I  do  not  remember  my  birth,  you  see!" 
"Little  trouble  and  still  less  cam, . 
With  ever  a  faithful  heart  to  share; 
Birthdays  many,  and  happy  too, 
This  is  the  life  1  wish  for  you. " 
"Is  that  a  birthday! 'tis,  alu!  loo  clear, 

*Tis  but  the  funeral  of  the  former  yeat." 

"As  beauteous  flowers  in  garlands  intertwine. 

May  peace  and  love  to  cheer  thy  heart  combine 

To  give'  you  a  very  happy  birthday'* 

'May  these  flowers,  presented  on  your  birth 

day  be  emblematical  of  the  purity  of  your  life." 

"May  Spring  its  blossoms  round  thee  strew, 
And  Summer,  deck'd  in  mantle  new. 

Come  forth  to  greet  thee; 
May  Autumn  fruitage  crown  the  year. 
And  Winter,  with  its  jovial  cheer, 

Bring  friends  to  meet  thee.' 

"Like  sunbeams  to  the  drooping  flowers, 
Good-will  our  lives  doth  bless; 

It  furthers  every  wish  of  ours, 
And  joys  in  our  success. 

So  may  Its  rays  towards  you  flow, 
That  none  but  friends  your  heart  my  run/ 

Lovingly  take  this  birthday  souvenir, 
And  for  my  sake  esteem  it  dear! 

•May  the  morn  of  thy  birth  break  mglad 

ness,  and  the  day  teem  with  light-hearted 

•mirth  that  shall  last  always." 

CH^I  STIVES. 

'True  love  shall  live  thro'  sorrow's  wintry  storm, 
And  bloom  afresh  on  this  glad  Christmas  mornT 

Christmas  is  corning,  and  what  will  it  bring? 
Many  a  pleasant  and  gladdening  thing! 
Meetings  and  greetings,  and  innocent  mirth: 
All  that  is  brightest  and  best  on  the  earth." 

"AsChristrnas  offerings  meet  your  eyes, 
Still  closer  be  sweet  friendship's  ties." 

•'  Oh  joyous  be  your  Christmas  tide. 

Und  bring  your  New  Year  too; 
To  you  mau  love  ne'er  be  denied; 

May  all  your  friends  be  true." 

Be  of  good  cheer,  for  Christmas  comes  but  met  I  gear. 


«'0h!  -may  thy  Christmas  happu  be, 

And  naught  but  joy  appear, 

Is  'now  the  wish  I  send  to  thee, 

And  all  I  love  most  dear.'* 

"Oh  bird  so  softly  Dinging 
Tour  song  of  pleasant  days, 
Co  sing  to  her  I  fondly  love, 

Through  the  wintry  cold  and  bare, 
When  the  heart  is  lighf.the  days  are  bright 

And  the  sun  seems  ever  new; 
So  sing  her  your  lay  this  Chrislma  day 
And  through  all  the  bright  NewYear.1' 

*\Now  Christmas  comes  with  hearty  cheer, 

May  kindly  thoughts  go  round, 

And  bring  to  you  a  glad  New  Year, 

With  peace  and  plenty  crowned. 

"Christmas  comes,  let  every  heart 
In  Christmas  customs  bear  a  part? 
The  "old1  be'youngj  the  sad   be  gay, 
And  smiles  chase  every  cart  away." 

:'May  health  and  joy,  and  peace  be  thine 

Upon  this  Christmas  day, 
And  happy  faces  round  thee  shina 
As  plenteous  as  the  flowers  in  May.* 


"On  the  broad  highway  of  action, 

Friends  of  worth  are  far  and  few; 
But  when  one  has  proved  her  friendship, 

Cling  to  her  who  clings  to  you." 
"  There  are  few  friends  in  this  wide  world 

Whose  love  is  fond  and  true; 
But .when  you  count  th-rn  o'er, 

Place  me  among  the  few." 
"In  future  years,  should  trusted  friends 

Depart  like  summer  birds; 
And  all  the  comfort  memory  lends. 

Is  false  and  honeyed  words, 
Turn  then  to  me  who  fain  would  prove. 

However  thy  lot  be  cast, 
That  naught  his  heart  can  ever  move 

From  friendship  of  the  past." 

In  the  evening  of  life,  cherish  the  nrmem- 
brance  of  one  who  loved  thee  in  its  morning" 
•Lei  not  our  friendship  be  like  the  rose,  to  sever; 
But,  like  the  evergreen,  man  it  last  forever.* 
"  A  day  for  toil,  an  hour  for  sport, 
But  for  i  friend  life  is  too  short. " 

'Thick  waters  show  no  images  of  things; 
:riends  are  each  other's  mirrors,  and  should  be 
Clearer  than  crystal,  or  the  mountain-springs, 
And  free  from  clouds,  design, or  flattery." 

•A  generous  friendship  no  cold  medium  knows, 
t  burns  with  one  love, with  one  resentment  glows." 


"Sailing   down  the  stream  of  life, 
/  In  your  little  bark  canoe, 
May  you.  have- a  pleasant  trip,        .  . 
i,  With  just  roo-tn  enough  for  two. f 

"Man  may  be  happy,  if  he  will, 

I've  said  it  often,  and  I  think  so  still; 
Roses  may  smooth  life's  joimieu,  and  adorn; 
'-But  thou  hast  full  leave  to  tread  upon  a  thorn.' 

*•  Oread  fevers  bum,  and  ague  freeies, 

Rheumatics  gnaw,  and  colic  squeezes; 
Butthou.toothache.surely  bear'st  the  bell, 
And  hast  thy  place  with  the  priests o' hell.' 

*•  The  wprld  is  full  of  fools. 

An  he  who  wo uli  -none-  view- 
Must  shut  himself  in  a  cave, 
And  break  his  mirror  too." 

"Your  arithmetic  only  can.trip, 

When  to  kiss  and  to  count  you  endeavor; 
But  eloquence  glows  on  your  lip, 

When  you.swearthat  you'll  love  we forevert 
*"Come)o,«rt\V\»  Spring !  ethereal  -wW&\w«,cotne!' 
0!  Thompson, void  of  rhyme  as  well  as  reason, 
How  couldst  thou  thus'  poor  human  nature  hum? 
There's  no  such  season. 
The  Spring!  I  shrink  and  shudder  at  hername! 
For  why;  I  find  her  breath  a  bitter  blijhter! 
And  suffer  from  her  \>\cw»  as  if  they  came 
hFrom  Spring  the  Tighter." 

%*May  your  cheeks  retain  their  dimples, 
V.    May  your  heart  be  just  as  gay, 
Until  some  manly  voice  shall  whisper, 
'Dearest,  will  you  name  the  day?'  " 

**l  care  not  much  for  gold  or  land, 
Give  me  a  mortgage  ner«  and  there, 

Some  good  bank  stock- some  note  of  hand, 
Or  trifling  railroad  stuns, 

I  only  ask  that  Fortune  send 
A  little  -more  than  1  can  sperid." 

•*  A  long  life,  and  a  happy  one; 
A  tall  rrian,  and  a  jolly  one- 
Like— well — you  know  who!" 


"Love  me  little,  love  me  long, 
Do  not  flirt,  for  it  is  wrong." 

'The  heart  that  has  truly  loved  never  forgets, 

But  as  truly  loves  on  to  the  close." 

"I  bring  no  gift  of  passion,  I  breathe  no  tone  of  love, 

But  the  freshness  and  the  purity  of  a  feeling)  far  above; 

love  to  turn  to  thee, fair  girl,  as  one  within  whose  heart 

Earth  hath  no  stain  of  vanity,  and  fickerness  no  part.' 

"Dost  thou  know,  love,  that  thy  smile 
Makes  the  whole  world  bright  for 'me? 

•     Just  as  sunrise  pours  a  sudden 
Purple  glory  on  the  sea. 

Ah!   had  I  that  power, ever 
Should  the  world  look  bright  to  thee." 

When  words  we  want,  love  teacheth  to  indite; 
And  what  we  blush  to  speak,she  bids  us  writ*." 

"Rank  is  good,  and  gold  is  fair, 
And  high  and  low  mate  ill; 
But  love  has  never  known  a  law 
Beyond  its  own  sweet  will." 

"Love,  I  ife's  fine  centre,  includes  heart  and  mind.* 


IS/1  A  (\r\IAGE., 

"Precious  and  lovely,  I  yield  her" to  thee; 

'  Take  her,  the  gem  of  thy  dwelling  to  be. 
She  who  was  ever  my  solace  and  pride, 
Flees  fron\  my  bosom  to  cling  to  thy  side.' 

"There's  a  bliss  beyond  all  that  minstrel  has  told, 
When  two  that  are  linked  in  one  heavenly  tie 

With  heart  never  changing,  and  brow  never  cold 
Love  on  through  all  ills,  and  love  till  they  die.' 

"Wedlock's  asiucy,  sad,  familiar  state, 
Where  f  ol  ks  are  very  apt  to  scold  and  hate:— 
Love  keeps  a  modest  distance,  is  divine 
Obliging,  and  says  evVy  thing  that's  fin 

"  Misses!  the  tale  that  I  relate 
This  lesson  seems  to  carry — 
Choose  not  alone  a  proper  mate, 
But  proper  time  to  marry." 

"Marriage  from  love,  like  vinegar  from  wine— 
A  sad, sour,  sober  beverage — by  ti-me 
Is  sharpened  from  its  high  celestial  flavor 
Down  to  a  very  homely  household  savor.' 


"On  this  New  Year's  morning 
My  wishes  take  their  flight, 

And  wing  to  thee  a  greeting 
That  would  make  all  things  bright." 

••  We  cannot  look  into  the  future, 
We  cannot  tell  if  the  flew  Year 
Will  bring  us  fresh  sorrows ttunourtiot 
Or  bring  us  fresh  blessings  to  cheer." 

•*  For  friends  we  strive  to  pierce 
The  future,  dense  and  dark, 

But  not  a  ray  of  light 
We  see,  nor  faintest  spark; 

But  yet  while  we  have  faith  to  cheer, 
We  trusting  wish  'A  bright  New  Year.' '' 

"0  childhood  is  a  golden  time, 

When  all  the  world  is  bright, 
When  sunshine  comes  with  every  morn 

Sweet  dreams  with  every  night. 
Were  I  a  fairy,  I  would  give 

To  thee  a  magic  kiss, 
That  should  ensure  for  the  New  Year, 

As  fair  a  time  at  this." 

"Health  and  prosperity 

Your  life  to  cheer, 
With  every  blessing 
For  the  bright  New  Year." 


"One  port,  methinks,  alike  weseek, 
One  purpose  hold  where'er  we  fare; 

0  bounding  breeze,  0  rushing  seas, 
At  last,  at  last  unite  us  there." 

"Full  many  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene 
Tha  dark,  un  fathomed  caves  of  ocean  bear; 

Full  many  a  flower  is  bom  to  blush  unseen, 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air. 

'When  the  name  \  writ*  here  is  dim  on  the  page, 
Arid  the  leaves  of  j/our  album  are  yellow  with  ije, 
Still  think  of  me  kindly,  and  do  not  forget 
That,  wherever  I  am,  I  remember  you  yet." 

"  The  massive  gates  of  c'rrcumstance 
Are  turned  upon  the  slightest  hinge, 

And  thus  some  seeming  pettyest  chance, 
Oft  gives  to  life  its  after  tincje." 


"Thanksgiving-Day  again  is  here, 
And  Turkey  is  the  leading  question; 

I  wish,  with  heartiness  sincere, 
That  you  may  have  good  digestion." 

'There  is  a  kind  of  gratitude  in  thanks, 
Though  it  be  barren,  a-nd  bring  forth  bywords? 


"Hours  are  golden  links-tod's  token- 
Reaching  heaven,  but  one  by  one; 
Take  them,  lest  the  chain  be  broken 
Ere  thy  pilgrimage  be  done." 

'We  should,  count  time  by  heart-throbs;  h 

most  lives  who  thinks  most,  speaks  the  n 

Hesl,  acts  the  best." 

"Lost,  yesterday,  somewhere  between  sun- 

rise  and  sunset,  two  golden  hours,each 

set  with  sixty  diamond  minutes. No  rewar 

offered,  for  they  are  gone  forever" 

"The  lapse  of  time  and  rivers  is  the  same; 
Both  speed  their  jour-net/  with  a.  restless  strum 
The  silent  pace  with  which  they  steal  away 
No  wealth  can  bribe,  no  prayers  persuade  to  stay 

"May  the  morn  of  thy  life  be  orient  an 
joyous,  the  noontide  peaceful  and  happy 
and  the  sunset  gloriously  hopeful,  is  th. 
wish  of  your  friend." 


'•Precious  book  of  charming glaw, 
Gems  oE  thought  may  here  be  cast,, 

Names  t~at  time  -may  -not  erase, 
Pleasant  mementos  of  the  past." 

"fro  forth  thou  little  volume,' 

I  leave  thee  to  thy  fate; 
To  love  and  friendship  truly, 

Thy  leaves  to  dedicate." 

"G-o,  little  book,  thy  destined  course  pursue, 
Collect  memorials  of  the  just  and  true, 
And  beg  of  every  friend  so  near- 
Some  token  of  remembrance  de«r.n 

"My  dear  friends,  there  is  an  Album. 

Full  of  leaves  of  snowy  white, 
Where  no  name  is  ever  tarnished. 

But  forever  pure  and  bright. 
|n  that  Book  of  Life, God's  Album, 

May  your  name  be  penned  with  c'an> 
And  may  air  who  herein  write, 

Have  their  names  forever  therel* 


"May  God's  mercy  ever  guide  thee, 

Safe  o'er  all  thy  thorny  road; 
And  His  grace,  what'er  betide  the*, 

Lead  thee  home  to  His  abode." 
'May  your  life  be  like  the  snowflake,wnich 

leaves  a  mark,  but  nota  stain." 
"May  happiness  ever  be  thy  lot. 

Wherever  thou  shalt  be;    , 
Artd  jo^i  and  pleasure,  light  the  spot 

That  may  be  home  to  ttiee." 

'May  Heaven  on  you  its  choicest  blessings  shower 

is  the  sincere  wish  of  your  friend." 

"  Roses,  without  thorns,  for  thee." 

"May  your  days  in  joy  be  passed 
With  friends  to  bless  and  chterj 

And  each  year  exceed  the  last  •• 
In  all  that  earth  holds  dear."^ 

"  May  Future  with  ner  kindestsmile, 
Wreath  laurels  for  thy  brow;  -  .. 

May  loving  angels  guard  and  keep  thea 
Ever  pure  as  thou  art  now.." 

May  He  who  hath  pencilled  the  leaves  will 
eauty,  given  the  flowers  their  bloom,  and 
ent  music  to  the  (ay  of  the  timid  blr& 
raciously  remember  thee  in  that  Jaj> 

when  He  shall  gather  His  jewels.** 

'May  the  chain  of  friendship  formed 

y  the  links  which  atre  dropped  here«u? 

nite  you  more  closely  in  spirit  with  the 

^friends  who  have  worJ<edit^' 


ULTIMUS. 


PRIMUS. 


NAMES  OF 
STATES. 


AREA: 


ADMITTED. 


CAPITAL. 


SCHOOL 
A&E. 


EXTfltiflEJfTREMt 

LENST 

VILE 


SETTLE  D.WHEN,  AND 
BY  WHOM.. 


POPULAR 
NAME. 


FICTITIOUS  NAME 
OF  INHABITANTS. 


ALABAMA 


52  250  DEC.  14. 1 81 9 


MONTGOMERY. 


7  T0.2I 


330 


2QO 


1 702.  BY  THE  FRENCH. 


COTTON  STATE 


ARKANSAS' 


113  020 


SlTKA. 


0"  JUNE  15.1 536 


6 L8 


_390_ 


1526. 


1685 


»    SPANIARD 


FRENCH7 


L 


M^flh. 


LIZARDS. 


BEAR  STATE. 


SEAL  FISHERS.  . 
tlLVEH  HUNTERS. 


240 


275 


TOOTH  PICKS. 


CALIFORNIA 


5; FT.  9,  It 


SPANIARD.  PM.OEN  STATE.  GOLD  HUNTERS. 


AUG.    I,  1876 


38F 


MINERS. 


CtKIjIHML  STATE.  HOVERS.   _  , 
a'SBS  STATE.  WOODEN  IHITMEB 


IAN.   9.1788 


»   ENCLISH. 


1EC.    7.  1787 


no 


SWEDES; 


MUSKRATS. 


.DISTRICT  OF  COLIiBIA 


MAR.  3.1845 


WASHINGTON 


TALLAHASSEE. 


450" 


TOO" 


I660._».»_  »  ENGLISH. 


SPANIARDS.  RNIHSUUH  STATE. 


FLORIDA 


y-.O^C-lA 


JAN.   2.1 


ATLANTA. 


315 


250 


1733 


ENGLISH. 


BUZZARDS. 


ULV    3.1890 


BOISE'  CITY. 


490 


305 


I860 


MINERS. 


GLACIER  STATE. 


rORTUNE  SEIKtIS. 


I 


1C.    3.1818 


5PRIN&FIELO. 


'»  FRENCH. 


STATE. 


surKE=s, 


36  ?53 


•C.  II.  1816 


INDIANAPOLIS. 


FRENCH. 


IOWA 


rs  raa 


DEC.  28.  li 


DES  IMOINES. 


STATE.  HAWKEY  E  5 

-'  •*' :'     IfiVLJAVJUtCD 


KANSAS 


JAN.  29.  1861 


TOPEKA. 


4W 

350 


f! 


gHAWKERS. 


KENTUCKY 


JUNE  I,  1791 


FRANKFORT. 


280 


UISIANA 


APR.  30.  I 


BATON  ROU&E. 


1718,  BY  THE  FRENCH. 


CREOLE  STATE. 


REOLES. 


V-  \E 


33  040 


MAR.  1 5,  1820 


Ai!C-U8TA. 


205 


1624.  »    »  ENGLISH. 


LP^gET!i?  STATE. 


FOXES. 


VWL.A'O 


12  210 


APB.  28.  1 786 


ANNAPOLIS. 


I  634. 


EN6.ROM.OTH.  OLD  LINE  STATE. 


CLAM  HUMPERS. 


8  315 


FEB.   6.  I78£ 


58  91 5  JAN.  26. 1837 


eOSTON. 


190 


\m. 


ENG.PURITANS, 


BAY  STATE. 


YANKEES. 


WOLVERINES., 


LANSIN&. 


20 


400 


310 


'668. 


FRENCH. 


63  365 


MAY  I  I. 


in  JM 


;  PAUL. 


FRENCH. 


GOPHERS. 


MISSISSIPPI 


46  810 


DEC.  10.181 


180 


lAYOU  STATE.  TADPOLES. 


MISSOURI 


69  415  AUG.IO.  1821 


PUKES. 


MONTANA 


NOV.   8.1889 


HELENA. 


580 


STATE,V,ROCKIES 


INERS. 


MAR.   I.  1867  LINCOLN. 


3^ 
LU 


415 


1850. 


IIP  700 


CARSON  CITY.' 


Ti5" 


1848 


<EW  HAMPSHIRE 


9  305 


JUNE  2 1.  1788 


:OMCORD. 


185 


1623.    »  EN&.  EURTTARS. 


.:.-. 


8L5 
f-: 


a  18.1787 


•RENION 


SANTE  FE. 


620.    »  DUTCH  AMD  DAMIS. 


THE  SPANIARDS. 


INVADE  MWBE. 


NEW  MEXICO 


I582T 


NEW  YORK 


SSS STATE. 


KNICKERBOCKERS 


STATISTICAL  BUREAU  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  —  CONTINUED. 

NAMES  OF 
STATES. 

ABBREVF 
ATIOH 

SIGNIFICATION  OF  Ml 

INTEREST. 

GfiACE 

smpffliH 

HNK  nws. 

A6E  OF 

CONSENT. 

MOTTO 

(ON  MEAT  SEU). 

TROOPS  FLW 
EBFEOT.ARMY 
DyHINCDV.WAR. 

LEGAL 
RATE 

eycott- 

TRACT. 

IJUO&- 
MEHTS. 
lews. 

NOTES 
Itas. 

OPEN 

A  COS. 

lew*. 

MALE 

muii 

ALABAMA 

ALA. 

IND..HERE  WE  REST. 

| 

8 

YkS 

20 

b" 

3 

I/ 

14 

HERE  WE  REST. 

ALASKA 

ALAS. 

IND..A  MEAT  &%?." 

(NONE). 

ARIZONA 

AHIZ. 

SPAN.,  SAND  HILLS. 

6 

10 

YES 

10 

5 

3 

18 

l_6 

LAT.-'DITAT  DEUS'.  (TEHMTORWO. 

ARKANSAS 

ARK. 

F?NAA°BOWOFa?EK,L 

7 

ANY 

0 

3 

2 

17 

14 

UUREGNANT  POPULI'-™^E°:it 

S589 

CALIFORNIA 

CAL. 

SPAN.,  HOT  FURNACE. 

| 

ANY 

NO 

5 

4-1 

2 

18 

15 

&REEK-'EUREKA'-  '  ""K*" 

/5ll5 

COLORADO 

COL. 

SPAN.,  RED  OR  COLORED. 

i 

ANY 

YES 

6 

6 

6 

14 

12 

L«.pNILSINENUMIN['-NOToHulTlt&rlt 

1  762 

CONNECTICUT 

CONN. 

IND.,  THE  LONG  RIVER. 

6 

6 

YtS 

.. 

b' 

6 

14 

12 

LAI.     susrmrv       ED.STIU  SUSTAINS. 

57374 

DELAWARE 

DEL. 

1  N  HONOR  OP  LORD  OE  LA  WAR 

6 

6 

YtS 

20 

6 

3 

14 

12 

LIBERTY  AND  INDEPENDENCE. 

13651 

DIST.OFCOLUM. 

U.C. 

IN  HONOR  OF  COLUMBUS. 

6 

10 

YES 

12 

3 

3 

14 

12 

LAT.-'jySTICIAOMNIByS-JTuoST;fLS. 

16872 

FLORIDA 

FLA. 

SPAN.,  FLOWERY. 

8 

*IO 

20 

3 

2 

14 

a 

IN  GOD  OUR  TRUST. 

GEORGIA 

IrA. 

INHONOROFKO.II.OFEN&. 

7 

8 

YES 

7 

1 

4 

17 

14 

WISDOM,JUSTICE,W  MODERATION. 

)AHO 

ID. 

IND..KM  OF  THE  MOUNTAIN. 

10 

18 

NO 

8 

6 

'3 

IB 

18 

1INOIS 

ILL. 

INO.JRIBEOFMEN. 

5 

7 

YES 

7 

10 

5 

17 

14 

STATE  SOVEREI&NTfNATIONtili,  ON. 

258217 

1DIANA 

IND. 

FROM  THE  WORD'INDIAN: 

6 

8 

YES 

10 

10 

6 

18 

16 

(NONE). 

197  147 

\IDIAN  TERR. 

IND.TER. 

NAMED  FROM  THE  INDIANS. 

)WA 

10. 

IND.,  THE  SLEEPY  ONES. 

6 

8 

YES 

10 

10 

3 

16 

14 

°U"  "'^.EWWISn-UMWrn 

75860 

KANSAS 

KAN. 

IND.,  SMOKY  WATER. 

6 

10 

YtS 

5 

b 

2 

15 

12 

LAT.'TOA?-flT\A,5PET*»^HE^flM.T,EV 

20057 

INTUCKY 

KY. 

IND..  DARK  AND  >W0SX0. 

6 

8 

YFS 

15 

ID 

5 

14 

12 

UNITED  WE  STAN  0-BllfD  WE  FALL 

78  OM 

.OUISIANA 

LA. 

N  HONOR  OF  LOUK  XIV.  fj?,W 

5 

a 

YtS 

10 

b 

3 

14 

12 

JUSIICE-UNION-CONFIDENCE. 

AINE 

ME. 

'ROM  'MAINE'  IN  FRANCE. 

6 

ANY 

YES 

20 

g 

6 

14 

12 

LAT/DIRIGO'-I  DIRECT  OR  EOIDE. 

71745 

MARYLAND 

MD. 

6 

6 

YtS 

12 

V 

-3 

14 

12 

LAT.-'c'ffi;Tl»GAMKUDLil)pLV,cp^.IN': 

49731 

ASSACHUSETTS 

MASS. 

ND.,ABOUT  THE  GREAT  HILLS. 

6 

ANY 

YtS 

a 

6 

6 

14 

12 

Sj48 

ilCHIGAN 

MICH. 

'NO.,  THELAKE  COUNTRY. 

6 

8 

VES 

6 

6 

6 

18 

16 

U\VSI  «UAE?J  JlSkW/""- 

ki9 

INNESOTA 

MINN. 

iND.,  CLOUDY  WATER. 

1 

10 

vts 

10 

§ 

6 

18 

15 

FR.-L'ESTAILDyNOr-T^t6TN^«0/ 

25  <34 

ISSISSIPPI 

MISS. 

NO.,  FATHER  OF  WATERS. 

6 

10 

YtS 

V 

6 

3 

14 

12 

(NONE). 

ISSOURI 

ViO. 

NL  MUDDY  WATER. 

6 

8 

YtS 

20 

10 

0 

15 

12 

LATnKMLIAM  Ot  IH  PEVU  ISK  SUHEW  UB 

108773 

ONTANA 

MONT. 

SPAN..MOUNTAIN. 

10 

ANY 

YtS 

6 

6 

2 

18 

16 

EBRASKA 

NEB. 

NO.,  SHALLOW  WATER. 

7 

10 

YES 

5 

5 

4 

18 

16 

POPULAR  SOVEREIGNTY-PROEliESS 

1Z79 

EVADA 

W. 

SPAN..SNOW  COWERED. 

7 

ANY 

YtS 

6 

6 

4 

18 

16 

LATr'VOLENS  ET  POTEHS-SaSS. 

\2K 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

N.H. 

FROMTHFaN.TEYNSFH*M''- 

6 

6 

YtS 

20 

6 

6 

14 

12 

(NONE). 

34605 

NEW  JERSEY 

M.J. 

-ROM  THE  ISLE  OF  JERSEY. 

6 

6 

YES 

20 

6 

6 

14 

12 

(NONE). 

79511 

NEW  MEXICO 

N.MIX. 

SPAN./Vo^oV1^™' 

6 

12 

NO 

10 

6 

4 

18 

15 

LAT/CRESCITEUNDO'-'ffllSBr 

2395 

NEW  YORK 

N.Y. 

N  HONOR  OF  J?EYO°RUK.E 

61 

"6 

YtS 

20 

6 

6 

18 

16 

LAVEXCELSIOR'-HI&HER. 

467047 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

N.C. 

N  HONOR  OF  cSf  V&  "• 

6 

8 

YES 

10 

3* 

3 

16 

14 

(NONE). 

3  I5& 

NORTH  DAKOTA 

M.U. 

NO.,  LEAGUED  ""ALLIED. 

/ 

10 

YtS 

20 

6 

6 

18 

16 

1  |DCDTV'N6uNio»rflw*«SfJ»fVH- 
LlotKI  T       ONE  MU  iNSErAMiu. 

181 

OHIO 

o. 

NO..  BEAUTIFUL  RIVER. 

6 

8 

YES 

H 

B 

6 

18 

16 

(NONE). 

3ld  659 

OKLAHOMA 

OK. 

ND..BEAUTIFULLAND. 

a 

18 

IS 

OREGON 

OHL 

SPAN..WILD  THYME. 

8 

10 

YtS 

10 

6 

1 

18 

15 

LAT.-'AUSVOLATPROPIillS-^rffi 

m 

PENNSYLVANIA 

PA.  ft!, 

PENN'S  WOODLAND. 

bx 

6 

YtS 

3 

6 

6 

14 

12 

VIRTUE-LIBERTY-INOEPEN3ENCE. 

366  326 

MODE  ISLAND 

H.I. 

FROM  ISLE  OF  RHODES. 

6 

ANY 

VES 

M 

6 

6 

14 

12 

HOPE. 

23711 

SOUTH  CAROLINA 

EC 

N  HONOR  OF  ^f&y.1- 

1 

I 

YtS 

10 

b1 

6 

14 

12 

MOPurrv. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA 

S.U. 

ND.,LEAGUEOORALLIED. 

12 

YtS 

38 

6 

§ 

IR 

ra 

UNDER  GOD  THE  PEOPLE  RULE. 

181 

'TENNESSEE 

ILNN. 

NO.,RIVEROF  THE  BIG  BEND. 

g 

| 

YtS 

10 

6 

6 

14 

12 

AGRICULTURE-COMMERCE. 

12077 

TEXAS 

ItX. 

SPAN.,  FRIEND'S. 

§ 

\2 

YES 

10 

4 

a 

16 

14 

;NONH. 

UTAH 

UIAH 

FROM  UTAH  INDIANS. 

10 

ANY 

YtS 

;> 

4 

2 

14 

1? 

VERMONT 

VI. 

FR..&REEN  MOUNTAIN. 

b1 

6 

YtS 

| 

>ti 

6 

14 

B 

FREEDOM  AND  UNITY. 

35248 

VIRGINIA 

VA. 

'N  HONOR  OFvftgS6anuK,H.t 

(i 

§ 

YtS 

10 

,1 

2 

14 

I? 

I   AT  -'Sit    SEMPtft  TvAANUlS! 

WASHIN&TON 

WASH. 

N  HONOR  Mttf&'ttl 

10 

ANr 

6 

8 

3 

2] 

I 

895 

iWESTVIR&INIA 

W.VA. 

SAMEASVIR&INIA. 

g 

a 

YkS 

10 

10 

S 

14 

i? 

1    ITfMONTANI    6SM(Sn   LI*E*1>     — 
LR  I.'MOUNTAINUISNK  «U««5  FMEMCN. 

32003 

WISCONSIN 

WIS. 

|N.O,.WILDflUSHING  RIVER. 

10 

YES 

20 

'}() 

6 

IR 

0 

FORWARD. 

96  118 

WYOMING- 

WVO. 

IND..LAR&E  PLAINS. 

Q 

ANY 

YtS 

s 

3 

4 

IB 

16 

UNITED  STATES. 

U.S. 

\  UNION  OF  STATES. 

E  PLURIBUS  UNUM.°S,EAW.OF 

2.688523 

"Under  seal,  10  years.      *\(  -made  in  State,  \(  oivtsid«,2  years.     "No  usury,  bu-t  over  6  per  cent,  cannot  be 
collected  by  law.     «  Under  seal,  20  years.    IT  Under  seal.,  12  years.     **  ReaJ  estate,  20  years.   "  New  York 
has  by  a  recent  law  lepalized  any  rate  o/interest  on  call  loans  of  #5000  or  upward,  on  collateral  securi- 
ty.   **  Becomes  dormant,  but  -may  be  revived.    %*  Under  seal,  14  years. 
Hpxt  .-\t  ctofcx^es  occwr,  <n  m\n  "bita.Ve*  &v«.  %.tav\VV«A,'mtt.Y<.  VV\e.  cov«ec.V\<m  o\  «AlW\«m'm  X\\t  Va\>\«.. 

35 


a,MPn»;  J.BETA;  >,O»MM»:  s, HELTA; 

A;  Y|,ETA;9,THETA;  l,IOTA; 

f,Mu;  V,NU;  t,xi;o,oMiciiOTi; 
<J,S« 


HKV\VA.  THto  CJAAI- 
l  TM  fWUilS 

or  lungn  on  Tut 

IMT1.TM    Lint* 


DECLINATION  it  1»«TB(l»- 

TCH  IT  H),IO««  i» 


H  CSL1). 
MM«M*»  It  W  W- 

IAKC  of  »«A«»< 


EMINOCTIAL  AT  Tut  MM 

l"l  UMTWHJTM  AffAAf  NT  ANIIUAl  I 

SWI  AUMHT  TM  JTAii.   ITIAPfAUKT 

fAIN  IS  r  ACM  THE  WIST  TOWAM  TMfASTyANO  TfcC  EMTt 

CliOrT  0*  ThE  HUVENS  UCtMrtfTiB  >N  A  TEAJL  THE  fOtlTI 

MIMM»mnA«ISJM»ni  « 


IAM0UPOF  8TAW  |N  UKSA  MAJOR)  AT       *•      ^ 


CADI5  M 
(AMICMIM. 
CAMT  WMU. 


iH£  Co-nstellatiotis  a-ra  divid«d  into  4hr«e  Ijeltsor  zone?:  vh.,Th«  Northefti,  which  lie  between  the  7o4iao  and  the  •north. 
Bpole  of  the  heavens;  the  Southern,  which  lie  between  the  zodiac  and  th^  south  polo  o-f  *he  heave-ns;  and  *ke  Zodiacal, 
Hwhich  lie  about.  8    both  -north  a-nd  south  o/the  ecliptic.  People,  livi-n?  in  the  latitude  of  New  York  -mau  see 
the  co-nstellations  i-n  the  sou-them  hettiisphere,aircept  thow  between  the  south  pole  o/the  heavem  and  south  declination^!1 


All  THE  STARS  VISULE  TO  T»t  H»«l  EYE  ARE  I 
CLASSES  OF  IU4HTNESS  CAUEO  VkVWWVV.,  A  \ 
ANT  CHE  IEIN»  OF  THE  FlftST  MAJNITUDl,  AND  Till 
EST  VISII1E,  OF  THI  UKTH  MASNITUDt.  TH£  WHOL 

IE!  OF  STARS  VISIILE  TO  THE  NAKED    E 
I  AtWT   GOOO-AIOUT3000  AT  ANY  ONE 
fllHEjA!  ONLY  HALF  OF  THE  S«T  IS  SEE 
ONCE.  WITH  POWE« 
LEAST  20  000  000  A 
DOWN  TO  THE  FOURTEEi 

IDE.  ON  THE  MAPS   THE 
MACI 


•CM  OF  THIS  PA&E)  FIND  ITS  CONSTELLATION  AS 
DIRECTED  ON  THE  OWOVTE  PACE,WHLN  IT.  CA» 
IE  LOCATED  AT  ONCE.    To  FIND  ANY  OKE  OF 
THEM  IN  THE  SKY,  FIND  ITS  CONSTEUA- 
OH  AS  ALREADY  DIRECTED,***  T« 
Y»WE  DE- 

00>IN«  FOR.   A 
lINlSTMf  SHY 
MUST  IE  CONSID- 
ERED AS  HE1DIETWEEN 
E  NORTH  STAR  MO 
E  EYE. 


lur,  in  onion;  »c»- 

A»jlK  EKIOANUl; 
OEIAMN,  II)  TAURUt; 


IHOAMON6  THE 
kNO  SPANHIN»  THE  S  nV. 
niSCOMfOSEBOF  STARSSO 
FAINT  AMD  NEAR  TOGETHER 
THAT  THE  ETC  PERCEIVES  ONLY 
CONTINUOUS  CUMWEl.  IT  IS  »!' 


N  CRUX}ANTARE*,I  N 
*U>MIOiAlTAI«)1l1A«OII.A) 

ncA,ii«  »i  «  ee;  FOMALKAVT,  i  N 

PlSUt  A»TAMI^IETA,IN  CRUX; 


a  C£hTAURU3|  A  FIRST  MAftNIT\iO 
TDt  SOUTHfRN  HEMISfl(E«t,AND  O.HJW  T«  IIBAR- 
tSTTO  THE  EARTH,  IS,  IN  MO«ll<lll>Kn,20  000001  000 
S  FROM  YS-A18UIAII*  I.I8HT  3J  YIA»i  10  TRAVERSE. 
»t«TUO£  STARS  REQUIRE  28  YEARS  FOR  UMTTomS! 

E  EMTH;  SIXTH  MUNITUDE  STARS  Rmu.120  va>A». 


THE  BEAOllFOL  6ROUP  OF  THE   PLEIADES, 
THE  CONSTELLATION  TAURUS,  IS  THE  MOST  F 
LIAR.  T»E  E  OR  7  STARS  VISIILE  TO  THE  NAKED  EYE  IE- 
.COMtGo  OUTS  WHEN  VIEWED  THHOU1H  THE  TELESCOPE.  THE 

PIUtSEPE  0«"BEE.mYfTl»"»CEVA«  OTHER  Moots. 


tuirMmitn  t/s- 


.  Arm  T*rf»mtM, 


a'CAPRiCORNI 


UCAS5IOPEIS.  . 


KWSttl 

HUOHOS 


CORRECTION. — Under  "  Distances  of  the  Stars"  a  Oentaurus  should  be  20,000,000,000,000  miles. 

S7 


Ir-vvy-ai 

ft!&'  '^J 

Bis.  Bismuth,  Biswxtilt. 

Chat.  Chattel 

Cwt.  HundreJ  weight. 

'mp.  Emprror,f.mpress,EiipiTe. 

HB^P  BUBuf^E 

f  \TTlti  Wl^ 

Bk.  Bank,  Book. 

Chem.  Chemistru. 

Cyc.  Cyclopedia. 

'ncu.  or  EncifC.  EncirJopedii 

^»  ^P  ID^^Wn^^L 

IffK  9  1  if  I^B  w  • 

B.L.  Bachelor  of  Laws. 

Cht  Chief. 

VC^V 

E.N.E.  Eist-North-East. 

.rt  .$&•.?*—?( 

PT.  ;**?*  A-  7,5s 

B/L  Bill  of  Lading. 

Chin.  Chinese. 

ifty 

inq.  Enqknd,  English. 

E 

ng.Sax.  Anglo  Saxon. 

Bl.    Barrel,  Barrels. 
Bis.  Bales. 

Chlo.  Chloroform. 
Chron.  Chronicles. 

Q*  Dj-y,  OiughtCT,Oeputtj,De 
gree,  Oldunium,  Penmj 

.ngin.  Enginetrinq. 
:ns.  Ensign. 

c/^S^ 

nno.  Annotate. 

B.Lit.  Bachelor  of  Letters. 

CH.  Citizen,  Citation. 

or  Pence,  Five  hundred. 

inv.  Ext.  Envoii  Ejrtrundhun). 

A.ora.  Adjective,  *ere.  Af- 
ter Noon,  Mlo,  Accepted. 

non.   Anonymous. 
ns.  Answer. 

B.LL.  Bachelor  of  Laws. 
B.M.  BachelorofMediclne. 

Civ.  CIvIL 
C.J.  Chief  Justice. 

3an.  Daniel,  Danish. 
Oat.  Dative. 

[p.  Epistle, 
ph.  Ephesians,  Ephraim. 

».OT@.  ton  a. 
Al.  First  class  or  rate. 

nt.orAntlq.  Antiquity. 
.O.F.  Ancient  Order  of 

B.Mus..  Bachelor  of  Musit. 
B.o.   Buyer^  option. 

Cks.  Casks, 
Cl.  dergym»n,Clerk,Chlo- 

D.C.  District  of  Colurabia,(ln 
music)  From  the  beginning. 

ipis.  Episcopal. 
;q.  Equal,  Equivalent,? 

A-orAns.   Answer. 

Foresters. 

Bohem.  Bohemian. 

rine,  Centilitre. 

D.C.L.  Doctor  ol  Civil  or 

quitlj. 

A-A.fr.  Assistant  Adjutant 

.O.H.  Ancient  Order  of 

BOT.  BoTouqh,  Boron. 

Cld.  Cleared. 

Canon  Law. 

:.S.  Ells  Scotch. 

General. 

Hibernians. 

Bot.  Bought,  Botany,  Bot- 

Clk. Clerk. 

d.d.  Daijs  alter  date. 

:sd,  Esdras, 

A.A.S.I  American  Acade- 

.O.U.W. AncienlOrder 

anist. 

C.M.  Common  Metre. 

D.D.S.  Doctor  of  Dentil  Sin- 

;.S.E.  East-South-East. 

my  of  Sciences. 

of  United  Workmen. 

Boul.  Boulevard. 

Cm.  Centimetre. 

gen). 

Tsp.  Especiallu. 

A.B.  Bachelor  of  Arts,  A- 

j.  April,  Apostle, 

Bp.  Bishop. 

Co.  CountidCompanvi  Co- 

Dea. Deacon. 

"sq.  OT  Esqr.  EsguJre. 

ble  bodied  seamen. 

po.   Apoqee. 

B/P   Bill  of  Parcels. 

balt. 

Dec,  December,  Declaration, 

Est.  Estate.  Estimate. 

Abb.  Abbot.  Abbess. 

poo.  Apocryphi,Apoc*lvps«, 

B.Pay.  Bills  Payable. 

Coad.  Coadjutor. 

Declension. 

Estab.  EsUbllshed.Estab- 

Abbr.  AUrevuied,AbkierWioi 

pen.  Apennlne. 

Bque.  Barque. 

Coch.  or  Cochl.  A  lea-spoon 

Del.  Definilion,Defendanl. 

lishnient. 

>  A.B.C.F.M.  AnricnBom 

jr.  April. 

BT.  Brother,Britain,BTlt 

ful,  A  spoonful. 

Deq.  Degree. 

Esth.  Esther. 

of  Commissioners  hr  For- 

q.  Water. 

Ish,  Brig,  Bromine. 

C.O.D.   Cash  (Collect)  on 

Del.  Deliware,Delegale. 

«t  al.  And  others. 

eign  Missions. 

.Q.M.  Assistant  Quar- 

Braz.  Brail  1. 

Delivenj. 

Dem.   Democrat,  Democratic. 

Etc.  or«?c.  And  otbm,And 

AbU  Ablative. 

ter  Master. 

B.RCC.  Bills  Receivable. 

Col.  Colonel,Colossians, 

Den.  Denmark. 

SO  fOTth. 

Abp.  Archbishop. 
Abr.  Abridgement. 

.Q.M.G-.  Assistant  Quir- 
ter  Matter  General. 

Brig.  Brigade,  Brigadier. 
Brig.&en.    Brigadier  C-en 

Colorado,  Column,  Col- 
or, Colonial,  Columbia. 

Dent.  Dentist. 
Oep.  Deput-y,  Department. 

et  seq.  And  what  fol- 
lows, And  the  following. 

A.B.S,  American  Bible  So- 

rib. ArablCjArabian. 

eral. 

Coll.  Collector,  Colleague, 

Dept.  Oepartmerit,  Deponent. 

ituitt.  Et/umoloq-y. 

ciety. 

rilh.  Arithmetic. 

Brit.  British,  Britain. 

College,  Col  lection. 

Deriv.  Derivativt,  Derivation. 

Evang.  Evangelical,  Evan- 

A.C. BefowCtirisljAnnyGoTps. 

Tii.  ^Arizona.. 

Bro.  Brother. 

Colo.  Colorado. 

Deut.  Deuteronomy. 

gelist. 

Ace.  Accusative. 

rk.  Arkansas. 

Bros.  Brothers. 

Com.  Commerce,  Commlt- 

Oft.  Draft,  Defendant. 

;x.  Eximple,  Exception, 

Acc-oratct.   Account. 

rn.   Arnold. 

B/S   Bill  of  Sale. 

lee,  Commissioner,  Com- 

dq.  Decigram. 

Exodus. 

AccUCur.  Account  Current. 

TT.   Arrived. 

3.S.  Bachelor  of  Science. 

menlanj,  Commodore  , 

Dq.  Dekagram. 

Exc.  Excellencij,E«ception. 

Artt.  Sate,  Awn*  of  salts. 

rt.  Article,  Artenrus. 

3u.  Bushel. 

Common. 

D.H.  Dead  Head. 

Exch.  Exchequer,  Exchange. 

A.C.S.  American  ColoniiA- 

th.   Arthur. 

3.V.  Blessed  vlrgin,Farewell, 

Comdg.  Commanding. 

81.  Oidijniunu 

Exec.  Executor. 

tion  Society. 

S.  Academy  of  Sciences, 

3xs.   Boxes. 

Comdt.  Commandant. 

31am.    Diameter. 

:xecx.  Executrix. 

lAd.  Active. 

Assistant  Surgeon. 

*0$ 

Comm.   Cornmentanj. 

Diet.  Didionanj,  Dirtitor. 

~x.  q.  For  example. 

A.D.  hi  the  yeirofxirW; 
a.  4.,  After  date. 

s.  Arsenic,  Astronomy. 
st.   Assistant. 

C.  Carbon,  Hund«d,Cent, 

3omp.  Compare,  Compound, 
Comptrative. 

]im.  Diralmutlve,0imiiiution. 
Dioc.  Diocesi,  Diocesan. 

Exod.  Cxodus. 
ixp.  Export,  Exporter. 

I   Ad.ffAAfc.Advcrb.AdveT- 
tisement. 

trol.  Astrology, 
tron.  Astronomy. 

Centigrade  thermometer, 
Centime,  Gallon. 

Com.Ver.  Common  Version. 
Con.    SLqainst,  hi  opposition, 

3isct.  Discount. 
Dist.   District. 

Ez.  Ezra. 
Ezek.  Eiekiel. 

•  A.D.C.  Aide-de-Camp. 

S.   At  suit  of. 

c.  Cents.  Also  f. 

Constitulion,Contratt, 

3ist.Att-u.  DistrktAttomev 

'iffi 

I   Ad.  Inf.  Without  limit. 

ty.  Attorney. 

Da.   Centare,Calciu-m. 

"Concordance. 

Div.  Divide,  Division,  Divi- 

iv^ 

I   Ad.  hit.  hi  the  wan  while. 

ty.Oen.  AttonteyGewral. 

Cal.  California,  Calcium, 

Conch.  Concholoqy. 

dend,  DivisoT. 

:.   France,  Folio,  Fello^ 

I   Adi.  Adjective. 

.Wt.  Atonic  Weight. 

Calendar,Calends. 

Cong.  Congress,  Congrega- 

Dl. Dekaliter. 

Fluorine,  Fridau,Flc- 

•  Adit.  Adjutant. 
1  Ad]t.C-en.  Adjutant  C-ewr- 
aL 

u.  Gold. 
U.C.   In  the  year  from 
the  building  of  t  h  e 

Dalif.  Calitornii. 
Dan.  Canada,  Canon. 
DanU  Canticles. 

tion,  Congregationalisl. 
jOnj.   Conjunction. 
Donn.  orCt.  Connecticut. 

dl.  Deciliter.  , 
D.M.  Doctor  of  Music, 
dm.  Decimeter. 

rin,  Fahrenheit,  Fern- 
inint,FntMng,Foot. 
r.  A.  A.  Free  ol  all  Average. 

I   Ad.  lib.   At  pleasure. 

citij(Rortie). 

Dap.  Capital,  Capitol.Cap 

Donsl.  ConstabltjConstitution. 

D.M.D.  Doctor  Dentil  Medicine. 

:ahr.  Fahrenheit. 

•    Urn.   Admiral.  Aihniraltv. 
•   Admr.   Administrator,  Mm 

uq.   August, 
ur.  Gold. 

Hal  Letter., 

Daps.  Capitals. 

Donlr.  Contraction. 
Donv.  Convent. 

Do.    The  same. 
Del.  Dols.  *  Dollars. 

:ir.   Farrier,  Farthing. 
F.A.S.  Fellow  of  the  So 

Istralion. 

uth.ver.  or  A.V.  Author- 

Clpt. Captain. 

Dop.  Copper,  Coptic. 

Dow.  Dominion. 

cietu  of  Arts,  Fellow 

I    Adrnx.  Administratrix. 

ized  versIcm(Blble). 

Car.  Caral. 

Cor.  Correspondent,  Correc- 

3oz. Dozen. 

of  the  Antiquarian  So- 

I   Adv.  Advrrb.»dvent,V!voc4te. 
I   £,or£t.  Of  age,  Aatd. 

v.  Average,  Avenue. 
ve.  Avenue. 

Dard.  Cardinal. 
Dish.  Cashier. 

tion,  Corner,Corinlhl- 
inj. 

3.  P.  Doctor  ot  Philosophy 
3pt.  Deponent. 

cietu. 
F.C.  Free  ChuTcr,[ScotM 

i  Af.orAfr.   Africa. 
I    A.F.A.M.   Ancient  Free 

oir.  Avoirdupois. 

Dat.  Catalogue. 
Dath.  Catharine,Cathollc, 

DOT.  Mem.  Conesponding 
Member. 

Dr.  Debtor,  Doctor,  Dram, 
d/s-  Oaus'  Sight. 

-cap.  or  Fcp.  Foolscap. 
MJ.  Defender  of  the  Faith. 

and  Accepted  Masons. 

•V 

Cathedral. 

GOTO!.  Corollanj. 

D.S.  From  the  sign. 

:e.  Iron. 

I  A.G.  AdjutjntGereril. 

Base  or  Bass,  Baron.Bay, 

D.B.  Common  Bench,  Cape 

Dor.  Sec.  Corresponding  Sec- 

B.  Sc.  Doctor  of  Science. 

;.E.  Flemish  Ells. 

I   Aa.   Silver. 

Book. 

Breton. 

tttari). 

D.V.  God  willing. 

reb.  Februanj. 

Aol  Aijent. 

Bom,  Book. 

D.C.   Circuit  Court,  Coun 

DOS-  Cosine. 

Dwt.  Penrrtweigrit. 

"em.  Feminine. 

AIM.  In  the  year  of  the  He 

A.  Bachelor  of  Arts, 

ty  Cterk,  Chancery  Casu, 

C.  P.  Court  of  Probate,Com- 

Feud.  Feudal. 

giTA,or  flight  of  Mahaw 

British  America. 

County  Commissioner. 

mon  pleas. 

jlK^I 

ff.  Following. 

lied. 

a.  Barium. 

D.C.P.  Court  of  Cownon  Pleas. 

C.P.S.  Clerk  of  the  Privy 

E.   East,  Earl,  Erbium. 

:l.fl.  Cause  it  to  be  done. 

A.H.M.S.  AmrrieanHome 

al.  Balar.ee. 

jd.   Cadmium. 

Council,  Keeper  ol  the 

El.  Each. 

"iq.  Figure,  Flquntive. 

Missionanj  Society. 

ar.  Barrel,  Barky  com. 

D«.  Cerium. 

Privy  Seal. 

Eb.  Erbium. 

Fin.    FTnanciaU 

AU.Atuminium. 

rt.  orBt.   Baronet. 

D.E.   Canada  East)Dvil 

Cr.  Creditor,  Credit,  Crown, 

Eben.   Ebeneier. 

Fir.  Firkin. 

Ala.  Alabama. 

B.  Bill  Book. 

Engineer 

Cromium. 

E*bij  S.   East  bu  South. 

Fl.  Flemish,  Flourished, 

Alas.  AlatkaTerritoni. 

1.  Barrel,  Barrel*. 

3el.  or  Celt.  Celtic. 

CTCS.  Cresendo. 

E.C.  Established  Church. 

Florin,  Flor&. 

Alex.  Alexander. 
Alf.  Alfred. 
Alt.  Altituds. 

C.  Before  Christ. 
C.L.  Bachelor  of  CMI  Law. 
.0.  Bachelor  of  DMnilu.. 

Den.  Century,  Centime. 
Dent.   A  hundred. 
Df.   Compare. 

Crim.  Con,  Criminal  Cower- 
tatlon,  Adulteru, 
Cs.  Caesium. 

feel.  EcclesiasUs.fctlesiastlol. 
Ed.  Editor,  Edition. 

Fli.  FloridA. 
FI.E.  Flemish  Ells. 
Flor.  Florence. 

A.M.  Muter  of  Arts,  Be- 
fore noon,  hi  the  year 
of  tht  world. 

.  Bond,  Bound. 
s.   Boards. 

Is.  Bundle*. 
e.  Glucinum. 

Do.  Centigram. 
C.G.H.  Cape  of  Gxxxi  Hope. 
C.H.  Court  House,Custon 
House. 

C.S.  Court  of  SessIons,Kee; 
er  of  the  Seal. 
C.S.A.  Confederate  States 
of  America. 

Edw.  Edwin,  Edward. 
E.  E.  Errors  exce  pled,  Ells 
English. 
E.Fi.    Ells  Flemish. 

P.M.  Field-marshal. 
co.  or  Fol.  Folip. 
P.O.  Fleld-ofllceT. 
P.O.  B.   Free  or*  Beard, 

merican,  Americana. 

enj.  Benjamin. 

Ch.  Church,  Chapter.Chan- 

C.S.O.  Chief  Signal  OHictr. 

E.Fr.  Ells  French. 

For.  Forelqru 

Amt.   Amount. 

ev.  Beverly. 

ctry. 

Ct.  Cent,  A  hundred,  Con- 

eg. For  example. 

FQtt.  Forljf'cttion. 

An.   Answer. 

s.  Bags. 

Chal.  Childron,Chaldet. 

necticut. 

E.I.  East  India  or  Indies. 

FT.  FTin<re,F7incs^ian 

Anal.  Analysts. 
Anat.  Anatomy. 

Bismuth. 
1.  British  India. 

Dhanc.  Chanceru. 
Chap.  Chapter,  Chaplain. 

Cts.  Cents. 
Cu.  Copper. 

Elec.  Electricltu. 
EHr.  Elizabeth. 

els,  Frank,  Fiench. 
F.R.C.S.  Fellow  of  the 

Anc.  Ancient. 

And.   Andrew. 

>.  Bible,  Biblical. 

Char.  Charter. 
Chjj.  Charles. 

Cur.  OT  Curl.  Current,!** 
Month. 

E.  ton.  East  Longitude. 
Em.  Eirrma,Emllij,F.manuel. 

Royal  College  ol  Sv» 
geons. 

SIPJBP'^SBP"'^  "^MEBB^SBGi 

I.O.U.   1  owe  uou(an  ac 

Lit.  Latin,  Latitude. 

M/d.  Month'!  dit(. 

Nat.  Hist.  Natural  History. 

^Bptf  |W 

kncwledqment  tor  nuneuj. 

Lb.  or  tb.  A  pound. 

Mdlle.  Mademoiselle. 

Nath.  Nathaniel. 

KL  Jiltvl/iiHi^ 

Ipecac.  Ipecacuanha. 

I.e.   LowerutelPrintina), 
Place  before  cited. 

M.E.    Mtthodisl  EpisropiL 
M  E.5  Methodist  Episcopal 

Naut.   Nautical. 

KllkJlCSL 

IT.  Iridium,  Irish,  Wand. 

L/C.  Letter  of  Credit. 

'  South. 

Nav.  Con.  Nivy  OonstntttVL 

Ire.  Ireland. 

L.C.  Lower  Canada,Lord 

Me.    Maine. 

N.B.  Take  notice  ot  nott 

FT.  t~.     French  Ells. 

Her.   Heraldry. 

Ir-reg.  Irrequlai; 

Chancellor. 

Meas.     Measure. 

well,  New  Brunswick. 

Fred.    Frederick. 

H.F.   Hohj  Father. 

Is.  or  Isa.  Isaiah. 

Ld.   Lord. 

Mech.  Mechanics,  Mechanical. 

N.C.   North  Carolina. 

F.R.G.S.    Fellow  of  the 

Hf,  bd.  Half-bound. 

Isl.  Island. 

L.D.   Ladij  Dau,  Liaht 

Med.   Medicine. 

N.D.  No  Oate,NorthDi>«>ti. 

Roijil  Geographical  Sociehj 
FTU    Friday. 

Hf.cf.  Half  calf. 
Hf.chts.  Half  Chests. 

I.S.M.   Jesus  theSavior 
of  the  world. 

Dragoons. 
Ldp.  or  Lp.  Lordship. 

Mem.  MetnoraridurajMemonj, 
Remember. 

N.E.  New  EnqUnd,  North 
Eijt. 

F.  R.S.  Fellow  o(  theRoif 
at  Societu. 

Hi).  Mercury,  Hektograrn. 
H.G.  Horse  Guards. 

It.  or  liil.  Itthj,  Italian. 
I.T.   Indian  Territory,  In- 

Lea.  League. 
Led.  Ledqer. 

Merc.   Mercuru, 
Mer.    Meridian. 

Neb.    Nebraska. 
Neg.  Negative. 

F.R.S.E.   Fellow  of  the 

H.H.  His  Holtness(Pope), 

ner  Ternple. 

Leo,,  or  Leqis.  Leqislatura 

Messrs,  or  MM.  Gentlemen 

Neh.  Nehemiah. 

floual  Society,  Ed'mburq. 

MlbrNcrlrtWrntn. 

m 

Lev.  Leviticus. 

or  Sirs. 

Nem.  Con.  No  one  contra- 

F.R.S.L. Ftllow  of  the. 
Roual  Society  of  Liter- 

Hhd. Hogshead  -s. 
H.I.H.  His  (or  Her)  Imperial 

• 

J.  Judqe,  Justice. 

Le*.  Lexicon,Lexlcojnph- 
er,  Ltxinqton. 

Met.  Metaphijsio,  Metaphor, 
Metropolitan. 

dicting,  Unanimously. 
Nern.Diss.  No  one  Dissent- 

ature,  Fellow  of  the 
Roual  Sociehj,  London. 

Highness. 
Mil.    Hilary 

JJ.  Justices. 
J/i.  Joint  account. 

L.I.  Lonq  Island,  Light 
.  fnfintrij. 

Meth.    Methodist. 
Mex.  or  Mexic.  Me»ico,M«- 

Ne-ut.'Neuter. 

F.S.A.  Fellow  of  the.So- 

Hind.  Hirxru.,HmdustaTi, 

J.A.  Judge  Advocate. 

Li.  Lithium. 

ican. 

Nev.  Nevada. 

cietu  of  Arts. 
Ft.  Foot,  Feet,  Fort,Forti- 

Hlndustanee. 
Hist.  Historu,  Historical. 

Jac.  Jacob. 
Jam.  Jamaica. 

Lib.  Book,LibTanj,libniiiti. 
Lieut,  or  Lt.  .Lieutenant. 

Mg.  Magnesium,  Mijrigram. 
mg.  Milligram. 

New  M.  New  Mexico. 
New  Test.  New  Testament. 

ficatlon. 
Fth.  Fathom. 
Fur.  Furloni). 

HI.  Hectolitre. 
H.M.  Ws(orHer)Maie»tij. 
H.M.S.   His(orHer)MtJM 

Jan.  January. 
Jas.  James. 
J.C.  Jesus  Christ,  Justice 

Liq.  Liquor. 
Lit.  Lit"eriture,Uteranj, 
Literallij. 

M.&.  Major  General. 
Mgr.   Monsignor. 
M.H.S.  Massachusetts  His- 

N.F. Newfoundland. 
N.&.  New  Granada,  Noble 
Grand. 

Fut.  Future/ 

^n 

ty's  Steamer,  Shi  p  or 
Service. 

Clerk,  Julius  Caesar. 
J.C.D.   Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 

Lilh,  LithuiTiian. 
Liv.  Llvre. 

torical  Society,  Member 
of  the  Historical  Society. 

N.  H.  New  Hampshire. 
Ni.  Nickel.     • 

% 

Hon.   Honorable. 

J.  D.  Doctor  of  Law,Jun- 

L.L.  Law  Latin,Late  Latin. 

Mi.   Mill,  Mills. 

N.J.   NewJerseu. 

G.  G«nitive,&uide,Gulf, 

Hor.  Horace,  Horizon. 

ior  Deacon. 

L.Lat.  LowUtin.Lwlilm. 

Mic,  Micah. 

N.Lat.  North  Latitude. 

Glucrnurn,  Guinea. 

HorU  Horlicultwe. 

Je.   June. 

LL.  B.  Bachelor  of  Laws. 

Mich.  Michigan.  . 

N.Mex.  New  Mexico. 

g.   Gram. 

Hos.    Hosea. 

Jet.   Jeremiah,  Jersey, 

LL.D.  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Mid.  Midshipman.Middle.. 

N.N.E.  North-Northeast. 

G.  A.  General  Assembly. 

H.P.   Horse  Power,  Half- 

Jerusalem,  Jericho. 

L.L.I.  Lord  Lieutenant 

Mil.  MilUary. 

N.N.W.  North-Northwest, 

&a.   C-eorqia. 

pa^,  High  Priest. 

J.G.W.  Junior  Grand  War- 

of Ireland. 

Min.  Mi'nute-s. 

N.O.  New  Orleans, 

Gal.  &illatlans,Glllori,e*- 

H.R.  House  ciffleprestntitlKts. 

den.  . 

Lon.  Longitude. 

Minn.  Minnesota. 

No.  Number. 

len.Gallons. 

H.R.E.  Hohj  Roman  Ernpe 

Jno.   John. 

Lon.  or  Lond.  London. 

Min.Plen.   Minister  Plen- 

Nol.Pros.   Unwilling  to 

Gael.  Gaelic. 

ror,  or  Empire. 

Jnt.    Joint, 

Lonq.  Longitude. 

i  potent!  jru. 

prosecute. 

Galv.  Galvanic.Galvanism. 
G.A.R.  Grand  Armu  tithe 

H.R.H.  His  (or  Her)  Roijal 
Highness. 

Jnt.  Stk.  Joint  Stock. 
Jnt.  Stk.Co.    Joint  Stock 

Loq.  Speaks. 
Lp.  or  Ldp.   Lordship. 

Miss.  Mississippi. 
Ml.  Millilitre. 

Nom.   Nominative. 
Non.  Con.  Not  content,  Dis- 

Republic, 

H.5.H.  HhltoilMStTCM 

Company. 

L.S.  Left  Side  (Placer  of 

Mile.  Mademoiselle. 

senting. 

fr.  B.  Great  Britain. 

Highness. 

Jo.  Joel. 

the  Seal). 

mm.    Millimetre. 

Non.  Pros.  He  does  not  pros- 

G.B.<g 1.  Great  Britain 

Hun.  or  Hung.  Hungarian 

Jona.    Jonathan. 

L.S.  D.   Pounds,  Shill- 

MM.   Their  Majesties,Gen- 

ecute. 

»nd  Inland. 

garian. 

Jos.    Joseph. 

ings,  Pence. 

tleirm,  Two  thousand. 

Non.  sea,.  It  does  not  follow. 

&.C.  Grand  Chaptrr,Grand 

Hund.  Hundred  -s. 

Josh.   Joshua. 

Lt.  or  Lieut.  Lieutenant. 

Mme.    Madame. 

Norw.  Norway,  Norwegian. 

Chancellor,  Grand  Con- 

Hi). Art.  Neayij  Art!  lenj. 

J.P.  Justice  o!  the  Peace. 

Lv.    Livre  -s. 

Mmes.   Madames. 

Nos.  Numbers. 

ductor. 
&.C.B.  Grand  Crass  of  the 

Hljpoth.  Hijpotlirsis,HifpoUiela 
Hu.  MercuTu. 

Jpr.  Jasper. 
J.  Prob.  Judqe  of  Probate. 

LXX.  The  Septuaqint. 

U 

Mn.  Manganese. 
Mo.  Missouri,  Month,  Mo- 

Nov. November.  - 
N.P.   NotlTi)  Public. 

Bath. 

IE 

Jr.  Junior. 

•B 

lybdenum. 

N.S.  New  Stule,  Nova  Sco- 

G-en. &ener»l,Genesis,Gen 

& 

J.U.O.   Doctor  of  Canon 

M.  Marquis,Mondau,Me- 

Mod.  Modem. 

tia. 

itive,6enerallu. 
Gent.  Gentleman. 

\.  Island,  Iodine, 
la.  Iowa. 

and  Civil  Law. 
Jud.  Judith. 

Tidian,  Middle,  Morn- 
ing, Monsieur,  Merid- 

Mon. Monday,  Monastery. 
Mons.  Monsieur,  Sir. 

N.T.   New  Testanienl,New 
Translation. 

&to.  Ctotije. 

Ib.  or  Ibid.  In  the  saw  place. 

Judcu  Judges. 

ian,  Noon.  . 

Monsiq.   Monsignor. 

N.  u.  Name  unknown. 

Gecq.  Geoqraphih&coqrapher. 

Ice.  OT  Icel.  Iceland,  Icelandic. 

Jul.    Juhj. 

M.  or  m.  Married,  Mas- 

Mont. Montana. 

Num.  or  Numb.  Number. 

&tol.  &eologij,t<olo^ist,(i<- 

Id.  Idaho,  Ides,  Thtsarne. 

Jus.  June,  Junior. 

culine,  MeteTjMinute, 

Mos.  Months. 

N.W.  Northwestern. 

oloqical. 

I.e.  That  is. 

JUT.  Jurist,  Jurisprudence. 

Moon,  Month,  Mi  Ms, 

M.P.    Member  olfWanent, 

N.W.T.  Northwest  lemtoru. 

Geom.  &«>mebu,(>eometeT. 

I.H.S.  Jesus  the  Savior  of 

Just.  Justinian. 

Mile,  A  Thousand. 

Member  of  Police. 

N.Y.  New  York. 

Get.  Gerund,  Otrman,Ger- 

Men. 

1? 

M.  10,000. 

M.P.C.  Member  of  Pailit 

N.Z.  New  Zealand. 

mamj. 

III.  Illinois. 

•L 

M.A.  Master  of  Arts,Mil- 

ment  in  Canada. 

G-i.  Gills. 

Imp.   Imperial,  Imperative, 

1C.    King,  Knight,  Kilogram, 

itarrj  Academij. 

M.P,  P.    Member  of  thf 

G.  M.  Grind  Master. 

Imperfect,  Emperor. 

Potassium. 

Mac.  or  Mace.  Maccabes. 

Provincial  Parliament. 

0.   Ohio,  Old,  OxTjqen. 

Goth.   Gothic. 

Impers.  Impersonal. 

Kan.   Kansai. 

Maced.  Macedonian. 

Mr.    Master,  Mister. 

*.   Percent. 

&ov.  Governor. 

In.  Inch,  Inches. 

K.B.    King's  Bench.lniqht 

Mach.  Machinist.Machinerv 

MTS.   Mistress  or  Missis. 

Ob.   Died. 

Gov.  G-«n.  Governor  Oners  1. 

Incog.  Unknown. 

of  the  Bath. 

Mad.  or  Mine.  Madam. 

M/S.  Month's  sight. 

Obad.    Obadiah. 

G.  P.  0.  General  Post  Office. 
Cr.  Creek,  Gross  Grain  t, 

Itid.  India,  Indianaj.tnd- 
ian,  Index,  Indicative. 

K.C.B.  Knight  Comman- 
der of  the  Bath. 

Mag.  Magazine. 
Ma!.  Major. 

MS.   Manuscript,  Mates 
of  Science. 

Obj.  Objective,  Objection. 
Obs.  Obsolete,  Observato- 

&r»in, treat. 

l-ndef.  Indefinite. 

Ken.  or  KTJ.  Kentuck-ij. 

Maj.  Gen.  Major  General. 

MSS.  Manuscripts. 

ry,  Observation. 

Grim.  Grammar. 

Ind.  Meth.  Independent 

Kq.   Kiloqram. 

Mai.  Malacha.!. 

Mt.  Mount,  Mountain. 

Obt.  or  Obdt.  Obedient. 

Gro.  Gross, 

Methodists. 

Kf.    Kings. 

Man.  Manual,  Manege. 

Mts.  Mountains. 

Oct.  October. 

&.T.  GoodTemplirs,Gtind 
Tuler. 

Indo.  Eur.  Indo-European 
Ind.  T.  Indian  Territory. 

Kil.  Kilderkin. 
Kilo.  Kiloqram. 

Manuf.  Manufactonj,Man- 
ufactuTe.Manufacfurtr. 

Mus.  Music,  Museum. 
Mus.  B.  Bachelor  of  Music. 

O.F.   Odd  Fellow  -s. 
O.K.   All  Correct. 

Gun.  Gi"ineru.. 

Inf.    Beneath  or  below, 

Kl.   Kiloliter. 

Mar.   March,  Maritime. 

Mus.D.  Doctor  of  Music. 

01.    Oil. 

Infinitive,  In  antnj. 

Km.  Kitometer,  Kingdom. 

March.  Marchionesa. 

M.W.   Most  Worthu. 

Old  Test,  or  O.T.  Old  Tes- 

1. N.R.I.  Jesus  of  Naia 

Knt.  Kniqht, 

Marg.    Margin. 

M.W.G-.M.  Most  Worthu, 

tament. 

H.  H-udroqen.HouTjHeijht, 
High,  Harbor,  Husband. 

reth,  Kino  of  the  Jews. 
Ins.  Inspector,  Insurance; 

K.  of  H.  Knights  of  Honor. 
K.  of  P.  Knights  of  h/th  las. 

Marq.   Marquis. 
Masc.   Masculine. 

or  Worshlpful,Grand 
M  ssler. 

Olum.  Olympiad. 
Ont.  Ontario. 

H.  or  hi.  Hour,  Hours. 
Ha.  Hektare. 

lust.  Instant-the  presen 
month)  Institute,  taitwiar 

Kt.   Knight.     . 
Kij.  Kentucky. 

Mass.   Massachusetts. 

Mith.  MathematicSjMath- 

Miith.  Mutholoau. 
C»» 

Opt.  Optics. 
Or.  or  Ore.  Oregon. 

Hab.  Habakkuk. 

Int.  rrtterest.  Interpreter. 

y 

ematiclan. 

n 

Ord.  Otdinance,0idln«ru. 

Hag.  Haqqa'. 
H.8.C.  Hudson  BauCompanii. 
H.B.M.  HisCorHerlBritan 

tnterj.  rntrriection. 
Intr.  Introduction, 
hitrans.  Intransitive. 

L.  Lldu,  Lord,  Lithium, 
Low,  Lake,  League, 

Matt.  Matthew. 

M.B.  Bachelor  of  Medicmi. 
M.  C.  Member  oiCongres, 

N.  North,  Number,  Neuter, 
Note,  Name,  New,  Noun, 
Nitrogen. 

Orig.  Original,  Oriuinalhi. 
Omilh.  Ornitholoqij. 
as.  Old  Shjle. 

nic  Majejtij. 

In  trans,  hi  the  passage. 

Lint. 

Master  of  Ceremonies, 

N.A.  North  America. 

Os.  Osmiuiti. 

H.C.M.  H,s  tor  Her)  Catholic 
"Majesty. 

hihod.  Introduction. 
Inv.  Invoice. 

L.,i,or  I.  Pound  Sterling. 
L.,  lb.,or  tt.   A  Pound 

Master  Commandant. 
M/C.  Metallic  Currency. 

N.A.S.  National  Academy 
of  Sciences. 

O.S.A.  August  inUns. 
O.S.8.  Benedictines. 

Hdkf.   Handkerchief. 

lo.  Iowa. 

in  Weight. 

Mch.    Marchk 

Na.   Sodium. 

O.S.F.  Franciscans, 

Hei.  or  Htkr.  Hebrew,  Hebrews. 

I.O.B.8.   IndependentOr 

La.  Lantharmm,Louisiana. 

M.  D.   Doctor  of  Medicine. 

Nah.    NahuTn. 

O.T.  Old  Testament. 

Hectol.  Hectoliter. 

derof  BWB'rith. 

Lam.  Lamentations. 

Md.   Maryland. 

Nat.   Natural,  National. 

0*on.  Oxford. 

Sffi^^SSlBl       Sjg&gB  Rf  cd.    Received. 

S.&.  Solicitor  General. 

Tart.  Tartaric, 

V.C.  Vice  Chancellot,Vice 

Bvc**XT9^MM(vB^  B  Ar^Br    IlMl^l^H  ^ec*  ^<c*  R(CCr^^N  5<r?UT> 

Sh.  Shilling,  Ship. 

Tb.  Terbium. 

Chairma-n.Victoria  Cross, 

ST  A  »  •  H  *  H_lJe  ^i  vE*   «  jp^HLlHJji  *  ^  By^^  Rgct.  Rect*T.  Receipt. 

S.H.S.  Fellow  of  the  His- 

Te, Tellurium. 

Ven.  Venerable. 

s^5?&fei*'v^vY-         .»gBHHP0£r9«firl  fcf*    RffrrervftR^ormcd. 

torical  Society. 

Tel.  Telegram,  Telegraph. 

Ver.  Verse  -s,  Vermont. 

i 

Reformation. 

5'.  Silicium. 

Term.  Tennessee. 

Vet.  Sjcrq.  Veterinary  Sur- 

O2. or  oz.  Ounce  -s. 

P.  R.   Porto  Rico    Prize 

Ref.  Ch.  Reformed  Church. 

Sin.  or  Sing.  Singular. 

Ter.  Territory. 

geon. 

9 

fling. 

Preb.    Pirbend,Pribendjru 

Reg.  or  foqr.  Register,  Req- 

5.  Id.  Sandwich  Islands. 
S.J.  Society  of  Jesus. 

Teut.  Teutonic. 
Tex.  Texas. 

V.G.  vice&eneral,  Vice 
Orand. 

P.  P.ge,P«'«,Parlicipk,Hk, 

Pr«f.  Preface,  Prefix. 

Rea.  or  Reqt.  (Uoent,3eghnent. 

S.J.  C.  Supreme  Judicial 

Th.  Thomas,  Thorium. 

V.i.  Verb  intransitive. 

PhcspJiofVS,  Pint,  Pope  . 

Prep.    Preposition. 

Rei.  Pron.  Relatoe  Prmui 

Court. 

Th.  or  Thurj.  Thursday. 

Vid.    See. 

Pa.    Pennsylvania. 

Pres.   President. 

Rem.   Remark  -s. 

Skr.   Stnskrit. 

Theo.  Theodore,  Theodosia. 

Vil.  Village. 

P.  A.   Post  Adjunct. 

Pnsb.    PresbyteriaijPio- 

Rep.  Rfpresentatlve,  Re- 

S.Lat. South  Latitude. 

Theol.  Theologij,  Theological. 

V.  imp.  Verb  impersonal. 

P.  a.  Participial  adjective. 

bytery. 

porter,  Republic. 

Slav.  Slavonic,  Slavonian. 

Theor.   Theorem. 

V.  irr.   Verb  irregular. 

Par.  or  K    Paragraph. 

Prtt.   Preterit. 

Rev.  Reverend,  Revenue, 

Sid.  Sailed. 

Thess.  Thessalonianj. 

Vis.  or  Vise.  Viscount. 

Par.  or  1    Parallel. 
Parl.  tVliamemt. 

Prim.   Primate,  Primitive. 
Prin.   Prrncipal,Prhei»les. 

Revelation,  Revolution, 
Review,  Revise. 

S.M.  Short  Meter,  State 

Militia,  Sergeant  Ma- 

Thos. Thomas. 
Thurs.  Trrursdau. 

Viz.   Namely,  To  wit. 
In.  Verb  neuter. 

Part.  Participle, 

Prob.   Problem. 

Rev.  Ver.  Revised  Version. 

jor,  Sons  of  Malta. 

Ti.   Titanium. 

Voc.  vocative. 

Pass,   Passive,  Passionist. 

Prof.   Profestor. 

Rhet,   Rhetoric. 

Sm.  C.  Small  Capitals. 

Tier.  Tierce. 

Vol.    Volume. 

Past.  Pastor. 

Pfon.    Pronoun. 

R.I.    Rhode  Island 

S.M.I.   His  or  Her  Impe- 

Tirn.   Timothy. 

V.P.  Vice  President. 

PaiJt.   Payment. 

Pro.  tern.  For  theti-me. 

Richd.  Richard. 

rial  Majesty. 

Tit.  Titus,  Title. 

V.  R.  Queen  Vtcloria,Very 

Pb.   Lead. 

Prov.    ProverbtjIVovost, 

Riv.  River. 

Smith,  rust.  Smithsonian 

TI.  Thallium. 

Reverend. 

P.  B.  Bachelor  of  Philotopm). 

Province. 

R.M.    Roual  Mail,  Roual 

Institution. 

T.  o.  Turn  over. 

Vs.  Against,  hi  opposition. 

P.  0,  Doctor  of  Philosophy 

P-rox.    Next,Nejt  month. 

Marines. 

Sn.    Tin. 

Tob.   Tobit. 

/t.  Vermont. 

Pd.  Paid,  Palladium. 

Prus.  Pru«ii,Pr»»ian. 

R.N.    Royal  Navy. 

S.o.  Seller's  option. 

Tom.   Volume. 

V.t.  Verb  transitive. 

Pe.  Pelopium. 

P.S.   Po^script,  Perma- 

Ro. or  Robt.   Robert. 

Soc.    Society. 

Tonn.  Tonnage. 

Vul.  or  Vulg.  Vulgate. 

P.E.    Protestant  Episco- 

nent Secretary,  Privy 

Rom.  Roman,  Romans. 

S.  of  Sol.  Song  (or  Songs) 

Topog.   Topography. 

^&Jfp 

pal,  Presiding  Elder; 

Seal. 

Rom.  Catn.  Roman  Cathode. 

of  Solomon. 

Tr.  Transpose,  Translation, 

jf 

P.E.I.  Prince  Edward  Island. 

PS.    Psalms,  Prices. 

R.  R.  Rairroad,  flight  Rewnend. 

S.  of  T.  Sons  of  Temperance. 

Treasurer,  Trustee. 

W.  Wedne«na\j,Wtst, 

Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

Pt.  Pint,  Port,  Payment, 

R.S.  Recording  Secretary. 

Sol.   Solomom,  5olution.Sn- 
licltor 

tr.   A  shake. 

Welsh,  Warden,Week. 

Pent,    Pentecost. 
Per.  or  Pers.    Persia. 

Pub.  'Publisher,  Public. 

Riqht  side 
Rt.  Hon.  Right  Honorable. 

5p.  Spain,  Spanish. 

lation,  Transportation. 

W.A/West  Australia, 

Per  ,  pr.  or  f,  By  the,  as 

Pub.  Doc.  Public  Documents. 

Rt.  Rev.   Right  Reverend. 

Sp.  qr.  Specific  gravity. 

Trcj.   Tierces. 

West  Arrici. 

per   Ib.,  per  ez.,  etc. 

Pulv.  Powder. 

Russ.  Russia,  Russian. 

Sq.   Square,The  following. 

Trea».    Treasurer. 

W.C.  West  Central,  Wa- 

Per an.  By  the  war. 

Pun.   Puncheon. 

R.V.  Revised  Version. 

Sq.ft.  Square  feet. 

Trin.   Trinity. 

ter  Closet. 

Per  cent,  or  pr.  cL  In  the 

Pwt.  Pennyvttiqht-s. 

R.W.  Railway,  Bight  Wor- 

Sq. In.  Square  inch  -es. 

Tu.  or  Tues.   Tuesday. 

W.  C.T.U.  Womert  Chris- 

hundred. 

Pxt.    He  tor  She)  said. 

thy  or  Worshipful. 

Sq.  m.  Square  mile  -s. 

Turk.  Turkey,  Turkish. 

tian  Temperance  Union. 

Perf.   Perfect. 
Peri.  Perigee. 
Pers.  Person. 

A 

a.   auestlfti,  auintus. 

R*u.  Railway. 

Sq.  id.  Square  r»d  -s. 
Sq.  yd.  Square  yard  -S. 
ST.   Sir,  Senior,  Strontium 

Typ.  or  T«po.  Typographer 
Typog.  Tupoqupny  -er. 

Wed.  Wednesdau. 
W.f.  Wrong  font. 
Whf.  Wharf. 

Pet.  Peter. 

a*  ordu.    aueen,Q.uc- 

S.    SaintTfound,  Sign, 

S.R.I.  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

>!!* 

W.I.  West  India  -ies. 

P.O.  Past  C-rand. 

ry,  auestion. 

Sculptor,  Sunday,Sec 

S.S.  Sunday  School,  or 

U.  Uranium. 

Wis.  or  Wise.  Wisconsin. 

Pg.  Portugal,  Portuguese, 

a.B.  aueen's  Bench. 

ond.  Sulphur,  Signer, 

Sibbath  SctiooL 

U.A.0.0.  United  Ancnn 

Wk,  Week,  Work. 

Phar.   Pharmacy. 

(i.C.  aueen's  Council, 

Shilling,  Sun. 

SS.  Slints. 

Order  of  Druids. 

W.  Lon.  West  longitude. 

Ph.  8.    Bachelor  of  Phtao|*j 

aueen's  College. 

*    Dollar's. 

S.S.C.  Solicitor  before 

U.C.  Upper  Canada. 

Wm.  William. 

Ph.  D.  Doctor  of  Philcuoptiu. 

a.d.  As  if  he  should  say. 

S.A.  South  America,South 

the  Supreme  Court. 

U.G.R.S.  Underground  Rail 

W.N.W.  West-Northwest. 

Phil.   Phii;p,Philemon,it4 

a.  e.  Which  is. 

Africa,  S«ulh  Australia. 

S.S.E.  South-Southeast. 

road. 

W.  S.W.  West-South-west. 

ipians.  Philosophy. 

a.E.D.  Which  wattobe 

Sam.   Samuel; 

S.S.W.  South-Southwest. 

U.K.  United  Kingdom. 

Wt.    Weight. 

Phila.    Philadelphia. 

demonstrated. 

Sans.  Sanskrit. 

St.   Sttre,  Stanza,Saint, 

U.L.A.  Uriion  League  of 

W.Va.  West  Virgin!*. 

PVii  lorn.  Lover  of  Learning. 
Philos.  Philosophy. 

a>L.  As  much  at  you  please. 
a.M.    auarler  Master. 

Sit.   Saturday. 
Sax.  Saxon. 

Street.  Strait. 
Stat.  Statute  -s,  Statuary. 

America. 
Ult.  Last  month. 

Phonog.   Phonography. 

a.M.O.  aunler  Master 

Sb.    Antimony. 

S.T.O.  Doctor  of  Sacred 

Unit.  Unitarian. 

7affir 

Photog.   Photography. 
Phren.    Phrenology. 

General, 
ar.   auarteTtta  Ibsyir- 

S.C.  South  Carolina,  A  de 
crec  of  the  Senate,  Small 

Theology,  Doctor  of  Kviniti 
Ster.  or  Stg.  Sterling. 

Univ.  University,  Umvet- 
salist. 

X.  Christ,  Ten  or  tenth, 
St.  Andrew's  Cro«,  His 

Phys.  Physics,  Physician. 
Pinx.  or  pit.    He  (or  She) 

thing,  duive. 
a.s.  A  sufficient  guntilf. 

Caps. 

Sc.  or  scil.  To  witjTamtlij. 

S.T.  P.   Prof,  of  Theology. 
Str.  Steamer. 

U.P.  United  Presbyterian. 
U.S.  United  States. 

(or  her)  mark,  Etchanqe. 
Xmas.  or  Xm.  Christmas. 

painted  it. 

at.  auart,  auantlty. 

S.  caps.  Small  capitals. 

Sts.  Streets. 

U.S.A.  United  States  of 

Xn.  or  Xtian.  Christian. 

Pk.  Peck. 

au.  ftueen,0untini,cjurta 

Sch.  or  Schl.   A  note. 

Subj.  Subjunctive. 

America,  United 

Xntu.  or  Vty.  Christianity. 

Pkgs.   Packages. 

an.  or  gu.  aueru. 

Sch.  or  SchT.  Schooner 

Subst.  Substjntivt,Substt«tt 

States  Army. 

Xt.  Chrij^ 

PI.   Place,  Plate.  • 

auad.    auadrantjftuad- 

Sci.  Science. 

Sulf.   Suffix. 

U.S.M.  United  States 

P.L.    Poet  Laureate. 

rate. 

Sci.  fa.  Make  known. 

Su-n.  or  Sund.  Sunday. 

Mint,  United  States 

^S 

PI.  or  Plur.   Plural. 

a-uir.     auarterlu. 

Scil.  or  sc.  To  wit,  namely. 

Sup.   S-upplement,  Super 

Marine. 

Y.  Yftrium.  Year. 

Plff,   Plaintiff. 

aues.  auestion. 

Sclav.  Sclavonic. 

fine,  Superior,  Superin- 

U.S.M.A. United  States 

Y.  B.  orYr.B.  Yar-Book. 

Plup.  or  Plupf.  Pluperfect. 
Plur.    Plural. 

a,v.  Which  s«,Asrmich 
as  you  please. 

Scot.  Scotland,SoltislsSciUi 
Scr.    Scruple. 

tendent. 
Sup.C.  Superior  Court. 

Military  Academu. 
U.S.N.  UniKd  Sljtes  Navy. 

Y.  C.  Yale  College. 
Yd.  Yard.  Yds.  Yards. 

Pm.    Premium. 

ay.  aueru. 

Script.  ScripturijScTiptiiral. 

Superl.  Superlative. 

U.S.N.A.UnitedStateria 

Y«.   The  or  Thee. 

P.M.  Afternoon,  Pay  Mas- 
ter, Pott  Masl«r,Past  Mid- 

a 

Sculp,  or  Sculpt.  Sculpture. 
S.fX  South  Dakota,  Doc- 

Supt. Superintendent. 
Surq.  Surgeon,  Surgery. 

val  Academy. 
U.S.S.  United  States  Sen 

Y".  Them. 
Y.  M.  C.  A.   Young  Men's 

shipman, 

R.   Railway,  Rriodiuin,Riv. 

tor  of  Science. 

Surv.   Surveyor,  SuTKVi" 

•  ate.  United  Stales  Ship 

Christian  Association. 

P.M.G-.   Post  Master  frrn- 
eral,  Paij  Master  C-en- 

a,  Rod-Rood,  ftueen. 
Xing,  Take. 

S.E.  Southeast.Siuthuitem 
Se.  Selenium. 

Surv.  C-en.  Surveyor  (en 
traL 

lor  Steamer]. 
U.S.V.  Urited  StatesVol 

V".    Then. 
Y'.    Their. 

yti.  Promissarv  Note. 

al  Arch,  Royal  Artille- 

'Section.' 

S.VV.  Southwesi,South 

U.T.  Utah  Territory. 

Yrs.  Yours,  Years. 

P.O.    Post  Office. 

ry,  Rear  Admiraljllight 

Sec.  Leg.  Secretary  of  Le 

western,  Seniorwarderu 

Ux.  Wtft._ 

Y1.   This. 

P.O.D.    Port  OfficeDepart- 
nwnt,  Pay  on  delivery. 
Pol.    Polish'. 

Ascension. 
R.A.C.  Royal  Arih  Chapter. 
Rad.   Root,  Radical. 

gation.  Accord  mo  tt  law 
Sect.  Section. 
Sen.  Senate,  Senator,  Sen 

Sw.    Sweden,  Swedish. 
Switz.  Switzerland, 
Sun.  Synonym. 

V.  Vtnadium,Vletoria, 

Y'.    That. 
Y.W.C.A.  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association. 

P.O.  a  Post  Of  lice  Order; 

R.  Adml.  Rear  AemhaU 

IM 

Synop.   Synopsis. 

Viscount,  Verb,  Voca 

^jf 

Pop.   Population, 

R.A.M.  Roual  Academy  of 

Sep.  or  Sept.  September, 

f~  "ije,  surup 

live.  Verse,  Volume 

Port,  Portugal,  Portuguese. 
Pos.  or  Pots.  Pottesslv*. 

Music. 
Rb.   Rubidium. 

Septuaqint. 
Seq.  or  Sqq.  The  follow- 

Violin, Village,Five 
V.a.   Verb  active. 

2..  Zero,  Zinc,  Zone. 
2.  or  ZT.  Zirconium. 

Pp.  Pages. 

R.C.  Roman  Catholic, 

ing,  The  next. 

T.   TeTritonj,Town,Tewn 

V.A.  Vice  AdmiraliVic 

Zach.    Zachary. 

P.P.   Please  pau. 
P.P.C.  Tttakel«av«. 
Pph.    Pamphlet, 
PT.,P»r,oT«T,  gwthe.as 

R.O.    Royal  Dragoons. 
R.E.  Royal  Engineers,  Re^ 
al  Eichange,  Right  Ex- 

Ser.     Serie». 
Serg.  OT  Serj.  Scrgcant,o 
Serjeant. 
Serg.  Mai.  Sergeant  Major. 

ship,  Ton,  Tenor,Tues 
day. 
T.  or  Tom.  Tome,  Volume 
Ta.  Tantalum. 

ar  Apostolic. 
Va.  Virginia. 
Vat.  Vatican. 
V.  aux.  Verb-  auxiliary. 

Zeb.    Zebulon,  Zebedee. 
Zech.  Zechariah. 
Zeph.    Zeptia-niah. 
Zn.  Zinc.  -  Zed.  Zodiac. 

Per  bushel. 

Rec.  Recorder,  Recipe. 

Serv.  or  Servl.  Servant. 

Tan.  Tangent. 

Vb.  n.  Verbal  noun. 

Zool.  Zoology.  -Zr.  ZrrMtoK 

40 


TABLE  OF  VELOCITIES.. 


he  velocities  given  i-n  the  folio 
ing  list  hive  been  compiled 
from  various  authorities,!!! 
while  it  cannot  be  s»id  wha 
isibllities  of  many  of  the  mo 
ng  bodies  are,  such  as  steam  vessel 
ocomotives,  etc.,  yet  the  figures  gii 
i-n  will  convey  a  general  idea  of  sue 
possibilities.  The  slow  coach  of  the  time  of  Wash 
'ngton  will  not  compare  with  the  lightning 
train  at  the  dost  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Wh 
can  say  what  are  the  possibilities  of  electric 
a  rnotive  power! 

BLOOD,  circulates  through  the  system  in-two 

utts.  If  allowed  to  wove  in  a  straight  line,  it 

would  move  at  the  rate  of  150  feet  per  minute. 

3ICYCLE,one  mile  may  be  attained  in  two  minutes 
CANNON  BALL,  (2<Hb)  at  the  rate  of  1600  miles  per 

hour. 

CARRIER  PI6EON,43_m,les  per  hour. 
!ARS,  art  express  train  attains  a  speed  of  60  miles 

per  hour.  82.7  miles  per  hour  has  been  attained. 
CLOUDS,  storm  clouds,  apparent^  moving  slowly,oft 

en  attain  a  velocity  of  100  miles  per  hour. 

!OMET(Halley's),in  perihelion,  1,180,000ft.  ptr  second. 
!ROW,  flies  at  the  ra*e  oS  23  miles  per  hour. 
CYCLONE,  spiral  motion  of  wind,  180  miles  per  hour. 

IUCK,  90  miles  per  hour. 

:ARTH,  point  on  equator  when  -rotating  on  its  a/is 

1076  miles  per  hour.  In  its  orbit  while  revolving 

around  the  sun,  65,533  miles  per  hour. 
EARTHQUAKE  SHOCK,  13th  Aug.,  1868,  764ft.  pe 

second;  25th  July,  1885,  5,104  ft.  per  second. 
EIDER  DUCK,  90  miles  per  hour. 
ELECTRICITY,  submarine  wire,  13,128,000ft.  pei 

second;  aerial  wire, 1 18,152, OOOft.per  second. 
ELEVATOR,  in  Western  Union  Telegraph  Building 

N.Y.,  500ft.  per  minute. 
FALCON,  74  miles  per  hour. 
FALUNS  BODIES,  Isl  second,  I6A ft.;  2nd  second 

64^ft.:  3rd  second,  I4-4J  fU;  4-th  second,257« 

ft.;  etc. 
&LACIERS,  for  those  of  the  first  rank  'm  the  Alps, 

100  yards  per  year;  of  the  second  rank,  about 

25  yards  per  year. 

CULF  STREAM,  4  to  5  miles  per  hour. 
HAWK,  150  miles  per  hour. 
HORSE,  trotS,7  miles  per  hour;  runs,20miles 

per  hour.  ITI  Racing  the  following  records  have  at 

different  times  been  made:  running,  I  mile  in  I 

minute  and  35i  seconds',  trotting,  I  mile  in  2. 

minutes  and  8i  seconds;  pacing.)  mile  in  2  min 

utes  and  13  seconds. 

HUMMING-  BIRD,  a-l  the  rate  of  ISO  miles  per  ho'ur. 
HURRICANE,  80  miles  per  hour. 

ICE  BOAT,  is  said  to  outrivAl  all  other  modes 
of  locomotion,  it  running  it  the  rate  of  a-nUt 
per  minute  with  ea.se.  „." 

INSECTS,  the  wings  of  the  common  house-fly  flap 
at  Iht  rate  of  330  times  per  second;  of  the  bum 
ble  bee,  240;  of  the  honey  bee,  190;  of  the  wisp 
1 10;  of  the  dragon  flu,  28;  of  the  9mt,l5,000. 

JUPITER,  revolves  in  its  orbit  28,774.  mile  per 

LIGHT,  192,000  miles  per  second;  p»s»es  from  the 
sun  to  the  earth  in  8  minutes  and  13  seconds, 
from  the  nearest  fixed  star  to  the  earth  in  a- 
bout  34  years.  '  '/' 

MAN,  walks  from  4  to  5  -miles  per  hour.  I  mile 
his  been  attained  by  walking  in  6  minutes  and 
23  seconds;  5  miles  in  35  minutes  and  10  seconds; 
100  miles  in  IBhours,  8minutfS  aw  15 seconds. 


MARS, revolves  in  its  orbit  53,000  miles  a  tout 

MARTIN,  200  miles  per  hour. 

MERCURY,  revolves  in  its  orbit  105,000  miles 
per  hour. 

METEOR,  30  miles  per  second. 

MILL  STONES,4ft.in  diameter,  120  to  140  rev- 
olutions per  minute;  dressing  machines, 11  inch- 
es diam.,  450  to  500  revolutions  perminute; 
screen,  16  indies  diim.,  300  to  350  revolutions 
per  minute. 

MOON,  in  its  orbit  jround  the  earth  236miles 
per  hour. 

MUSKET  BALL,  850  miles  per  hour. 

NEPTUNE,  revolves  in  its  orbit  11,958  miles 
per  hour. 

OCEAN  WAVE,  during  tempest,50  miles  per 
hour. 

PENDULUM,  vib'ates  seconds  at  the  equator 
'when  39.0152  Inches  in  length.  Either  north 
or  south  from  the  equator  the  pendulum  slight- 
ly lengthens  as  the  latitude  increases. 

PIANO  WIRES,  middle  C,  264  times  per  sec 
ond;  one  octave  above,  528;  one  octave  be- 
low, 1 32. 

RIFLE   BALL,  1000  miles  per  hour. 

RIVERS,  slow  when  3  miles  perhour;  rapid 
when  7. 

ROWING,  i-w  smqle  scull  I  mile  has  been  attain 
ed  in  5  -minutes;  in  double  scull  I  mi  le 
in  5  minutes  and  55  seconds;  in  four-oared 
shell  I  mile  in  4  minutes  and  5 1  seconds. 

RUNNING,  I  mile  has  been  attained  in  4 min- 
utes and  I2i  seconds;  5  miles  in  24 minutes 
and  40  seconds;  100  miles  in  13  hours, 26mi> 
utes,  and  30  seconds. 

SAILING-VESSELS,  10  miles  per  hour. 

SATURN,in  its  orbit  21,221  miles  per  hour. 

SENSATIONS,  in  human  nerves,  >08W.  per 
second. 

SIRIUS,  153,000ft.  per  second. 

SKATING,  I  mile  in  2 minutes  »nd  12 seconds 
Has  been  attained. 

SNOW  SHOES,  I  mile  in  Sminutes  and40sec- 

SOLAR  ATMOSPHERE,  90,000  to  180,000ft. 

per  second;  tempest,  1,200,000  ft. per  second. 
SOUND,  in  dry  air  at  82°,  1, 141  ft.  per  second, 

or  about  775  miles  per  hour;  in  water, 

4,900ft.  per  second;  in  iron,  17,500ft. 

in  copper,  io,378;  in  wood,  from  12,000 

to  16,000ft.  per  second. 
SPARROW,  150  miles  per  hour. 
STEAM  BOAT,  18  miles  per  hour.  25  miles 

per   hour   is  attainable.      * 

STORM,  36  miles  per  hour.  See  Wind. 
SUN,  point  on  equator, 6, 090 ft.  per  second. 
SWIFTS,  150  miles  per  hour.   . 
SWIM  Ml  NO,  1 00  yds.  in  I -m!n.,5i  see.}  300yds. 

in  4- min..  8  see.;  600yds.  in  8min,40 seconds; 

I  mile  in  26 min.,  52 sec.;  20  miles  in  5 hours, 
5 1  -minutes. 
TEMPEST,  60  to 70  miles  per  hour.  On  t  he 

Su-n,  940,580  wiles  per  hour. 
TIDAL  WAVE,  in  open  ocean, as  great  as  900 

miles  per  hour. 
TftlCYCLE,imile  in  I  min.,15  sec,;  Imilein 

2  min.,  28  sec.;  Smiles  in  I3rmn.,50sec. 
TROTTING,  see  Horse.        -• 
URANUS,  revolves  in  Its  orbit  14,963  -miles  per 

hour. 
VENUS,  revolves  in  its  orbit  7Z050  wiles  per 

hour.  - 
VULCAN, -revolves  in  its  ojblt,174.fOOOjmiles 

per  hour.  ' 

WALKIN6,seeMan. 
WAVES,  see  Ocean  Wave. . 
WINGS,  the  wing  of  the  sparrSw  f lapt  13  tlflie's 

per  secomd;  of  the  wild  duck,9;  of  the  pigeon,8; 

of  the  osprey,6;  of  the  humnirng  b'rrd,  100. 


WIND, 

Miles    Pressure  per 
perhout  sq.ft.  in  Ibs. 


4 

5 

10 
20 
2? 
33 
45 
50 
60 

80 
100 
180 


0.005 

0.020 

0.123 

0.492 

1.968 

3.075 

6.027 

9.963 

12.300 

17.715 

31.490 

49.200 


Characteris-tics. 


Not  perceptible. 
Hardly  perceptible. 
Just  perceptible. 
G-entle  breeze. 
Brisk  wind. 

isk  wind. 


Hiqh  wind. 

Very  hiqh  wind. 

Storm. 

Great  storm. 

Hurricane. 

G-reat  hurricane.. 

Cyclone. 


agalhaens,  Portuguese,  who  n»mcs      Vo>joflj» 

agellan's  Straits 1319 

'endafia, Spaniard,  who  names  the 
Marquesas, or  Mendana  Islands.  ...  .1  567 
Q.U  I R  OS,  Spaniard 1605 

SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE,  first  tnglish..  .  .1577 

GAVENOlSU,fiTst  voyage 1586 

LE  MAIRE,Outch 1615 

TASMAN,  Dutch,  who  namesTasmania.  .1642 

DAMPIER,  English 1679 

COOKEjEnqlish 1708 

ROG-GE  WEEN,  Dutch -. 1721 

ANSON,  British ; 1740 

BYRON,  English 1764 

WALLIS,Brltish 1766 

BOUGAINVILLE,  French 1766 

CARTERET.  English 1766 

JAM  ES  COOK. 1768 

KINO,  continued  after  Cook's  death 1779 

KING- AND  FITZROY, British 1826-36 

BELCHER,  British 1836-42 

WILKES,American I  838-42 

TRAIN.G.F.,  American,  completed,  May  4, 1890, 
a  trip  around  the  world  in  67  days,  13  hours, 
3  minutes,  3  seconds, stoppinq  over  one  day 
in  New  York  City. 


The  following  is  the  compact  as  siqned  on  board 
the  Mayflower  just  before  landing: 

"hi  ye  name  of  &od,Awn.  We  whose  Tomes  are  under- 
written,  the  loyall  subjects  of  our  dread  soverupie  Lord,  Kin  5 
James,  by  ye  grace  of  M,  of  fjreit  Briuint,  Franc*  Ireland 
king,  defender  of  ye  f4ith,lc.,havein9  undertaken,  for  ye 
glorie  of  iiod,  jnd  ^dvancementc  of  ye  Christian  fa'rth,  and 
honour  of  our  kinqfc  countrie,  a  voyage  to  plant  ye  first 
colcnie  in  ye  NoHheme  part  of  Virginia,  doe  by  these  present!  sol 
evnry&mutualy  in  yt  presence  of  5od,ani  of  one  jncthfr.ontw*! 
cmbwowsdvejtojeither  into  i  mil  body  politick,f«r  our  betttr  or 
deringlprestTvjtioit.  furtherance  rf  ye  ends  aforesaid;  and  by 
vertue  hejrof  to  f]tact,constituU,ari()  frame  such 


bt  thought  most  rnfftefe  convenient  for  ye  genrull  good  of  yt 

wliick  wepromist  »l  dut  submission  md  obfdience.  In  wihw  of 

whic'«  v>(  tiut  htreundrr  subscribed  our  nuncs  it  Cip-Codd  yj  II  o 


u  >t  iai>,tot  Sotknd  it  fiftie 


r4Jgn<M,(Jnq  J 
ie  t<rort»no: 


NOTE. 

In  the 

follow  I  no 
P39«S  will 

b<  found 
all  de/mi 

tions.rules, 
processc 
and '" 
t  rations 
in  practi- 
cal arith- 
metic that 
an  otdina- 
busi- 
ness in  an 
Has  occas 
ion  to  us*. 


NOTE. 

The  alpha- 
betic arrati»e- 
merit  will 
be  found 
to  or,  \i  lu 
expedite 


the  exam- 
pie  follow- 
ing most 
of  i he  rules, 
sufficiently 
elucidates 
t  h  e.  IY 
application. 


ABSTRACT. -Separate  or  distinct 
from  something  else.  An  abstract 
quantity  is  one  which  does  not 
involve  the  idea  of  matter,  but 
simply  that  of  a  mental  concep- 
tion. All  numbers  are  abstract 
when  the  unit  is  abstract. 

ACRE. -A  unit  employed   in    thft 
•measurement  of  land.  It  con- 
tains 43,560  square  feet,  4840 
square  yard*,  or  ISO  square  rods. 
In  the  form  of  a  square, one  side 
•measures  108.7  feet,  or  69.57 
yards.  (See  Land  or  Square  Meas- 
ure -\v\6ex). 

ACCURATE  INTEREST. -interest 

computed  according  to  the  exact 
number  of  days. To  fitid  accurate 
interest, Compute  it  at  the  rate 
of  360  days  to  the  year,  and 
subtract  from  it  J$  part-  of  itself; 
in  leap-year  subtract  ^r. 

ACUTE. -Sharp  as  opposed  to  ob- 
tuse. Ati  acute  ari9ie  is  one  that 
is  less  than  a  right  angle,  or  90°. 
Aii  acute-angled  triangle  is  one 
having  all  of  its  angles  acute. 

ADDITION. -Finding  tHe  simplest 
equivalent  expression  for  the  ag- 
gregate of  two  or  more  quanti 
ties  of  the  came  kind. To  prove 
the  accuracy  of  the  operation  of 
addition, (I)  Add  the  columns  of 
units  from  the  top  downwards, 
and  then  from  the  bottom  up- 
wards;(ft)  Separate  the  numbers 
into  two  or  more  groups, adding 
each  group  separately, and  then  . 
the  several  results; (3)  Cast  out 
the  3's,  by  taking  the 
sum  of  the  digits  in 
each  number  to  be  ad- 
ded,  and  having  divid- 
ed  each  sum  by  9,  set 
down  the  remainder 
in  a  column  at  the  right. Take  the 
sum_o-f  these  remainders  and  di- 
vide it  by  9,  setting  the  remainder 
beneath.  If  this  remainder  is  the 
same  as  that  found  by  dividing 


the  sum  of  the  digits  in  the  surr 
total  by  9,  the  work  is  correct. 

ADJACENT. -Contigu-  ° 

ous  to,  or  borderiti9  up-  / 

on.  Adjacent  angles  6  f t 
are  those  which  have  f 
one  side  in  common,  arid  their 
other  sides  a  prolongation  of  the 
same  straight  line;  thus, the  arr 
gles  D8C  and  DBA  are  adjacent. 

AGGREGATE  .-the  sum  of  sever- 
al particulars,  or  an  assemblage 
of  parts  to  form  a  whole. 

ALIQUOT  PART.-Fpr  defini- 
tion see  under  Business  Terms. 
To  find  the  aliquot  parts  of  a 
number,  Divide  it  by  the  least 
number  except  I,  that  will  ex- 
actly divide  it;  then  divide  the 
quotient  by  its  least  divisor  ex- 
cept I  ;  and  so  on,  always  divid- 
ing the  last  quotient  by  its  least 
divisor  except  I,  till  I  is  obtained 
as  a  quotient,  which, with  the 
several  divisors,  constitute  the 
aliquot  parts  of  the  number. 

ALLIGATION. -The  compounding 
or  mixing  of  ingredients.  ISee 
Business  Terms-Vnaex).  Alli9a- 
tion  Medial  is  the  process  o»  fin- 
ding the  average  value  or  quali- 
ty of  a  mixture,  the, quality  and 
quantity  of  whose  ingredients  are 
known.  Thus  mix  O»«ta»»o-»\V 
ing  together  SO  en  cts. 

bushels  of  oats,  at  40x50=2.000 
40  cents  per  bush-  50x30  =  1500 
el;  30  bushels  of  60x3.5=1500 
barley, at  50  cents  105  15000 

per  bushel,  and 
25  bus  he  Is  of  corn, 
at  60  cents  per  bushel, one  bush- 
el of  the  mixture  is  worth47;y{ 
cents.  Alligation  Alternate   is 
the  process  of  finding   what  a- 
mount  of  each  of  several  sim- 
ple ingredients,  whose  pricet  or 
qualities  are  known,  must  be 
taken  to  form  a  mixture  of  any 
required  price  or  quality.  In  solv- 


J-M9  problems  of"  this  class, Com 
pute  the  balance  of  pain  or  loss 
on  the  definite  quantities  taken; 
then  cancel  this  balance  by  tak- 
ing a  sufficient  quantity  of  one 
or  more  of  the  same  or  other 
elements'  furnished. ^xavi\^\e. 
To  make  a  grade  worth  \\t  per 
pound,  how  many  pounds  at  9  £  , 
must  be  mixed  with  100  pounds 
of  coffee  at  lie",  and  90  pounds 
O^e.vfetxo'MV. 
Total 


Av. 


El's  or 


10, 


Lbs. 


100 
90 


lost. 


90  + 


Baltnce 


10  — 
10  + 


Total 
value. 


11.00 
9.00 


.45 


Vroot.-lf  195  Ib.  are  worth 21.45 

I  Ib.  is  worth II 

Hote.-4-  shows  gain, and  — ,  los». 

ALTITUDE. -The  height  of  a  body, 
or  its  third  dimension.  To  measure 
an  accessible  altitude, 
Select  any  convenient 
point  A,  on  a  hori- 
zontal line  through    . 
C;  measure  the  dis-  * 
tanceCA;then  measure  of/a  dis- 
tance AB  towards  the  object,  and 
at  B  set  up  a  vertical  stake;  from  A, 
sight  to  the  top  of  the  object,  and 
note  the  point  £•  where  this  line  of 
sight  cuts  the  stake,  and  then  meas- 
ure OB.  From  similar  triangles 
AB  is  to  OB  as  AC  is  to  EC; 

whence,  _  EC  =  — "^ — 
Similarly  the  altitude  of  an  object 
which  is  accessible,  may  be  determ- 
ined bu  means  of  its  shadow. 
ANALYSIS. -Logically  deducing 
from  the  terms  of  a  problem  the 
conditions  and  relations  requir- 
ed in  its  solution,  which  are  not 
fully  stated. ^.xa/m^U.-  If  4  tbj. 


42 


of  sugar  cost  28  cts.,  what  will 
9  tts.  ?  K^\fc\\»*\*.-lf  4  tts.  c  os  V 
28  cts.,  one  pound  will  cost  one- 
fourth  o(  23  =7  cts.,  and  9  pounds 
will  cost  nine  times  7  cts.  =  S3  cts. 

ANG-LE.-The  portion  of  space  ly- 
ing between  two  lines,  or  be- 
tween two  or  -more  surfaces, 
meeting  in  a  common  point. 

ANNUITY.-For  definition  see  un- 
der Busmess  Form*  and  Terrns.. 
A  certain  annuity  is  an  annui- 
ty payable  /or  a  definite  length  o/ 
time.  A  contingent  annuity  is 
one  payable  /or  an  uncertain  pe- 
riod of  time,  as  durin9  li/e.    A 
deferred  annuity  iff  AtM  -not  to 
be  entered  upon  until  after   a 
certain  period^/ time.  A  rever- 
sionary annuity  is  one  not  to  be 
entered  upon  till  a/ter  the  death 
of  a  certain  person.  An  annui- 
ty in  possession  is  one  to  be  en- 
tered upon  at  once.  A  life  annu- 
ity is  one  to  continue  during  the 
life  of  one  or  -more  persons.  Aeon 
tmgcnt  life  annuity  is  one  to  con- 
firms for  a  certain  number   of 
years,  provided  a  certain  person 
Survives  the  period  mentioned. 
A  perpetual  annuity  is  one  to 
continue  forever.  A  fovboY-ne 
annuity  is  one  Vv\  a-vrevts,  that 
is, the  payment  may  not  h  ave 
been  -made  when  du-e.  (See  Com- 
pound Interest  Tables,  Nos.  3  and 
4.  also  Life  Annuity). 

ANTECEDENT.- The  first  of  the 
two  terms  in  a  ratio,  which  are 
compared  together.  It  forms 
the  standard  of  comparison, and 
must  be  known  before  the  value 
of  the  other  term  (the  consequent) 
can  be  expressed. (See  Ratio). 

APPLES,  Potatoes,  etc. -To  find 
the  number  of  bushels  of  apples, 
potatoes,  etc.,  in  a  bin,  Multiply 
the  length,  breadth  and  thickness 
together,  and  this  product  by  8, and 
point  off  one  figure  in  the  prod- 
uct for  decimals. 

APOTHECARIES' Weight  and 
Measure. -Used  in  mixing  and 
compounding  medicines.  For 
the  table,  see  under  Weights  and 
Measures. 

ARABIC  Notation. -That  meth- 
od of  expressing  numbers  by  the 
use  of  characters  called  i\qu.ra<=,. 
They  arc,  1,2,3, 4-,  5,  6,7,8,9,  and 
0,  the  last  is  used  for  vacant  orders. 

ARC. -A  part  of  the  circumference 
of  a  circle  or  other  curve. "To  find 
the  length  of  an  arc,  u-se  the  fol- 
lowing formula:  The  number  of 
degrees  (dco.)  contained  in  an  arc, 
and  the  diameter (diam.^of  the 
circle  being  given,  required  the 
length  (1)  of  the  arc: 

deQ.xdiam.x  3.14-16  -i-360  =  l. 

AREA. -The  superficial  contents 
of  any  surface  expressed  interms 
of  some  given  sur/ace  assumed 
as  a  unit  or_standard  of  compar- 
ison; the  unit  «f  measurement  us- 
ually being  a  square. 


ARITHMETIC. -That  branch  of  math- 
ematics treating  of  the  relations 
and  properties  of  numbers  when 
ex  pressed  .by  the  aid  of  figures,  or 
combinations  of  figures. 

AVERAO-E. -The. quotient  aris- 
ing /row  dividing  the  sum  of 
two  or  more  terms  by  their  -num- 
ber: thus  the  average  of  3,8,9,11, 
and  14  =(3  +8  +9  +11  +14) H-5  =  9.  - 
For  the  commercial  signification 
of  this  term,  see  under  Business 
Forms  and  Terms. 

AVERAGE  or  Equation  of  Pay- 
ments.-The  -method  of  finding 
the  time  when  the  payment  of  sev- 
eral sums,  due  at  different  times, 
may  be  made  at  once,  without  loss 
of  interest  to  either  debtor  or 
creditor.  The  Focal  Date  .is  the 
date  from  which  the  time  is  reck- 
oned to  the  dates  when  the  sev- 
eral amounts  become  due.  (See 
Business  Time  Tables).To  find 
the  average  time  when  afl  the 
terms  o-f  credit  begin  at  the  same 
time,  Multiply  each  amount  by 


its  term  of  credit,  and  divide  the 
sum  of  the  several  products .by 
the  sum  of  the  debts;  the  quotient 
will  be  the  average  term  of  credit. 
^  X-srtw^Xe. .  -  A  merchant  purchas- 
es goods,  January  6th,atnou,ntitio 
to  #900  :  *300  payable  in  6  months 
«300  in  8  months,  and  «300  in 
10  months.  When  may  the  whole 
be  paid  without  loss  to  either  par- 
ty? Solution). 
*300  /or6mos.=4tl800  for  I  mon. 
300  "  8  1.  =  24-00  M  ,, 
300  •.  10  ••  =  3000  .»  » 
900,  )  7200"  =8  months. 
To  fitid  the  average  time  when 
the  terms  of  the  credits  beobi  at 
different  times ,  Fi  fid  the  date  when 
each  debt  becomes  due.  (See  Busi- 
ness Time  Tables).  Find  the  time. 
intervening  between  the  earliest 
of  these,  dates  and  the  date  of  each 
succeeding  amount.Multiply  each 
amount  by  the  tirne  intervening 
between  the  earliest  date  and 
the  date  when  the  amount  be- 
comes due.  Divide  the  SU-HI  of  the 
products  by  the  sum  of  the  debts; 
the  quotient  will  be  the  average 


time  required.  Add  this  average, 
time  to  the  focal  date-  fov  the 
day  of  payment. ^.x-vm^Vz..- Re- 
quired the  time  when  the  amoii-nt 
of  the  debts  as  below  stated  be- 
come due  per  average. 

" 


Jan.  6,  %300  S-mos.  July  9. 
Apr.  10,  200  6  »  Oct.  10. 
May  7,  400  3  •»  Aug.  7. 

State-men*. 

^ua.  \Savs-  ^'«\l*.  Vioivicfc 

FrcmiJuJu5toJiil(iS,   0x300       00000 
,,     ,.    „  Au.o.7,32x400       12800 
.>     ....  Oct.  1 0,96x2-00       19200    , 
900    )32000t35f 
Atis.36*  days  from  Julg  6th  is  Au-j.llth. 

AVOIRDUPOIS. -The  system  of 
weights  by. which  the  coarser 
commodities  are  weighed,  su-ch 
as  hay,  grain,  wool,  and  the. 
coarser  metals.  For  table  see 
under  Weights  and  Measures. 

BARREL.— A  unit  of  liquid -meas- 
ure, differing  in  value  for  dif- 
ferent articles  measured.  The 
English  wine  barrel  contains 
3l^i  gallons,  and  the  beer  bar- 
rel,36  gallons. (See  Weights 
and  Measures). 

BASE. -The  side  of  a  plane  fig- 
ure upon  which  it  is  supposed 
to  lie.  I-M  a  triangle,  the  base 
lies  opposite  the  angular  point 
chosen  as  the  vertex. The. Base 
of  a  System  of  Numbers, is. the 
value  of  the  unit  of  the  first 
order,  it  being  the  abstract  mm 
her  l,for  all  systems.of  abstract 
numbers.  Iti  denominate  nunt 
bers,  the  base  is  I  thing  of  the 
kind  numbered. 

BILLION. -In  the  decimal  si/s- 
tem, a  unit  of  th;e  tenth  order, 
which  is  a  thousand  millions. 

BLAZE. -A  spot  ma.de  on  theside 
of  a  tree,  by  removing  the  bark 
with  an  axe.  It  is  used  i-ji  Sur- 
vey ing,  and  for  distinguishing 
different  points. 

BOARD  MEASURE. -The  unit 

of  lumber  measure  is  a/o.ot 
12  inches  long,  12  inches  wide, 
and   I  inch  thick.  All  kinds  of 
lumber  and  timber  are  estl- 
•mated  by  this  un it, except  tha* 
timber  is  sometimes  estimated 
by  the  cubic  foot.  To  find   the 
contents  of  an  inch  board, Find 
the  product  of  the  length  and 
breadth  in  feet.  For  a  two-inch 
board,  multiply  the  area  by  2", 
for  a  half-inch  board, divide  by 
2,  etc.  I/  the  board  tapers, take 
half  -the  sum  of -the  two  ends 
for  the  average  width. To  find 
the  contents  of  a  plank,;Vut,etc., 
estimated  in  board  •measu.re.Fi-nd 
the  product  of  the  width  in  inches 
the  thickness  in  inches,  and  the 
length  jn  feet;  and  take  Ai  of  this. 
If  the  timber  tapers  in  width 
and  in,  thickness,  the  contents 
in  cubic  feet  may  be  found    by 
multiplying  half  the  sum  of  th« 


areas  of  the  two  ends  m  inches 

bu  th«  It  Mfll  ^  in  led  and  dividing 
th«  product  by  144  To  /itid  t  ht 
number  of  Cubic  feet  in  round  tim- 
ber, Find  th«  average  eircu.-mf«.r  - 
ence  by  adding  the  circumference 
of  the  larger  and  smaller  end»  and 
dividing  by  2  ;  multiply  the  square 
of  one-  fourth  of  this  average  cir. 
Cumference  by  the  length  in  feet; 
the  result  gives  four-fi/ts  of  the 
real  contents  in  cubic  feet,  one* 
fifth  being  customarily  allowed  to 
the  purchaser  for  waste  in  sawitia. 
(See  Instantaneous  Method  of 
Measuring  Lumber). 

BUSHEL.  -See  under  Business 
Forms  and  Terms,  also    under 
Weights  and  Measures. 
JUTT.-A  measure  for  liquids,co-n- 
taining   108  imperial  gallons. 

CANCELLATION  .-The  operation 
of  strikin?  out  the  common  fac- 
tors in  both  dividend  and  divisor, 
before  performing  the  operation 
of  division.  •  _  N 

iARAT.-A  weight  of  four  grains 
employed.in  weighing  diamonds. 
The  tcrm_  is  also  used  iri  measur- 
ing the  fineness  of  gold,  the  whole 
•mass  being  divided  into  34  e- 
qual  parts,  the  number  of  these 
parts  which  are  pure  gold  will  ex- 
press the  number  of  carats  o/ 
fineness,  as  23  carats  fine. 

CARDINAL  Points.  -The  four 
principal  points  of  the  compast  : 
North,  South,  East,  West. 
CASK.  -To  find  the  mean  diam- 
eter of  a  cask  (•ne.w\v),Add  to 
the  head  diameter  yt  ,or,  if  the 
staves  are  but  little  curved,  .6  , 
of  the  difference  between  the 
head  and  bung  diameters.  To 
•find  the  contents  of  a  cask  in  gal 
Ions,  Multiply  the  square  of  the 
mean  diameter  by  the  length  (both 
in  inches),  and  this  product  by 
.0034. 

CAUSE  and  Effect.  -Anything  op 
crating  to  produce  a  result  is  a 
ca.u.*e,  and  the  result  istheeUae*. 
jf  is  a  natural  law  that  the  *Us,cv 
is  proportional  to  the  c»\v»a.  which 
produces  it.  A.  cause  or  an  ef- 
fect -may  be  either  t\trv\^\t  _or 
cov»\^ourv\&  :  %VVY\^\I,  when  it  in- 
volves but  one  element:  WW^OMYVO, 
when  it  involves  two  or  more  el- 
ements. ^.>(»v»\\\«>.  -  If  10  men 
in  5  days  of  7  hours  each,  d  ig 
a  trench  25  feet  long,  8  feet  wide, 
and  7  fact  deep,  in  how  many  days 
of  12  hours  each  will  4  men  dig 
A  trench  Id  feet  long,  IQfeetdeep, 
and  8  feet  wide? 


to  about  x<ic  of  a  grain. 

CENTILITRE. -The  hundredth  part 
o>  the  French  litre,  equal     to 
about  H  of  a  cubic  inch. 

CENTIMETRE. -The  hundredth  part 
of  the  French  metre,  equal  to 
about  3^3  of  an  inch. 

CENTURY.-  A   period   of   time 
the  length  of  which  is  100  years. 

CHAIN. -An  instrument  usc_d 
in  surveying,  and  is  66  feet  in 
length,  containing  100  links,each 
link  being  7.9fl  inches  long.  I* 
is  usually  called  Cunter's  chain. 

".HORD.-  A  strait  line,  joining  the 
two  extremities  of  an  arc  of  a 
curve. 

CIPHER. -The  character  0.  It 
signifies  -r\o  Yvu.Y»\\>e/v  when  stand- 
ing by  itself,  but  rn  combination, 
it  occupies  a  place  in  the  arithmet 
ical  scale,  and  indicates  that  there 
are  no  units  of  that  order  in 
the  number. 

CIRCLE. -A  portion  of  a 
plane  AEBF,  bounded  by 
a  curved  line,e»ery  point 


10     :     12    ::     15     :      12 

5  4  8  10 

7x78 

Operation. 

J3xlO»8ylO»5»7    _e    . 

"      11x4*35x3x7      -5dai 

CENTIGRAMME.  -The  hundredth 

part  of  a  French  gramme,  equal 


of  which  is  equally  distant  from 
&  point  within  called  the  ce/wvve-. 
The  bounding  line  is  called  the 

A'va-mefce-v  is  a  stra'^ht 
line  drawn  through 
the  centre  and_terwii-S 
nated  by  the  circum- 
ference, as  AB.  The 
-»a,4W%  is  a  straight 
line  from  the  centre  t 
ference,  as  CO. An  a/<c  it  any  portion 
of  the  circumference,  as  AE.A«.ec- 
Vot  is  the  space  included  between 
two  radii  and  the  intercepted  arc, 
as  BCD.  A  cVo'vo.  is  a  straight  line 
joining  the  extremities  of  an  arc, 
as  AO.  A  <ieqvv\eYvV  is  bounded   by 
an  arc  and  its  chord,  as  AOE.A 
plane  figure  is  Xv^eVxW^  in  a  cir- 
cle when  the  vertices  of  its  angles 
are  in  the  circumference  of  the 
circle,  as  LMNO  is  inscribed  in 
the  circle  whose  radius  is  PM.A 
cVvcuXa-v  Vw\9  is  the  space  enclosed 
between  the  circumferences  of  two 
concentric  circles .Cor\ca\%*V\c  c\t- 
c\»«  have  the  same  centre  but  dif- 
ferent radii,  as  the  circles  whose 


radii  a>«  PK  and  PT  To  find 
the  cv»c>».-wvkeYe,-Y\ce  o'  a  circle 
Multiply  the  diameter  by  3.1416 
To  /•'»id  the  o>'\awcx.*Y  of  a  cir 
cle.  Divide  the  circumference  by 
3.1416.10 /ind  the  «.\ea.  of  a 
circle,  Multiply  the  square  of 
the  radius  by  3.  14-16;  or  Divide 
the  square  of  half  thecircum 
ference  by  3.1416;  or  Multiply 
fche  circumference  by  one-fourth 
of  the  diameter.  To  livid  the 
diaxweWv  or  c'stcu.-vYxte/Karvoa.  of 
a  circle,  0  i  vide  t  he  area  by  3.I4U 
the  square  root  of  the  quotienl 
will  be  half  the  diarnetcr,  and 
the  diameter  multiplied  b^?.(-*is 
will  be  the  circumference. To 
/i-Md  the  area  of  a  =,acvo/v  of 
a  circle,  Multiply  half  »he  length 
of  the  arc  by  the  radius ;orTali 
the  same  part  of  the  area  of 
the  circle  as  the  number  ofde 
grees  in  the  arc  are  of  360°. To 
find  the  area  of  a  %«.< 
the  area  of  the  sector,  subtract  the 
area  of  the  triangle  formed  with 
the  chord  and  radii,  for  a  segment 
less  than  a  semi-circle;  but  add 
these  areas^for  a  segment  greater 
than  a  semi-circle.  To  find  the  area 
of  a  T.owe.,STUV,  From  the  area  of 
the  circle,  subtract  the  areas  of  the 
segments  riot  included  in  the  zone 
To  fitid  the  area  of  a  tvccvuXvt  Vwvo, 
Find  the  difference  between  the 
areas  of  the  two  circles. To  /Jttd 
the  side  of  an  \Y\'5C,V\ 
e.K?A  Vr'xwtoAfe, M  ultiply  the  diam- 
eter by  .866025.  To  Ct-nA  the  side 
of  an  Yv\«cV\\a«&  %o,u,a.ite,  Multiply 
the  diameter  by  ,707l06.To  f'tttA 
the  side  of  a  %^u.a.re  v 
Va'\v\  VV\e  %»KVM  are»  as  a  given  cr- 
cle, M  ultiply  the  diameter  by 
.886217. 

CIRCULAR  Measure. -Used  to 
determine  localities,  by  estimating 
latitude  and  longitude;  also  to  meas- 
ure the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bod- 
ies, and  compute  differences  of 
time.  For  table,  see  under  Weights 
and  Measures. 

CIRCULAR  Ring. -See  Circle. 

CIRCULATING  Decimal, or  Repeat 
inp  Decimal.- One  in  which  one 
or  more  figures  are  continually 
repeated  in  the  same  order;  as, 
.33333,. 57235723,  etc. The  fig- 
ure or_set  of  figures  which  is  re- 
peated is  called  the  ire,v«.V«/v\& . 

CIRCUMFERENCE. -See  Circle. 
The  circumferences  of  different 
citclcs  are  to  each  other  as  their 
diameters, or  radii. 

CIRCUMSCRIBE. -To 

limit  or  bound.  A  fig- 
ure drawn  around  a« 
other,  so  that  all  its 
sides  or  faces  shall  be 
tangent  to  the  second  figure, 
which  is  then  called  an  \nscV\WA 
iVqxvre.  The  circle  ABC  is  circum- 
scribed about  the  triangle  ABC. 
CISTERN.  To  find  thcnumber 
of  gallons  in  a  quadrilateral  cis- 


tern,  Multiply  the  length,  width, 
and  depth,  in  inches,  togcthcr^and 
divide  the  product  by  231. To  find 
the  number  of  gallons  in, a  circu- 
lar cistern  of  uniform  diameter, 
Multiply  the  square  of  the  diam- 
eter (in  inches)  by  .7854,  which 
product  multiply  by  the  depth(in 
inches);  then  divide  by  231.  To 
find  the  number  of  gallons  in 
a  circular  cistern  whose  lower 
and  upper  diameters  differ,To 
the  sum  of  the  squares  of  the. 
lower  and  upper  diameters, add 
the  product  of  the  lower  and  up- 
per di'amete>rs;  then  -multiply  by 
.7854  ,  which  product  -multiply 
by  the  depth  (all  in  inches);then 
divide  by  693.  (See  Cisterns,un- 
dcr  Weights  and  Measures). 

CLOTH  Measure. -Seetable  un- 
der Weights  and  Measures. 

COIN. -Pieces  of  metal, as  gold, 
silver,  copper,  etc.,  conve-rted 
into  money  by  stamping  upon 
the,m  certain  characters. (Sec 
Coin.under  Weights  and  Measures). 

COMMON  DIVISOR. -Any  quan- 
tity which  vyijl  divide  two  or -more 
other  quantities,  without  a  re- 
mainder; as, 4  is  a  com-mon  di- 
visor of  20,  40,  and  60.  The 
q-vea.WiX'  co-wwvorv  ITwtM*  a(  two 
or  wore  numbers  is  the  greatest 
•number  that  will  exactlydivide 
each;  as,  4  is  the  greatest  com- 
mon divisor  of  12,  (6,  and  28.- 
To  find  the  QYa^vaiV  co-m-mo-v\  V\- 
vVio-x  of  two  -numbers, Divide  the, 
greater  number  by,  the  less  ;  i  f 
there  be  no  remainder,the  small- 
er -number  is  the  G-.C. O.I/  there 
be  a  remainder  after  completing 
the  division,  divide  the  first  di- 
visor by  this;  divide  this  second 
divisor  by  any  second  remainder, 
and  so  on  till  an  exact  divisor 
is  found.  This  exact  divisor  is 
the  G.C.D.  I/  there  be  -mere  than 
two  tiutnbers,  find  the  G.C.D.  of 
the  smallest  -number,  and  the 
sum  of  the  others,  which, wjll 
be  the  greatest  common  divis- 
or of  all. 

COM  PASS.  -  An  instru- 
ment to  indicate  thedi- 
rectjon  of  the  magnetic 
•meridian,  and  alsotode- 
terwine  the  angle  con- 
tained between  that  -meridian  and 
any  horizontal  line.  It  is  named 
according, to  the  different  purpos- 
es for  which  it  is  used;  as,  iMTviev- 
o-x*<;  co-vtt^ass,-vt\3L-v\t\eV*  cow^a^s, 
eo.\-mu,vVv  co-*v\v»«,  etc.,  but  the 
general  principle  is  the  same  in 
all. 

COMPLEMENT. -The  difference 
between  a  number  and  a  unit 
ofthenext  higher  order;  thus 
the  complement  of  6  is  110-6)  4; 
of  16  is  (100-16)  24;  of  475  is 
(1000-475)  525;  etc. 

COMPLEX  F-raction. -A  fraction 
having  a  fraction  or  mixed  num 
ber  in  either  the  iiurnerator  or 


denominator,  or  in  both;  thus 

f^Wn**"-*" 

fractions.  To  -reduce  a  complex, 
fraction  to  a  simple  fraction, Di 
vide  its  numerator  by  itsdetiomina 
tor. 

COMPOSITE  Nu-niber.-Onethat 
can  be  divided  by  some  other  -num- 
ber besides  itself  and  unity;  as, 
10,  18,48,75,  etc. 

COMPOUND. -Composed  of  dif- 
ferent things.  Compound  Addi- 
tion, Subtraction,  Multiplication, 
and  Division,  are  names  given 
to  these  several  operations, when 
the  numbers  are  expressed  in  a 
varying  scale;  as,  years, -months, 
days;  bushels,  pecks,  quarts;  etc. 
Compou.nd  Fraction. -A  frac- 
tion of  a  fraction,  or  several  frac- 
tions connected  by  the  word  ot. 
To  reduce  a  compound, fraction 
to  a  simple  fraction, Find  the 
product  of  the  nu-merators,and 
write  it  over  the  product  of  the 
denominators.  Compound  Inter- 


est.-Interest  on  both  principal 
and  interest.  To  compute  com- 
pound interest,  Find  the  interest 
on  the  given  principal  to  thetitne 
the  interest  becomes  due, and,  add 
the  principal.  Then  find  the  inter- 
est on  this  amount  for  the  next 
period,  and  add  as  before,, and  so 
continue  for  each  successive  peri- 
od to  the  time  of  settlenient.Sub 
tract  the  given  principal  f-roin 
the.  last  amount,  and  the  remain- 
der will  be  the  compound  interest. 
If  there  be  -months  and  days ,  find 
the  amount  for  the  years, and  the 
interest  on  this  for  the  remainder 
of  the  time.  (See  Compound  Inter- 
est Tables). Compound  Number. 
-A  -number  constructed  according 
to  a  varying  scale;  as,  7cwt.,lqr., 
10  Ibs.  Called  also  &ev\o\v\\;Y\'a.Vo, 
•M \WK\W-v.  Compound  Ratio. -The 
product  of  -two  or  more  ratios. 
Compound  Proportion.  —  ATI 
equality  of  two  compound  ra- 
tios, or  of  a  compound  ratio  and 
a  simple  one.  I-M  solving  problems 
in  Compound  Proportion,Arranoe 
the  terms  of  each  of  the  simple 


ratios  of  the  compound  ratio  «* 
in  Simple  Proportion. Then, if  an 
extreme  term  be  required,  it  will 
be  equal  to  the  quotient  of  the  prod- 
uct of  the  means  divided  by  the 
product  of  the  known  extremes, 
and  if  a  mean  term  be  required, 
it  will  be  equal  to  the  product  of 
the  extremes  divided  by  the  prod- 
uct of  the  known  means. Exam- 
ple.-If  10  men  can  mow  40  a- 
cres  of  grass  in  3  days  by  work- 
ing 8  hours  each  day,  how  many 
men  will  it  take  to  mow  80  a- 
cres  of  grass  in  4  days,  working 

6  hours  each  day?  Kv\«>.20  men. 

Statement. 

40ft.  .SOA.  1  J80x3*8)rl() 

6houTs:8houTsJ  "  )  40x4x6 

COMPUTE. -To  reckon  by  the  aid 
of  figures  or  characters;  to  prac- 
tically apply  the  rules  of  a  sci- 
ence to  individual  examples. 

CONCAVE. -A  term  applied  to, the 
inner  surface  of  hollow  bodies, 
and  by  analogy  extended  to  lines- 

CONCENTRIC. -A  term  ap- 
plied to  circles  or  spheres 
having  the  same  centre  kut 
different  radii,  and  some- 
times, by  analogy ,  to  other  sur- 
faces and  lines. 

CONCRETE. -A,  term  signifying 
that  a  quantity  carries  with  if 
the  idea  of  matter,  as  10  boxes, 

7  men,  5  stones,  as  opposed  to 
abstract  quantities,  10,7,5. 

CONE. -A  solid  which 
-may  be  generated  by 
a  right-angled  triangle 
CAD,  revolving  about 
one  of  its  sides. CO,  ad- 
jacent to  the  right  an- 
gle. The  side  CD,iscall- 
ed  the  -a.x\<i,  and  i  t  s 
length  measures  the  -.~ — •-• — 
the  cone. The  side  AO,  generates 
a  circle  called  the  V>-a.%e-,  and  the 
hypothenuse  CA,  generates    a 
curved  surface,  which  is  called 
the  \-aAt«AA\  or  corvee*  tu.rxAC.4  oV 
VV\e  torve.The  length  of  th«  hi/poth- 
enuse  measures  the  S\VM  W\c)Vv  of 
the  cone.  A  V\qV\V  co-v\«,  has  a  cir- 
cular base  and  a  curved  surface. 
The  S-tMwvwwv  of  a  cone  (or  pyr- 
amid) is  that  part  that  remains 
after  cutting  off  the  top  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  the  base.  The 
^eVx-mexVe/v  is  the  circumference 
of  the  base. To  find  the  entire. 
surface  of  a  cone  (or  regular  pyr- 
amid), Multiply  the  perimeter  of 
the  base  by  half  of  the  slant 
height,  and  to  the  product^  add 
the  area,  of  the  base.  To  -find 
the  solidity  o,f  a  cone  ( or  any  pyr- 
amid), Multiply  the  area  of, the 
base  by  one-third  of  the  altitude. 
To  find  the  entire,  surface  of  a 
frustrum  of  a  cone  (or  right  pyr- 
amid), Multiply  the  sum  of  the 
perimeters,  or  circumferences  of 
the  two  ends,  by  half  of  the  slant 
height,  and  to  the  product  add  the 


areas  o  *  the  two  ends.  To  -find 

than  three  figures).  Find  the  great- 

the cube  roots  o-f  numbers  from 

the  solidity  of  the  frustrum  of  a 

est  cube  in  the  left-hand  period, 

1  to  232. 

conc(orany  pyramid),  Multiply 
together  the  areas  of  the  two  bas- 

and place  its  root  at  the  right,lika 
a  quotient  .  S  ubtract  the  Cube  of 

No. 

CUBE 
ROOT 

Mn    CUBE 
NO.   ROOT 

MK      CU'E 

No.  ROOT 

M       CUBE 
No-    ROOT 

es,  and  extract  the  square  root  of 

this  root  from  the  left-hand  pei- 

1 

59  3.891 

117  4.890 

1755.599 

the  product.  This  root  will  be  the 

riod,  and  to  the  remainder  annex 

2 

.259 

60  3.914 

1184.904 

176  5.604. 

area  of  a  base-  which  is  a  mean 
between  the  other  two.  Take  the 

the  figures  of  the  next  period,  and 
call  this  number  the  d  i  v  i  d  e-ri  d. 

3 

4 

.442 
.587 

6113.936 
62  3.957 

1194.918 
1204.932 

177  5.614 
178  5.625 

sum  of  the  areas  of  the  three  bas- 

Take three  times  the  square  of 

5 

.709 

63  3.979 

121  4.946 

1795.635 

es,  and  multiply  it  by  one-third 

the  root  found  considered  as  tens 

6 

.817 

644 

1224.959 

180  5.646 

of  the  altitude;  the  product  will 

for  a  trial  d  ivisor.  F  ind  how  ma- 

7 

.912 

654.020 

1234.973 

181  IS.  656 

be  the  solidity. 

ny_*imes  it  is  contained  in  the 

8 

2 

66  4.041 

1244.986 

I82i5.667 

CONSEQUENT.  -The  second 

d  ividend,  and  write  the  quotient 

9 

2.080 

67;4.06l 

125  5 

18315.677 

tern^  of  a  ratio.  I/  the  value  of 

as  the  next  figure  of  the  root;  then 

10 

2.154 

684.081 

126  5.013 

18415.687 

a  ratio  is  given,  and  the  antece- 

multiply the  divisor  by  this  last 

II 

1.223 

694.101 

1275.026 

185;  5.  698 

dent  is  known,  the  consequent 

root  figure,  placing  the  product 

12 

2.289 

70:4.121 

128  S.039 

186  5.708 

may  be  found   by  multiplying  the 

under  the  dividend.  Multiply  the 

13 

2.351 

714.140 

129  5.05i 

187  5.718 

ratio  by  the  antecedent. 

square  of  the  last  root  figure  by 

14 

2.410 

724.160 

130  5.065 

18815.728 

CONTENTS.-  The  contents  of  a 

the  preceding  root  figure  or  fig- 

15 

2.4K6 

73!4.I79 

131  '5.  078 

I89!5.738 

.    plane  figure,  is  the  number  of 

ures  considered  as  so  many  tens, 

16 

2.519 

74:4.198 

132!  5.  091 

190  5.748 

times  which  the  figure  contains 

and  this  product  by  3,  and  place 

17 

2.571 

754.217 

133:5.104 

191  5.758 

come  given  aj-ea  assumed  as  the 

the  product  under  the  last;  then 

IS 

2.620 

76(4.235 

134:5.  117 

192  5.768 

unit  of  surface.  1  1  is  the  same 

under  these  two  products  place 

'9 

2.668 

7714.254 

135'  5.  129 

193  5.778 

as  the  area.  The  contents  of  a 

the  cube  of  the  last  root  figure, 

20 

2.714 

78  4.272 

1365.142 

194(5.788 

solid,  is  the  number  of  times 

and  find  their  sum,  calling  it  the 

21 

2.758 

79  4.290 

137,5.155 

1955.798 

which  the  solid  will  contain  some 

subtrahend.  Subtract  the  subtra- 

22 

2.802 

804.308 

I38j5.i67 

I9S  5.808 

particular  solid  assumed,  as  the 

hend  from  the  dividend,  and  to 

29 

1J. 

2.843 

81  4.32S 

139  5.180 

197:5.818 

|QQ     C     CTQ 

un  i  t  of  vol  ume.  1  1  is  the  s  ame 
as  the  volume. 

f~^          ....<"""""'"""*•""••-•--,.          C^. 

x-r 

25 

2^924 

82  A,  344- 
834.362 

140,5.  191 
141  5.204 

'?£}'  D.  OAO 

199  5.838 

CONTOUR.  -The  bounding  line.or 

"   •'•'''   SBto.                A^fifc'*''1^"^3 

26  2.962 

8414.379 

142  5.217 

2005.848 

perimeter,  o-f  a  plane  figure.  The 

-1''    *!JsjPgT\        ffr}t$&£  '**• 

27 

3 

8514.396 

143  5.229 

201:5.857 

contour  of  ground,  has  reference 

/•'''       t^SSi  ^^^      f/^*rj&      **'» 

28 

3.036 

86  4.414 

144'  5.241 

202.5.867 

to  the  surface  of  any  part  of  t  he 

/      ^\\fB^\Jf/^S^/f        **• 

29 

3.072 

87  4.43  f 

I451  5.253 

203  5.877 

earth  with  respect  to  its  undula- 

^                ^k.\^«i^^^^"/>w                    **" 

30 

3.107 

88  4.447 

146  5.265 

204  5.886 

tions  and  accidents. 

IB^^^   ^^^ff                            "" 

31 

3.141 

89  4.464 

147:5.277 

205:5.896 

CONTRACTION.  -The  process  of 

•  TJjSSt"MB™ffi'  n^  B^   *nEmTT™13P    ; 

32 

3.174 

904.481 

148  5.289 

206  5.905 

shortening  any  operation.  For 

SJJ5.  y&v  £  JfOH  oil  Vt|>  ffi  j&i.  j°BS  : 

33 

3.207 

91  4.497 

149  5.301 

207  5.915 

the  contractions  of  the  different 

So^  ^5^1$  1  ^r     &P'      i  >r^5Hr  ' 

34 

3.239 

92  4.514 

1505.313 

208  5.924 

operations,  as  Multiplication,  Di- 

"    '••••Jj  Pllf^rt^*.'  jJlllMmmo^  f 

35 

3.271 

93  4.530 

151  5.325 

209  5.934 

vision,  etc.,  see  each  in  its  prop- 

^y^>sj^<^^%         ^ 

36 

3.301 

944.546 

1525.335 

210  5.943 

er  order. 

"""            '      fL~^^^*df^if^^^.                  + 

37 

3.331 

95  4.561 

1535.348 

211  5.953 

CON  VEX.  -Protuberant  outwards, 

'••           /^/^H/y^\t8fv^k           s«" 

38 

3.361 

96  4.578 

1545.360 

111  5.961 

as  the  outer  surface  of  a  sphere. 

'•'•     ris?$/f     i^\^  SJ^SB    >•** 

39 

3.391 

97  4.594 

1555.371 

213:5.972 

The  opposite  of  concave. 

"••.-.    «Q«e«r            i»«3SHr*  •'*'* 

40 

3.419 

98  4.  6  1C 

1565.383 

214,5.981 

CUBE,  or  Hexahedron.—  A  regu- 

ffl'^Sr' '**^i^t^           ^^P"^"'  *%t&m 

41 

3.448 

99  4.626 

157  5.394 

215  5.990 

lar  polyhedron  bounded  by_s  ix 
equal  squares.  It  is  the  unit  of 

s3L     ''"•<„.  ..:--••-'•"'     3^ 

42 
43 

3.476 
3.503 

100,4.641 
1014657 

1585.406 
I59'5.4I7 

2166 
217  6.009 

measure  for  all  volumes.  The  vol- 

the remainder  bring  down  the 

44 

3.530 

1024.672 

160  5.428 

218  6.018 

ume  of  any  cube  is  equal  to  the 

next  period  for  a  new  dividend, 

45 

3.556 

1034.687 

16  l!  5.440 

219:6.027 

product  obtained  by  taking   one 

with  which  proceed  as  before  till 

46 

3.583 

104.4.702 

162  5.451 

220  6.036 

Of  its  edges  three  times  as  a  factor. 

the  required  root  be  found.  If 

47 

3.603 

1054.717 

163,5.462 

221  6.045 

The  cube  of  a  num  ber  or  quanti- 

any dividend  be  too  small  to  con- 

48 

3.634 

ICS'4.731 

164  5.473 

Ml  6.055 

ty,  is  the  product  obtained  by  tak- 

tain the  trial  divisor,  place  a  ci- 

49 3.659 

1074.747 

165  5.484 

213  6.064 

ing  the  number  or  quantity  three 

pher  in  the  root,  and  then  pro- 

50 

3.684 

I08!4.762 

166  5.495 

224  6.073    ! 

times  as  a  factor. 

ceed,  as  before.  \(  -there  be  .a  re- 

51 

3.708 

109,4.776 

167  5.506 

225  6.082 

CORN.  -Two  cubic  feet  of  good, 

mainder  after  the  last  period  is 

52 

3.732 

1104.791 

168  5.517 

226  6.091 

sound,  dry  corn  in  the  ear  will 

used,  annex  periods,  of  ciphers  and 

53 

3.756 

11114.805 

169  5.528 

227  6.100 

-make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn. 

continue  the  operation  until  the 

54 

3.779 

1124.320 

1705.539 

228  6.109 

To  -littd,  then,  the  number  of 

requisite  number  of  decimal  pla- 

55 

3.802 

1134.834 

I7li5.  550 

229:6.1(8 

bushels  of  shelled  corn  in  a  crib 

ces  be  obtained.  Extract  the  cube 

55 

3.825 

114  4.848 

172  5.561 

230  6.126 

of  corn  in  the  ear,  Multiply  the 

root  of  both  terms  of  a  cowrnovi 

57 

3.849 

1154.861 

I73!  5.572 

23!  6.135 

length,  breadth,  and   height(al) 
in  -feet)  together,  and  divide  the 

4-«a.cV\oY\  when  they  are  perfect  pow- 
ers; otherwise  multiply  the  numer- 

CU 

3.870 

BIC  r 

11614.876 
i/lEASU 

174  5.582 
RE.  -Us 

2316.144 
ed  for 

product  by  2.  (Sec  Bushel,  under 
Weights  and  Measures). 

ator  by  the  square  of  the  denom- 
inator, and  divide  the  root  of  the 

computing  the  contents   of  sol- 
id substances  or  volume  o  f  any 

CUBE  ROOT.-  A  quantity  which 

product  by  the  denominator,  the 

space.  It  is  also  called  %O\'\^V<\«.'JLS- 

being  taken  three  times  as  a  fac- 

result will  be  the  root  required. 

NWC..  For  table  see  under  Weijhts 

tor,  will  produce  the  quantity 

To  extract  the  cube  root  of  dec- 

and Measures. 

of  which  it  is  the  cube  root;  thus 

imals  or  mixed  decimals,  ciphers 

CUBIC  UNITS.  -Standard  meas- 

4 i*  *he  cube  roo*  of  64,  because 
4x4  x4  =  64.  To  -find  -t-he  cube 

must  be  added  to  fill  the  periods; 
if  the  -root  does  not  contain  suffi- 

ures of  volume.  The  pr  mary  cu- 
bic units  are_  —  ;  cubic  yard,  cubic 

root  of  a  whole  riun-iber,_Sep- 

cient  decimal  places,  prefix  ciphers. 

foot,  and  cubic  inch. 

arate  the  number  into  periods 
of  three  figures  each,  beginning 
at  the  right  hand;  (  the  left  hand 
period  will  often  contain  tecs 

In  pointing  o-ff  a  mixed  decimal 
into  periods,  _begin  at  the  decimal 
point,  and  point  off  in  both  direc- 
tions. The  following  table  contains 

CURVE.  -A  line  which  changes 
its  direction  at  every  point;  i.e., 
no  three  consecutive  points  of  which 
lie  in  the  same  straight  line. 

CYLINDER. -Asolid  which 
tnay  be  generated  by  revolv- 
ing a  rectangle  about  one 
of  its  sides.  This  side  .is  its 
&x\%.The  opposite  side  gen- 
erates a  single  curved  sur- 
face, called  thec,cmM«.ii  or 
\«Ae,ta\  i\xittac«.  of  the  cy  I- 
inder,  and  the  two  adjacent  s  ides 
or  ends  generate  circles  call.ed 
\sa%e%  of  the  cyl.inde-r.The  dis- 
tance between  the  bases  is  call- 
ed the  a\V\Vvv&e.  To  find  the  con- 
vex surface  of  a  cylinder,  Multi- 
ply, the  diameter  by  3.I4I6,  a  nd 
this  product  by  the  length. To 
find  the  solid  contents  of  a  cyl- 
inder,Multiply  the  square  of 
•the  diameter  by  .7854,  and  this 
product  by  the  length. 

DAY. -The  natural  period  of  time 
which  elapses  between  two  con- 
secutive transits  of  one  of  the 
heavenly  bodies  over  the  merid- 
ian. (See  Day  under  Business 
Forms  and  Terms). 

DECAGON. -A  polygon  of  ten 

sides  and  ten  angles.  If  the  sides 
are  all  equal  and  the  angles  equal, 
it  is  areg.ular. decaqon,and  m.ay 
be  inscribed  in  a  circle. To  find 
the  area  of  a  regular  decagori, 
Multiply  the  square  of  one  ofits 
sides  by  7.6942. 

DECAGRAMME. -A  French  weight 
of.ten  gra.mmes,  each  gramme 
being  equivalent  to  about  15.438 
grains  Troy. 

DECALITRE. -A  French  meas.ure 
containing  ten  litres,  eq  uiva- 
Ientto6l0.28  cubic  inches. 

DECAMETRE. -A  French  meas- 
ure containing  t-en  metres,  or 
393.71  English  inches. 

DECIMAL. -Any  number  express- 
ed in  the  scale  of  tens;  butadec- 
imal  fraction  is  generally  under- 
Stood..  A  tacYvwaX  xAac,V'\OY\  is  a, 
fraction  whose  denominator  is 
some  power  of  ten;  as,  >iq,  xu>o  , 
./fooo,  etc.  Itl  writing  decimals, 
it  is  cormnon  to  not  express  the 
denominators,  thus  the  above 
fractions  would  be  written,  .7, 
.07,  .007.  The  number  of  places 
of  figures  which  follows  thedec- 
imal  point  indicates  the  number 
of  O's  in  the  denominator.  The 
&e.c\wa\  ^oVv\V  is  a  period  used 
to  separate  integers  from  deci- 
mals, and  when  no  integers  are 
expressed,  the  decimal  point  is 
placed  at  the  left  of  tenths'  or- 
der. To  write  decimals  ,  Write 
the  decimal  as  a  whole  number, 
and  place  the  decimal  point  so 
that  the  right-hand  figure  shall 
be  of  the  lowest  decimal  order  to 
be  expressed,  prefixing  ciphers  if 
necessary.  To  read  decimals, Fead 
the  figures  as  in  whole  numbers, 
and.  add  the-name  of  the  lowest 
decimal  order  expressed. To  add 
or  subtract  decimals, Write  tHe 
numbers  so  that  the  decimal 
points  shajl  fall  in  column, then 
proceed  as  in  whole  numbers. To 


•multiply  decimals,  Multiply  as  in 
whole  numbers,  and  in  the  product 
point  off  as  many  decimal  places 
as  are  in  both  factors.  To  divide 
decimals.  Divide  as  in  whole  nu-m 
bers,  and  point  off  in  the  quotient 
as  niany  decimal  places  as  the 
dividend  has  more  than  the  divisor 

DECIMAL  Currency.-  A  curre-n 
cy  having  decimal  relations,  as 
the  various  denominations  of  the 
money  of  the  United  States,  call 
ed  VaiavaX  VAo-v\ev>. 

DEDUCE.-  To  infer, or  draw  a 
conclusion  from  given  premises 
The  -method  of  reasoning  is  call 
ed  oe6.vk.cV\ve,  and  the  conclusion 
is  called  a  o,ei\vcv'\o-w. 

DEGREE. -The  360th  part  of  the 
circumference  of  a  circle.  A  be.- 
o/ve-e  o<i  Xa.vVt'W.&a  is  the.  length  of 
a  portion  of  a  meridian  between 
two  points,  whose  latitudes  dif 
fer  from  each  other  by  one  dearei 
Owing  to  the  spheroidal  form 
of  the  earth,  the  length  of  a  de- 
gree of  latitude  is  different  at 
different  distances  -f-rom  the 


equator.  At  20  either  north  o 
south  latitude,  the  length  of  a 
degree>  of  latitude  is  68.779  stat 
ute  miles;  at  25°,  68.821  miles: 
at  30°,  68.  811 1  at  35°,  68.925  ; 
at  40", 68. 984;  at  4-5°,  69.044; 
at  50°,  69. 1  04.  A  fcetyyee  ox  \OY\ 
q\t\vi,e  is  the  360th  part  of  any 
circle  of  latitude.  The  length  of 
a  degree  of  longitude  varies  with 
the  length  o^  the  circles  of  latitude 
•from  the  equator,  where  it  is  great 
est,  to  the  poles,  where  it  isnoth- 
ing.  For  the  length  of  a  degree  of 
longitude  at  different^ points,  See 
Longitude,  under  Weights  and 
Measures. 

DENARY  Scale. -A  unirorni scale 
whose  ratio  is  ten. 

DENOMINATE  Number. -A  num- 
ber whose  unit  of -measure  is  a 
concrete  quantity,  as  7 feet,  125 
pounds,  *40,  etc.  A  %V*v\^\e.  &e- 
wow\-w.a.ite  -mvw^e.-*  refers  to  units 
of  only  one  kind  or  value,  as  135 
bushels  ,  45  pounds,  etc.  A  cow- 
^ovtYvo,  6.e-v\OYv\VYva.x,e,  -v\ \wv\\3 S.Y  re- 
fers to  units  of  different  values 


but  of  the  same  variety  or  appli 
cation,  as  5  Ib.  6  or.,  10  h-rs.  15 
•min,  30  sec.,  etc.  For  the  ta. 
bles  relating  to  denominatetmin 
bers,  see  under  Weights  and  Meas 
ures.  The  ^e/vcawvaqe  °^  &e.v\ovr\ 
Vwax-e*  •ttvv//w\\>e,-<%  may  be  obtain 
ed  by  reducing  them  to  the  low 
est  denomination,  or  to  the  dec 
imal  of  the  _highest,  and  t  h  e-r 
proceed  as  in  simple  nu.in.bers. 

DENOMINATOR. 7That  term 
of  a  fraction  which  indicate1 
the  value  of  the  fractional  unit 
as  8  in  -the  fraction  %,indicat 
ing  that  the  fractional  unit  is 
}/$.  Multiplying  the  denomina 
to_r  divides  the  fraction,  anil _d! 
viding  it  multiplies  the -fractio 
The  denominator  of  a  decimal 
•fraction  is  generally  suppresse< 

DESCENDING  Series.- One  .in 
which  each  -term  is  numerica 
ly  less  than  the  preceding  one 
as  8  :  4- :  a  :  I  :  etc. 

DlACpNAL. -A  straight 
line  joining  the  vertices 
o-f  two  angles  of  a  poi-  E 
ygon,  which  are  not  ad- 
jacent, as  AC  and  AD 
in  the  polygon  ABODE.  N 

DIAL.- An  instru-^ 
went  for  deter- 
mining -the  hour 
of  the  day  ,  b  y 
weans  of  a  shad- 
ow cast  by  the 
sun.  Iri  the  con- 
struction o/  a 
dial,  the  sun's  apparent  motion 
is  supposed  to  be  uniform  through 
out  the  day,  and  to  lake  place  in 
a  circle  whose  plane  is  parallel 
to  the  equator. 

DIAIWIETER.-For  definition  and 
rules  for  finding,  see  Circle. The 
following  table  gives  the  diame- 
ters, areas,  and  circumferences 
of  circles  and  sides  of  squares 
whose  areas  coincide  with  those 
of  the  circles.  By  combining  and 
multiplying,  the  area  of  any  cir- 
cle having  diameter  greater  than 
10  can  also  be  found. 

Diarn    Circum.     Area. 


1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

3.35 

3.50 

3.75 

4.00 

4.25 

4.5 

4.75 

S.OO 

5.25 

5.50- 

5.75 

6.00 


3.141592 

3.926990 

4.712388 

5.497787 

6.283185 

7.068583 

7.853381 

8.639379 

9.424777 

10.210178 

10.995574 

11.780972 

12.566370 

13.351768 

14. 137166 

14.922565 

15.707963 

16.493361 

17.278759 

18.064157 

18.84-9555 


0.78539 

1.227184 

1.767145 

2.405281 

3.141592 

3.976078 

4-.  908738 

5.939573 

7.068583 

8.2957S8 

9.621127 

11.044661 

12.566370 

14.186254 

15.904312 

17.72054-6 

19.634954 

21.647536 

23.758294 

25.967226 

38.274333 


0.88623 
1.10778 
1.32934 
1.55089 
1.77245 
1.99401 
2.21556 
2.43712 
2.65868 
I. 88023 
3.10179 
3.32335 
3.54490 
3.76646 
3. 98802 
4.20957 
4.43113 
4.65269 
4.87424 
5.09580 
5.31738 


47 


called  the  VNM'V^QX  ,  the  second.the 
&W\4»-v\&,  and  the  third,  the  ^vco- 
V\fcrvV.  Any  part  left  undivided, 
is  called  the  t«,Yv\a.Vn&e,T. To  prove 
the  accuracy  of  the  operat'ion,(l) 
Multiply  the  divisor  by  the  quotient, 
adding  in  the  remainder,  if  any; 
the  result  should  equal  the  d  i  vi- 


Oi«-m-  Circuiti. 


19.63*954. 


:o.4:o3s: 

21.205750 
21.391144 
22.776546 
23.551934 
24.347343 
25.132741 
25.918139 
26.703537 
27.488935 
28. 274373 
29.859372 
29.845130 
30.630528 
31.415926 


Area 


30.619615    5.53831 


33. 1 8307 J  5 .75041 
35.784703  !  5.98203 
33.4S4.5JO  '  5.20358 
41.181490  6.42514- 
44.l7864Si  6. 64670 
47.172977  6.8S825 
50.2654-?!  ,  7.08981 


53.456161 
56.745017 
60.132046 
63.617251 
67.200S30 
70.88:194- 
74.S6I9I2 
78.539818 


7.31137 
7.53292 
7.75448 
7.97604 
8. 19759 
8.41915 
8.64071 
8.86210 


6.23 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

7.25 

7.50 

7.7S 

8.00 

8. 25 

8.50 

8.75 

9.00 

9.25 

9.50 

8.75 

JO. 00    

DIFFERENCE. -The  result  obtain- 
ed from  subtracting  one  sum 
from  another.  It  is  generally  un- 
derstood that  the  less  quantity 
is  to  betaken  from  the  greater, 
but  *h«  greater  may  be  -taken 
from  the  less,  the  result  being 
a  negative  quantity. 
DIGITS. -The  ten  characters,  1,2, 
3,4,5,0,7,8,9,  0,  by  the  aid  of 
which  all  numbers  are  expressed 
DIMENSION. -Extension  in  one 
djrection.  Every  body  has  three 
dimensions,  Ne-v%()VV\,\>Yaa.ixVv,and 
VvexgVvv.or^VvxcVrve,**.  A  jine  is 
extended  in  one  direction,  and 
a  surface  in  two  directions. 
DISCOUNT. -Allowance -made  for 
the  payment  of -money  before  it 
is  due.  The  actual  amount  to  be 
paid  is  called  the  vre*e-nt  NI\WC., 
and  the  difference  between  the 
amount  specified  and  the  present 
value,  is.  the  &\tcownt.  Batik  dis- 
count is  discount  on  the  entire 
princjpal.  The  v^oceeis  are  the 
principal  less  the,  bank  discount. 
True  discount  is  discount  on 
such  a  sum  of  money  as  would 
a.-vwo\x-w>t  to  the  face  of  the  note, 
if  put  at  interest  at  the  given  rate 
and  -for  the.given  time. The  v 
ew*  \No-vvVv  is  the  principal  amount 
less  the  true  discount.  MeTCati 
trie  discount  is  any  allowance 
or  per  cent  off.  To  compute  bank 
discount,  Multiply  the  amount  by 
y&  t-he  number  of  days, including 
the  day  of  discount  and  the  three 
days  of  grace,  and  in  the  product 
point  off  three  decimals.  This  will 
give  the  'interest  at  6?i.  For  any 
other  rate,  add  or  subtract  in  pro- 
portion as  the  given  rate  is  greater 
or  less  than  S%.To(i-nd  true. 
discount, Divide  the  amount  by 
1.00  pjus  the  product  of  the  -rate 
and  time;  the  quotient  wijl  be  the 
present  worth  ;  subtract  this  from 
the  amount,  and  the  remainder  will 
be  the  true  discount.  (See  Compound 
Interest  Tables). 

DIVIDEND. -A  quantity  which  is 
to  be  divided  by  another, called  the 

DIVISION. -The  operation  of  find- 
ing^om  two  quantities  a  third, 
which  multiplied  by  the  first  shall 
produce  the  second.  The  first  is 


dend.(A)  Add  the 
excess  of  9's  inthe 
remainder  to  the  ex- 
cess of  9's  in  t  he 
product  of  the  ex- 
cess in  the  divisor, 
multiplied  by  the 
excess  in  the  quo- 
tient (without  the 
remainder  or  frac- 
tional part).  The 
excess  of  9's  !  n 
this  sum  of  excess 
es  should  eq  ual 


193)74020^383 

w 


* 

Excess  of  9's 
in  retn.          =2 

Excess  hi  divbo>4 
i-  quot.  =  5 
.,  f>T<x).(5»4i  =2 

Sum  of  excesses  =4 

Excess  individend'4 


the  excess  of  9's  m 
the  dividend. ConvVrac^Virw*. -To 
divide  by  10,  100, 1000, etc., C  ut 
off  from  the  right-hand  of  the 
dividend  as  many  figures  as  there 
are.c'ohers  in  the  divisor,  or -re- 


move  the  decimal  point  as  many 
places  toward  the  left^as  there 
are.ciphers  in  the  divisor.  To 
divide  by  a  composite  number, 
as  36(9x4),  360(9x4xlO),etc.,Di- 
vide  first  by  one  of  the  (  actors, 
and  the  resulting  quotient  by  an- 
other factor,  and  proceed  thus  till 
all  the  factors  have  been  used.^x 
*w\v^'-  Divide  21073  by  96\usin9 
factors  8,4,  and  3. 

Operation. 
8I21Q73 

4    2634  Rem.l=  I  unit  of  1st  dividend. 
apSSS   Rem.2(2*8)l6     "       •«         t. 
H2I9    Rem.l 

(Ix4«8)=  31 

Hence  true  Rem.*49 

DIVISOR. -That  factor  in  division 
by  which  the  dividend  is.to  be  di- 
vided. Any  number  is  divisible  by 
2  or  5  'if  the  last  figure  is  divisible 
by  2.  or  5  ;  i*  is  divisible  by  4  or  25 
if  the  last  two  figures  are  divisi- 
ble by  4  or  25  ;  it.  is  divisible  by 
8  or  125  if  the  laft  three  fiau.res 
are  divisible  by  8  or  125  ;  it  is  di- 
visible by  3  or  by  9  if  the  saw  of 


ts  figures  is  divisible  by  3  or  by  3. 

DODECAGON.-  A  polygon 

of  twelve  sides  oTftwelve 
angles.  To  inscribe  a 
regular  dodecagon  in  a 
circle,  apply  the  radius 
six  times  to  the  circumference  as 
a  chord  ;  bisect  the  arcs  subtended 
by  the  chords,  and  join  each  of  the 
points  of  bisection  with  the  ver- 
tices of  the  consecutive  angles 
formed  by  the  chords. 

DOLLAR.  -A  silver  coin  of  the  U- 
nited  States  whose  vaJue  is.  100 
cents  or  10  dimes.  The  original 
form  of  the  sign  »  was  proba- 
bly a  barred  8,W  signifying  8.^e 
a\*,the  divisions  of  the  Spanish 
Dollar,  adopted  as  the  basis  of  the 
United  States  coinage.  Some  re- 
gard the  sign  as  a  nio-nogram  of 
the  letters  U.S. 

DRY  MEASURE.  -Used  for  meas- 
uring articles  not-  liquid,  as  salt, 
fruit,  grain,  etc.  For  table  see 
under  Weights  and  Measures. 

DUODECIMAL.  -A_system  of  num- 
bers whose  scale  is  12,  the  unit 
of  each  order  being  equal   to 
twelve  times  a  unit  of  the  next 
lower  order.  The  systeni  is  used 
by  artificers  in  estimating  the  $!«• 
perficial  and  solid  contents    o  f 
their  work.  The  following  table 
gives  the  names  of  the  units: 
12  foimhs("")  ..make  I  third.Tnarked  '" 
12  thirds  .......  *     I  secofidj      •>    " 

12  seconds  .....    >i     I  inch  (prime)  ..     ' 

l2inches{piT>nes)  ,,     I  foot  ......  i  ft. 

Duodecimals  may  be  added,  sub- 
tracted, multiplied,  or  divided, 
like  compound  numbers,  but 
are  chiefly  use^d  in  multiplica- 
tion. To  multiply  duodecimals, 
Write  the  -multiplier  under  the 
•multiplicand,  placing  units  of  the 
same  order  in  column.  Multiply, 
first  by  the  feet,  next  by  the  inch- 
es, and  so  on,  recollecting  that 
the  product  will  be  of  that  de- 
nomination denoted  by  the  Sum 
of  their  indices.  Add  the  several 
partial  products  together,  and 
their  sum  will  be  the  required 
product.  Example.  -How  -many 
sq.  ft.  in  a  board  9ft.  5  in.  long, 
and  2ft.  Sin.  wide? 


ECCENTRIC.  -Two_spheres,  sphe- 
roids, circles,  or  ellipses,  are  said 
to  be  e,ccev\>iV\c,  when  one  lies 
within  the  other,  but  has  ru>t 
the  sama  centre.  The  term  is 
opposed  to  cp-wcervnAc.. 

EDGE.-  The  line  in  which  two  fa- 
ces of  a  polyedral  angle  meet  each 
other.  The  edge  of  a  polyhedron, 
is  the  line  in  which  two  adjacent 
faces  meet  each  other. 

ELLIPSE.  -A  curved  line.havmg 
two  centres,  called  its  <ot'\,  and 
two  diameters,  called  its  •mo.'jor 


-'8 


and  -m°\Y\oir  •a.xa.,^. 
The  sum  of  the  dis- 
tance* from  any 
point  in  it  to  two 
fixed  points  is  equal 
to  the  longest  diam- 
eter, which  diameter  passes  through 
those  points.  Thus  EF  +  EG=AB.The 
points  Fand  (?  are  the  foci ;  the 
point  0  is  the  centre  of  the  ellipse. 
To  /itid  the  area  of  an  e  1 1  i  pse, 
Multiply  the  product  of  the  long- 
er and  shorter  diameters  bu  .7854. 

EQUIANGULAR .-  Having  all  the 
angles  equal,  as  a  square. 

EQUILATERAL. -Having  all  the 
sides  equal,  as  a  square. 

EQUATION  OF,  ACCOUNTS.-The 
process  off  inding  at  what  time 
the  \>a\a-v\ce.  o*  «.-v\  •a.ccownv  can 
be  paid  without  loss  to  either  debt- 
or or  creditor.  (  It  is  also  called 
"Averaging  of  Acco,unts"  and 
"Compound  Equation  of  Pay- 
ments ").  To  /i-tid  the  equated 
#ime,  Assume  the  earliest  date 
upon  which  any  item  of  the  ac- 
count becomes  due  to  be  the 
time  of  maturity  for  all  of  the 
items.  Multiply  each  item, by  the 
number  of  days  intervening  be- 
tween this  assumed  date  and  the 
date  upon  which  it  becomes  due, 
and  -find  the  sum  of  these  prod- 
ucts on,each  side  o,f  the  account. 
Then  divide  the  oAtte.'Yft/wce-  be- 
tween the  sums  of  the  debit  and 
credit  products  by  the  balance 
of  the  account;  the  quotient 
will  be  the  time  for  consideration 
or  average  term  of  credit.  When 
the  difference  of  products  and 
the  balance  of,the  account  fall 
on  the  %;&.'me-  side  count  fco-vvN'Wo; 
when  on  o^os'sv^  sides  co  unt 
>>ja.cV.vM-&-Y&;  that  is,  when  t  he 
balance  of  account  and  balance 
of  interest  or  discount  go  to  the 
same  party  count  backward;  when 
they  go  to  opposite  parties  count 
forward.  Example.. 

C.-Y. 


Due.    * 


July  3, 1870,200*  2.    440  July  I,l870,20nx  0 
Oct. I,  ».   125x32=  11500  Oct.3,  »   150x94=14100 


Nov.15,  ,,  200x137.  27400  0«20, 


Due      * 


*650 K' 
53020+225=262 
262  days  from  July  I, 


Feb.24-.B7l,  W)>238=  33320 
-.  I, ,.   190x274. 520SO 
*875        124720 
650         657QQ 
S&225       "5§jJoll8'"',isMaTch20,l87l. 

EQUATION  OF  PAYMENTS.-See 
Average  of  Payments. 

EVEN    NUMBER. -Any  number 
divisible  bit  2,  as  4,  10,  1 8, etc. 

EVOLUTION. -The  process  of 
finding  one  of  several  equal  fac- 
tors of  a.  product.  It  is  also  called 
e-xv*«LcVv\\4  vv\«,  -voov  o4  •&.  \  O\N  e.-v. 
It  is  opposed  to  Vnvo\\vt\OY\. (See 
Cube  Root  and  Square  Root)., 

E  XAMPLE,,- An  individual  or,sin- 
gle  application  of  a  general  prin- 
ciple or  rule,  9enerally  9iven  to 
illustrate  the  nature  of  the-  -rule 
or  it*  mode  of  application. 

EXCHANGE. -For  definition, tec 


under  Business  Forms. To  -find 
the  cost  of  a  draft  at  sight,  Add 
the  premium  to  the  face  of  the 
draft,  or  sub-tract  the  discount 
Example. -How  much  must  be 
paid  for  a  draft  of  *  1 000  on 
New  York  at  a  "premium  of  l/i%? 
\y*%  0^5*1000  =  9.515  premium. 

1000  face  of  draft. 
961015  total  cost. 

To  /itid  the  face,  of  a,draf t,, *,he 
cost  and  rate  bein9  given, Divide 
the  cost  by  9*1  plus  the  rate  of  pre- 
mium, or  SSI  minus  the  rate  of 
discount.  Example. -A  draft  was 
purchased  on  Chicago  for£3226.05, 
at  a  premium  of  MX,  and  anoth- 
er on  Denver  for  862397.88, »t  a 
discount  of  .24%  .  What  was  the 
face  of  each? 

I.OO+. 005=1.005)3226.05(3210  face  of 
draft  on  Chicago. 
1. 00-. 0075  =  . 9325)0397.88(04-16 
face  of  draft  on  Denver. 
(See  Foreign  Exchange). 
EXPECTATION. -The  value  of 
any  chance  which  depends  up- 
on some  continent  event. Thus, 


if  a  person  is  to  receive  the  sum  of 
46200  upon  the  occurrence  of  an 
event  which  has  an  equal  chance 
of  happening  or  failing, the  expec 
tation  of  the  sum  is  worthsSIOO. 
If  there  are  three  chances  of 
the  event's  failing, arid  only  one 
of  its  happenin9,  the  expectation 
is  worth  only  4650.  Expectation 
of  Li/e.-A  phrase  applied  to  the 
average  duration  of  life  after 
any  given  age  as  determinedly 
the  tables  of  mortality.  If  it  is 
found  from  a  9reaf  number  o-f 
recorded  examples, that  of  all 
the  individuals  who  reach  the 
age  of  30,  the  averase  remain- 
inp  period  of  existence  is  34.34 
years,  then  is  the  expectation  of 
life  at  that  age  34.34  years. (See 
Carl  isle  Table  of  Mortality,  under 
Weights  and  Measures). 
EXTRACTION  OF  ROOTS.-The 
process  offindino  a  quantity, 
which  being  taken  as  a  factor  a 
certain  number  of  tittles ,  will 
produce  a  given  quantity. (See 
Cube  Root  and  Square  Root). 


EXTREME. -In  a  proportion,  the 

first  and  last  terms, arc  called 
e.xw«rme.s ,  the  remaining  two 
the  'moft.'w*.  When  the  proportion 
has  but  three  different  *erms, 
the  middle  one  is  a  geometrical 
mean,  or  a  -\n«.Kv\  ^vo^ot *'\o-\r\a\ 
between  the  extremes.  In  the. 
proportion 

3  :  9  ::  A- :  12, 

3  and  12  are  the-  extremes,  aft* 
in  the  proportion 

F3:  6::  6  :  12, 
3  and  12  are  extremes,  andl  8 
is  a  mean  proportional  between 
them. Iti  a  geometrical  progres- 
sion, any  term  is  a  mean  propor- 
tional between  the  preceding  arid 
succeeding  term,  and  if  there  is 
an  odd  number  of  t«rms,th«tn?d' 
die-  one  is  a  mean  proportional  be- 
tween the  extremes.  Also  t  he 
product  of  the  two  extremes  is 
equal  to  the  product  of  any  two 
means  equally  distant  from  the 
extremes.  l»»  an  arithmetical 
progression,  the  sum  of  the  ex- 
tremes is  equal  to  the  sum  of  any 
pair  of  terms  which  are  situated 
at  equal  distances  from  tte extremes 
The  sum  of  the  progression  is  e- 
qual  to  the  half  sum  of  the  extremes 
multiplied  by  the  •number  of  terms. 

FACE. -The  plane  surface  of  any 
solid. 

FACTOR. -A  quantity  which  will 
divide  another  is  said  to  be  a^& 
vm  of  it.  To  resolve  a  quantity 
into  its  factors,  is  to,find  two  or 
more  quantities,  which   when 
multiplied  together,  will  produce 
the  given  quantity;  thus  the 
factors  o  f  4-2  are  2, 3,  and  7 . 
The  vvVvwe,  iacVOT*  of  a  quantity 
are  those,  factors  which  cannot  be 
exactly  divided  by  any.  other,quan 
tity  except  I,  which  is  a  prime 
factor  of  every  number  .The  pro 
cess  of  resolving  numbers  into 
their  factors  is  called  {acvoVvw) 
To  resolve  a  number  into  Us 
prime  factors,  Divide  thegiven 
number  bu  any  prime 
number  that  will,ex- 
actly  divide  it;  divide 
the  quotient  in  t  he 
same  manner,  a,nd 
so  continue,to  divide, 
until  a  quotient  is  ob- 
tained which  is  a  prime  numbc 
thejast  quotient  and  the  several 
divisors  will  constitute  the  prime 
factors  of  the  given  number-lSec 
Divisor). 

FALLING  BODIES. -In  falling 
from  a  height,  a  body  will  fall 
1 6  feet  the  first  second,  three 
times  that  distance  in  the  sec- 
ond, and  so  on,  the  space  passed 
over  in  each  successive  second  in 
creasing  as  the  odd  numbers,  1,5 
S,7,9,ll,,etc.  The  entire  space  pass 
ed  over  is  as  the  square  of  «he,tirne 
To  find  the  height  from  which  a 
body, falls,  Multiply  the  square  of 
the  time  occupied  in  falling  by  16 
and  the  product  will  be  the  height 


FIGURE. -A  character  employed 
to  represent  numbers.  The  follow 
1119  are  *he  Arabic  figures:  1,2,3, 
4, 5,6,7,8,9,0.  By  prop«r  combi- 
nation these  arc  sufficient  to  rep- 
resent every  possible  -number. (See 
Notation). 

FOOT.- A  linear  measure  whose 
length  is  13  inches.  In  other  than 
English  speakirig  nations,  the /not 
varies  from  this. 

FOREIGN  EXCHANGE. -Bills  of 
Exchange  are  Generally  drawn  in 
the  money  of  the  country  in  which 
they  are  -made  payable.  (See  Coin, 
under  Wei9hts  and  Measures,  al- 
so Bill,  under _8usiness  Forms  atid 
Terms).  To  find  the  value  of 
Cterling  (English)  rti one y, Reduce 
the  shillings  and  pence, if  any, 
to  the  decimal  of  a  po and,  and 
-multiply  by  the  given  rate  per 
pound.  (See  Sterling  Money). To 
change  U.S.  money  to  Sterling, 
Divide  the  given  amount  by  the 
value  of  £1  at  the  given  rate.  Re- 
duce the  remainder,  or  the  dec- 
imals in  the  quotient,  if  any,  to 
shillings  and  pence. 

FRACTION  .-  One  or  -more  of  tlie 
equal  parts  of  I.  One  o-f  the  e- 
qual  parts  is  called  a  <Y*U\oifta\ 
wm*;  thus  in  the  fraction  X8, 
y$  is  the -fractional  unit.  Frac- 
tions are  either  covr\-«r\o-n  (vul- 
gar) or  &e.cvma\.  For  the  expla- 
nation of  decimal -fractions, see 
Decimal.  Common  fractions  are 
those  in  which  the  denominator 
is  expressed,  and  may  be  anyquan- 
tity.They  are  wri  tten  in  the  f  orm 
54,  which  denotes  that  the  quan- 
tity .14  is  taken  3  timcs.The  parts 
3  and  4  are  called  fceYrn*  of  the 
fraction,  3  being  the  -wu.-mfcifa<oY 
and  sho  wst  how  many  parts  are 
taken ;  4  is  the  &e\\on\Vt\«L*oY,  and 
shows  into,  how  many  parts  the 
unit  is  divided. A  ^vo^t.-*  4-<at*'\or\ 
is  one  in  which  the  numerator 
is  less  than  the  denominators 
y-\ .  An  Vwv^To^e-v  i-vacVva-n  is  one 
in  which  the  numerator  is  great- 
er than  the  denominator^*  £i. 
A  vr\\x«&  ^racuo-n  is  an  expression 
corn  posed  of  two  parts,  one  part 
being  entire,  and  the  other  frac- 
tional, as  4%. Multiplying  the 
numerator  of  a  fraction,  multi- 
plies the  fraction.  Dividing  the 
numerator  of  a  fraction, divides 
the  fraction.  Multiply  ing  the  de- 
nominator of  a  fraction,  divides 
the  fraction.  Dividing  the  denom- 
inator of  a  fraction,  multiplies 
the  fraction.  Multiplying  ordivid- 
mg  both  terms  of  a  fraction  by 
the  same  number,  does  not  alter 
its  value.  To  reduce  a  fraction  to 
its  lowest  terms,  Divide  both  terms 
by  any  common  factor;  divide  the 
resulting  fraction  in  the  s  ame 
manner,  and  so  on  till  no  num- 
ber greater  than  I  will  exactly 
divide  both  terms.  Or,  Divide 
both  terms  by  their  greatest  com- 
mon divisor.  To  reduce  an  im- 


proper fraction  to  a  whole  or  mix- 
ed number.  Divide  the  nitmeTa- 
tor  by  the  denominator.  To  re- 
duce a  whole  or  mixed  number 
to  an  improper  fraction,  Multi- 
ply the  whole  number  by  the  de- 
nominator of  the  fraction;  add 
the  numerator  to  the  product.and 
write  the  sum  over  the  denomina- 
tor. To  reduce  a  whole  number 
to  a  fraction  having  a  given  de- 
nominator, Multiply  together 
the  whole  number  and  the  de- 
nominator, and  write  the  de- 
nominator beneath  the  product. 
To  reduce  a  compound  fraction 
to  &  simple  one,  see  Compound 
Fraction.  To  reduce  fractions 
of  different  denominators  to 
equivalent  fractions  having  a. 
common  denominator,  Multi- 
ply both  terms  of  each  fraction 
by  the  product  of  all  the  denom- 
inators except  its  own.  To  re- 
duce fractions  of  different  de- 
nominators to  equivalent  frac- 
tions having  the,  least  common 
denominator,  Find  the  least 


common  multiple  of  thedenom- 
inators  of  the  given  fractions,  and 
multiply  both  terms  of  each  frac- 
tion by  the  quotient  of  the  least 
common  multiple,  divided. by  the 
denominator  of  the  fraction.To 
add  fractions,  Reduce  them  to 
a  common  denominator;  then 
add  their  numerators,  and  place 
the  sum  over  the  common  denom- 
inator. To^' subtract  fractions,  Re- 
duce them  to  a  common  denom- 
•  inator,  find  the  difference  be- 
tween, their  numerators,  and 
place  it  over  the  common  de- 
nominator. To  multiply  a  frac- 
tion by afraction, Multiply  togeth- 
er the  numerators  for  a  new  nu- 
merator, and  the  denominators 
for  a  new  denominator. To  mul- 
tiply a  fraction  by  a  whole  num- 
ber, or  a.whole  number  by  a  frac- 
tion, Write  I  under  the  whole 
number  for  a  denominator, and 
proceed  as  in  last  rule. To  divide 
a  fraction  by  a  fraction,  Invert 
the  divisor;  multiply  the  numer- 
ators together  for  a  new  numera- 


tor, and  the  denominators  for 
a  naw  denominator.  To  divide 
a  whole  number  by  a  fraction,  o 
a  fraction  by  a  whole  number, 
Write  I  under  the  whole  num 
ber  fora  denominator,  and  pro 
ceed  as  in  last  rule. To  reduce 
a  complex  fraction  to  a  simple 
fraction,  see  Complex  Fraction. 
FRUSTRUM.-A  piece  or  part  of  a 
solid  separated  from  the  rest, as 
the  frustrum  of  a  pyramid  or 
cone.  To  -find  the  solidity  of  a 
(rust-ruin,  see  Cone. 
FURLONG. -A  linear  unit  of  len^t 
..  equal  to  660  feet  or  %  •fa-wife 
d  GAUGING. -The  operation  of  find 
ing  the  contents  of  casks  and 
vessels  of  any  form.>4\\'a.o/e/ 
is  the  difference  between  the.act 
ual  contents  of  a  vessel  and  its 
capacity,  or  that  part  which  is 
empty.  To  find  the  Contents 
of  a  cylindrical  vessel,  Find  the 
contents  in  cubic  inches!  see 
Cylinder),  and  divide  by 2150.42 
•for  the  -measurement  in  bushels; 
by  283  for  beer  gallons,  and  by 
231  for  wine  gallons. To  find 
the  contents  of  a  cask, see  Cask. 
To  -find  the  contents  of  ullage 
casks,  when  the  cask  is  standing 
Find  one-third  the  sum  of  the 
head,  mean,  and  bung  diameters, 
and  square  the  result  ^multiply 
by  the  height  of  the  fluid  in  inch- 
es, and  that  product  by  .0034  for 
wine  gallons,  and  by  .0018  for 
beer  gallons. 

GENERAL  AVERAGE. .-For  defi- 
nition, see  under  BusinessTerms. 
To  make  a  claini  for  General  Av 
erage  valid,  three  considerations 
are  necessary  :(l)  An  imminent 
common  peril  and  a  necessity 
for  some_sacrifice;(a)  A  volunta 
ry  sacrifice  of  a  part  to  save 
the  rest; (3)  The  success  of  the 
effort  to  save  a  part,  as  aresult 
of  the  sacrifice  made. To  -find 
General  Average,  Divide  the  to- 
tal loss  subject  to  average  by  the 
sum  of  the  values  of  the  contrib- 
utory, interests,  and  multiply 
each  interest  by  the  per  cent, 
thus  found. 

GEODESY. -That  branch  of  Sur- 
veying in  whjchthe  curvature 
of  the  earth  is  taken  into  account. 

GEOMETRICAL  PROGRESSION.- 

See  Progression. 

GEOMETRY. -That  branch  of  Math 
ematics  which  treats  of  the  re- 
lation, properties,  and  measure- 
ment of  solids,  surfaces,  lines, 
and  angles. 

GOLDEN  NUMBER. -Thenumber 
denoting  the  yea_r  of  the  cycle.of 
19  years,  in  which  the  year  in 
question  -falls. To  -find  the  gold- 
en number  for  any  year,  Add  I 
to  itsnumber  in  the  Christian 
year,  and. divide  the  sum  by  19, 
the  remainder  is  the  gvlden  num- 
ber of  the  year,  unless  the  remain- 
der is  0,  in  wh  ich  case  the  oolden 
number  it  19;  thus  1854+ 1-  1855; 


dividing  1855  by  I9,.the  remain- 
der i$  12;  hence,  Id  is  the  golden 
•number  required. 

GOLDEN  RULE.-A  name  some- 

ti-mes  given  to  the  Rule  of Three, 
on  account  of  its  great  practical 
value  and  universal  use.  (See  Rule 
of  Three). 

GRAIN  MEASURE..- TO  (M  the. 

quantity  of  grain  in  a  bin, wag- 
cm-bed,  etc. .Multiply  the  height, 
length,  and  breadth  together,  in 
inches,  and,  divide  by  2150.42;  the 
quotient  will  be  *he  number  of 
bushels.  To  lit*d  the  quantity 
of  grain  when  Heaped  on  the 
floor  in  the  form  of  a  Co-ne  — 
Square  the  depth  and  square 
the  slant  height,  in  inches;take 
thei-r  difference  and  -multiply  by 
the  depth,  and  this  product  by 
.0005,  the  -result  will  be  the 
number  of  bushels.  To  -find 
the  quantity  of  grain  ,w  hen 
Heaped  against  a  straight  wall, 
Square  one-Hal/  the  depth. and 
proceed  as  in  last  rule.  (See 
Apples,  Bu.shel,and  Cornl. 

GREATEST  COMMON  DIVISOR.- 

See  Common  Divisor. 

GUNTER'S  CHAIN.-  A  chain  us- 
ed for  the  purposes  of  land  sur- 
veying. It  is  4  rods  or  66  feet 
in  length,  divided  into  100  links, 
each  link  7.92  inches  in  length, 
every  tenth  one. being  -marked, 
for  convenience,  in  counting.The 
advantage  of  this  mode  of  divis- 
ion is,  that  a  square  chain  or 
a  square  link  is  a  decimal  frac- 
tion of  an  acre,  and  if  the  area 
of  a  piece  of  ground  be  found  in 
square  chains  and  links,  it  may 
at  once  be  converted  into  acres 
by  pointing  off  a  suitable  tiiwnber 
of  decimal  places. 

HAY. -To  find  the  amount  of 
hay  in  a  mow  or  stack,  Find 
tHe.nu-mber  of  cubic  feet,  and 
divid.e  by  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  in  a  ton,  as  given  u.nder 
Hay,  under  Weiohts  a-nd  Measures. 

H  EC  TO -GRAM  ME.-  A  F-rcnch 
weight  of  100  grammes,  equal 
to  3  02.  8  drams  11.9848  grains 
Avoirdupois. 

HECTO-LITRE.-A  French  weas- 

I  ure  containing  JOO  litres, equal 
(o  26  gallons  3  pints. 

HECTOMETRE. -A  French -meas- 
ure containing  100  metres, equal 
to  19  rods  4-  yards  2  feet  7.019  in- 
ches. 

HEIGHT. -Any  distance  estima- 
ted or  measured  upwards. 

HEMISPHERE. -One  of  the  two 
equaj  parts  of  a  sphere, made  by 
passing  a  plane  through  its  cen- 
tre. 

HEPTAGON.- A  polygon  of  seven 
angles,  or  seven  sides. To     x — 
construct  a  regular  hep-    f      \ 
tagon,  Divide  the  circum-    I        / 
ference  o<  a  circle  into      \-^ 
seven  equal  parts, a-nd  draw  the 
chord  subtending  each  arc. 

HEXAGONAL. -Having  six  angles. 


•IE X AGON. -A  polygon _of      / — v 
six  .angles  o-r  sides. To  in-   /       \ 

scribe  a  regular  Hexagon    \ f 

in  a  circle,  Apply  the  ra- 
dius six  times  as  a  chord,  v he 
resulting  figttre  will  be  aregu- 
lar  hexagon. 

HEXAHEDRON. -A  polyhedron  of 

six  faces,  the  same  as  a  cube. 

HOGSHEAD. -A  measure,  of  ca- 
pacity,  equivalent  to  63  gallons 
of  wine,  or  54  gallons  of  beer. 
When  used  for  tobacco,  it  varies 
in  the  different  States  from 750 
to  1200  pounds. 

HORIZONTAL. rParallel  to  the 
horizon.  A  Y\oYvLor\x/a,\  \\rve,  is 
one  parallel  to  the  horixon,orto 
the  surface  of  still  water. 

HOUR. -A  period  of  time  equal  to 
one-twenty-fourth  part  of  a 
day,  or  60  -minutes. 

HYPOTHENUSE.-Theside  A 

of  aright-angled  trian-         / 

gle  opposite  the  -right      Z- L 

angle, as.  AC.  In  a  plane 
triangle  the  square  described  up- 
on the  hypothcnusc  is  equivalent 


to  the  sum  of  the  squares  describ- 
ed upon  the  other  two  sides. 

IMPROPER  FRACTION. -A frac 
tion  whose  denominator  is  less 
than  Us  numerator,  as  ?4- (See 
Fraction). 

INCH. -A  -measure  of  length  equal 
to  the  twelfth  part  of  a  foot.The 
length  of  a  simple  pend  ulun-i, 
which  beats  seconds  In  the  Tow- 
er of  London,  js  taken  as  t  he 
unit,  and  an  inch  is  36.13908 
of  this.  This  is,  in  the  City  Hall 
o(  New  York,  equal  to  35.  ioiao 
of  a  simple  seconds  pendul'um.The 
length  of  the  seconds  pendulum 
serves  as  the  basis  of  a  system  of 
weights  and  measures. 

INCLINED  PLANE.— A  rigid 

surface,  sloping  at  an  angle  be- 
tween the  horizontal  and  vertical. 
To  -find  the  weight  which  can 
be  raised  on  the  inclined  p  I  ane, 
Multiply  the  power  by  the  length 
of  the  inclined  planc,and  divide 
the  product  by  its  perpendicular 
height. 

INCOMMENSURABLE. -With  re 
spect  to  each  other,  two  quantities 


of  the  same  kind  are  incommen- 
surable when  they  do  not  have  a 
common  unit;  i.e.,  when  there 
is  no  quantity  so  small  that  it 
will  be  contained  in  both  an  exact 
number  of  times.  Thus,the  diago- 
nal and  the  side  of  a  square  are 
incommensurable. 

INDEFINITE. -Unlimited  or  un- 
bounded. A  line  is  indefinite  if 
it  is  not  limited  by  points,  and 
space  is  indefinite  in  all  direc- 
tions, unless  limited  by  asm-face. 
When  the  number  of  terms  in 
a  series  is  unlimited,. as  4,7,10, 
etc.,  ad  irifiriitu-m,  it  is  called 
an  '\Y\o.exVw\ve.  %e.V\e.%. 

INDEX.- A  number  written  » — 
ovc-r  the  radical  sign  to  de-v!25 
note  the  degree  of  .the  root  to  be 
extracted  .Thus,  3  in  the  above 
denotes  that  the  cube  root  of 
125  is  to  be  extracted. 

INFINITY.-A  term  used  to  ex 
press  a  quantity  greater  than 
any  assignable  quantity  of  the 
same  kind.  It  is  also  the  limit 
or  last  term  of.the  series  of  nat- 
ural numbers  in  an  arithmeti- 
cal progression.  It  is  designated 
by  the  cymbol  co. 

INSCRIBE. -To  draw  within, 
as  one  figure  within  another. 
A  straight  line  is  in- 
scribed in  a  circle 
when. its  two  entrem- 
ities  lie  in  the   c  i  r- 
cum ference,  as  AB  in 
the  circle .ABCOD.  An 
angle  is  inscribed  when  its  vertex 
lies  in  *he  circumference,  and 
when  its  sides  form  chords  of 
the  circle,  as  ABC,  BCD.etc.  A  pol- 
ygon is  inscribed  .in  a  circle  wh«tt 
all  the  vertices  of  its  angles  I  !e 
in  the  circumference,  as  A  BCD, 
ABC,  BCD,  etc. 
All  regular 
polygons  may  E 
be  inscribed 

in  a  circle.  A  A 

quadrilateral 
may  be  inscribed  wMen  the.sum 
of  any  two  opposite  angles  is  e- 
.qual  to.  180°.  A  circle  is  inscribed 
in  a  triangle  or  other  polygon, 
when  it  is  tangent  to  every  side 
of  the  polygon,  as  the  circle  F&H 
in  the  polygons  ECB  and.ABCO. 
A  circle  can  always  be  inscrib- 
ed in  any  triangle,  and  in  any 
quadrilateral,  when  the  sum  of 
two  opposite  sides  isequal  to  the 
sum  of  the  other  two  opposite 
sides  The  square  and  rhomtus 
are  the  only  parallelograms  in 
which  acircle  can  be  inscribed. 
A  polyhedron  may  be  inscribed 
in  a  sphere,  when  the  surface  of 
the  sphere  passes  through  all  its 
vertices.  A  sphere  may  be  inscrib- 
ed in  any  regular  polyhedron,  and 
also  in  any  tria.n9ular  pyramid. 
To  find  the  side  of  an  inscribed 
efu//atera/  e-rr'anf/e*  Multiply 
the  diameter  by  .866025,  or  the 
circumference  by  .275664.T*  .find 


61 


NVERSE.-Two  processes  or  oper- 
ations are  said  to  be  >'nverse,v*htn 
one  is  exactly  contrary  to  the  other, 
or  when  being  performed  in  suc- 
cession upon  a  given  quantity,  the 
result  will  be  that  quantity;  as  Ad- 
dition and  Subtraction  are  inverse 
operations.  For  Inverse  Propor- 
tion,see  Proportion. 
NVERSION.-The  act  or  opera- 
tion of  changing  the  order  of 
the  terms.  Thus,  in  the  propor- 
tion, 3  :  9  ::  5  :  15  ,  by  inversion 
it  is  9  :  3  : :  15  :  5.  For  Inversion 
of  Series,  see  Series. 
NVEBT. -To  turn  or  place  in 
a  contrary  position. Thus  the 
fraction    ?4  becomes  %   when 
inverted. 

NVESTMENTS  ANO.DIVIDENDS. 
To  /ind  what  rate  of  income  will 
be  derived  from  any^iven  invest- 
ment, Multiply  the  income    by 
100,  and  divide  the  product  (b  y 
the  amount  invested. To  /i-nd 
the  rate  of  dividend, Multiply 
the  dividend  by  100, and  divide 
by  the  par  value  of  the  stock.  To 
•find  what  rate  must  be  obtain- 
ed, that  a  given  sum  invested  may 
britig  a  given  income,  Multiply 
the  given  income  by  100,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  sum 
in  vested. To  /itid  the  dividend 
on  any  given  number  of  shares 
of  stock,  Multiply  the  par  val- 
ue of  the  stock  by,  the  rate  of 
dividend,  and  divide  the  product 
by  100. To  /ind  what  must  be 
paid  /or  stock  purchased  through 
a  broker,  Multiply  the  bonds  or 
shares  by  the  rate,  and  add  the 
brokerage.  If  purchased  on  acred 
it  of  more  than  3  day_s,  add  in- 
terest for  the  whole  time.  To 
/ind  what  sum  niust  be  invest- 
ed that  a  given  income  may  be 
obtained,  Divide  the  required  in- 
come by  the  rate  of  income  per 
share,  or  per*  1 00,  for  the  num- 
ber of  shares  or  bonds  required, 
and  multiply  the  quotient   by 
the  given  price.  To  /itid  the  par 
value,  when  the  premium  or  dis- 
count is  given,  Divide  the  given  value 
of  the  stock  by  I  increased  by  the  rate 
percent,  of  premium,  or  diminished 
by  the  rate  percent,  of  discount.The 
following  table  shows  the  rate  of  inter- 
est received  on  Stocks  purchased /torn  25 
&,  discount  to  25%  premium  : 
tahanlATE  RECEIVEd'ON  STOCK  BEARING Jfft  , 


the  side  o(  art  inscribed  square, 
Multiply  the  diameter  by.101106, 
or  the  circumference  by  .525079. 
NSURANCE.-For  definitions, 
see  under  Business  Terms. T he 
amoumt  of  insurance  corresponds 
to  the  iaselin  Percentage),  the 
rate  of  premium  to  the  per  cent., 
and  the  premium  to  the,  percen- 
tage. To  -find  the  face  value  of  a 
policy  that  shall  insure  both  the 
property  and  the  premiums,  Di- 
vide the  amount  of  insurance  re- 
quired on  the  property  by  the 
difference  per  cent,  of  the  rate 
of  insurance.  Most  of  the  or- 
dinary problems  referring  to 
insurance  are  simple  problems 
in  percentage,  and  require, no 
further  explanation. 
NTEGER.-  A  whole  number, as 
3,  7,  20,  etc.,  as  distinguished 
from  a  fraction. 
NTEREST. -Compensation  for 
the  use  of  money  or  value. The 
sum  for  the  use  of  which  inter- 
est is  paid, is  the  Pr/'ncipa/.fhe 
number  of  hundredth*  of  the 
principal  that  is  paid  for  its  use, 
is  the  Rate;  as,  6%  is  ><oo..The 
sum  of  the  principal  and  inter- 
est, is  the^mount.  Interest  on 
the  principal  only,  is  Simple  In- 
terest. Interest  on  the  principal 
and_on  interest  for  a  previous 
period,  is  Compound  /nterest.  - 
Interest  computed  by  the  rate 
established  by  law,  r» /«£•/ /w- 
terest .  Interest  greater  ^han 
legal  interest,  and  prohibited  by 
law,  is  Usury.  When  no  rate,  is 
mentioned,  the  legal  rate    is 
always  understood.  (For  the  le- 
gal rate  in  the  different  States 
see  under  Statistical  Bureau  of 
the  United  States). To  /itid  the 
time  between  two  dates,  omit 
the  day  of  the  date  and  include 
the  day  of  maturity.  (See  Busi- 
ness Time  Tables;  see  also  Time 
under  Business  Terms). For   a 
quick  and  easy  method  of  com- 
puting simple  interest, without 
the  use  of  fractions,  see  Instant: 
tieous  Method  o^Computing  In 
terest.  From  this  method,  the 
interest  on  any  sum,/ or  any 
time  and  rate,  may  be  found 
by  simply  adding  the  results  ob 
tained  mentally  from  the  tables 
To  find  the  interest  at  anyra_te 
per  cent,  per  annum  for  any  giv- 
en time,  Multiply  the  principal 
by  the  rate,  expressed  as  a  decimal 
the  product  will  be  the  jnterest 
/or  I  year.  Mult! ply  this  jn  ter- 
est by  the  time  expressed  in  years 
•TiO  fractions  of  a  year;  the.re 
suit  will  be  the  interest  require* 
Or,  Find  the  interest  for  the 
years  as  above,  and  take  aliquot 

¥irt*  for  the  -months  and  days, 
he  following  brief  rules  may 
be  preferred  by  some  parsons:  At 
4-  per  cent., Multiply  the  prin 


cipal  by  -the  number  of  days,  c  ut 
of  the  right-hand  figure  anddivide 
by  9.  At  O  per  cent.,  Mult! ply  by 
the  number  of  days  and  divide  by 
72.  At  G per  cent.,  Multiply  by 
by  the  number  of  days •,  cut  off 
the  right-hand  figure  anddivide 
by  S.  At  8  per  cent.,  M  ultiply 
by  the  number  of  days  anddivide 
by  45.  At  ff  per  cent., Multiply 
by  the  number  of  days;  cut_off 
the  right-hand  figure  and  divide 
by  4.  At  JO  per  cent.,  Multiply 
by  the  -number  of  days  and  divide 
by  36.  For  time  at  which -money 
doubles  at  different  rates  of  in- 
terest, sec  Time  at  which  Money 
Doubles,  etc.,  under  Weights  and 
Measures.  To  find  the  Principal, 
when  the  time, rate  per  cent, 
and  interest  are  given,  D  i  v  i  dc 
the  given  interest  by  t-he  interest 
on  ONE  DOLLAR  for  the  given  rate 
and  -time.  To  -fi-nd  the  /?a*e.per 
cent.,  when  -the  principa^  time, 
and  interest  are  given,  0  iyide 
the  given  in-teres*  by  the  inter 


est  on  the  principal  at  ONE  percent 
To  /itid  the  T/'-me,  when  th«  prin 
cipal,  rate,  and  interest  are  given 
Divide  the  given  interest  by  the 
interest  on  the  principal  for  ONE 
DAY;  the  quotient  will  be  therequir 
ed  time,  in  days.  To  /ttid  the  Prin 
c/pa/,  when  the  time^rate,  and 
amount  are  given, Divide  the 
given  amount  by  the  amoun 
of  ONE  DOLLAR  for  the  given  rate 
and  time. 

INTERIOR. -Lying  on  the  inner 
side.  An  Interior  anp/e  of  a  poly 
gon  is  an  angle  included  ^between 
two  adjacent  sides  and  lying  with 
in  the  polygon. 

INTERMEDIATE  TERMS. -l-n  a 
progression,  all  the  tern-is  except 
the  first  and  last, which  are  call 
ed  extremes. 

iNTERSECT.-To  pass  through  or 
cut  each  other.  Two  lines  inter 
sect  when  they  cross  each  oth- 
er, and  have  one  point  in  com 
mon.Two  surfaces  intersect  wher 
thr.y  cut  each  other,  and  havo  a 
line,  or  lines,  in  common. 


"TSTOMts. 000  "9.333 


6.250 
5.882 
5.555 
5.263 
5.138 
5.000 
4. 75 1 
4.545 
4.347 
4.166 


4.000  4.800 


7.500 
7.143 
6.666 
6.316 
6.156 
6.000 
5. 714 
5.454 
5.130 
5.000 


7.777 
7.263 
7.179 
7.000 
6.66S 
6.363 
6. OSS 
5.833 
5.600 


10.666 
10.000 
9.411 
8.888 
8.421 
8.305 
8.000 
7.619 
7.273 
6.956 
6.666 
6.400 


12.500 


I. Ill 

10.525 
10.256 
10.000 
9.523 
9.090 
8.695 
8.333 
8.000 


INVOLUTION  .-Operation  of  find- 
ing iny  power  of  a.  9i'ven  quan- 
tity. I*  is  the  reverse  of  evolu- 
tion, and  is  performed  by  con- 
tinued multiplication.  A  Bovv- 
er it  the  product  obtained  by  in- 
volution. The  r»tf*,  or  first  pow- 
er, is  the  number  -multiplied.  The 
different  powers  derive  *  he_ir 
name  from  the  number  of  times 
the  root  is  taken  as  a  /actor.  The 
number  denoting  the  power 
to  which  the  root  is  to  be  rais- 
ed, is  the  index  or  exponent  of 
the.  power.  It  is  placed  on  the 
right  a  little  higher  *hati  the 
root.  Thus,  2  =2,  the  1st  power 
0/2;  S*=  2x2«4,the2d  pow 
er,  or  square,  of  2  ;  23=2x2x2= 
8,  the  3d  power,  or  cuke,  of  2; 
2*  =  2x2x2x2=l6,the4th  p_ow- 
er  of  2;  etc.  To  find  a-ny  given 
power  of  a  number,  M  uUiply  the 
number  by  itself,  till  it  is  used 
as  a  factor  as  many  times  as 
there  are  units  in  the  index  of 
the  power. 

SOSCELES.-A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  triable,  when 
two  of  its  sides  are  equal. 
Thus,  in  the  triable  ABC,  e 
AB  and  AC  being  equal,  the  trian 
gle  is  isofce/es.tn  an  isosceles  tri- 
angle, the  angles  opposite  the  e- 
qua)  sides  are  equal,  and  a  line 
drawn  from  the  vertex  of  the 
equal  sides,  to  the  middle  point 
of  the  base,  is  perpendicular  to 
the  base,  it  bisecting  the  base, 
and  also  the  angle  at  the  vertex. 
KILO-GRAMME.  -A  French  weight 
of  1000  grammes,  equal  to 
pounds  avoirdupois. 
KILO  LITRE.  -A  French  measure 
of  1000  litres,  equal  to  264  gal- 
lons I  pint  1.  9638  gills. 
KILO-METRE.  -A  French  measure 
of  1000  metres,  eaual  to  about 
?/B  of  a.  mile. 

LATERAL.  -Relating  to  the  side. 
The  lateral  faces  of  a  prism  are 
those  which  have  a  side  lying 
in  the  perimeter  of  each  base 
the  lateral  faces  of  a  pyramid  ari 
those  which  meet  at  the  vertex. 
LATITUDE.  -The  angular  dis- 
tance of  a  place,  on  the  surface  o 
the  earth,  from  the  equator. 
measured  on  the  meridi  aft  of 
the  place.  (See  Degree). 

LEAST  COMMON  MULTIPLE.- 

The  least  common  multiple  of 
two  or  more  numbers,  is  the 
/ea.st  number  that  can  be  divid 
ed  by  each  without  i  remainder 
Thus  35  is  the  least  common  -mu 
tiple  of  5  and  7.  To  /  ittd  the  leas 
common  multiple  of  two  or  more 
•numbers,  Write  •>  2)4  10  12  14 
the  numbers  in  t^2)2  5  S  7 
a  line,anddivide  VI 
by  any  prime  divis- 
or  of  two  or  more  of 
them,_writing  the  quotients  an< 
undivided  numbers  underneath 


Divide  these  resulting  numbers 
by  any  prime  divisor  of  two  or 
more  of  them,  and  so  continue 
until  no  two  of  the  resulting  num- 
bers have  a  common  prime  divis- 
or. The  product  of  the  divisor*  and 
the  last  resulting  number*  will 
be  the  least  common  -multiple  re- 
quired. To  /iti«J  the  least  common 
•multiple  of  several  fractions,  Re- 
duce them  to  their  lowest  terms; 
then  write  the  L.C.M.  of  fheir 
numerators  over  theG-.C. 0.  of 
their  denominators. 
.ENGTH.-One  of  the  three  at- 
tributes of  extension,  generally 
the  greatest  horizontal  dimen- 
sion of  a  body. 

.EVEL.-A  surface  issaid.to  be 
level  when  it  is  concentric  with, 
or  parallel  to,  the  surface  of  the 
sea. 

.EVER. -A  solid  bar  turning  up- 
on a  pivot,  which  is  called  its 
fulcrum.  To  /i-Md  *he  weight  which 
can  be  moved  by  a  lever,  no>  ac- 
count being  taken  of  the  wei9ht 


430.1  CM 


of  the  lever,  M  ulti ply  the  pow- 
er by  its  distance  from  the  ful- 
crum, and  divide  by  the  distance 
of  the  weight  from  the  fulcrum 

LIFE. -Of  100  lives, equally  good, 
any  one  may  expect  to  live  tjll 
50  are  deceased.  This  period  is 
called  the  probable  life. The -mean 
duration  of  life  is  found  from  the 
tables  of  -mortality,  which  jive  out 
of  a  certain  number  born,  the 
number  living  at  each  successive 
birthday.  (See  Carlisle  Table  of  Mor- 
tality, under  Weights  and  Measures). 

LIFE  ANNUITY.- See  Annuity. To 
•find  the  final  value  of  an  annu 
ity  at  simple  interest,  Multiply  th. 
interest  on  the  annuity  for  I  year 
by  the  number  of  years  less  I,  and 
this  product  by  one-half  the  num 
ber  of  years.  Then  add  the  product 
of  the  annuity  multiplied  by  the 
number  of  years. %.xav»^\a.-Wha 
will  be  the  amount  or  final  value 
of  an  a.-nnuiti<  of  S»IOO  for  8 
years  at  6  ?£  ?  So/utiort. -Inter- 
est on  #  1 00  for  I  year  =  *  6 ;  6x7 
=.42;  42x4  =  168;  100x8-800; 


168  +800  =  0968  *W.  To  find 
the  present  value  of  an  annuity 
at  simple  interest,  Find  the  final 
value  of  the  annuity,  and  then 
find  the  present  value  of  that 
amount.  To  find  the  final  value 
of  an  annuity  at  compound  in- 
terest, Multiply  the  amount  of 
ttl,  as  given  in  Table  4  (of  th* 
Compound  Interest  Tables),  by  the 
annuity;  the  product  will  be  the 
final  value.  To  find  the  present 
value  of  an  annuity  at  compound 
interest,  Multiply  the  present- 
worth  of  ^l,  as  given  in  Table 
3  (of  the  Compound  Interest  Ta- 
bles), by  the  given  annuity.  To 
find  the  present  value  of  an  an- 
nuity in  reversion.  Pi  rid  tHe 
present  worth  of  the  final  val- 
ue of  the  annuity  from  the  pres- 
ent time  to  the  time  it  term  i- 
nates.^.»»*«\^\e..-A  father  leaves 
an  income  of  #500  per  year  to 
his  son,  to  commence  in  Shears 
and  to  continue  for  10  years. What 
is  the  present  worth  of  the  legacy, 
at  6  per  cent.  ?  So/u-tiort.  -By  Ta- 
ble 3,  present  worth  of* I  for  15  yrs.,*9.7 122 
.,  .,  *l  M  5  ..  4.2123 
*  5.4999 
* 5.4999  x500=*2749.94,  Arts. 

LINE. -A  magnitude  w_hich  has 
the  attribute  of  extension, call- 
ed length,  but  neither  breadth 
nor  thickness.  A  straight  //Tie. 
is  one  which  does  not  chan9e  its 
direction  between  any  two  of 

its  points,  as  - — . .A  curved 

line  is  one  which  changesits 
direction  at  every  o-ne  of  i  ts 

points,  as  s- .  A  broken 

fine  in  one  ->nade  up  of  lirji- 
ited  straightjines  lying  indif- 
ferent directions,  as  ^ — . 

LI  NEAR. -Relating  to  aline.  A 
linear  unit  is  a  standard  -meas- 
ure of  length,  as  an  Inch,  fool, 
yard,  etc. 

.INK. -A  unit  of  measure  equal 
to  the  hundredth  part  of  Guiiter1! 
chain  (which  see),  which  is  7.92 

LIQUID'  MEASURE.-Used  forth* 
measurement  of  liquids,  such 
as  I iguors, molasses,  water,  etc. 
For  Table,  see  under  Weights  and 
Measures. 

LIQUIDS,  PRESSURE  OF. -The 
area,  (a)  of  the  base  of  a  regular 
vessel,  the  height  (H)_of  the  flu- 
id in  feet,  and  the  weight  (-w)  of  a 
cubic  foot  of  the  fluid  being  giv- 
en; required  the  pressure  (p)  in 
pounds  on  the  bottom  of  the  ves 
sel:  for-mu/a.-a'xHX-w=p.Vhe. 
height  (A)-of  a  colurnn  of  fluid 
in  feet,  and  the  we.ight.of  a  cu- 
bic foot  of  the  fluid  being  given; 
required  the  press ure(p) in  pounds 
of  the  column  per  square  inch: 
Formula.. -h  Xw  +  l44*p.  The 
diameter  in  feet  of  the  ba-se  ( 4) 
of  a  cylindrical  res«rvoir,and  the 
depth  in  feet  (</)  of  fresh  water 


contained  therein  being  ai  v*n; 
required  the  pressure  (;>)  in  pou-nds 
upon  the  slaves:  f'ormu/a.  —  3  X 


.ITRE.-A  French  measure  o^  ca 
pacity,  whose  volume  is  equal  to 
a  cube  whose  edge  Is  Xo  of  a  me- 
tre, and  whose  capacity  is  X>oo 
of  a  cubic  -metre.  If  is  equal  to 
61.027+  cubic  inches. 

LOG,  a-nd  LOG-LINE.  -An  in- 
strument, of  the  nature  of  a 
float,haviri9  &  line  of  about  ISO 
fathoms  attached,  for  determin- 
ing  the  velocity  of?,  ship  when 
passing  through  the  water. 

LOGARITHMS^  logj.  -Are  in- 
dices of  powers,  Every  number 
•may  be  regarded  as  some  pow- 
er of  10,  which  is  called  the 
base,  and  logarithms  are  the 
indices  of  these  gowers  of  10, 
most  of  them  being  proper  or 
improper  fractions.  Thus  the 
index  or  logarithm  of  1000  is 
3,  that  is,  1000  is  the  3d  power 
01  10:  the  log.  of  251.  19  is  about 
2.4  or  ff,  that  is,  251.  19  is  the 
10th  root  of  the  24-th  power  of 
10;  25l.l9.lofr*=IOa-*. 

LONGITUDE.-  The  arc  of  the 
equator  intercepted  between 
the  meridian  of  a  place,  and 
the  meridian  of  some  other 
place  /row  which  lorigitude  is 
reckoned.  Longitude  is  general- 
ly reckoned  from  the  meridian 
of  Greenwich  (near  London),  but 
sometimes  from  the  meridian  of 
Washington.  For  the  length  of 
a  decree  of  longitude  /or  each 
degree  of  latitude,  and  (or  con- 
verting longitude  into  time, 
and  we*  versa,  see  Longitude,  un 
der  Weights  and  Measures. 

LUMBER  MEASURE.  -s«eBoard 

Measure. 

AGNITUDE.  -Anything  that 
can  be  increased  or  diminish- 
ed, as  a  line,  surface,  number, 
angle,  time,  space,  etc. 
MARKING  PRICES.  -For  meth- 
od of  marking  9oods,see  Mark- 
ing Goods,  under  Business  Terms. 
To  change  the  price  of  goods, 
•marking  them  higher  or  lower, 
at  a  certain  per  cent  on  the  old 
price,  Find  the  difference  between 
the  old  and  new  per  cent,  of  aarri 
or  loss.  Divide  this  by  the  Old 
amount  or  difference  percent. 
the  quotient  will  be  the  percent 
advance  or  discount  from  the 
old  price.  Multiply  the  old  price 
by  the  amount  or  difference  per 
cent.  Just  found,  and  the  p-ro  d- 
uct  will  be  the  required  price.  - 
^x«tw»7\e.-What  advance  or 
discount  must  be  made  on  the 
Price  of  cloth  marked  @*2.60 
to  secure  a  profit  of  26  ?"S  or 
14  y,  if  the  present  price  affords 
a  prof  it  of  20%  ?  What  is  the 
required  price?  ,j 


Operation. 

|.2t>~.2e)-M.20-.05;*2.60xi.05»*2.73. 
(.20~.t4KI.20=.05;*2.60x  .95=*2.47. 

MARINER'S  MEASURE. -Used 
in  measuring  distances  at  sea. 
For  Table,  see.  under  Weight!  and 
Measures. 

MATHEMATICS. -That  science 
which  treats  of  the  relations 
and  measurement  of  quantities, 
and  of  the  operations  and  pro- 
cesses, by  means  of  which  these 
relations  are  ascertained. 

VIEAN.-  Lying  between,  as  the 
mean  of  two  quantities.  ATI  A- 
rithrnetical  -mea-n,  or  average 
of  several  quantities  of  the  same 
kind,  is  their  sum  divided  by 
their  number.  Thus  the  mean 
of  10,12, 17.  and  25  is  ^  or  16. 
A  geo-nietr/ca./  mean  o  (  t  w  o 
quantities,  is  the  square  root  of 
their  product:  thus  the  geomet- 
rical mean  of  2  and  8  is  Vi6"-4-. 
The  greater  of  the  given  quan- 
tities is  as  many  times  greater 
than  the  -mean,  as  the  mean  is 


greater  than  the  less  quantity. 
In  an  arithmetical  progression, 
each  term  is  an  arithmetical  mean 
between  the  preceding  and  sue- 
ceeding  terms.  In  a  geometrical 
progression,  each  term  is  a  geo- 
metrical mean  between  the  pre- 
ceding and  succeeding  terms. 

MEASURE. -The  extent  or  val- 
ue of  a  quantity,  in  terms  of  an- 
other quantity  of  the  same  kind, 
taken  as  a  uni^of  measure.  The 
measure  of  a  line  is  the  number 
of  linear  units,  as  f  eet,  yards,etc., 
which  it  contains.  The  measure 
of  a  surface  is  the  number  of 
square  units  of  surf  ace,  aj  square 
feet,  square  yards, etc.,  which  it 
contains.  The  measure  of  a  vol- 
ume is  the  number  of  cubic  u- 
nits,  as  cubic  feet, etc.,  which  it 
contains. .(See  any  particular 
measure  in  .its  alphabetic  order, 
or  under  Weights  and  Measures^. 

MECHANICAL  POWERS.-Thc 
mechanical  powers  are  the  lever, 
the  wheel  and  axle,  the  pu.lleyt 
the  i-nolrned planet  the  w«</?e, 


and  the  tcrew.  See  each  in  its 
proper  order. 

MENSURATION.- Thai  brmchof 
applied  geometry  which  relates 
to  the  computing  of  the  length 
of  lines,  the  area  of  surfaces, a-nd 
the  volume  of  solids.  For  infor- 
mation concerning  any  particu- 
lar subject  under  Mensuration , 
refer  to  it  under  its  appropriate 
title.  The  following  list  of  titles 


will  aid  in  reference: 


Acute 
Altitude 
Angle 
Apples, «tc. 
Arc 
Area.     ' 
Board  Meas'ie 
Chord 
Circle 


Line 
Lumber 

Mechanical 


C'mvmftmct  Length 

Circular  Din?   ' 

Cistern 

Cone 

Concentric 

Convex 

Concave 

Corn 

Cube 

Cylinder 

Decagon 

Diameter 


Dodecagon 
Ellipse 


Frustrutn 
Gauging 
train 
Hay 

Heiqht 


Hexagon 
Inscribe 
Lateral 


Obtuse 

Octagon 

Parallel 

PaTalleloqr'in 

Parallelopip'n 

Pentagon 

Peri-meter 

Point 


Pyramid 
Potatoes 
Prism 


Radius 

Rectilineal 

Rhomboid 

Rhombus 

Sector 

Seoment 

Solid 

Sphere 

Square 

Surface 

Trapeiium 

Trapeiofd 

Triangle 

Undeca9on 

Vertex 

Volume 

Weiohts.etc. 

Width 

Zone 


Polygon 

MERIDIAN. -The  meridian  of 
a  place, is  the  intersection  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  with  a  plane 
passing  through  the  axis  of  t  he 
earth  and  the  place.  It  is  the  same 
as  a  north  and  south  line. 

METRE. -A.French  measure  of 
jength,  equivalent  to  the  ten  -mill- 
ionth part  of  the  distance  from 
the  equator  to  the  north  pole, 
or  about  39.37  inches. 

METRIC  S Y STEM.- The Fretich 
system  of  denominate  numbers, 
having  for  its  fundamental  unit 
the  Metre  ,and  having  10  as  the 
constant  ratio  in.its  scale  of  no- 
tation.(See  Metric  System, w-n- 
der  Weights  and  Measures'). 

MIDDLE. -In  a.  straight  line, 
the(niiddle  point  is  the  point 
which  is  the  same  distance 
from  the  two  extremitie.s;  in 
general,  it  implies  equi-distant 
from  the  extremes. 

MILL. -I  n  the  money  of  t  he 
United  States,  the  unit  of  the 
lowest  denomination,  and  is 
equal  to  the  tenth  part  of  a 
cent,  orthe.thousattdth  part 
of  a  dollar. 

MILLION. -A  number  written 
thus  1,000,000.  It  isathousand 
thousand. 

MINUEND. -In  Subtraction, the 
quantity  from  which  another 
is  to  be  taken.  _ 

MINUS. -The  sign  of  subtrac- 
tion. I*  is  a  horizontal -m ark. 
thus  -.  The  number  at  its  right  is 
taken  from  the  one  at  its  left 


MINUTE. -In  time  measure,  *h 
60th  part  of  an  hour,  or  1440th 
part  of  a  day.  In  angular  meas 
ure,  the  60th  part  of  a  degree, 
or  5400th  par*  of  a  right  angle. 
MIXED  NUMBER  OR  QUANTITY 
A  number  or  quantity  consist 
ing  of  both  integral  and  frac- 
tional, parts,  as  I OA,  or  10.25 
A.I  I  mixed  numbers  or  quant! 
ties'  can  be  reduced  to  the  for-tn 
of  simple  fractions.  \  >• 
MOMENTUM. -The  quantity 
of  motion  in  a  body. To  find 
momentum,  Multiply  the  weigh 
by  the.  velocity .  Thus,' the  -mower 
turn  of  a  body  weighinglS  5  I  bs 
and  moving  at  the  rate  of  80 
feet  per  second,  is  2000  Ibs.,  i.e. 
it  is  equal  to  the  momentum 
of  a  bodu.weighing  2,000  Ibs. 
and  moving  one  foot  per  secotic 
MONEY.-  For  table  of  U.S. MOD 
ey,  and  for  the  value  of  foreign 
coins,  see'under  Weights  and  Meas 
ures. 

MONTH. -The  twelfth  part  of 
a  year.  The  number  of  days 
jn  each  of  the  calendar  months 
is  shown  in  the  Perpetual  Cal- 
endar. The  number  of  days 
from  any  day  of  any  onettiontl 
to  the  same  day  of  any  other 
month,  is  shown  under  Busi- 
ness Time  Tables.A/kwarmonth 
embraces  the.period  between 
two  consecutive  new  -m  oons, 
and  is  about  2 9, '-3  days  in  length 
(Sec  Time  Table,  under  Weights  an< 
Measures). 

MULTIPLE. -A  -multiple  of  am. 
number  is  a  number  which  it 
will  exactly  divide,  as  24  is  a 
multiple  of  2,  3,4,  6,  8,and  12. 
^  (See  Least  Common  Multiple). 
MULTIPLICAND. -In  Multipli- 
cation, the  quantity  which  is 
to  be  repeated  or  multiplied. 
MULTI  PLICATION. -The  oper 
ation  of  finding  the  product 
of  two  quantities.  The  product 
is  the  quantity  obtained  by  mul 
tiplying.  The  -multiplier  is  the 
quantity  denoting  how  many 
times  the  multiplicand  is  taken. 
The  mu.ltipjica.nd  is  the  quantity 
to  be  mu-lti plied. To  prove  the 
accuracy  of  the  operational) 
Reverse  the  factors  ;(S)  Divide  the 
product  by  one  of  the  factors;the 
quotient  should  be  the  other;  (3) 
Find  the  excess  of  9's  in  each 
of  the  factors,  whether  two  or 
more.  Then  find  the  excess  in 
the  product  of  the  excesses  in 
the  factors;  this  should  equal  the 
excess  in  the  entire  product.^.*- 
'    .-Multiply  23045  by  70800. 

Opera.*  i  on. 
23045  5  Excess. 

70800       _£       „ 
3<T\3    „ 


J6I3I5 


Pi-od.16315  86000  / 

Contractions.  -To 


by  10, 100, 1000, etc., Annex  to 
the  multiplicand  as  .many  cipher1 
as  there  are  ciphers  in  the  mult 
plier.  To  -multiply  by  a  conveni 
ent  part  of  10, 100,  I000,etc.,as3> 
12/4,  \6*3  ,33%,  etc.,  Multiply  b 
10,100,  1000, etc.,  and  divide  the 
product  by  the  number  of  times 
the  multiplier  has  been  increased, 
Thus,  to  multiply  459. by  33J4, a 
nex  two  ciphers,  and  divide  by  3. 
To  multiply  when  the  multipli 
er  is  3  figures,  2  of  which  can  be 
evenly  divided  .by  the  third, then 
only  two  partial  multiplications 
need  be  used.  Thus,  to  multiply 
47123  by  328  and  by  832: 
47123  47123 

328  832 

first  multiply  by  8  in  each  case 
and  then  multiply  that  produc 
by  4  (which  is.  equivalent  to  mu 
tiplying  the  original  number  by  3' 
'In  multiplying  by  8  in  each  case 


put  the  first  figure  of  the  prod- 
uct under  the  8,  and  in  multi- 
plying by  4(32),  place  the  first 
figure  of -the  product  under  the 
2  of  the  32.  To  multiply  2  fig- 
ures by  II,  Place  the  sum  of  the 
figures  between  the  figures:thus, 
45  X  1 1  =  495 .  To  -multiply  by  5, 
Add  one  0,  and  divide  by  2  ;  *o 
multiply  by  15,  do  *he  same,  and 
then  add  the  quotient  to  the  d  iv- 
idend;  to  multjply  by  25,  add 
two  O's.and  divide  by  4;*o  -mul- 
tiply by  75,  do  the  same,  and 
then  subtract  the  quotient  from 
the  dividend.  To  -multipli*  by 
any  number  ending  with9,Mu.l 
tiply  by  the  next  higher -number, and 
subtract  the  multiplicand. 

MULTIPLIER. -In  Multiplication, 
fhat  factor  of  a  product  which 
indicates  the  number  of  times 
which  the  other  factor  is  to  be 
taken.  .      . 

VIAUTICAL. -Pertaining  to  nav- 
igation. A  rta.u.tica.1  mile.  Is  the 
60th  part  of  a  degree  of  latitude; 
it  is  equal  to  69>4  English  wiles. 


NEGATIVE. -A  term  applied  to  a 
quantity  preceded  by  the  neoi 
tive  or  minus  sign,  thus  — 14( 
A  result  affected  by  the  -irtinui 
sign,  is  to  be  interpreted  i-n  a 
sense  exactly  contrary  to  wha 
it  would  have  been  interpret 
had  it  not  been  preceded  by  th 
minus  sign,  or  by  the  positive 
sign  (the  plus  sign  +).  The  op 
erations  indicated  by  the  signs 
+  and  —  are  diametrically  op 
posed  to  each  other,  njnd  it  a 
quantity  in  am^partfculaTseti 
is  considered  positive,  In  the  op 
posite  sense  it  should  be  regard 
ed  as  negative.  . 

NINE.-  Among  the  "rcmarka 
ble  and  valuable  properties  of 
the  number  9,  is  that  made 
use  of  in  proving^the  accuracy 


For  an  explanation  of  this  prop 
erty,  setAddjtion, Subtraction 
Multiplication,  and  Division. 
NOTATION.-  The  art  of  rep- 
resenting or  expressing  math 
ematical  quantities  and  opera- 
tions by  means  of  symbo.ls.The 
two  methods  of  expressing  -num 
bers,in  general  use,  are  the  Ara. 
tic  and  the  /to-matt.  Arabic 
Notation,-  By  this  method  mi 
bers  are  expressed  by  one  or  -more 
of  ten  characters  or  •ff  cures. 
These  are  1,2,3,4,5,6/7,8,9,0 
Ro-ma-H  Notation.- By  this 
method  nu-rtibers  are  expressed 
by  one  or  more  of  seven  capi- 
tal letters.  These  are  I,denot 
Ing  one;  V,  f  ive;  X,  tcn;L,f  if 
ty ;  C,  one  hundred',  D,five  hun 
d-red;  M,  one  thousand. Repeat 
ing  a  letter  repeats  .its  value,  as 
111=  3,  etc.  Annexing  a  letter 
to  another  letter  of  greater  val- 
ue, adds  the  two,  VI  denotes 
V  +  I  =  6.  Prefixing  a  letter 
to  another  of  greater  value,  in- 
dicates their  difference,  as  IV 
denotes  V -I  =  4.  A  dash   or 
vinculum  placed  over  a  letter, 
denotej_a  thousandfold  its  val- 
ue, as  V=  5000  ;  XXV=  25,000. 
The  following  ta.ble  contains 
the  principal  combinations  of 
Roman  numerals: 


C  =  IOO 

CX=IIO 

CC  =  200 

CCC=300 

CD=400 

D=500 

DC  =  600 

CM =900 

M  =  IOOO 

MD  =  I500 

MDC=I600 

MM=2000 


1 

11 

rn 

IV 

V 

VI 

VII 

VI1I 

IX 

X 

XI 

XII 

XIII 

XIV 

XV 


=I4 


XVI: 

XVII: 

XVIII: 

XIX: 

XX  = 

XXI  = 
XXX  = 

xxxv =; 

XL. 
L 


LX  =  60 


LXXX=80 
XC=90 


XX  =20000 
M =1000000 


55 


MUMBER.-Q^uantitti  conceived 
as  made  up  of  parts,  or  the -meas- 
ure of  the  relation  between  quan- 
tities of  the  same  kind,  and  an- 
swers to  the  question,  et  How 
many?"  Thus.,  distance  is  a 
quantity^  but  if  that  distance 
is  called  0,  the  notion  is  convert- 
ed into  number.  A  -number  is 
an  expression  for  one  or  more 
units.  An  integra.1  -number  con- 
sists of  entire  or  whoje  units, 
as  I,  7,  16,  etc.  A  fractional nitm- 
ber  consists  of  parts  of  units, 
as  Yi. ,  y%  ,  'J43, etc.  A  mixed* urn 
her  consists  of  .integral  a.nd  frac- 
tional units  being  combined, as 
4v4,  16  /$ ,  etc.  A  concrete  or  de- 
nominate number  consists  of 
concrete  units,  as  I  pen,  6  ox- 
en, 100  bushels, etc.  Ana4»*rac* 
•number  consists  of  abstract  u.- 
nits,  as  I,  5,  17,  etc.  A  simp/e 
number  consists  of  units  of 
only  one  kind,  as  10,  25  pounds 
*75,  etc.  A  compound  number 
consists  of  units  of  different 
kinds, as  IS  pounds  10  ounces, 
2  miles  lOrods  6feet4inches. 
A  prime  number  i.s  one  which 
cannot  be  exactly  divided  by  any 
other  number  except-  I,  as  1 1,  17, 
1999,  etc.  A  composite  number 
is  one  consisting  of  the  product 
of  the  factors  of  other  numbers, 
as  4,  a  5,  1 92, etc. 

NUMERALS  ..-The  characters  by 
means  of  which  numbers  are 
expressed,  as  figures  in  the  Ara- 
bic notation,  and  letters  in  the 
Roman. 

NUMERATION.-The  artof  read- 
ing numbers,  when  expressed  by 
means  of  numerals.  For  the  con- 
venience of  reading  numbers, 
then  are  separated  into  periods 
of  three  places  each  as  per  table. 


number  of  fractional  u-.nits 
that  are  ta.ken. (See  Fraction). 
OBLATE. -Flattened  or  depress- 
ed. If  .an  ellipse  be  revolved  about 
its  minor  ax-is, the  volume  gcn- 
era.ted  is  called  an  oblate,  sphe- 
roid. The  earth  being  flatten- 
ed at  the  poles,  and  protruded 
at  the  equator,  is  in  the  form 
of  an  oblate  spheroid. 

OBLIQUE. -Dcviat  /D 

ing  from  the  per-      ^_ — 

pendicular.  Thus 
the  line  BD  is  oblique  to    the 
line  AC.  A-n  oblique,  angle.   \  s 
one  either  greater  or  less  than 
a  right  angle,  the  angles  DBA 
and  DBC  both  being  oblique  an- 
gles. An  oblique  tri 'angle  is  one 
in  which  all  the.  angles   are 
oblique.  An  oblique  cylinder- 
or  cone  is  one  whose  a-xis  is 
oblique  to  the  plane  of  its  base. 
OBLONG. -A  rectangle  whose 
adjacent  sides  are  unequal.  In 
general,  any  body  or.vol.u-me 
which  is  longer  than  it  is  wide. 


equal  to  each  other.  THe  angle  at 
the  center,  ACB,  is  45",  and  the 
angle  at  the  vertex  of  any  angla 
ACO,  is  135°. The  area  of  a  regu- 
lar  octagon,  whose  side  is  l,isequal 
to  4.8284271. 

OCTAGONAL. -Pertaining  to  an 
octagon. 

OCTANGULAR. -Having  eight  an 

OCTANT. -The  half  of  a  quadrant, 
or  the  eighth  part  of  a  circum- 
ference of  a  circle. 

OOO.-Not  divisible  by  2  with- 
out a  remainder.  The  alternate 
numbers  beginning  at  I  ,  as  I,  3, 
5,  7,  etc.,  form  the  series  of  odd 
numbers. 

OPERATION. -Something  to  be 
done,  as  a  transformation  to 
be.  made  upon  quantities.  Such 
transformation  is  indicated  ei- 
ther by  rules  or  by  symbols. (See 
Symbol). 

OPPOSITE   ANGLES.-     o^./" 
Angles  lying  on.oppo-      ^xJr^e 
site  sides  of  two  inter-   * 
secting  lines.  Thus,*h«  angle*  ACO 
and  ECU  are  opposite. 

OUNCE. -A  unit  of  weJ9ht.  In 
avoirdupois  weight,  it  is  the  six- 
teenth part  of  a  pound,  and  con- 
tains 437/S  grains;  in  Troy 
weight,  it  is  the  twelfth  parr  of 
a  pound,  and  contains 480  grams. 
>VAL.— A  figure  resembling  an 
ellipse,  or  egg-shaped. 

PAR  VALUE. -The  full  value 
represented  on  the  face  of  a. 
note,  bond,  or  other  certificate 
of  property.  (See  Par,  under  Bu- 
siness Terms). 

PARALLEL. -Having  the  same  di 
rection,and  equi-dis-    - 
tant  in  al.l  parts.Two 
straight  lines  are  parallel  toeach 
other,  when  they  lie  in  the  same 

Penodof  Period**  PtriodW  Pr'odof  Periodtf  Periodof  Period  ef  RrriodV  Period  i/IWodo/  feriodof  Period  Period   Period  of  Periodof  fcriod  of  Period  o/ 
DecilCs.  Noimill*.  Octill's.  S»p»i^   Swill's.  Qumill's.  Quadrilft.  Trillions:  Billions.  Minions.  Thous'ds.  of  Units.  Thous'lhiMill'ths.  Kll'ths.  Tnll'ths.  ^adrilPtrs 


Xl^o  Xt^z  XI^O  xHtn  ££(/>  iHOf  xHtf  X^V^  Xr-CD  Xr~2i  xHt-  Xt^D  r-Xr-  t-i5  Px'cn  £xr-  K  X  tf 
000000    000    000    000    000    000    000    000    000    000    000.000    000    000    000    000 

direction,  and  are  therefore  con- 
tained in  the  same  plane,  and 
cannot  touch  or  intersect,how 
far  soever  «he.y  be  extended. Three 
or  more  straight  lines  are  paral- 
lel to  each  other  when  they  have 
the  same  direction. Two 
or  more  circles  are  said 
to  be  parallel  to  each  oth- 
er  when  they  art  ccncmtric. 


To  read  an  9  number,  Determine 
the  order  and  name  of  each  sig- 
nificant figure  in  the  number  to 
be  read;  then  begin  at  the  left 
hand  and  name  the  significant 
figures  in  each  period, together 
with  their  relative  unit  value, 
and  add  the  name  of  the  period . 
NUMERATOR. -The  term  of  a 
fraction  which  indicates  the 


OBTUSE. -Not  point 

ed, sharp,  or  acute.    - 

An  obtuse  angle  is 

an  angle  greater  than  a  righ* 

angle,  as  ABD. 
OCTAGON. -A  polygon 

of  eight  sides  or  angles. 

A  regular  octagon  is 

one  whose  sides  and 

angles  are  respectively 


56 


*rm«  of  «e*f le-ment,  and  add  the 
sutti  of  the  interest  thus  found  to 

the  sum  of  the  payments.  ///.  De- 
duct the  sum  of  the  payments  and 
the  Interest  therco-n  from  the 
amount  of  principal  and  interest, 
and  the  difference  will  be   t  He 
balance  due. 

The  Vermont  Ru-le  Is  the  same 
as  the  Merchant*'  Rule,  except  in 
the  latter,settlemetit  is  -made  not 
later  than  a  year  a/ter  the  date 
of  the  no  re,  while  in  thefor-nier, 
settlement  is  not  made  until  the 
final  adjustment  of  the  account, 
which  may  be  less  than  a  yea-r, 
or  many  years.  The  difference 
between  any  two  of  the  three 
rules  may  be  seen  from  the  fol- 
lowing Exa-tiiple:  — A  -note  of 
$£1000  runs  4  years  a*  8?>o  inter- 
est, on  which  were  made  quar- 
terly payments  of®  50.  What 
was  the  amount  due  at  settlement? 
,  &440.82 
432.23 
400.00 


PARALLELOGRAM.-/*  quadri- 
lateral whose  opposite  3 — J^ic 
side?  are  parallel, and  al-yU^i,/! 
so  equal.  If  one  angle 
of  a  parallelogram  is  a  right  angle, 
all  the  other  angles  are  also  right 
angles,  and  the  parallelogram  is 
a  f*o£cn0A,M  ABCD.  If  two  ad- 
jacent sides  of  a  parallelogram  are 
equal,  the  figure  is  a  rhombus^  if, 
in  addition,  the  included  angle  is 
a  right  angle,  the  figure  is  a  square. 
I*  a  parallelogram  is  oblique-an- 
gled, it  is  a  rho-mtoid,  E  FCD.The 
area  of  a  parallelogram  is  equal 
to  the  product  of  its  base  by  its 
altitude-. 

PARALLELOPIPEDON.-A  polyhe- 
dron bounded  by  six     /-          -  * 
parallelograms.The     \ 
solid  is  a  rectangular    [     '..  ..'j.>;C.'i^ 
parallelopipedon,  if 
the  parallelograms  are  rectangles. 
If  they  are  squares,  it  is  a  c«Ac. 
The  area  of  a  parallclopipedon 
is  equal  to  the  product  of    its 
length,  breadth,  and  thickness. 

PARTIAL  PAYMENTS.- Pay- 
ments made  at  different  tin-ies 
of  part _of  a  note,  bond, or  other 
obligation .  These  payments  should 
be  indorsed  upon  the  back  of  the 
•note,,  bond, etc.  _The  foil  owing  rule 
for  computing  interest  when  par- 
tial payments  have  been  made 
has  been  adopted  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  and 
by  several  of  the  States,  and  is 
called 

The  United  States  Rule. 
I.  The  rule  for  casting  interest 
when  partial  payments  nave  been 
wade,  is  to  apply  the  payment,  in 
the  first  place,  to  the  'discharge  of 
the  interest  due.  //.    If  the  pay- 
ment exceeds  the  interest, the 
surplus  goes  towards  discharging 
the  principal,  and  the  subsequent 
interest  is  to  be  computed  on  the 
balance  of  the  principal  remain- 
ing due.  ///.    If  the  payment  be 
less  than  the  interest,  the  surplus 
of  interest  must  not  be  taken  to 
augment  the  principal;  but  inter- 
est continues  on  the  for-mer  prin- 
cipal until  the  period  when  the  pay- 
ments,taUen  together, exceed  the 
interest  due,  and  then  the  surplus 
is  to  be  applied  towards  discharging 
the  principal,  and  interest  is  to 
be  commuted  on  the  balance  as 
aforesaid. 

Among  merchants  where  it 
is  customary  to  make  settlements 
yearly,  or  o/tener,  the  following 
rule  is  much  used  by  them,  an  d 
is  called 

The  Merchants' Rule. 
I.  Find  the  interest  on  the  prin- 
cipal from  the  time  it  becomes  due 
to  the  time  of  settlement ,  and 
add  it  to  the  principal.  //.  Find 
the  interest  on  each  payment 
from  the  time  it  was  -made  to  the 


It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  exam- 
ple that, for  periods  longer  than 
one  year,  fche  United  States  Rule 
is  most  favorable  to  the  credit- 
or, then  the  Merchants' Rule, 
after  which  the  Vermont  Rule; 
while  the_y  favor  the  debtor  i-n 
the  opposite  order. 

PARTNERSHIP. -For  definitions 

and  forms, see  under  Business 
Forms  and  Terms. To  /itid  each 
partner's  share  of  the  gains  or 
losses,  when  the  shares  are  in 
proportion  to  the  investments, 
Place  tHe  amount  invested  by 
each  partner  as  a  numerator, 
and  the  whole  capital  ofthefir-m 
as  a  denominator:  the  several 
fractions  will  express  each  part- 
ner's share.  Then  multiply  the 
gain  or  loss  by  the  fraction  ex- 
pressing each  partner's  share, 
and  the  product  will   be    h  is 
share  of  the  gain  or  loss.%xwv- 
V\*.- A,  B,  and  C  formed  a  part- 
nership. A  invested  * 6000  ,  B 
9*5000,  and  C  $63000.  Their  pro/- 


its were  95600,  to  be  divided  In 
proportion  to  their  capital.  What 
was  each  partner's  share? 
Operation. 


share.  5600xf  -«4«,  A'sgain. 


g  .3 


5600xjf=*UOO,C's 


Another  method  is  To  multiply 
each  partner's  capital  by  the  per- 
centage which  the  gains  or  loss- 
es may  be  of  the  capital  of  the 
firm.  Thus 

#5600  -40%  of  *  14000. 
*  6000  X40  X  =#2400,  AHnht 
»2000,B's  »» 


To  littd  each  partner's  interest 
at  closing:  /.  Find  the  firm's 
net  capital  or  net  insolvency 
at  commencing  and  at  closing. 
//.  Find  the  firm's  net  gains 
or  net  losses,  and  each  part- 
ner's share.  Trien,///-  To  each 
partner's  original  investment 
add  any  additional  investments 
or  sums  to  which  he  may  be  en- 
titled, and  his  share  of  the  net 
pains,  if  an_y;  also  deduct  t_he 
amounts  withdrawn  by  him, 
and  obligations  assumed  by  the 
firm  for  him,  and  his  share 
of  the  net  losses,  if  any.  If  the 
original  agreement  entitles  him 
to  any  other  sum,  or  makes  him 
responsible  -to  the  ffrtn  for  any  sum, 
add  or  subtract,  as  the'case  may  be 

PENTAGON.  TA  poi 

ygon  of  five  sides  or 
five  angles.  A  regu- 
lar pentagon  is  one 
whose  sides  and  an- 
gles are  all  equal  each 
to  each,  and  -may  be  inscribed  in 
acircle. 

PENNY-WEIGHT.  -A  unit  in  Troy 
weight,  equivalent  to  /4o  of  an 

PERCENTAGE.  -A  general  desig- 
nation for  all  processes  involving 
the  method  of  reckoning  by  the 
hundred.  The  result  obtained  by 
taking  a  certain  per  cent,  of  a 
number  is  called  the  Percentage. 
The  number  on  which  the  per- 
centage is  reckoned  is  called  the 
Base.  The  sum  of  the  base  and 
the  percentage  is  the  Amount. 
The  excess  of  the  base  over  the 

i  percentage  is  the  Difference. 
The  number  used  as  a  multipli- 
er in  obtaining  any  required  per 
cent,  of  a  given  number,  is  the 
Rate.  To  find  the  percentage, 
the  base  and  rate  being  given, 
Multiply  the  base  by  the  rate 

|  expressed  decimally  ,  or  remove 
the  decimal  point  two  places  to 
the  left,  and  multiply  the  result 


57 


by  theratc.^E.xvmv\».-What 
it  4%  of  H6T4.50? 

1st  Method-  2d  Method. 

*674.50  « 6.7450 

•  26.9800  » 16.98  00 
To  /ind  the  rate,  the  base  and 
percentage  being  given, Annex 
two  c.iphers  to  the  percentage 
and  divide  by  the  base^X's^w^a. 
What  rate  per  cent,  of  400  is 
24  ?  2400*400  =  6.  Arts.  6$f. 
To  /ittd  the  base,  the  rate  and 
percentage  being  given,  Annex 
two  ciphers  to  the  percentage  and 
divide  by  the  rate.tx«w\yto'-What 
is  the  number  of  which  300  is 

6  o  y?  ?  300  oo  -r  eo=soo  A  ns. 
To  fi-nd  the  base,  the  rate  and 
the  amount, or  the  rate  and 
difference  being  given, Divide 
the  amount  by  I  increased  by  the 
rate  per  cent,  (expressed  decimal- 
ly).   Divide  the  difference  by  I 
diminished  by  the  rate  percent, 
(expressed  decimally). ^.xi-w^Vis.- 
600  is  20  %  rciore  than  what 

What  number  diminished  by 
3.0  °7»  of  itself  equals  4-00?  4-00 
±.8O~5OO  Arts. 

Formu/as. 

P«rcet»-f.  =  base\rate  percent. 
Rate  pet  cent.  =  per  cent.-f  base. 
Base  =  per  cen  t.  -f  rate  per  cent. 
P,        JArnount-fl  I  -(-rate  percent.). 
=  iDifference-KI  -rate  percent.). 

PERCH. -A  unit  o*  measure  for 
surfaces.  It  is  a  square  rod, and 
is  equivalent  to  30.1-4  square  yards, 
or  272^4  square  feet.  It  is  used 
chiefly  in  land  measurino. 

PERIMETER.- The  line  *  ha* 
bounds  a  plane  figure.  In  a  pol- 
ygon its  length  is  equal  to  the 
sum  of  all  the  sides  of  the  polygon. 

PERIOD. -In  Numeration,  a 
group  of  three  orders,  as  Peri- 
od of  Units,  Period  ofThousanls, 
e*c-  In  Extraction  of  Roots,  a 
number  of -figures  considered 
together. 

PERMUTATION. r  The  results 

obtained  by  writing  any  num 
berof  factors  in  every  possible 
order,  so  that  each  shall  enter 
every  result  and  enter  it  but 
once.  Thus,  the  two  letters 
a.  and  b  can  be  placed  in  only 
two  positions,  at  and  ^a.. The 
three  letters  a,  t,  and  c  can  be 
placed,  in  6  different  positions. 
The  first  four  letters  of  the  al- 
phabet can  be  placed  in  24  dif- 
ferent positions,  and  the  2.S 
letters  of  the  alphabet  admit  of 
4-0329 146 1.I26605S35,58400C1000  d  i/fer- 
•nt  positions.  To  find  any. re- 
sult in  permutation, Multiply 
together  the  numbers,  1,2,3,4, 
etc.,  from  J  to  the  given  num- 
ber; .the  latt  product  will  be  the 
required  result. 

PERPENDICULAR. -One  straight 


line  is  perpendicular  to 
another  straight  line 
when  they  meet  so  as 
to  make  the  two  angles 
formed  equal.  Thus  A  B 
and  DC  are  perpendic- 
ular to  each  other.  Straight  lines 
and  curved,  straight  lines  and 
planes,  places  and  planes, etc.,  way 
be  oerpendicular  to  each  o*he*. 
PERPETUITY. -The  sum  of  money 
which  will  buy  an  annuity  to  last 
forever.  To  /ind  any  perpetu-ity, 
Multiply  the  annual  payment  by 
the  reciprocal  of  the  rate  pet  cent. 
at  which  the  perpetuity  is  compu- 
ted. ^.X»\Y\\\«..-  What  is  the  value 
of  a  perpetuity  of*IOO  per  an- 
num  at  5  %  ?  Solution.-  5  ^ 
=  .Xioo  ^Xo  ;  the  reciprocal  of  At 

=  a>f  :  *  100  X^T=» 2000  /Ins. 
PERSPECTIVE. -Such  a  represen- 
tation of  an  object  upon  a  sur- 
face as  shall  present  to  t  he  .eye, 
situated  at  a  particular  point, 
the  same  appearance  that  the  ob- 
ject itself  would  present,  were 


the  surface  removed, 
PlLINGSHOT- 

Shot,  shells, 
etc.,  are  gen 
erally  piled 
in  regular 
piles  of  a 
pyramidal  or 
wedged-shaped  form.  The  piles  are 
named  from  the  form  of  their 
bases,  square,  recta-nau/ar,  and 
triangular.  To  ^itld  the  num- 
ber of  balls  in  any. pile,  Add  to 
the  number  of  balls  in  the  longest 
side  of  the.  base  the.  number  in  the 
parallel  side  opposite,  and  also 
the  number  in  the  parallel  top 
row;  multiply  this  sum  by  one- 
third  of  the  number  of  balls  in 
the  triangular  face  of  the  pi  Ic, 
and  the  result  will  be  the  num- 
ber of  balls  in  the  pile.^X'a.w^Ne..- 
How  many  balls  in  the  a  bove 
pile?  So/ution.  -The  number  in 
the  longest  side  of  the  bate,  is  6; 
in  opposite  parallel  side,  6;  in  par- 
allel top  row,  I ;  in  triangular 


face  of  pile,  21,  one-third  of  which 
is  7;   6  +6  +1=  13;  !3x7=9Mw. 

PINT, -A  unit  of  measure, equiv- 
alent to  */*  of  a  gallon, or  28  /* 
cubic  inches. 

PLANE.-  A  surface  o/such  nat- 
ure that,  if  any  two  points  be 
taken  and  joined  by  a  straig.ht 
<ina, that  line  will  lie  wholly  in 
the  surface. 

PLUMB-LINE. -A  I inc.or string, 
having  a  weight  attached,  and 
used  for  the  purpose,  o/  ascertain- 
ing a  ver*!ca.l  direction. 

POINT. -Position  without  ex- 
tension, it  haying -neither  length 
breadth,  nor  thickness. 

POLE. -A  unit  o-f  measure, equiv- 
alent to  I6X  -feet, or  5'A  yards. 

POLYGON. -A  plane  figure  bound- 
ed by  straight  lines.  These  lines 
are  called  the  sides  of  the  poly- 
gon, and  the  points  in  which 
they  meet  are  called  vertices  of 
the  polygon.  Polygons  are  class- 
ified according  to  the  number  of 
their  sides  or  angles. The  follow- 
ing table  exhibits  the  angles  and 
areas  of  all  the  polygons, upto  the 
dodecagon,  viz.,  the  angle  at  the 
centre,  tHe  angle  of  the  polygon, 
and  the  area  of  the  polygon  when 
each  side  is  I  :- 
No.of  Naine  of  A«9le  Anfof 
Sides.  Polygon,  atcciu. PoluV 


Triangle 

Square 

Pentagon 

Heragon 

Heptagon 

Octagon 

Nonagon 

Decagon 


0.4330127 
1.0000000 
1.7204774 
2.5380762 
.6339124 
4.8284271 
6.1818242 
7.6942088 
9.365S399 
11.1961524 


Undecagon 
Dodecagon     30    150 
To  /ind  the  area  of  any  regular 
polygon,  Square  the  side,  and  -mul- 
tiply that  square  by  the  area    in 
that  part  of  the  fifth  column  of 
preceding  table  corresponding,  with 
the  number  of  sides.  To  fi-nd 
the  area  of  an  irregular  poly- 
gon of  four  or  -more  sides, Divide 
the  figure  into  triangles  by  diago- 
nals connecting  some  one  angular 
point  with  each  of  the  ot  hers; 
then  compute  the  area  of  each 
triangle, and  find  their  sum. 

POLYHEDRON. -A  solid,  whose 
sides  or  faces  are  polygons.  The 
lines  in  which  the  faces  meet 
are  called  e</ocs,  and  the  vertices 
of  the  polyhedral  angles  are  call- 
ed vertices  of  the  polyhedron.  A 
regular  polyhedron  is  one  whose 
faces  are  regular  polygons. 

POSITIVE. -A  term  applied  to  a 
quantity  affected  with  the  sign 
+  .  (See  Negative). 

POUND. -A  unit  of  weight, as  a 
pound  Troy,  a  pound  Avoirdupois, 
etc.  A  Troy  pound  contains 
5760  grains,  and  an  Avoirdupois 
pound,  7000  grains.  A  cubic  inch 


5H 


TABLE  OF  PRIME  NUMBERS  TO  6000. 

To  ttsc  the  table,  look  for  the  re 

qu  red  thousand  over  one  of  the  sub 
tables,  then  under  it  look  for  the  requir- 
ed hundred,  /ol  lowing  down  the 
colunm,  if  the  remain  ing  figures  of 
the  number  occur,  it  is  pri-me;o*her- 
wise,-not:.tw.w9\«..-339l  is  prime;  3397,  not. 

of  distilled  wafer,  at  6J°  Fahr., 
the  barometer  being  30  Inches, 
weighs  252.458  Troy  grains, 
which  is  taken  as  the  unvary- 
ing standard  of  comparison.  A 
Pound  is  also  a  unit  of  curren- 
cy in  the  British,  and  several 
other  foreign  systems;  the  Brit- 
ish pound  sterling  being  equiv- 

to 6000.  The  Prime  Factors  of 
a  number.are  the  prime  num- 
bers that  will  exactly  di_vi«te_it. 
To  Tesolva  a  number  into  its 
prime  factors,  see  Factor. 
PRINCIPAL.-Thenawe  given  to 
a  sum  of  money  put  out  at  in- 
terest. See  Interest. 
PRINCIPLE.  -A  self-evident  truth, 
or  one  which  has  been  proved. 
'RISM.-  A  solid  whose  sides      A 
or  faces  are  parallelograms,    /A 
and  whose  ends  or  bases     j, 
are  equal  and  para  1  1  e.l 
polygons.  A  prism  is  tri-     p! 
angular,  quadrangular,    \J\ 
pentagonal,  etc.,  accord-    «- 
ing  as  its  bases  are  triangles, 
squares,  pentagons,  etc.To  fitid 
the  entire  surface  of  any  right 
prism,  Multiply  the  perimeter,  or 
circumference  of  the  base,  by  the 
height,  and  to  the  product  add 
the  area  of  the  two  bases.  To 
fl-nd  the  solidity  of  a  prism,  Mul- 
tiply the  area  of  the  base  by  the 
perpendicular  height. 

PROBABILITY.  -i-n  the  doctrine 

of  chances,  the  likelihood   of 
the  occurrence  of  an  event.  If 
a  small  cube  be  thrown  into  the 
air,  it  will  necessarily  fall  upon 
one  of  its  si*  faces,  and  the  prob- 
ability of  its  falling  upon  any  one 
face  is  said  to  be  !4  ,  and  the  prob- 
ability that  a  given  face  wjllnot 
turn  up  is  ^/6  •  The  following  are 
different  phases  of  probability  : 
./".Probability  of  the  occurrence 
of  one  event  out  of  any  given 
number.  II.  Probability  of  *He 
simultaneous  occurrence  of  two 
or  wore  events.  !!!•  Probabili- 
ty of  successive  events  occurring 
in  any  given  order.  I  IT.  Proba- 
bility derived  from  erperience. 

0 

1000 

alent  to  about  &4-.8S. 

gss 

§g|gsss 

g,gg:glS!8§ 

°^ 

POWER.  -See  Involution. 

1 
2 
3 
5 
7 
II 
13 
17 
19 
23 
29 
31 
37 
41 
43 
47 
53 
59 
61 
67 
71 
73 
79 
83 
89 
97 

1 
3 

7 
9 
13 

37 
31 

37 
39 
A3 
51 
57 
63 
67 
73 
79 
81 
91 
93 
97 
99 

II 
23 
27 

29 
33 
39 
41 
51 
57 
S3 
69 
71 
17 
81 
83 
93 

1 
II 
13 

n 

31 
31 
41 
49 
53 
59 
61 
13 
79 
83 
89 
91 

1 
9 
19 

21 
31 
33 

8 

49 
57 
61 
63 
S7 
79 
87 
91 

! 

21 

2? 

41 
47 

57 
63 
69 
71 
77 
87 
92 
99 

1 
7 
13 
17 
19 
31 
41 
43 
47 
53 
53 
61 
73 
77 
83 
91 

197 
311  II 
1921  19 
27'23I29 
33'27!37 
392941 
433947 
515353 
5757^67 
6l59i7l 
636371 
737783 
8181(91 
91  83S1 
..87.. 

3 
13 
19 
21 
31 
33 
39 
43 
51 
61 
63 
69 
81 
91 
93 
97 

3   1 

Mia 

17117 
2323 
2929 
5131 
5337 
6349 
7159 
8177 
8779 
93:83 
..83 
..91 
..37 

3' 

7 
19 
21 
27 
61 
67 
73 
SI 
99 

23, 
27' 
29 
33 
39 
47 
51 
fj 

59 
71 
81 
83 
87 
89 
93 

1 
23 
31 
« 
« 
53 
59 
51 
71 
79 
83 
31 

•• 

1      ( 

7Q 

92' 
123 
194 
21  k' 
27  15 
375 
57,7 
638 
678 
698 
93. 
91. 
99. 

1 
II   ' 

23  1: 

313 

!4i3: 

6I4C 
675 
717' 
737' 
77  ff 
1799 
S93" 
..9 

method  of  applying  arith-met- 
ical  -rules  to  questions  which  oc- 
cur in  trade  and  business.  It  is 
a  particular  case  i-n  the  use 
of  aliquot  parts  and  of  t  H  e 
Rule  of  Three,  in  which  the 
first  term  is  1.  To  solve  any 
problem  according  to  this 
method,  Take  the  sum  o/such 
aliquot  parts  of  the  given  num- 
ber of  things,  as  the  piveit  price 
is  of  the-  u.nit  of  currency  of 
the  next  Higher  order,arid  the 
result  will  be  the.  price  of  the 
thing  internis  of  that  u.ni*. 
^.x.'WYV^Ne..  -  Required  the  cost 

F1  —  ^^'^^•'-'''^  —  ~~~~v^&^i-'i 

IF\^  Jw 

Dl     np^ 

•  t*-^^-  Tl°cVDS,TH-:  '—  -1 

20 

0 

0 

3001 

> 

\\ofrf$L:£&3- 

§ 

§:§ 

S 

I 

a 

S 

ggss 

V       /^:-:»' 

3 
II 
11 

27 
29 
39 
53 
'62 
69 
81 
S3 
81 
89 
99 

II 
13 
22 
31 

37 

49 
43 
53 
Gl 
79 

! 

13 
21 
37 
39 
43 
51 
67 
69 
73 
81 
87 
93 
97 

9 

31 
39 
41 
47 
51 
57 
71 
17 
81 
83 
89 
33 
99 

II 
11 
23 
31 
41 
47 
59 
67 
73 
77 

3 
21 
31 
29 

43 
49 

51 
57 
79 
91 
93 

9 
17 

21 
33 
47 
57 
59 
63 

?! 

33 
37 
89 
33 
99 

,: 

13 
19 

29 
31 
4 
49 
53 
61 
11 
89 
91 

9! 

1 
3 
19 
3; 
37 
43 
51 
51 
61 
19 
81 

! 

S 

n 

27 
39 
53 
51 
63 

76? 
93 

1 
ll 

19 
23 
31 
41 
49 
SI 
61 
73 
83 
89 

9 
19 
21 
37 
63 
67 
69 
81 
81 
31 

,• 

29 
51 
53 
57 
59 
71 
99 

I 

19 
23 
29 
31 
43 
147 
59 
61 
11 
73 
89 
91 

13 
33 
49 
51 
SI 
63 
67 
69 
91 
99 

II 
17 

21 

29 

J3 

39 
41 
47 
51 
59 
11 
81 
83 
93 

T| 

13 
111 
23'2 
3  3 
373 
436 
59|6 
IIS 
131 
119 
919 
97. 

3 

3:211 
j!23l 
7331 
3472 
3;5I2 
1533 
7634 
9114 
3816 
3898 
J..  . 

of  24  yards  of  muslin  at  12/i 
cts.  per  yard.5"o/«^/bw.-A*  ^  1 
a  yard  it  is  worth  .^24.00.  A* 
12/^1  cts.  a  yard  it  is  worth  on 
ly  Yz  of  S3»24.00,  which  is*3.00 
PRESENT  WORTH.  -The  Pres- 
ent Worth  of  a  debt  payable  at 
a  future  time  without  inter- 
est, is  that  sum  which,  at  a 

probability,  Divide  the  number 
of  favorable  chances  by  the  whole 
•number  of  chances,  both  favor- 
able and  unfavorable,  and  the 
quotient  (which  is  always  in 
trie  form  of  a  fraction)  will  be 
the  probability.                      .     > 
PROBLEM.  -A  question  propos- 
ed for  solution.  To  solve  a  prob- 
lem, is  to  find  such  a  val  ue  or 
values  as  will  satisfy  the  given 
conditions  of  the  problem.  To 
state  a  problem,  is  to  translate 
the  conditions  of  the  problem  in- 
to mathematical  language. 
PROCESS.  -Course  of  proceed- 
ings or  operations. 
PRODUCT.-  The  amount  or  result 
obtained  by  taking  one  number 
or  quantity  as  many  times  as 
there  are  units  in  another.The 
co-nt/Tiued  product  of  any  num- 
ber of  factors  is  the  result  ob- 
tained by  multiplying  the  first 
.factor  by  the  second,  that  result 
by  the  thi-rd.  that  by  the  fourth, 
etc.,  until  all  the  •factors  have 
been  used.        

4000 

5000 

specified  rate  par  cent,  for 

0 

| 

ijlljiililjlfl 

i_>  o§§So§c 

?§§ 

the  s  a  rue  time,  would  amou/n 
to  the  debt.  To  find  the  pres- 

1 
3 
7 
13 
19 
21 
21 
49 
51 
57 
13 
79 
91 
93 
99 

II 
27 
29 
33 
39 
53 
57 
53 
77 

[(27  9 
D312I 
173923 
134941 
29,5l|47 
31  63'5I 
4  73:51 
439  '63 
5331  81 
59I..83 
KH..I93 

1=! 

B9i..  .. 
97.... 

7 

13 
n 

19 

23 
41 
49 
SI 
67 
83 
31 
91 

i 

31 
39 
43 
43 
51 
51 
63 
13 
19 
91 

3 
21 

23 
29 
33 
51 
59 
83 
81 
89 
93 
99 

!l 
13 
17 
31 
61 
71 
71 
89 

•• 

3 

19 
31 
3" 
31 
43 
51 

fl 
69 
13 
81 
93 
33 

~3 

9 

21 

23 
39 
51 
59 
77 
81 
81 
99 

7 
13 
19 
41 
53 
61 
1 
19 
89 
31 

9 

27 
31 
33 
31 
61 
13 
19 
81 
91 

3 

9 
23 
33 
41 
51 
81 
81 
93 

" 

1\  ' 

iia 

IT1 
1919 
3121 
3121 
4  '31 
4351 
4963 
1169 
1113 
19181 
82j3l 

23 
391 
41  1 
473 
514 
534 
514 
591 
698 
83;3 
89. 
33. 

1 
1  12 
7132 
121? 
U15 
3398 
94?  8 
949. 
351  . 
59!. 
.  6I;. 
.61. 
.83. 
.19. 
.811. 
.57,. 

ent  worth,  Divide  the  given 
debt  by  the  amount  of  *I.OO 
for  the  given  time,  atthegiv 
en  -rate  per  cent.^t*»\v\^\«..- 
What  is  the  Present  Worth  of 
922.4,  due  two  years  hence, 
without  Interest,  money  be- 
ing worth  6  <?i  per  annum? 
So/ut!on.-~\ne.  amount  of*  I 
for  2  years,  at  69*  ,  is  $*  1.12  : 
«2244-ttl.l2  =  »200  Ans. 
PRIME.-  A  -number  is  prime 
when  it  cannot  be  exactly  di- 
vided by  any  other  number  ex 
cept  I.    See  the  table  at  the  left 
for  all  the  prime  numbers   up 

60 


PROFIT  AND  LOSS. -/»«>//>  it  any 

gain  realized  from  an  increase 
or  appreciation  of  value  m  com- 
modities, or  any  other  property 
iofs  is  *He  amount  which  the 
selling  price  of  any  commodity, 
or  other  property,  is  less.than 
its  cost;  also  any  depreciation 
in  value.  To  -find  the  gain  or 
loss,  when  the  cost  and  rate  per 
cent,  are  given,  Multiply  the  cost 
by  the  rate  per  cent., expressed 
decimally.^x».Y»\^\«.*.—  Cloth 
costing  &250,  was  sold  at  15% 
advance.  What  was  the  gain? 
Solution.  -#250  X.I5=«37.50  Arts. 
A  bale  of  cotton  costing  &  8  0, 
was  sold  at  8  °7<>  loss.  What  was 
the  loss?  $o/ut/orf.-&8QX.<!B  = 
V6.40  Arts.  To  litid  the  -rate 
percent,  when  the  cost  and  9ain 
or  loss  are  9! ven, Divide  the  gain 
or  loss  by  the  cost,  and  the  quo- 
tient, expressed  in  hundredths, 
will  be  the  rate  per  ccnt-Vi^-m 
V\fe. -Cloth  costing  %4  a  yard, 
was  sold  /or  **5  a  yard.  What  was 
the  gain  per  cent.  ?  Solution*  - 
»l(thegain)  ^- #4  (the  cost)  = 
.25  or  25  9S  Ans.  To/ind  the 
cost  when  the  gain  or  loss  and 
the  rate  per  cent,  are  given, Di- 
vide the  gain  or  loss  by  the  rate 
per  cent.,  expressed  decimally. - 
tmnw^tt.— Cloth  sold  at  a  gain 
of  tt  I  per  yard,  pays  a  profit  of 
25  %  .  What  was  the  cost  per 
yard?  Solution. -&\. 00-K25  = 
»4.00  Ans.  Tp  find  the  cost 
when  the  selling  price  and  the 
rate  per  cent,  of  gain  or  loss  arc 
given,  Divide  the  selling  price 
by  I  plus  or  -minus  the  rate  per 
cent. ^.xTi-w^Xe,.-  Cloth  sold  at 
#5.00  a.yard,  pays  25  %  prof- 
it: required  the  cost  price  per 
yard.  £W«*/<m.-»5.00-H.25  = 
»4.00/fw.  Formulas. 
Cain  or  loss  =  cost  X  rate  94 . 
Rate,  per  cent.  =oain  or  loss -r  cost. 
Cos*  =gam  or  loss  -r  rate  2%. 
Cos*.=  selling  price  -r/ 1-*-  rate  y,. 
«\l-rate%. 

PROGRESSION. -A  series  in  which 
the  terms  increase  or  decrease 
according  to  a  uniform  law. An 
Arithinetiaa.1  Progression  is  a 
series  which  Increase  or  decrease 
by  a  c.oYv\\\\or\  &'\tiftYe.\\ce,.Thus, 
1,4,7,  10,13,  etc.,  is  an  V-ntvaa.*- 
vno,  %»V\«.»,  while  20, 17,  14,  1 1,8, 
5,  etc.,  is  a  tacYeaiVrnq,  *erte.t.The 
numbers  forming  the  series  are 
called  tertns \  the  first  a-nd  last 
terms  are  the  extremes,  and 
the  other  terms, the  means. 
To  find  the  sum  of  all  the  terms 
of  »  series,  when  the  extremes  and 
•number  of  terms  are  given, Mul- 
tiply the  sum  of  the  extremes  by 
the  number  of  ter-ws;  half  the 
product  will  be  the  sum  of  the 
series. \.X'W»\^\«..-How  -many 
strokes  does  the  hamtner  of  a 


clock  strike  in  12  hours?  Solu- 
tion.- I  4  II  (theextremes)~l3; 
13  X  I2(number  of  ter-mrt=  (56; 
1 56 -fa  =78  Aits.  To  find  the 
common  difference, when  the 
extremes  and  the  number  ef  terms 
aregiven, Divide  the  d  ifference  of 
the  extremes  by  the  number  o< 
tertns  less  one;  the  quotient  wil 
be  the  common  difference. *.x*w 
V\ft.-The  first  term  of  a  series  is 
3,  the  last  300,  and  the  number 
of  terms  10:  what  the  com.dif.? 
Solution.-  300-3  =  297;  297 -r 
9=33  Ans.  To  find  the  last  term 
when  the  first  term,  the  com- 
mon difference,  and  the  tmmber 
of  terms  are  given,  Multiply  the 
common  difference  by  thetiit-m 
ber  of  terms  less  one;  if  an  in- 
creasing, series,  add  the  product 
to  the  first  term;  if  a  decreasing 
series,  subtract  the  product  from 
the  first  ter-m.  ^.xaAnrx^Vfc.-The 
first  term  of  an  increasing  ser- 
ies is  2,  the  common  difference 
3,  a-nd  the  number  of  tertns  50; 


what  is  the  last  term?  Solution. 
-3X4-9=147;  147+2  =  14-9  Ans. 
A  Geometrical  Progression  is 
a  series  increasin9  by  a  constant 
multiplier,  or  decreasing  by  a  con- 
stant divisor.  Thus,  2,4,  8,15,32, 
64,  etc.,  is  an  \YvcYci%Vv\Oy  qeov^e*. 
VtcMVte-t,  while  64,32,16,8,4,  etc., 
is  a  teewMMM  MMMttfo  w \as.The 
constant  multiplier  or  divisor  is 
called  the  ratio.  To  find  the  sum 
of  all  the  terms  of  a  geometric  se- 
ries, Multiply  the  greatest  term 
by  the  ratio;  from  the  product  sub 
tract  the  least  term, and  djvide 
the  -remainder  by  the  ratio  less 
l.te.x«.Yv\9\e.-  John  Jones  gave  to 
his  daughter  on  New  Year's  day 
4tl;  he  doubled  it  on  the  first  day 
of  every  -month  for  a  year:  what 
sum  did  she  receive?  Solution. -The 
ratio  is  2;  the  least  term  I;  the 
greatest  term  2048 (found  prais- 
ing the  common  ratio  to  a  power 
whose  decree  is  one  less  than  the 
number  of  terms,  and,  multiply- 
ing the  Is*  term  by  it.  (2" XI  =2048). 


2048  X2  =  4096;4096-l=4095: 
40954-1  =  4095  ;  Arts.  #4095.  •  -i 
PROOF. -Verification  of  a  rule,  or 
of  the  accuracy  of  an  operation. 
In  -many  operations  a  converse 
rule  will  verify  the  accuracy  of 
the  work.  For  proofs  of  Addition. 
Subtraction,  Multiplication,  and 
Division,  see  each  of  these  subjects 
PROPORTION. -The  relation  which 
quantities  of  the  same  kind  bears 
to  another,  with  respect  to  mag 
nitu.de  or  numerical  value.  An 
equality  of  ratios  (see  Ratio)  is 
a  Proportion.  Thus,  3  :  6  : :  9 : 18 
expresses  that  the  ratio  between 
3  and  6  is  the  same  as  between  9 
and  18,  and  is  read,  3  is  to  6"  as 
9  is  to  18. The  first  and  fourth 
ter-ms  are  called  the  extremes; 
the  second  and  third, the  -rrtea-HS. 
The  product  of  the  -means  always 
equals  the  product  of  the  extremes. 
Simple  Proportion  (or  Ru-le  of'Thrw 
is  an  equality  of  two  ratios, and 
consists  of  four  terms.  Three  of 
the  -members  of  a  proportion  be- 
ing given,  two  of  them  ttiustb* 
of  the  same  kind,  and_the  other 
must  be  of  the  same  kind  as  the. 
fourth  term,  or  answer. Hence, 
To  fttiti  any  required  term  of 
a  proportion,  PI acc_the  number 
of  the  same  denomination's 
the  answer  sought, for  the  third 
term.  If  the  answer  is  to  be 
greater  than  the  third  term, 
place  the  greater  of  the  other 
two  numbers  for  the  second 
tertn,  and  the  less  for  the  first. 
If  the  answer  is  to  be  /esrthan 
the  third  term,  place  the  less  of 
the  other  two  numbers  for  t  he 
second  term,  and.the  greaterfor 
the  first.  Reduce,  if  necessary, the 
first  and  second  tertns  to  the  same 
denomination,  and  if  the  third 
term  is  a  compound  number, re 
duce  it  to  the  lowest  term  men- 
tioned in  it.  Then  divide  the 
product  of  the  means  by  the  knowr 
extreme,  or  divide  the  product  of 
the  extremes  by  the  known  mean; 
the  quotient  will  be  the*  term  re- 
quired. ^.x*.V(\^\e,.-lf  25  barrels 
of  flour  cost  $165,  what  will  35 
barrels  cost?  So/ution.- 

25  :  35  ::«IS5:  (Answer). 
9*165  X  35  =»  5775  ;  *5775-f  15  = 
«23I  Ans.  A  Compound  Propor- 
tion is  one  which  involves  two 
or  more  simple  ones. All  of  the 
terms  of  a  compound  proportion 
appear  in  couplets,  except  otie,  which 
is  always  of  the  same  kind  as  t  he 
answer  sought. To  find  any  re- 
quired term  of  a  compound  pro- 
portion, Write  the  number  which 
is  of  the  same  kind,  as  the  answer 
sought,  for  the  third  term.  Ar- 
range the  two  terms  of  each  ra- 
tio separately,  as  t'n  simple  pro- 
portion. Then,  if  an  extreme  term 
be  required,  it  will  be  equal  to  the 


CO 


face  of  a  pyramid, or  its  solid! 
ty,  sec  Cane. 

Gl.UADRANGLE.-A  figure  havino 
four  angles  and  sides. 

QUADRATIC. -Denoting  a  square 
or  pertaining  to  it. 

G^U  ADR  I  LATERAL, -A  polygon  of 
four  sides, or  four  angles.  See. 
each  of  che  following,:  Trapezi- 
um, Trapezoid,  Parallelogram, ffec 
tangle,  Rhomboid,  Square,  Rhom 
bus. 

QUADRUPLE.-  Four  times, as 
the  qw.adru.plc  of  a  given  area 
is  an  area  four  times  as  much. 

QUANTITY. -Any  thing  thatcan 
be  i-ncreased,  diminished,or -meas- 
ured; as, number,  space, 
time,  etc.  A  Unit  of  Qu 
is  a  standard  of  -measure,prcow 
putatiqn,  used  for  deter-m in  ing 
or  indicating^.^77/;  weight, 
i/a/ue,  duration,  and  intensity- 

Gl.UART.-A  unit  of  measure  e- 
quivalent  to  2  pints  orx^gal- 
lon;  also  57?4  cubic  inches. 

QUARTER. -in  avoirdupois 


quotient  of  the  product  of  the  means 
divided  by  the  product  of  the  known 
extremes,  and  if  a  mean  term  be 
required,  i  t  will  be  equal  to  the  prod- 
uct of  the  extremes  divided  by  the 
product  of  the  known  means.Vx- 
a\w^\e..-lf  12  'men  in  30  days  of 
10  hours  each  earn  ^270  ,  how 
many  dollars  will  1 8  men  earn 
in  36  days  of  12  hours  each? 
So/  u  t  /' off. 

12  :    18  ::  270  :( Answer) 

30  :  36 

io  :  12 

18  X  36  x  12  X  270  =2099520;  12 
X30  X.  10  =  3600 ;  209951043600 
=  583.00  ;  #583.20  Ans. Distrib- 
utive Proportion  is  the  meth- 
od of  dividing  a  n umber, or quan 
tity,  into  parts  which  are  pro- 
portional to  given  nun-ibers. 
To  divide  a  number  or  quan- 
tity thus, Multiply  the  whole 
quantity  to  be  divided  by  each 
proportional  number,  and  di- 
vide each  product  by  the  sum 
of  the  proportional  numbers. 
^.X'fcYn^Xe,. -Divide  ^1200  propor- 
tionally among  4  men  whose 
shares  are  to  each^ther  as  3,4, 
5, 6.  Solution. 

3  +  4-  +  5  +6  =  18, 
18  :  1200  : :  3  :  200  first  man's  share. 
18  :  1200  ::4:  2663$  second  »      " 
I8:l200::5:333>ithird  ..      •• 
I8:I200::6:400     fourth"      -. 
PULLEY. -A  small  wheel  fixed 
in  a  block  and  turning  on  an  ax 
is  by  means  of  a  cord  which  runs 
in  a  groove  formed  on  the  edge 
pfthe  whee'-A  system  of  pulleys 
is  a  number  of  pulleys  so  arrang- 
ed that  great  weight  may  be  rais- 
ed by  a  small  expenditure  of  pow- 
er. To  find  the  weight  which  way 
be  raised  by  a  system  of  p  ul  leys, 
Multiply  the  power  by  twice  the 
number  of -movable  pulleys,  or, 
when  the  end  of  the  rope  is  at- 
tached to  the  movable  block,  by 
twice  the  number  of  movable 
blocks,  plus  one.  c 

PYRAMID. -A  soiid.or 

polyhedron,  of  which 
the  base  is  a  plane  rec- 
tilinear figure,  and 
the  sides  are  triangles, 
converging  toapoint 
at  the  top  or  'apex.' 
Pyramids  take  thei-r 
names  from  the  na- 
ture of  their  bases, 
and  may  be.  triangu- 
lar, quadrangular,  etc., according 
as  their  bases  are  triangles,  quad- 
rilaterals, etc.  A  right  pyramid 
is  one  whose  base  is  a  regular  pot- 
ygon,  and  in  which  a  perpendic- 
ular let  fall  from  the  vertex  up- 
on the  base,  passes  through  its 
centre.  A  regular  pyramid  is 
one  bounded  by   four  equal  e- 
quilateral  triangles.  For  the 
rules  to  find  the  area  of  the  sur- 


a  quarter  is  25  pounds.  In  Eng- 
land, the  quarter  is  28  pxmnds; 
It  is  also  a  measure  of  capacity, 
equivalent  to  8  bushels. 

QUINTAL. -A  weight  consist- 
ing of  100  pounds. 

QUOTIENT. -The  number  re- 
sulting from  dividing  one  -num- 
ber by  another. 

RADICAL. -An  indicated  root  of 
an  irnperfect  power  of  the  de- 
gree indicated.  If  it  be  a  perfect 
power,  it  is  not  a  radical,  but  a 
rational  quantity  under  a  radi- 
cal form. The  Ra.dica.1  Sign  is  a 
character  -\/     ,  placed  before 
a  number  to  show  that  its  root 
is  to  be  extracted.  A  stnall  figure 
placed  above_the  radical  sign, 
is  called  the  index  of  t  he  root. 
Thus,v/3l5   denotes  the  second 
or  square  root  of  25;  (The  index 
is  usually  omitted  in  square  root); 
•^33  denotes  the  third  or  cube 
root  of  25:  ^X3~5  denotes  fhe 
fourth   -roof  of  CIS;  -^O5   de- 
notes the  sixth  root;  etc. 


RADIUS. -The  distance  froni  the 
cent-re  of  a  circle  to  its  circum 
ference,  or  half  the  diameter. 

RATE  PER  CENT.-in  computin 

interest,  the  part  of  one  dolla 
which  is  paid  annually  for  the  us 
of  the  money.  See  Interest. 

RATIO. -The  relative  magnitud 
of  two  numbers  of  the  sawc  kind 
or  the  measure  of  the  relation  o 
one  quantity  to  another,  as  ex 
pressed  by  their  quotient.  Thus 
the  ratio  of  3  to  12  is 4,  and  of 
12.  to  3  is  x4.  The  two  numbers 
compared  are  called  the  te-r-mfof 
of  the  ratio,  the  first  ter-m  beim 
the  antecedent ,  and  the  last  the 
consequent.  A  ratio  is  denoted 
by  two  dots  similar  to  a  colon 
thus,  4-  :  12. ,  ex-presses  the  ratio 
of  4  to  12,  and  is  read,  As  4  is  to 
12. 

RECIPROCAL. -The  reciprocal  of 
a  num  ber  is  the  quotient  aris- 
ing from  dividing  I  by  tl-ienuiti 
ber:  thus,  the  reciprocal  of  4  is 
,!4;  of  I2.,>ri;  of  I25,^j5je*c. - 
The  reciprocal  of  a  fraction  is 
expressed  by  the -fraction  invert 
ed  ;  thus  the  reciprocal  of  %.  is 
^J;  of  *y\z  ,  %;  etc.  The  recipro 
cal  pf^a  ratio  is  expressed  byth< 
ratio  inverted;  thus,  the  recip 
rocal  of  5  :  15  is  15:  5.  It  is  call 
ed  an  inverse  ratio. 

RECKON. -To  calculate  or  com 
pute  by  figures.  .  « 

RECTANGLE. -A  par  r\sr-'1 
allelOfjra-m  whose  |^-^^J 
angles  are  all  right  D 
angles.  If  it  is  also  equilateral,! 
ic  a  square.  Us  area  is  equal  to 
the  product  of  its  base  and  al 
titude. 

RECTANGULAR. -Having  right  an 
qles,  as  a  square. 

RECTIL!NEAR(AL).-7Relatingto 
right  lines.  A  rectilinear  polygon 
is  one  bounded  by  straight  lines. 

REDUCTION.- The  process  of  chang 
ing  the  form  of  an  expression  with 
ou.t  altering  its _value,  or  the  op- 
eration of  finding  an  equivalent 
expression  in  terms  of  a  d  iffer- 
evi  t  unit.  Redu ctio n  Ascending 
is  reducing  numbers  to  units  of 
higher  orders,  by  dividing  Ihenum 
ber  of  units  of  the  kind  express 
ed,  by  the  number  of  them  equiy 
alentto  a  unit  of  the  order  reqiiir 
ed- Thus,  360  inches  =30  feet.or 
10  yards.  Reduction  Descending 
is  reducing  units  to  num  hers  of 
lower  orders,  by  multiplying  the 
number  expressed,  by  the  num- 
ber of  units  of  the  kind  required 
equivalent  to  one  of  the  kind  ex- 
pressed. Thus,  2  yards  =  6feet,  or 
72  inches.  To  -reduce  a  number 
ro  one  of  a  higher  order,  as  inch- 
es to  yards, I.  Divide  the  g  i  ven 
number  by  the  number  requir- 
ed to  make  one  of  the  next  high- 
er order.  II.  Divide  the  quotient 


61 


thus  obtained  as  before,  and  50  pro 
ceed  to  the  denomination  required. 
The  la«  quotient  with  the  sever*) 
remainders  will  be  the  answer.^* 
*vn\\«.-  Reduce  4-050  pi  flirtat- 
ions. Solution. 
4  91 /km  /  tint.     41 4  050  4  i  1 1  \ . 
2pinto--l<ititn.   2)1013  pints  and  ?p ills. 
tjuirts-Jytllon.    4)506  quart;. 

12.6  gallons  *nd  2 
/*w.  1269315.  Iqts.and 
To  reduce  a  de-nominate. nu-mber 
to  one  o4  at  lower  order,  I.  Multi 
ply  the  number  o(  the  highest  de 
nomination  by  the  nuniber  which 
one  o/ this  denomination  -makes 
of  the  ne«f  lower.  //.  Add  to  the 
product  the  number  in  the  next 
lower  denomination,  if  xnuJIJ. 
Proceed  in  the  same  way  through 
the  lower  denominations  to  the 
one  required. t*'*v»\^\».—  How 
many  pints  in  7  bushels, 3  pecks, 
4- quarts,  and  I  pint? 
So/ution. 


I  bushel  =  4  pecks.    JL 

31  pecks. 
I  peck=  8  quarts.         8 

252  quarts. 
I  quart  =  2  pints.         2 

505  pints  =^nfwer. 
To  reduce  a  fraction  of  a  higher, 
to  one  of  a  lower  denomination, or 
to  integers,  Multiply  as  in  whole 
numbers,  described  above,  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  for  the  multiplica- 
tion of  fractions.  (See  Fraction). 
^w*.-*%\^V«,.-  Reduce  J<e  of  a  gallon 
to  integers  of  lower  denominations. 

Solutions. 
7 

\  =  .875 

4qts.=  laal. 
3.500  quarts. 

2.pts.=lqt. 

1.000  pint 


Weights  and  Measures).  To  re 
duce  U.S.  money  to  foreign  mon 
eu.  Divide  the  amoumt  expressed  in 
U.S.  money  by-the  U.S.  value  of  a, 
u-nit  of  the  kind  o/ money  requir 
ed.  See  Ster/ina  Money. 
REGULAR. -Conformed  to  a  rule. A 
regular  polygon  is  one  which  is 
both  egu.i/a.tern.1  and  eyu.t4rtpu.tv 

uarts.  REMAINDER. -The  part  of  the 

subtrahend  which  remains  af 
ter  taking  away  the  minuend. 

REPETEND.  -TW  part  of  a  dec 

mal  which  is  continually  repeat 
ed,  as  64  in  the  decimal  num- 
ber 4.646464. 

RESOLUTION. -The  operation 
of  separating  any  number  or 
quantity  into  its  factors.  See 
Factor. 

REVERSION. -A  payment  notduc 
till  the  occurrence  of  sortie  con- 
tingent event,  as -the  death  of 
a  person  now  living.  See  Anna 

RHOMBOID. -A  parallelogram  all 
of  the  sides  of  which  are  not  e- 
qual.  The  rhombus  is  but  a  par- 


4ats.=  I  gallon. 

8)28(3  qi 


,_J(3  quarts 
34 

2  pts.*lqt. 
8;TT(  I  pint. 

J| 

/77f.3quarts,l  pint. 
To  reduce  a  fraction  of  a  lower, 
to,  one  of  a  higher  denomination, 
Divide  as  in  whole  numbers,  as 
described  above,  according  to  the 
•rules  for  the  division  of  fractions. 
^.xa-vw^\o,.--Reduce  ?-^  of  a  pint 
to  the  fraction  of  a  peck.  —  So/u- 

^5+  pk.-^w*.  To  reduce  a  quan- 
tity composed  of  one  or  more  de- 
nominations, to  the  fraction  of 
another  quantity  consisting  of  one 
ormora  denominations,  Reduce 
both  quantities  to  the  lowest  de- 
nomination in  either;  the  less 
will  be  the  numerator,  and  the 
greater  the  denominator  of  the 
required  fraction,  which  reduce 
to  its  lowest  terms. tx*v»\\\a.-2ft. 
6  in.  is  what  part  of  6  ft.  8in.f-.9o- 

=  80  m. ;  32$0  =  $4  Ans.  To  reduce 
foreign  money  to  U.S.  money, Mul- 
tiply the  amount  expressed  in  units 
of  the  foreign  money  by  the  value 
of  one  of  these  units  expressed 
in  U.S.  money.  (See  Coins  under 


ticula-t-  form  of  the  rhombo!d,in 
which  the  sides  are  all  equal. 

RHOMBUS. -A  parallel- 
ogram the  sides  of  which 
are  equal.  If  its  angles 
become  each  equal  to 
90°,  it  becomes  a  square. 

Its  diagonals  bisect  each  .    _ 

right  angles,  and  its  area  is  e- 
qual  to  half  the  product  of  its 
diagonals.  D 

RIGHT  ANGLE. -An  aiK     /TX 
gleof  90°.  If  onestraigkr     /     L    \ 
I  ine,  A B,  meet  another  «h — \- — }' 
straight  line,  OE,  so  as     V    I/ 
to  make  the  adjacent        ^~E 
angles, AGO,  and  BCD, 
equal,  both  angles  are  right  an 
gles,and  the  two  lines  are  perjen 
dicular  to  each  o*her. 

RIGHT  ANGLED. -containing  a 

right  ^angle^.  A  right  angled  tr!- 

a.rtoJe  is  a  triangle  containing  one 

right  angle. 
HOD. -A  measure  of  leng*h  e- 

qual  to  \6yji  feet,  or  5^i  yards. 

It  is  used  chiefly  in  land  surveyi-ne. 
*OMAW  NOTATION.-See/'  " 
IOOO.-A  unit  of  surface 


used  in  land  surveying,  ft  is  equa 
to  40  perches,  or  %  acre. 

ROOT. -The  root  of  any  number 
is  a  number  which,  being  taken 
certain  number  of  times  as  a  fa 
•tor,  will  produce  the  given  num 
ber.  See  Cube  Root,  Square /loot 
and  ffad/'cal,  also  Involutifm*,     . 

ROUND. -A  term  applied  indiscrmH 
inately  to  the  shape  of  conieal,cy 
indrical,  spherical,  spheroidal,  ant 
annular  bodies. 

RULE. -The  prescribed  mode  o-r 
direction  given  for  performing 
•the  operations  necessary  to  ob 
tain  a  certain  resul*. 

RULE  OF  THREE. -A  method  of 
solving  practical,  questions  by  a. 
ratio  or  proportion.  It  is  so  call 
ed  because  *he  answer  is  obtaine 
by/inding  one  t-errti  of  a  proper 
tion  whose  other  three  terrris 
are  known .  It  is  also  called  Sim 
p/e  Proportion.  Double  Rule  of 
Three  is  the  same  as  Compound  Prr 
portion.  See  Proportion. 

SA  L I  ENT.-P-r  ejecting  out  ware 
as  an  angle.  Opposed  to  -re-enter 
ing. 

SCALE. -The  various  '-radices 
which  determine  -the  form  an< 
digits  of  the  number  evpressing  any 
numerical  quantity.  The  decimal 
scale  is  the  only  uniform  scale 
that  is  of  importance,  all  others 
possessing  interest  onlu_as  mat 
*ers  of  curiosity.  In  varytttg  scales 
the  base  is  some  unit  of  measure 
arbitrarily  assumed,  as  in  com- 
pound numbers. 

SCALES  (Balances). -To /itid  the 
true  weight  with  fraudulent  bal 
ances,  when  the  weights  are  ac- 
curattf,  Find  what  weights  will 
balance  the  substance  to  be  weigh 
ed;  then  transpose  them,  and 
find  the  weight  that  will  produce 
an  equilibrium;  then  multiply  to 
gether  the  two  weights  thus  found 
and  extract  the  square  root  of 
the  product. 

SCALENE  TRIANGLE. -A  triangle 

whose  sides  are  all  unequal. 
SECANT.-A  straight  line  cutting 
a  curve  in  two  or  more  points. 
CREW. -A  cylinder  worked  by  a 
lever,  and  having  upon  ita threap 
which  is  a  winding  inclined  plane. 
To  estimate,  the  advantage  of  a 
screw,  Multiply  the  power  by 
the  circumference  of  the^circle 
which  it  describes,  and  divide  the 
product  by  the  distance ,the  weight 
is  raised  by  one  revolution. 
SECOND.—  A  unit  of  measure  em- 
ployed, in  estimating  time,  and 
is  equivalent  to  the  60  th  part  of 
a  minute.  It  is  also  a  unit  in  cir- 
cular measure,  equivalent  to  the 
3600  part  of  a  degree. 
ECTION.-A  tract,of  land  one 
mile  square,  containing  640 acres 
See  Land  Measure,  under  Weights 
and  Measures. 

ECTOR.-The  part  of  a  circle  in- 
cluded between  two  radii  and  an 
arc.  To  find  the  area  of  a  sector, 


at  SCREW. 


Gl! 


Multiply  the  arc  of  the  sector  by 

SOUNDING.  -A  measured  dep*h   of 

right  angles.  The  Area,  of  a  square 

SEGMENT.-  The  part  of  a  circle 

line  and   lead. 

,cent  sides. 

included  between  a  chord  and  the 

SPACE.  -  E  xtension  to  an  indefi- 

5Q.UARE ROOT.  -The  square  root 

arc  which  it  subtends.  (See  C/Vc/e). 

nite  distance  in  all  directions.  It 

of  a  quantity,  is  a  quantity  which, 

From  the  area  of  a  corresponding 

ble  from,  the  sensible,  exterTJal,or 

produce  the  given  quantity.  Thus, 

sector,  subtract  the  area   of  t  he 
triangle  formed  by  the  chord  and 

Object  World. 
SPHERE.  -A  solid  bounded  by  acurv- 

the  square  root  of  4-9  is  7.  The 
following  table  contains  the  square 

radii,  for  a  segment  less  than    a 

ed  surface,  every  point  of  which 

roots  of  numbers  from  1  to  232: 

semicircle,  but  add  these  areas  for 

is  equally  distant  from  a  p  o  ini  ( 

.  (Square 

No 

Square 

No. 

Square 

..    |  Square 

a  segment  greater  than  a  semicir- 

within called  the  centre.  A  line 

"Root. 

Root. 

Root. 

Root. 

cle. 

passing  through  the  centre,  and 

1  1 

59 

7.681 

117 

10.816 

ITS 

13.228 

SERIES.—  An  infinite  number  of 

terminated  each  way  by  the  surface, 

2  1.414 

60 

7.745 

IIS 

10.862 

178 

13.266 

terms  which  follov^one  another, 

is  called  the  diameter  or  ax/s.The 

3  1.732 

61 

7.810 

10.908 

177 

13.304 

each  term  being  derived  from  one 

ract/'us  is  a  line  extending  from 

42 

62 

7.874 

120 

10.954 

178 

13.341 

or  -more  of  the  preceding  ones,  by 

the  centre  to  the  s-urface.    To 

5  2.236 

63 

7.937 

121 

II 

179 

13.379 

a  fixed  law,  called  the  law  of  the 

fitld  the  Surface  of  a  sphere,Mul- 

6  2.449 

64 

& 

122 

11.045 

!80 

13.416 

series.  (See  Progression}. 

tiply  the  diameter  by  the  circum- 

72.645 

65 

8.061 

123 

11.090 

181 

13.453 

SEXTANT.  -The  sixth  part  or  the 

ference.  Or  Multiply  the  square  of 

8  2.828 

56 

8.124 

122 

11.135 

182!  13.490 

circumference  of  acircle. 

the  diameter  by  3.1416.  To  /ind 

93 

61 

8.185 

125 

II.  180 

183 

13.527 

SEXTUPLE.-  Six  times  as  much,  or 

the  solidity  of  a  sphere,  Multiplu 

03.162 

68 

8.246 

126  i  1.224 

184 

13.564 

six  fold. 

the  cube  of  the  diameter  by  3.1416, 

i  3.316 

69 

8.306 

127 

It.  269 

185 

13.60! 

SHILLING-.  -An  Englis-h  coin  equiv- 

a-rfdtaUe one-sixth  of  (tie  product, 

23.464 

70 

8.36S 

128 

11.313 

186 

13.638 

alent  to  about  24  >3  cents. 

Or  Multiply  the  area  of  the  sur- 

3 3.605 

71 

8.426 

129 

11.357 

187 

13.674 

SHINGLES.  -Wrven  exposed  four 

face  by  one-sixth  of  the  diameter. 

4  3.741 

72 

8.485 

130 

11.401 

188 

13.711 

inches,  9  are  required  for  each 

SPHERICAL.  -Relating  to  a  sphere, 

5  3.872 

73 

8.544 

131 

11.445 

!89 

13.747 

square  foot  of  surface;  if  exposed 

as  a  spherical  angle,  etc. 

64 

74 

8.602 

IM 

11.489 

190 

13.784 

four  and  a  half  i  nches,  8  ;  if  expos- 

. ,^^-^=f=^^  : 

74.123 

75 

8.660 

133 

11.532 

191 

13.820 

ed  five  inches,  7  Vs. 

P&*       ^^^^V^^&^^^^       ?5&* 

8  4.242 

76 

8.717 

134 

11.575 

192 

13.856 

SlG'N*—  A  symbol  erriployed  to  indi- 

77 

ft  "77S 

1  1^ 

Ufi  If) 

1  9  fiQO 

cate  the  relation  between  quanti- 

/                                        ^\         '' 

04^472 

\  ! 

78 

o.  (  i  J 

8.831 

1  0  J 

136 

.010 

11.661 

194 

IS  .03  A 

13.928 

ties,  the  operation  to  be  perform- 
ed upon  then*!,  to  show  the  result 

/y&s^K     |-—  J    _^**%1>\    "' 

14.582 
1  4  690 

79 

Ofl 

8.888 
8  344 

137 
138 

11.704 
1  1  747 

195 
19S 

13.964 
14 

or  nature  of  some  previous  opera- 

/4S**   /^,™    »^v*^w^   ' 

34J95 

ou 
81 

9' 

139 

IL789 

197 

14.035 

tion,  or  to  indicate  the  sense   i  n 

"fiE^N.  fa  mf    .     \.^.^\   /^^    ^  ' 

44.898 

82 

9.055 

140 

11.832 

198 

14.071 

which  an  indicated  quantity  is  to 

i     ^^^^y  a/t'^Lt^s&.^&^jiP^    \  '. 

55 

83 

9.110 

141 

11.874 

199 

14.106 

b«  considered.  (See  Symbol  ). 

"^»^/(lO''aV)S''V«^^g^ 

3  5.099 

84 

9.165 

142 

11.916 

200 

14.142 

SIGNIFICANT.  -A  term  applied  to  ('«)- 

<tfk  T^V  fllLj  A***  Iff  Sfot^          '  > 

75.196 

85 

9.219 

143 

11.958 

201 

I4.I77 

ures  standing  for  numbers,  as  op- 

\       X^^\»  ^^—J^'  iff  sf^^S^tr       1      ' 

85.291 

8S 

9.273 

144 

12 

202 

I4.2I2 

posed  to  0. 

\  jsJSi  ^^.^  ff/   -/ll»  /  '» 

3  5  ;385 

87 

9.327 

145 

12.041 

203 

14.247 

SIMILAR.-  A  term  applied  to  figures 

\  SM?I     ;<*^iB«*raH  ^^xr2sB^  /     ' 

05.472 

88 

9.380 

146 

12.083 

204 

14.282 

composed  of  the  same  number  of 

^&a!y&r^  1                  ^^^0»Fjf      ' 

1  5.567 

8S 

9.434 

147 

12.124 

205 

14.317 

parts,  which  arc  arranged  in  the 

\^Vyfr                                 ^VSi*f        , 

25.656 

90 

9.486 

148 

12.165 

206 

14.352 

same  manner,  being  of  the  same 

••£    ^s^            ligr|'Hi               jf   JL;    ; 

?  5.744 

91 

9.539 

149 

12.206 

207 

14.387 

form,  but  differing  in  magnitude. 

s£«     ^^^^.       aSfflSt        ^f^    <w$*   * 

*5.830 

92 

9.591 

'50 

12.247 

208 

14.422- 

SIMPLE.  -Not  combined,  compli- 

C^V          ^Ss^as=*-^^^^~~&2'^                   *S&        ' 

5  5.316 

93 

9.643 

151 

12.288 

209 

14.456 

cated  or  compounded  A  Sitnp/6 

1  1    T^fl 

0  1  A 

Number  is  a  number  expressed  in 

SPHEROID.  -A  solid  resembling  a  ; 

3   6 

7  6.082 

94 
95 

9.695 
9.746 

153 

1  A.  JZC 

12.369 

x  (u 

211 

141525 

a  uniform  scale.  A  Simple  Quanti- 

sphere iri  form,_  having  a'  major  ; 

8  6.164 

96 

9.798 

154 

12.409 

212 

14.560 

ty  is  one  containing  only  a  single 
term.  A  Simple  Equation  is  one  of 
the  first  degree.  For  Simple  Propor- 
tion, see  Proportion. 
SOLID.  -A  magnitude  having  the  at- 
tributes of  length,  breadth  and  thick- 
ness. Same  as  volume. 
SOLJDITY.-The  number  of  tinges 
that  a  solidt  or  volume  contains 
another  solid  or  volume,  taken  as 
a  unit  of  measure. 
SOLUTION.  -The  operation  of  find- 

and a  -minor  axis,  and  which  may  ; 
be  generated  by  revol  ving  an  ellipse  » 
about  one  of  its  axes.  An  ok/ate  .1 
spheroid  is  one  generated  by  re-  i 
volving  an  ellipse  about  itsconju-i 
gate  axis.  A  prolate^spheroid  'is  one  t 
generated  by  revolving  an  ellipse  i 
about  its  transverse  axis.  To  .find  4 
the  solidity  of  an  oblate  spheroid.Muh 
tiply  the  square  of  the  greater  di-  i 
a/meier,  by  the  less,  and  this  prod-  < 
uct  by  .5236.  To  find  the  solidity   ; 

36.244 

fl  G.324 
1  6.403 
26.480 
36.557 
46.633 
56.708 
56.782 
76.855 
86.328 
97 
07.071 

97 
98 
33 
100 
01 
02 
03 
04 
05 
Off 
07 
108 

9.848 
9.839 
9.949 
10 
10.049 
10.099 
1  Oil  48 
(0.198 
10.246 
(0.295 
(0.344 
10.392 

155 
15S 
!57 
158 
159 
160 
161 
162 
163 
164 
165 
166 

12.449 
12.489 
12.529 
12.569 
12.609 
12.649 
12.688 
12.728 
12.767 
12.808 
12.845 
12.884 

243 
214 
215 
216 
217 
218 
219 
220 
221 
222 
223 
024 

14.534 
(4.628 
14.662 
14.596 
14.731 
14.764 
I4.-798 
14.832- 
14.866 
14.899 
14.933 
14.966 

ing  such  value  or  values  for  the 

of  a  prolate  spheroid,  Multiply  the   ; 

1  7.141 

39 

10.440 

161 

12.922 

225 

15 

unknown  parts  of  a  problem,  as 
will  satisfy  its  conditions. 
SOUND,  VELOCITY  OF.  -The  velocity 
of  sound  in  still  air  a*  32.°  Fahr.,  is 
1090  feet  per  second.  As  *he  tem- 

square of  the  less  diameter,  by  the; 
greater,  and  this  product  by  .5236.  5 
SPHEROIDAL.  -Relating  to  a  sphe-  5 
roid,  as  a  spheroidal  triangle.  ^^^      ; 
>PIRAL.-  A  curve  gener-        isZ-N    I 

27.211 
37.280 
»  7.348 
57.416 
S  7  .483 

10 
II 
12 
13 

14 

10.488 
10.535 
10.583 
10.630 
Ifl.fi77 

168 
169 
I7C 
171 
173 

12.361 
13 
13.038 
13.076 
ia.i  w 

226 
227 
228 
223 
230 

15.033 
15.066 
J5.099 
15.132 
15.165 

perature  rises,  the  velocity  increas- 
es at  the  rate  of   .  12  fest  for  every 
degree  Fahrenhe  *.  The  following 
taole  gives  the  ve  ocity  in  fee*  per 
second  in  some  other  substances: 
Oxygen  1040  Silver  5717 
Hiidrooen  4164  Steel  ard&lass.  16600 
Fresh  Water  ...  4700  Pine  10300 
Lead  41)30  Ash.  15314 

a  ted  by  moving  a  po  in*      /~j'  [    ; 
along  a  straight  J  ine,     \-.^y    J 
in  the  same  direction,ac-      ^-  — 
cording  «o  any  law,  while  thestraijht 
line  revolves  uniformly  about  a 
fixed  point,  always  continuing  in 
the  same  plane.. 
SQUARE.  -A  quadrilateral  whose 
sides  are  equal,  arid  its  angles 

77.549  115  10.723  173  13.152  231  IS'JSS 
(1.613    16  10.770  174  13.190)232  I5.23J 

Toftttd  the  sqitarc  roo*ofariu.Tn- 
ber,  JT.  Separate  fheoiven  -num- 
ber into  periods  of  two  figures  . 
each,  beginning  at  the  place  of 
u-n!*s.  II.  Find  the.^rea-test  square 
rn  the  (eft-hand  period,  and  place 

certain  town  is  valued  at*2500000; 
its  tax  assessment  is*37500.  What 
rate  per  cent,  is  the  tax?  H  o  w 
much  will  be  paid  by  a  man  whose 
property  is  valued  at  tt  12000?  — 
Solution.-  37500  -5-2500000  =.0 15, 
or,  \*/i  cts.  tax  per  dollar  =>  Arrs. 
to  first.  12000  X  1)4  9S=«  ISO- 
Ans.  to  second. 


its  root  for  the  first  figure  of  the 
required  root.          Q\ex-»X\cm. 
Subtract  th»          50964(225.75  + 
square  of  this          4- 
figure  from  the   42jfb~3 
left-hand  period,  94 

and.tothe  re-    445)7554. 
wainder  annex  222_5__ 

the  next  period    4507rt3ToD 
for  a  dividend.        .     3154.9 
HI.  Double  the    45145}  135100 
root  already  225725 

found,.for  a 

trial  devisor;  find  how  often  i*  is 
contained  in  the  dividend,  exclusive 
of  theright-ha-nd  figure,  and  place 
the  result  in  the  rgot,  and  also  at 
the  right, of  the  trial  diwisor.7K"Mul 
tiply  the  complete  divisor  by  the 
last -figure  of  the  root;  subtract 
the  product  from  the  dividend, and 
to  the  remainder  annex  the  next 
period  for  a  new  dividend  .V.  Proceed 
In  the  same  manner  with  all  the 
periods  to  the  last.  The  result  will 
be  the  square  root  -required. 

STERLING  r*ONEY.-Thecu 

of  Great  Britain.  For  rule  to  re- 
duce to  U.S. -money,  See  Foreign 
Exchange.  For  table,  see  English 
Money,  under  Weights  an  Measures. 

STRAIGHT  LINE. -A  line  which 

does  not  change  its  direction  be- 
tween any  two  of  its  points. 
SUBTRACTION. -The  operation  of 
finding  the  difference  between  two 
numbers.  The  Minuend  is  the  great 
tr  number;  tr>eSuitrafterx/,lhe 
less;  and  the  Remainder,  the  dif- 
ference. To  prove  the  accuracy 
of  the.  operation,  JT.  Add  the  true 
remainder  to  the  subtrahend, and 
the  sum  will  equal  -the  minuend. 
II.  Find  the  ^exo«,«%  oJ  "Vs. 
excess  of  9's  Minuend  87138641  I 
in  the  s  ubtra-  Subtrahend _223568  8 
hznd  and  in  the  Remainder  849029612 
remainder,  and 

take  theirsurrijfrpTTi  which  cast 
out  the  9's,  and  find  the  excess. 
Find  the  excess  of  9's  in  the  min- 
uend, and  if  these  results  ate  equal, 
the  work  is  probably  correct. 

SUBTRAHEND. -see  above. 

SUM. -The  aggregate  of  two  or  more 
quantities.  The  sum  is  greater  than 
any  of  its  parts. 

SUPERFICIAL.- Relating  to  a  surface, 
as  superficial  conterits,  etc. 

SURFACE.- Extension  in  ana  on- 
ly. A  plane  surface  extends  in  the 
same  direction  throughout,  but 
a  curved  surface  changes  its  direc- 
tion. 

>YMBOL.-Any  character  used  to 
represent  a  quantity.,  an  opera- 
tion, a  relation,  or  an  abbrevia- 
tion. The  sign  +,  called  plus,  in- 
dicates addition.  The  sign —, call- 
ed minus,  indicates  subtraction. 
The  sign  X  indicates  multiplica- 
tion. The  sign  -?-,  or  :,  indicates 
division.  The  sign  =,  called  sign 
oSefuaf/tt/,  denotes  that  the  ex- 
pressions between  which  it  is  placed 
ire  equal.  The  signs  (),[],{  Und 
a  horizontal  line  over  a  nu.tn5er 


are  symbols  of  agoreoatjon ,  and 
signify  that  the  expressions  enclos 
ed  are  to  be  taken  as  a  whole. The 
colon,  :  ,  written  between  num- 
bers indicates  the  ratio  of  the  for- 
mer to  the  latter.  (See  Ratio)  .The 
double  colon,  :*. ,  indicates  the  e- 
qualltu  of  two  ratios. (See  Propor- 
tion). For  the  sign  v~ ,  see  Rad- 
ical. The  period,  •  ,  placed  between 
two  numbers,  thus, 4-5, denotes 
that  they  are  to  be  multiplied  to/ 
gether^The  dividend  written  over 
the  divisor,  thus,  -y- ,  or  between 
two  curved  lines,  with  the  divis- 
or at  the  ]eft,thus,  4)  IS(, indi- 
cates division. 

7K"Mul-TABt.E.-A  collection  of  particu 
lars,  in  a  small  space,  for  refer- 
ence and  ready  application, such 
as  weights, measures, 

TANC-ENT.-A  rigMt 

line  which  touches  a 
curve  but  does  not 
cut  it,  as  AB  is  tangent  to 
curve  CBD. 

y  TETRAG-ON.-A  polygon  havin9 
four  angles  and  four  sides. 


X 

(jt* 


TAXES  .-Sums  of  -money  assessed 
on  persons,  property,  incomes, or 
products,  usually  for  some  public 
purpose.  A  Capitation  or  Poll  Tax, 
is  a  tax  assessed  on  persons.  Prop- 
erty-Tax is  a  tax  assessed  on  real 
or  personal  property.  To  fittd 
what  su.ru  rnust  be  assessed  to 
raise  a  given  net  amount,  S  u  b- 
tract  the  rate  allowed  for  collection 
from  *  I,  and  divide  the  -net  atnou-nt 
to  be  raised,  by  the  remainder;  the 
quotient  wffl  be  the  entire  sum 
to  be  assessed. ^.x&-%«\7\e..- Allow- 
fng  5^S  for  collection,  whatsuw 
must  be  assessed  to  raise  $£950,000, 
net?-.?o/W/Vm.-*rl.OO-.05=.95; 
•950000 -f .95  =  »IOOOOOO  Ans. 
\f  there  be  a  specific  tax  fo  r 
any  purpose,  it  must  be  deducted 
from  the  total  amount  to  be  rais- 
ed. Then,  To  /itid  how  -much 
must  be  paid  on  each  dollar  of 
tax-able  property  to  raise  the  re- 
mainder of  the  ta*,  Divide  the 
amount  to  be  raised  by  the  amount 
of  taxable  property,  less  that  part 
on  which  nothing  can  be  collected. 
The  property  of  a 


2  pay. 028 
3>.  .042 
4.,  .055 
5  ,.  .070 
6,,  .084 

8»  ."112300 
SM  .1264-00 
10  11  .140  500 
20  „  .280  600 
30  ,,  .420  700 
40  „  .560  800 


u  $.700  *900  p 
-'- 


.098  200 


.840 
.980 
1.120 
1.260 
1.400 
2.800 
4.200 
5.600 
7.000 
8.400 
9.800 
1 1 .200 


1000 
2000 
3000 
4000 
5000 
6000 
7000 
8000 
9000 
10000 
20000 
30000 


14.000 
,.  28.  000 
,  .42.000 
»  56.000 
.,  70.000 
,,  84.000 
,,  98.000 
,,  1  12.000 
,,126.000 
,  ,140.  000 
1,280.000 
,,420.000 


t  he  THICKNESS. -One  of  the  dimensions 
of  a  solid,  usually  the  lesser  one. 

TIME  MEASURE. -Used  to  com- 
pute the  passage  of  time.  For  ta- 
ble, see  under  Weights  and  Measures. 

TOTAL. -The  whole  sum, amount, 
or  aggregate  of  several  particulars. 

TRAPEZIUM. -A  quad-          x\ 
ri lateral  having   -HO      ^        7 
two  sides  parallel.  To 
/irid  the  area  of  a  trapeiium.or 
other  irregular  polygon,  Divide 
the  figure  into  triangles  by  di- 
agonals connecting  some  one  an- 
gular point  with  each  of  the  oth- 
ers', then  compute  the  area  of 
each  triangle,  and  find  theirsum. 

TRAPEZOIO.-Aquad-       / v 

ri  lateral  having  only     j_ \ 

two  of  its  sides  paral- 
lel. To  /i»i<J  the  area  of  a.-trape- 
zoid,  or  any  other  quadrilateral 
having  two  sides  parallel, Multi- 
ply half  the  sum  of  the  two  par- 
allel sides  by  the  altifuo'e,  or  per- 
pendicular distance  between  the 
two  parallel  sides. 

TRIANG-LE.-A  pol- 
ygon having  three 
sides  and  three  an- 
gles. No,.  I  isan/tttf- 
ce/es  triangle,  and 
has  two  sides  equal. 
No. 2  is  a  rfyht  an- 
g/ed  triangle,  and 
has  one  -right  angle. 
No. 3  is  an  obtuse  _ 

angled  triangle, and  hasoneobtuse 
angle.  No. 4-  is  an  equilateral  tri- 
angle, and  has  all  its, sides  equal. 
No.  S  is  a  scalene  triangle ,  and 
has  no  two  sides  equal.  No.  6  is 
an  acute  angled  triangle,  and  has 
all  its  angles  acute.  To  liftd  the 
area  of  a  triangle,  I.  Multiply  the 
base  by  half  the  altitude;  or, It. 
From  half  the  sum  of  the  three- 
sides  subtract  each  side  separately; 
then  multiply  together  the  half  sum 
and  the  three  remainders, and  ex- 
tract the  square  root  of  the  prod- 
uct ;  .the  square  root  will  be  the 
required  area. 


M 


TRIANGLED,  or  Triangular.  -Having 
three  armies. 

TRIGON.-A  polygon  having  three 
sides.  Same  as  triangle. 

TROY  WEIGHT.  -Used  for  weigh- 
ing precious  tnetals,  gems,  etc.  For 
table,  sec  under  WeigVits  and  Meas- 
ures, The  Troy  pound  istHe_  stand- 
ard of  all  other  weights  ;  it  if  the 
weight  of  22.7944  cu.  in.  of  pure 
water  at  its  greatest  density  (39.2° 
Fahr.).  The  grains  mentioned  i 
Avoirdupois  Weight  are  Trou  grains. 

TRUE  DISCOUNT.  -See  Discount, 

TRUNCATED  CONE,  or,  Pyramid. 
That  portion  of  a  cone  or  pyra 
-mid  included  between  the  base 
and  a  plane  oblique  to  the  base 
passed  between  !t  and  the  vertex. 
Sec  Cone. 

UNDECAGON.-A  polygon  having 
eleven  sides  or  angles. 

UNEVEN  NUMBER.  -A  number 
not  exactly  divisible  by  2,  as  1,3, 
5,7.  etc,  Same  as  odd  -Mu.wbcr.An 
unevenly  uneven  number  is  one 
which,  being  divided  by  4,  leaves 
a  remainder  of  I,  as  I,  5,  9,  13,  etc. 

UNIT.-  A  single  thing  of  any  kind 
regarded  as  a  whole.  An  abstract  u- 
nit  is  the  same  as  I.  A  unit  of  cur- 
rency is  a  -monetary  u-tiit,  as  *lr 
I  dime,  I  cent,  etc.  A  de-nominate 
or  concrete  unit  is  one  in  which 
the  kind  of  thing  is  named,  as  I 
loot,  I  hour,  I  pound,  ctc.A  ofcoofce 
itml  unit  is  one  in  the  scale  of 
I2's.  A  fractional  u-nit  is  one  of  a 
fraction,  as  /4  ,  X  ,  /foo,etc.An 
integral  unit  is  the  unit  l,t  he 
unit  of  whole  numbers.  A  unit  of 
•measure  is  a  quantity  of  the  same 
kind,  with  which  the  quantity  is 
compared,  as  I  inch,  I  yard,  I  foot, 
etc.  The  following  is  the 
' 


C/ass. 


things  ^ 


Quantity 


Species.     Kind 
(Minds..  ..Names. 
K  Thoughts  i  - 
iTmths  )Seflte^«s- 
f  Animals  1  r 
^  \teoetabfes  ^"L^ 
(.Minerals)  ™wes  • 
[Distance..  Ft.,  yds.,efc 


Extent  ^Area. 

wolume ..  Cu.m.,ete 

Duration.. Time Days,etc. 

Weight. .. Gravity.. .  (rains,e«. 
Value. ...Currency..  Dollars,et<:. 
Intensity .  Forces  . . .  De^rees.etc. 

"'•  ^-'oTds 


,N  U-Tfl  0€.T  -^    o.  f  ~^i 

|5| 

bs  tract..  Ones       JorRjures 

JN.ITY.-An  entire  collection  re- 
garded as  a  single  thing.  Thus, 
100  uards.considered  as  a  single 
distance,  is  unity. 

VALUE. -That  which  has  procur- 
mg,  or  purchasing  power, or  pos- 
sesses etrehttngeability.Thenumer- 
ical  value  of  an  expression  is  t  he 
result  obtained  by  making  each 


qu,a""^u«j  entering  the  expression 
equal  to  some  number,  and  then 
performing  the  operations  indicated 
VELOCITY.-See  Falling  &x//'<?y,also 
Table  of  Velocities  elsewhere  inthis 

VERIFICATION. -The  act  of  test- 
ing or  proving  computations, op 
erations,etc.,  to  be  correct.  See 
the  tests  g-iven  in  con-nee  t  ion 
with  the  different  operations, as 
Addition,  Subtraction,  etc. 

VERTEX. -Apoint          ^-c 

at  which  the  sides     A  ^_ 

0*  an  angle  meet. 

Thus  A  is  the  vertex  of  the  angle 

CAB. 

VERTICAL. -Perpendicular  to  the 
plane  of  the  hori7ori.A  vertical 
angle  is  an  angle,  the  p  I  ane  of 
whose  sides  is  vertical.  A  verti- 
cal line  is  the  direction  assumed 
by  a  plumb-line,  with  a  vyc?9  ht 
attached  to  one  crtremity,wheTi 
it  is  freely  suspended  from  the  oth- 
er extremity. 

VOLUME. -Dimensions;  s  pace 
occupied;  the  number  of  cubic 


**>»»««„, 


units  contained  in  a  body.  See  So- 
lidity. 

VULGAR. -Common. A  vulparfrac- 
tlon  is  one  whose  den orn'mator does 
•not  con/o-rn^to  the  scale  of  tens, 
in  contradistinction  to  decimal 
fraction. 

WARPED  SURFACE.-A  sitr/ace 
con/orming  to  that  generated  by 
a  straight  jine  moving, so  that 
no  two  of  its  consecutive  p  o  s  i- 
tions  shall  be  in  the  same  plane. 

WEDGE.— A  solid  & H 

bounded  by  five  D^_JlSX| 
plane  f  igu-res,and  ^^'.  ^-J 
represents  two  in-  A  B 

C lined  planes.  The  advantage 9ain- 
ed  by  its  use  may  be  approximately 
reached  by  the  rule  given  for* he 
Inclined  Plane.  The  parallelogram, 
ABGH,  is  called  the  back.  The  two 
trapeioids,  DC&H  andABCD,  are 
called  faces. The  two  triangles 
ADC-  and  BCH,  are  called  ends  of 
the  wedge,  and  CD  is  the  edye. 

WEIG-HT.-The  resultan*  o/the 
forces  exerted  by  gravity  upon  all 
the  different  particles  of  a  body. 


The  standard  unit  of  weight  is 
the  pound.  (See  Troy  We/j7/rt).The 
standard  avoirdupoi's  pound  of  tke 
United  States,  as  determined  bu  Mr. 
Hassle r.  is  the  i/yeiohk  of  27.7015  cu- 
bic inches  of  distilled  water.weigh- 
ed  in  air,at  tMe  temperature  of- 
maximum  density  (39.2°  Fahr.), 
the  barometer  beiriq  30  inches. 
For  net  and  ^ross 'weight,  see 
under  Business  Ter-ms  and  forms. 
For  the  various  tables  relating  to 
weights  and  measures, see  Weights 
and  Measures  elsewhere  in  this 

s  book.  The  French  system  of  weights 
is  one  of  the  -most  per  feet,  as  we  1 1 
as  the  most  simple,  of  all  systems 
that  have  ever  been  adopted.  See 
Metric  System  under  Weights 
and  Measures. 

WELL  or  Cistern. -To  ascertain 
the  capacity  of  a  well  orcistern, 
Multiply  the  square  of  the  diam- 
eter in  inches  by  .7854,  and  this 
product  by  the  depth  in  inches; 
divide  this  product  by  231,  and 
the  quotient  will  be  the  contents 
in  gallons.  I/  the* actual  quanti- 
ty of  water  be -required, -multiply 
by  the  depth  of  the  water,  and  not 
by  that  of  the  well  or  cistern.See 
Cistern. 

WHEEL  AND  AXLE.-A  kind  of  lev 
er,  in  which  the  radius  ofthewheel 
arid  the  radius  of  the  axle  are  parts 
of  the  lever,  and  the  center  of  the 
ax-le  is  the  fulcrum.  To  f  itid  the 
weight  which  can  be  raised  by  the 
wheel  and  axle, Multiply  the  pow- 
er by  the  radius  of  the  wheel,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  radius  of 
the  cylinder  or  axle. 

WIDTH,  or  Breadth. -One  of  the 
three  attributes  of  extension, the 
other  two  being  length  and  heifttt 
or  thickness. Width  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  intermediate  dimen- 
sion of  a  body,  length  to  the  great- 
est, and  thickness  to  the  least. 

WINE  MEASURE. -Used  in  meas- 
uring nearly  all  liquids,  such  as 
liquors,  molasses, water,  etc.  For 
table,  see  under  Weights  and  Measures. 

YARD. -A  -measure  of  length  equal 
to  3  feet,  or  36  inches. In  C/oth 
Measure,  the  yard  is  now  divid- 
ed into  binary  parts,  the  old  di- 
vision into  quate.nary  parts  of 
quarters  and  nails (na.  =  2% if.)  be- 
ing now  seldom  used. 

YEAR. -A  unit  of  time, determin- 
ed by  the  revolution  of  the  earth 
in  its  orbit.  The  year  is  either  a$- 
tronomical  or  civil.  The  length  of 
the  solar  year  is  365  days,  5  hours, 
4-8  minutes,  and  49.7  seconds. The 
civil  year  is  the  year  of  the  calendar. 

ZENITH. -The  point  in  the  heav- 
ens in  a  line  with  the  spectator's 
position  and  the  center  of  t  h  e 
earth.  The  -nadir  is  the  point  di- 
rectly under  the  spectator's  feet. 

ZERO. -The  character  0,.which 
signifies  -no number.  See  Cipher. 

ZONE. -The  area  of  a  zone  is  equal  to 
the  circu-rniference  of  thecirek  of  *h« 
spherE,tnu.lt!pli«4  by  the  zone's  altitude. 


G5 


E(  Land  Measure. 

". 4 ;  Aniseed,  ii'oT  Beer,  4.0;  Bordeaux,  1 1.5;  BraV 
du,53.4;  Burgundy,  1X6;  Canary,  18.8;  Cape, 
19.2;  Chartreuse,  43.0;  Cider,  8.6; Champaqno, 
1 1.2 ;  Ctewt,  13.3;  Curacoa,  27.0:  Elde:T,9.3; 
iocMberry.  11.8;  Hock- 11.6;  Lisbon,  18.5; 
Moselle,  9.6;  Malaga,  17.3;  Malmsey.19.7; 
MarsaJl,  20.2:  Madeira,  21.0;  Maraschino, 
34.0;  Orange, IJ.2 ;  Porter,  4.5;  Port,23.7; 
Rrrru,8.8;  Rhine.  ll.O;  Sherry,  19.0;  Scotch, 
54.3;  Tokau,  11.2;  Vermont,  l9.0;Whiskey 
Vo-iSvMK^x.  53.9;  WhiskeyWiw*\\53.9;Whis 
keyV.Vto\c\\\  54.3.  V.^?\-<\X%  vx«  %»,\o,Vo 


Scruple;  3  Scruples  I  3)>  I  Dram:  8  Drams 
(31-  I  Ounce:  l20unc«(S)=  I  Poundttb.). 

V\vj,  gOMinimslM).  I  FluidTam;  8  Flui- 
dram*(f  3)>  I  Fluidounce;  16  FluidounostfS) 
>l  Pint;  8  Pints(O).  I  GaHon(Cong-) 

VXso,  I  Common  ieaspoonful=45  drops;  I 
Com.  teatpoonfuU-ii  com.  tablespoonful-l  flu- 
idram;  I  com. tablcspoonf ul  ~fe  com. teacup 
=  about  '-i  fluidounce;  I  com.  teacup-  about 
4  fluidounces;  I  Pint  of  wat«r» about  Ipowi 
AtKXtaV  V*t\o,\\X.-  I  Carat*  10  Pwt.Trou;  I 
C*rat  grain-  2  pwt.  12 qr.  OT  60 gr. Troy;  24 
Carali  =  l  Pound  Troy.  (cS«  Volume  of  AIT. 

bers  the  atmospheric  prcsure  ptr  squire  inch 
is  15  pounds.  KVmaivV\rta.  K\T.-  A  coliimn, 
I  inch  square,  full  height  -14.73  pounds. 
Vicic.\«\y-A  column,!  inch  square,and30 
inche*  high-  14.73  pounds .VMtxtx.-  A  col- 
umn, I  inch  square,  and  33.95  feet  high  » 
14.73  pounds. 

>NOXWO?OV»XNWW.- 16  i>rams»  I  Ounce; 
16  Ounces  •=  I  Pound;  25  Pounds  =  I  Quarter; 
4  Quarters' I  Cwt.;  20  Cwt.  =  I  Ton. 
X-v\  XWv  Vv\o,\\%V\  «•*  VotwxAoTv, 1 12  pourdj 


IboNK.  VV*.  %tv-Xt\itX IOOOH., 29.91  inch- 
es; 2000 H.,  27.86  in.;  3000ft.,26.85 
in.;  4000 ft.,  25.87  in.;  5000 ft., 24.93 
in.;  I  mile, 24. 67 in.;  1  milts, 20.29in; 
Smiles,  I6.08in.;  4  mi  Its,  13.72  in.;  5 
•miles,  11.28 in.;  I0mi|«s,  4.24in.;l5Tmie 
1. 60  inches.  >• 

kK»>»,'ew'&,tKS.V&,'^C,.'-25  Pourtds-l  Keq  ot 
powder;  56  Ibs.-  I  Firkin  of  butter;  100  Ibs. 
•  I  Cental  of  train;  100  Its.-  I  Cask  of  rai- 
sins; 100lbt.=  l  SLuinlal  of  dried  -fish; 

beef,  pork,or  fish;  25^  Ibs.- 1  bbL  of  soap; 
280lt».=  I  bbl.  of  salt.    • 
kOK*»  \A\tAXiVCt.- Set  Lumbtr  MeMUTS  on. 

another  page.  ' 

kOW&,>^KftM^ni(«>f\X%  Mi  "ivTBi  A.- The  prin- 
cipal sizes  ol  books  are  four,  namely:  VoX'xo, 
a  long  book;  Qc».*iXo(4to),  nearly  squanfls 
similar  to  this  Manual);  Oc\i\c>(8vo),theiien. 
era)  sue;  and  ^>vu><i«vTt\pU3mo),asmi;  book. 
Other  (miller  forms  are, S\xXecx\  iv\o(l6mol, 


1 

02TTio),  and 

VOv^O.-The  ttandaid  siie  of  book  paper 
is  2.5  x  38  inches;  one  half -of  the  sheet 
being  19  x25  inches,  which  folded  in  two 


leaves,  with  bur  pages, mate  a  book  of  the 
size  caitad  a  \ox\o.  CA.\it>,vc\Q.- When  the  half 
sheet  is  folded  in  four  leaves,  with  eight  pa- 
ges, it  forms  a  ojav<X«  V\ie.  OCMwp. — 
When  the  half  sheet  is  folded  in  eight  leaves 
with  sixteen  paqes,  it  forms  an  otXi«y.and 
soon  for  &ao&e,tvma.\^TiM>,\^Tt\o'X^T&a, 
etc. 

%WMCTOM..~Ttn  marks  a,b,c;  1,7,3,  etc., 
occasionally  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  page, 
are  for  tht  direction  of  the  binders  in  folding 
the  sheets. 


M»MESW1»K« 
MO  ITS   DIVis- 
FOR  BOOK 


SIIE  OF 
PACE  Of 


Quarto 
Octavo 
Duodecimo 
Sixteen  i 

,  Thirty-tin  mo 


.,  54 
81  27 
19 
14 


SUE  Of  Tiff  MOST  SUITABLE. 
ANO  THC  NuMflf*  of  WORDS, 
«»f«««C  5  lEHtHS  EUCMO 


Pi.4.|4;S.PL587;LJ>T.667. 
LPi.306;8«n.399;Biev.450. 
LA2t*:B«JBOc*Bt3lS. 
Brev.US ;  Min.aTOjNon.361 

Pi.49a;S.K.e96;L.Pi.782. 

S.RJT7;I..I>T^«l;BouT5M 
l.Pr.Z16;BouT.357;Brrv.4flS 


Eng.510;Pi.666;S.Pi.944. 

S.Pi  JJtjjLPr'.Sga';  Bout476 
BourJ57;  Brtv.4CI5;Min.4«4. 


Ena.640;Pi.8n;S.F!-ll5i 
Pi.426jS.Pi.60ijLPr.68l.1 


L.Pr.3W;Bour.399;BiB.459 


•EXCUItlvf  OF  HEAOLine.  'SI2ES  or  PAPEH  UNDI 

pen  MtAjune.  'PL-PicaiS.Pi.'SmaliPica;L.fr.-Lorig 
Primer;  BOUT.  =  Bourgeois;  Brev.. Brevier;  Min.=Min 

Tht  following  measurements  maij  be  useful 
as  giving  an  idea  of  the  sizes  of  books  asfli 
et  by  the  librarians  who  have  abolished  thi 
time-honored  expTessiont, ''imperial,"  "crown^ 
"fodscapT  "demij.etc.,  and  adopted  the,alm»st 
equally  vague  terms  "large"  and "smili'' insW 
VKW\  \o\\olla.loL),  over  18  inches;  ¥Q\XMM* 
below  18  inches;  ^v>K\xVoX\otsm.foL-),  below 
,•9  inches;  VWS.^  ocXwoda.Svo),  below  Ilinch 
es;  OtTNMOfSvo),  below  9  inches;  =>^>cOw  ot- 
X\Nolsm.8vo),  below  8  inches;  ^\30WtXYW3 
(I2rno), below  8  inches; ^>VA*AO  otXi\mi8in 
is  6  inches;  \l\x\\\v\0 (-mo),  below  6  inches-, 
\AVS>\  <\\xjnXo(la.4to), below  15  inches; Cww- 
'\0l4to),  below  II  inches; S»AK\.vojijnVo(sin.4t«; 
below  8  inches.  «••••»  . 


VA  ^\^r-vvw^c.^>.— A  bon  16  by  I6i  inches  tqiun 
and  8  inches  deep,  will  contain  a  bushel,  or 
2150.4  cubic  inches,  and  each  Inch  in  dtyltt  con 
taining  one  gallon.  -  _„",.. 

)  A  box  24  DU  11.2  inches  square,  and  8  inch 
es  deep,  will  alto  contain  a  bushel.  If  12 
by  11.1  inches  square,  and  8  inches  deep,  it 
will  contain  half  a  bushel.  If  8bg8.4  ssuan 
an  6  dap,  it  contains  half  a  peck.  If  4  by  4  sq'< 
and  4.J  deep,  it  contains  one  quart.  •- 


,v  >\Nii.\oJ\\\,  oX.-See  Mitt  andWo 

tC«nei»l  lnde«l 

U.V(KS,\i^^^'5.HT.-To  find  thenmnber 
of  bricks  requJnedfor  anij  buildinq,  muJtipl4 
the  dimensions, lenath,h«iaht, and  thickness, 
in  fat  and  fractions  of  a  «oot,  of  the  several 
brick  walls,  and  the  product-  by  22i  ,  a  n  d 
the  result  will  be  the  number  of  bricks  re- 
quired. Allowance  must  be  rnade-for  doors, 
windows,  chimneys, etc. 

The  subjoined  table  is  reckoned  on  a  ba- 
sis of  7  bricks  to  the  superficial  square  foot. 
For  17  superficial  f«t,  add  the  numbers,  for 
10  and!;  for  75,  add  70  and  5;  for  500  su- 
perficial feet,  take  5  times  100;  etc. 


PEBMJ    NUMBER   OF  BRICKS  TO    THICKNtSS    OF 
w"i.   4   IN. 18  IN.IP  IN.|ie  IN.|2Q  IN.|i4  IN 


4. 

5. 

J: 

8. 

9. 

10- 
20. 
30. 
40. 
30. 
60. 
70. 
80. 
90  . 
100  . 


15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

105 

120 

135 

150 

300 

490 

600 

750 

900 


525  I  050  I  575 


1200  „ 
1350202! 


48 

68 
90 
I  13 
135 
158 
ISO 
203 
22S 
45 
87! 
900 
1125 
1350 


1200 


i  500  I  87 


2100 


. ..4050 

I  500  22SO  3000  3750  4500 


900  I  I  2 


180022502700 


E625 


1800240030003600 


27003375 


*:•; 


.    ...  I  350 
1500 1800 


2250 


Rome,  87,000;  Cathedral  at  Milan, 31,000; 9t 
Paul's, Rome, 32,000;  St.PauJ's,London,3I^OIl; 
St.  Peter's,  Rome,  54,000;  St.Pet-Tonia,Boloqni 
24,400;  Cathed.ral,Florence,  24,300;  Cathe 
dral, Antwerp,  24,000;  St.John  Lateriri,Ro™ 
23,000;  St.  Sophia, Constantinople,2J.OOO 
Notre  Dame,  Paris,  21,000;  Theater  of  Mar 
celius,  Rome,  20,000:  Cathedral,  PisaAOOfr 
St.Skphcn's, Vienna,  12,400;  St.Oommic's 
Bologna,  12,000;  St.Peters,  Bologna,!  1,400 
Cathedral,  Vienna,  11,000;  frilmores  &aTdm 
New  York,  8,443;  Mormon  Temple.SaltUXe, 
3,000;  Sl.Mark's, Venice,  7,500; Spurgeon's 
Tabernacle, London,  6,000;  Bolshoi  Theater, 
St. Petersburg, 5,000;  Music  Hall,Cincinnat 
i,  4,824;  Chicago  AuditoTium,8,000;  Acad 
•-mi  of  Music,  Philadelphia, 2,865. 
.,  .  _,  t  -i-^Sfj  Monuments  — "•— — 


47,Oa.,«u..Pa.);  Beans, 60 (64,Me.);  Bran,iO;lu* 
wheat, 31t40,Cal.,  48,Conn.,Me.,Mtss.,MichnN.Y 
50,  Wis.,Term., 0.,  N.C.,  N.J.,  Kati., Ind.. 55.Ku.,56 
S.C4;  CASTOR  BEANS,46:  CLOVER  SEED,6C 
(64.N.H.,  N.Y.,  6i,Pa.) ;  COAL-AnihTacite,80, 
(76,Ky.)  ;  COR  N -Cob, 70168  ln<j.j;  CORN  — 
Shellfd,36l52,Cal.,V*.,55,KM.) ;  CORN  MEAL 
50(48,Ga.,III.,  46,N.C.)j  DRIED  APPLE5,24 
(25  Ind.,  26,S.C.,Term.,27,MicK.O.,28,Va 
Wis., Minn.,  25, N.JO;  DRIED  PEACHES.33 
FLAX  SEED,  36lS4,Kan.,55,N.J.,N.Y.,44,R,L 
GRASS-Blue,l4;  GRASS-RedTop,l4;  HAIR-daj 
lerinq,  8';  HEMP  SEED,  44;  HLTNGARlWueMS., 
50;  L(ME-Urtslaktd,30;  MILLET  SEEP,  50 


««SUi*^*33!3&!ta.i_nm%» 

Lu 

ItfK 
OF  I 

A'lON 
FF. 

CD 

1PECMTION 
OF  LIFE. 

UJ 
r*i 

tmti 

OF  1 

,illiN 
FF 

Cteve  Cceurs-Eqqs  8  to  the  po 

itid;  114    140 

^^IA^JREI^^^^S 

'      •< 

MALE 

C£M. 

< 

MALE 

FEW. 

< 

MALE 

FEM. 

Black  Spanish-  Eggt,  1  1»  the  pound;  lay  14-0 
per  annum. 

43.. 

26.J8 

26.45 

62 

3.34 

13.10 

81 

4.55 

4.89 

*%               ~»SK«-               w^ 

45.. 

^4fl7 

ann 

64 

1   Ifi 

QjM 

tM 
fl3 

4H 

/I/IS 

leghorns-  E<jqs,8  to  the  pound;  Uy  160 

MALT.38;   OATS,32l30,Me.,M«s.,N.J.);  ON- 
ions,  57(48,lnd.,  52,Mass.,50,R.l.);PEAS,60 
tt6,Ark.);  POTATOES,  6CK56,Pi.  ;   POTATOES 
Sw«t,  56(50,  Ark..Kan.,0.,S.C.,Tenn.,55,CoiiTi. 

46.. 
47.. 
48.. 
49.. 

24.09 

2338 
Z2J66 

nas 

24JO 

23.57 
22.83 

:,i« 

65 
66 
57 
,- 

1.60 
.04 

J.50 
3.J) 

11.51 

1038 
10.47 

asi 

84 

85 

«,i 
87 

3.95 
3.73 
3.53 
3.34 

4.26 
3.38 
3.76 
3..% 

Hamburgs-Eggs.  9  to  the  pound;  lay  ISO 
per  annum. 
Polish-Eqqs,9  to  the  pound;  lay  125  pti 

C».,Ky.):   RYE,56(54,ni.,30,La.,50,Me.);RYE 
WEAL,  50;  SALT,  50156,N.Y.);  T  MOTHY  SEED, 

50.. 
51.. 

UM 
2054 

il.33 
SL59 

:,H 
70 

9.46 
J.91 

i48 

9.00 

-- 

S3 

3.16 
3.00 

J.36 
3.18 

Dominique—  Eqgs,9  to  the  pouTid;  lay  135 

per  annum. 

45(44,N.t,46,WiS.);  TURNlP9,55(42,Wis., 
60  Vl.,Ky.,58,Mich.,50,IW.,Conn.);WHEAT, 

52.. 
53.. 

iais 

9£ 
9JS 

il 
7) 

a.48 

J.03 

8J1 

8.1? 

90 

3 

2j)4 
2.69 

J.C1_ 

&imes-Egqs,9  to  the  potfnd;  laij  00  per 
annum. 

60  156,  Conn.). 

54.. 

8.4: 

8.44 

'3 

1.51 

7.70 

3: 

'2.5b 

2.  /'O 

Bintams-  Egqs,l6  per  pound;  lay  90  per  uroum. 

iMV  CstTuvtvaC^ixXw,  w  fc."^r*\~V^  ^"\5\d^<  — 

55.. 

1  f.Hl1 

I.  i'. 

(.14 

r.a 

93 

JAI 

5\V?£..-DOS«CO 

nds  =  l  minute; 

Flour  SObarreis  Lumber.  ..6,000feet 

56.. 

11.13 

17.  Ki 

15 

8.U 

8.84 

:;- 

129 

2.4o 

60  minute^  I  d< 

qree  ,  30  duree 

5  =  1  siqn;   IS. 

Eqqs..l30to  I60barrels  Wheat  ...300bushels 

57.. 

lb.4/ 

16.33 

K 

fi.X' 

6.53 

-:- 

2.17 

2.2^ 

siqns-l  circle; 

90'-  a  Quidri 

nl;60T»l  St» 

Lime  70barrels  Corn  ...  .400  bushels 
Salt..  70barTtls  Oats  780bushels 

58.. 
59.. 

IM3 

IMP 

I3u6  1 
8.03 

n 

7S 

S.3J 
5.51 

B.23 
5.88 

96 

97 

2.06 
1.95 

in 

2.06 

tank   360'=  a 
CMRVRN&^oVn 

Circle,  large  or  tmafl. 
\i  tOT\t«?r\%.-  See  Cistern  u» 

Whisky  60  barrels   Barley  .  .  .300  bushels 

60.. 

I4..so 

14,31 

•9 

5.31 

5.36 

38 

1.85 

I.9S 

4>r  Mensuratio 

nllndo).  The 

innued  tablt 

Plour  200sacks   Fli»  360  bus  ids 

61.. 

IJ44 

13.  .'J 

80 

4.  a? 

s.2d 

:,: 

1.76 

I.Hd 

qives  the  number  of  qa  ons  contained  in  the 

Hoqs  —  50  to  60Hea.d   Apples  370  bushels 

WSrt\W> 

»\  vx\ 

^•\\\ 

N^^,to 

w^wtf\ 

*i\* 

n«n 

es  ot  depth. 

Cattle..  ..I8to  20head   Bran  ...  1,000  bushels 
Sheep...  80tolOOhead   Butter.  20,000pounds 

«fi.-The  fol  owinq  table  shows  the  transverse 
strength  of  timber  and  cast  iron  one  foot  lonq 
and  one  inch  square: 

Oiam.       G-als. 
2  ft.  equals  19 
2i  "      "     30 

Oiam.         Ons. 
6  ft.  equals  176 
6i  '•    "      207 

Diam.         Gait. 
10  ft.  equals  489 

how  many  persons  out  of   0,000  will  die 
annually  until  a    are  deceased. 

MATERIALS. 

BREAKING 

WEIOHT-lb- 

WEIGHT  BORNE 

wiTKSAFETY-lbS. 

3    „      „    44 
3i  ••     ••    60 

7  "    ••     240 
71  "    ••     275 

12"    "     705 
13"    "     827 

AM. 

VORS. 

Pis* 

JK|SI)"H- 

ton 

Hi 

jgB 

OE.ms 

Ash.S 

e«oned  

..175.. 

..55 

4   »     ..    78 

8  "    "     313 

14"    "     959 

0... 
1  ... 

3'.' 
4.. 
5 

0000 
8461 
7/79 
7274 
6998 
6797 

1  5." 
JOS 

nt 

20! 
1  1 

33 
36 

37 
36 
29 
40 

5365 
5301 

5251 
5194 
5136 

SJ75 

53 

5o 
51 
58 
62 
fiP 

70 
7 

72 
73 

74 
7^ 

2401 

2277 
2143 
1997 
1841 
Ifii^ 

124 
134 
146 
156 
166 
160 

Hickory,  seasoned  .  .. 
White  Oik  
White  Pine,s«asoned. 
Yellow  Pi'ne,s«5oTKd 
Iron  (cast)  

..270. 
..240.. 
..135. 
..150. 
5,781  . 

..90 
..80 
..45 
..50 
1,927 



5    ••     "   122 
5i  »     '•   148 

$\J8Vfc  VJvtKSMV. 
=  1  q  uarter  ;  4 
W\HVN\\\«.  oX  \ 

9   »    "     396 
9i»   "     461 

t.-2i  inches- 
quarters^  1  yai 

20"   '•    1956 
25"   "   3059 

1  nail:  4  mils 
d. 

6.. 

6676 

fl} 

41 

5009 

69 

7fi 

1513 

ISfi 

QIK*Ji 

"^o  S. 

H\\tX% 

>X.l  XV^."* 

i\o^\\  oV 

.-Mu 

i;Fh, 

Coins  is  at  different  times  subject  ta  sliqM  va- 

6534 

X 

42 

4940 

7 

r  / 

1339 

146 

the  qii 

Ih   in 

inchp 

s,  just  b* 

k  of  the 

shouldt 

TS,  by 

riations,  but  the 

following  ma 

1  be  tikrn  as 

8... 

6536 

4' 

41 

4>« 

1 

76 

1213 

135. 

theni. 

Tr  b^T 

of  in 

thes  Irom 

the  squ, 

re  of 

the 

about  the  avera 

qe  value: 

9... 
10.. 
11  .. 
13. 
13 
14. 
15. 
10- 
11. 

6493 
6460 
6431 
6400 
6368 
6335 
6300 
6261 
6211 

33 
29 
31 
31 

a 

35 
39 
42 
43 

44 
43 
4<j 
47 
43 
49 
50 
51 
53 

4198 

4727 
4651 
4566 

4521 
4458 
4397 
4338 
4276 

7 
70 
63 
67 
6? 
6 
5? 
62 
85 

/9 
80 

BJ 
83 
83 

54 
83 
86 

P7 

lOtil 
953 

837 
72? 
623 
529 
445 
367 
2?6 

128 
H6 
112 
102 
94 
84 
78 
71 
64 

buttock  to  the  point  of  the  shoulder-blade,  and 
divide  the  product  by  144,  which  will  qive 
the  number  of  superficial  teet.  If  the  qirth  is 
from  3  to  5  Feet,  multiply  the  number  of  super- 
ficial feel  by  16,  which  will  give  the  weight 
of  the  animaL  It  the  animal  has  a  girth  of  from 
5  to  7  feet,  multiply  b«23;   if  from  7  to  9,  mul- 
tiply by  31  ;  il  less  than  3  l«t,  rnu  tipli)  tuj  II. 
Many  ciwurnstances.as  modi  of  fattening,  con 

NAM£.    CouNrnv.  VALUE. 

6olivar,Veneiutlij»0.l4 
Boliviano,  Bolivia...    0.70 
Crown,  Sweden  ..   0.27 
"     Denmark  .  0.27 
'  *     Norway  .  .  0.27 
Dollar,  Mexico...  0.76 
"     Liberia...  1.00 

NAME.  COUMTKY.  VALUE. 

Miireis,Braiil..»oT55 
11     Pbriugal  .     I.OS 
Peseta.  Spain...     0.19 
Peso,NicaT«ui.     0.70 
»»   Honduras.    0.70 
»  Guatemala.    0.70 
"  Argentine.    0.96 
"  Chili             0  91 

If, 

19 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31.. 
32.. 
33  . 

34.. 

6176 
6133 
6090 
6047 
6005 
5963 
592! 
5879 
5836 
5793 
5748 
5698 
564? 
5585 
5528 
5471 
5417 

4.1 
43 

43 

4; 

42 

4: 
43 

4.- 
4; 

SB 
56 

S 

57 
98 
55 

s 

53 
54 
55 

:••; 

51 
58 
59 
M 

el 

62 
63 
e-; 
65 
66 
61 
68 
69 

4211 

4143 
4013 
4000 
3924 
3641 
;  149 
36*3 
352 
j;js 
3268 
ji-^3 
3018 
2894 
277 

2648 

2s:> 

68 
70 
73 
76 

s; 

33 
1  ,16 
l« 
136 
12] 
125 
us 
124 
123 
123 
123 

98 

89 
:>; 
91 
92 
33 
>-f 
93 
98 

98 

99 

100 

101 
102 
03 

„;,.; 

Tel 

1-12 
IC5 
7S 
54 
40 
30 
23 

ia 

14 
II 
9 

5 

3 
! 

51 
39 
37 
30 
21 
14 
10 
7 
5 
4 
3 
2 

2 
2 
2 
1 

dition,breed,ttt.,  m(  uence  the  weiqht,ba(  the 
(oreqoing  will  be  found  approiimately  correct. 
OMWCAf^^iS^VvX  o\,vc\4  ^imvANrnvViM)  S\V 
VmctAi  <«»»te.-  The  best  quality  of  charcoal  is 
mide  f'oin  beech,  chestnut,  maple,  o»k,and  pine. 
Wood  will  furnish,  when  properly  burned,  about 
23  per  cent,  of  coal.  Oak  charcoal  absorbs  about 
4.18  and  pine  8.3  per  cent  of  water.  One  bush- 
el ot  charcoi  contains  2,747.7  cubic  inches,  and 
if  made  from  red  or  white  pine,  wil  weiqh  43 
Its.;  if  from  oak,  ortrituTited,  about  135  Us. 
CVS^\H^S,SVi\\\Vvoji  o\.-  Th»  alowance  lor  the 
shrinkage  in  castings  should  be  foi  each  foot 
in  lenqth,  aj  fo  ows:  C»st  iron  pipes,  t  inch; 
Cast  iron  beams  and  qiideni,  ,^  inch;  Cast  rt»n 
CMlindcrsiiatqH,  ^  ;  (smal  )  4  ;   Brass.  i|  ;  Lead,  ^  ; 
2inc,i;  Copper,  ^. 

Orachma.Giace...  0.19 
Florin.Netherlands  0.40 
»     Austria..  0.35 
Franc,  Belqium.  0.19 
"     France...  0.19 
«     Switrrland  0.19 
G-Ourde,Haytt...  0.96 
Lira,  Italy  0.19 
Mahbub,Tripoli  .  0.63 
Mark,  Germany  .  0.24 

ire  nine-tenths  fitie; 
tenths  fine;  the  copp< 
the  5-cent  and  the  3-c 
nickel  and  three-fouit 
coins  arc  95  per  cent 

"  Colombia...    0.70 
>'  Cuia  0.93 
'iastre,  Turkey.  .     0.04 
Pound,  Eqypt..    4.94 
Pound,  England    4.86 
Rouble,  Russia.    0.56 
Rupee,  India..    0.33 
Sol,  Peru  0.70 
Sucre,  Ecuador.    0.70 
Ven,  Japan  ....    0.99 
l*,*,  cA.-  The  gold  coins 
Jhe  silver  coins,  nine- 
r-nickel  coins.such  as 
ent  piece],  arc  one'ou* 
is  copper;  the  bronze 
copper  md  Sper  cent 

\  119  ^.'vA  K"^\^^\    <i^    \_\^^-. 

«\V\t\o!r,\.— 

silver  and  copper;  in  the  silvercoins,«>ppeT. 

The  subjoined  title  is  based  upon  I  lie  slal'slics 

Si^E 

UE 

Mu 

V18ER 

KKS 

\kM\».>cAs.%  vn 

&^-\\xA«>  _ 

of  mortality  experience  of  tMirly  American  life  In- 

'.!  I 

A.HOTI 

iHilX 

M&iuir             Las. 

.     . 

number  or  years  any  one  may  yet  eipeet  to  litre. 

16x16  ... 

3»8.... 

30 

Apples  

.  8,00( 

ManqetWuiiel.27,000 

16  «  2 

I    ... 

li  6.   . 

40 

Bailey  

.  I,60C 

Peache 

5  ..5,000 

ci 

OF  Lift. 

cs 

OF  LIFE. 

6S 

OP  LIFE. 

20  »  2 

I..  .. 

. 

••!•••• 

Beans  
Cabbaqe  

IOX 

Onions  2.800 

10.. 

MALE 

49.99 

4SL09 

?  > 

MALE 

Ift  i 

:c 

MALE 

»38 

FEM. 
33.69 

CAfcVt>Y£.XW?A)jvt\o1  ^a^itAvj  ^  ^AX«\fc\Nw^,\\tv 
Light  Brahmas  »nd  Part  ridqe  Cochins,—  Egqs,  7 

Carrots  
Cherries  

.  b,80C 
.  2,OOC 

Parsnips  11.200 
Pe  aTs  5,000 

1!    . 

12.. 

49.32 

JH  t'4 

MM 

:? 

;  .65 
4093 

3056 

;,  .  . 

33 

3.; 

a  es 

5J  9i 

33.06 
3?  42 

to  Hie  pound,    ay    30  per  annum 
Dark  Brahmas  -Eaas.  8  to  the  pound; 

Un 

Chnquf  foil  grass 
Clover  Seed.   ... 

.9,601 
.     20C 

Peas.. 

Plums 

L900 
2,000 

12.. 

47  93 

us  n 

-.; 

40.J 

)5 

I2J1 

H.7R 

130 

pet  ai 

T1UTT 

Com,  Indian... 

.  J,00l 

Potato* 

s  7,500 

14.. 

47.26 

-:4-!i 

35 

39.49137.80 

),- 

>>A:> 

li.H 

Black,; 

viiu 

and 

SullCoch 

ns-EqqS 

,7  lo 

tfM 

Grass......... 

.  7,OOC 

Turnip: 

8,500 

15.. 
16 

46.57 

44J9 

IQ 

3ai7l37.23 

IS  '4  V  (•(• 

37 

ion 

J0.47 

pound;   lay  115  pei  annum. 

Hay  

.  4,501 

Wtches.qreen  .  .  10,000 
vvhoit                i  inn 

17.. 

45.18 

G.TS 

M 

nj  &oe 

3-1 

79  Ifi 

150  per  annuii 

^     IT  i 

j.-Firie  Solder 

18.. 

44.4fl 

4:.i7 

)63a  S« 

4/1 

>'4S 

78,4fl 

Houda 

C)1JS, 

B  to  the 

ound; 

aMl.1) 

;i  per 

is  an  alloy  of  tw 

parts  of  Block  T 

71  to  one  «f  tad. 

19.. 

43.18 

4I.4S 

30 

35.8!  ?-!.?"• 

41 

77.  HV 

annu 

tn 

dating  Solder,  eq 

ual  puts  of  Bloc 

Tin  and  Lead. 

20.. 

43.07 

40.8; 

21 

35.1234.29 

42 

27.01 

27.15 

LaFleche-EoflsJlotlw  pound; 

lay  130  per  annum. 

Plumbin9  Solder,  one  part  BbckTIn, 

wo  par  Is  Lead. 

67 


Babbitt's  Mttal IlrrtS,l'or*r J./,ArH(moni|  7.3. 

Church  Bells DwerSaTmcSe.Tin  ttl,Lead4.3. 

RneYellow  Brass. . . .  Copper  66,  Zinc  24. 

GermanSilver Copper  33.3,ZiTic314,lfcW3JJ. 

Gong* Copperei.6,  Tin  18.4. 

Gun  MeUl,Vak»,ek.Copper  90,  Tin  10. 

Lath»  Bushes Copper  80,  Tin  20. 

Madiir*ri|  Bearing..  Copper  87.5, Tin  12.5. 

Muntz  Metal Copper  60,  Zinc  40. 

Sheathing  MeUI...Copper56,  Zinc  44. 
White  Brass Copperl0^inc80,Tin  10. 


One  Ib.  broken  loaf  sugar  =  I  quart;  I  lb.and 
1 02.  powdered  whik  sugaT=l  quirt;  I  Ib.  and 
2oz.  best  brown  su-qjr  =  l  quirt;  I  Ib.  soft 
butter- 1  quart;  |  ib.and  2oi.  Indian  meal 
=  I  quart;  I  I  b.  wheat  HOUT-  I  quart;  4  larqt 
Ublespoonfuls-i  <jill;  a  common  siud  tum- 
bler. {  pint;  4 common  sized  wine-glass  = 
iqill;  a,  larqe  wine-qlKs»2oz.;  a  teacup* 
i  H;:i ;  a  tabiespoonful  =i  01.  (Set  Apothecaries' 
Weighl).  ' 


Mensuration  (.index). 
iCJ^\NOWJ,Vvi\vV\MiVNi\o)A^  tX.-A  cord    of 

hickory  weighs  about  4,500  Ibs.;  a  cord 

of  beech,  3,215  Ibs.;  hard  ma. pie,  2,850:  Ash, 

3,450;  pitch  pine,  1,900;  red  oak,  3,150; 

Lombard^  poplar.  1,800. 
i^S.VKW\OH.- A  body  weighing  140  Ibs., in 

buminq  55  minutes. will  produces  Ibs. 

of  ashes. 


that  a  person  can  count  at  the  rate  of  200 
per  minute,  for  12  hours  a  day,  to  count, 
1,000,000,  would  squire  6daiA  II  hr;20rnin 
1,000,000,000,  ,,  19  iff.  4  "  18  "20  » 
1,000,000,000,000,  "Ityl2»3ll  "  5  "20  " 
1,000,000,000,000,000  would  -requtre  more, 
thin  19  000,000  years 


.. 

Rivtr  mud,  liquid  eirtti.etc.,  3  inches  per  stc 
ond;  brown  pottery  claij,  4  in.  per  sec.; 
Tnon  claij,  6  in.  per  sec.;  Bellow  sjnd.loami 
8  in.  per  sec.;  cornmon  river  sand,  I  foot 
prr  sec.;  gravel,  siif  of  small  seeds,  5  in.  per 
sec.j  q  ravel,  size  of  peas,  7  in.  per  sec.;  qrav- 
el.sue  of  beans,  I  ft.  per  sec.;  coarse  bal- 
last, 2ft.  per  sec.;  sea  sNinqk,a,bout  one 
in.  in  di'am.,  2eft.  per  sec.;  large  shfnqle, 
3  ft.  per  sec.j  anqular  Hints,  size  of  hen's 
e<|q»,3ift.  per  sec.;  broken  stones,  4ft.  prr 


Antimony  42  1.6  Fir  .....  34.3  PinefKtch)  41.0 
Astilwood)  518  BoWipu»)  .1204.4  P-wWKie)  216 
Beech....  532Cranite..  139.0  Pmltllgw)  33.8 
Brass....  53Z7I«  .....  58J8PWCT  Paris  1  05.0 
Brick....  100.0  froiKasi)  .450.5  auarti  .  1600 
37.8  ffon(wil).486.6  SUMmnl  1310 
ia7  Uad  ....70a4Sind.  ..  945 
I20J  lgniD»Vte  83.3  Sil»er(pua)6M3 
53J  Mahoqanij  66.5  Spruce..  31.3 
.  000  Maple  ...  46.8  Sulphur  .  127.0 
Copper..  .5545  Marble...  141.0  Walnut.  55.0 
Cork....  15.0  Meronu|W4i5  WalertfustO  625 
Ei7ltysn<il35J  Mill-stone  130.0  »  luJt)  643 
Erth,taae  90J  OakCLi«)  70.0  "GfeiiM62.3 
Elm  .....  42J  OaltlWhHe)  45.2  "ItaBolTU 


... 

Cedar.  .. 
ChircoaU 
Claij 


Coal.Bii 


C<Mc  in 


wwvi  wvi  •aVA.vo  wte.Ns,\»Yi'e..-i  ua  CU.DIC  incn 
es-lcubic  foot;  27cu.ft.-l  cu.yd.;  128 
cu.ft.=  l  cord;  8  cord  feet  =  lcord;  I6cu.ft 
=  1  cord  fool;  24|cu.ft.-l  perch  ol  stone: 
40cu.fi.  =.1  fon  of  ship  cargo;  50cu.fl. 
=  1  4on  of  squire  timber;  2l50.42cu.in. 
=1  bushel;  231  cu.in.-l  gallon(winA281 
cu.  in.  =  1  gillon(ale  or  beer-nearlii  obsolete);  I 
cu,tt.-}of  a  bushel. 


*2,900  In  50  Hears. 
«0.05idally=*20  yearly  =»160 in  10  years 

*5,800  in  50  years. 
«0.ll  daily  =*40  yearly  =»510  inIO  years- 

*  1 1, 600  in  50  years. 
*0.27i  daily=*IOO  yearly  =*l,300  in  10  years- 

«19,000  in  50  years. 
*0.55  daJlu**1004ejrly=*2,600  inlOyears- 

S58^>oo  in  50  years. 
*I.IO  daihi.*400uearlyi«5,200  in  lOuers 

*l  16,000  in 


SHORTEST  UKf 

7hr.  33mln. 


Amsterdam..... 
Berlin  .....:.... 

Boston 

Cairo 

Calcutta 

Cape  Town ...... 

Copenhagen  .... 

Dublin 

Edinburq 

London 

Madrid 

Naples 

Panama 

Paris 

Pekin , 


LOWEST  DAY 

16  hr.44mm 

16  "  38  » 

15  "  16  » 
14  "  00  " 
13  ••  26 

14 

17  ••  2( 

16  •'  5( 

17  "32 
16  "32 

00 
03 


St.  Petersburg... 

Stockholm 

Sitka 

Vienna 

Washington.... 


36 


10 

9"  16  " 
5"42  « 
5"54  •' 
6"  10  " 
8"I7  " 
9-22  " 

.      .  ,TO^.-A 

man  of  average  weight, and  doing  a  fair 
day's  work,  requires,  as  has  been  ascertain- 
ed by  experiment,  so  much  food  as,  con- 
verted into  mechanical  work,  would  raise 
4.000  tons  one  fooi  htqh. 


16  Parts  =  I  Grain  -  .8  Grain  T?oy 
4  Grains  -  I  Carat  =3.2  "  " 
10  Parts  Diamond  Wt.  =1  »  " 
&KV—  The  twelfth  part  of  the  diameter 
of  the  Sun  or  Moon,  used  in  measuring 
the  extent  of  a  partial  eclipse. 
^xytKHGt  QH^.  Ct>0^  **£.-  The  earth 
being  round, its  convexity  limits  the  vis- 
ion _even  on  a  level  likt  the  sea.  The  line 
of  vision  on  Hie  sea.-(horc  of  a  man  ol  or- 
dinary height, say  si»  feet(see  table),!?  in- 
tercepted by  the  horizon  at  3.14  miles. 
If  he  were  looking  at  a  flag  on  a  mast- 
heid  44ft.  in  height,  the  flaq  would  seem 
to  be  on  the  horizon  if  it  were9.35miles 
distant.  In  this  case  add  the  height  of 
the  object  44ft.  to  the  height  of  the  eye 
from  the  ground  6  ft. -50ft.,  and  find 
(,he  corresoonding  distanc  in  the  table. 


5.97 


6.61 


10.:  500  29.6 
.  1 1 .8  1000  314 
7.2510013^2000501 
7.83  15016.2  3000  7ZJ5 
R37  200  18.7  4000  83.7 
8.87  300  20.9  5000  95i 
9.35  400  26.7  IMI.96J 


a  grain  of  nitrate  of  lead  in  500,000grain 
of"  water,  and  pass  through  the  solution 
a  current  of  sulphuretted  hydrqgen.vvhen 
the  whole  liquid  becomes  sensibly  discoto 
eA  Now  a  grain  of  water  may  be  rpgart 
ed  as  equaling  a  drop,  and  a  drop  may 
be  easily  spread  out  so  as  to  cover  asqua 
inch  of  surface.  But  under  an  ordinary  m 
croscopf  the  millionth  part  of  a  square 
inch  maij  be  distinguished  by  the  eye, The 
water  therefore,  could  be  divided  into  more 
than  500,000,000,000  parts.  But  Ihe  lead  in 
a  grain  of  nitrate  of  lead  weighs  0.62  grains; 
an  atom  of  lead  cannot  weigh  more  than 
1, 3 10, 000,000,000th  part  of  a  qrain.whiie 
the  atom  of  sulphur,  which,  combined  wit 
the  lead,  rendered  it  visiule,  could  notmeiqh 
more  than  one  half  of  1,000,000,000,000th 
part  of  a  grain.  (See  Counting  in  first  col- 
umn p-n  this  paqe,  for  tirr.e  required  for 
counting  the  atoms  in  a  grain.) 


sour  ".. 
Barley, boiled... 
Bears,  pod,  boiled., 
flofsfak.btoiltd... 
Beei5<fB««!i$, boiled 


Mulion,bTOiled. 
boiled . 

IMstfd. 


30 


30 
15  S 

30 
30   . 
45  T 
30 


roii,  baked. 

Suiter 

Cabbage. raw — 

»  boiled.. 
Cake.spon^baked 
Carrot, boiled  ... 

Cheese.old . 

Cuslard.baked..  2 
Eggs, whipped...    I 

"    fresh, raw.  2 

"   Toasted ...  2  ,     , 

"  soft-boiled.  3   ..  Tapioca, boiled. 

"  hard  "  3  30  Trout,(it;h,fri«t 
Goose, roasted ..  2  30  Turkej), roast. 
Grren  com, boiled.  3  45  Turnips,l»iled 
Hash, warmed..  2  30  Veal.fTKh.friei) 
Liver,beef,broiled .  1  ••  Venison  broiled.  ,  -.. 
WM?  W^-A'bXW^..-  Nothing  is  more  hill 
cious  than  measuring  fluids  by  dropping 
since  the  drops  from  the  lip  o'  a  »ial  vary, 
chiefly  according  to  the  different  force_  o 
the  attraction  of  cohesion  in  different  Ifq- 
uids.  Thus  60  drops  of  water  fill  the sami 
measure  as  100  drops  of  laudanum  from 
a.  lip  of  the  same  she.  The  graduated  glass 
measure  used  by  apothecaries  is  the  only 
certainly. 

oV.-See  Medicine. 

l\^.NiW£..-2  pints.l  quart;  Squarls 
k ;  4  pecks  =  I  bushel .  (Se<  Cubic  Measure) 


Milk.boiled... 


45  Ousters, raw. 
30 

30  Parsnips,boiled.  I 
Pork,aB,boile<).  " 
Rice,  boiled... 
Sago,  boiled.. 
Salmon,sa)t,boil 
Sausage,  broiled 
Soup,barleu.. 
- '    bean . . 
Chicken. 


Gold  rnay  be  beaten  to  wfxt  tf  an  inch  in 
thickness,  and  an  ounce  drawn  to  a  length  o) 
50  miles.  Platinum  is  more  ductile  f  han  an>| 
other  melal.  The  same  metal  does  not  al 
ways  manifest  the  same  relative  degree  ol 
the  aboue  properties, as  is  sern  by  t_h«_table. 
TENACITY.  DUCTILITY. 


1.  Iron 

2.  Copper 
1  Platinum 

4.  Silver 

5.  Zinc 

6.  Gold 

7.  Lead 

8.  Tin 


Platinum 

Silver 

Iron 

Copper 

Gold 

Zinc 

Tin 

Lead 


Lead 

Tin 

Cold 

Zinc 

Silver 

Copper 

Platinum 

Iron 


Odd 

Silver 

Copper 

Tin 

Lead 

Zinc    . 

Platinur 

Iron 


68 


hive  been  made  by  drrvinq  sticks,ma,(te 
of  different  woods,  each  two  feet  long 
and  one  and  one  half  inches  sqiureinto 
the  ground,  only  one  hilt  inch 
outvvaTd.  After  the  lapse  of  five  years,  an 
those  made  of  oak,elrn,ash,  fir,  soft  ma- 
hoqany,  and  nearly  every  variety  of  pine, 
were  totally  rotten;  larch,  hard  pine  and 
teak  were  decayed  only  on  the  outside;  aca- 
cia was  only  slightly  attached  on  the  exteri- 
or; hard  mahogany  and  cedar  of  Lebanon 
were  in  tolerably  qood  condition,  and  Vir- 
ginia cedar  was  as  sound  as  when  put 
into  the  around. 

\\MAY\Vf  o^c*  cA.-  The  power  devel- 
oped by  the  explosion  of  a  ton  of  dynam- 
ite is  equal  to  45,615  foot-tons.  71,000 
tons  of  ordinary  building  stone,  if  arrang- 
ed in  the  form  of  a  cube,  would  make  on- 
ly about  90feet  to  the  side,  and  it  it  were 
possible  to  concentrate  the  entire  force  of 
a  ton  of  blasting  qelatine  to  point,  t  He. 
force  from  the  explosion  would  lift  the 
mass  only  one  foot.  (See  Explosives). 
iLKWk,NNi\o^\\  o\.-  Baily  contrived  a  pair 
of  scales  that  enabled  him  to  approximate- 
ly ascertain  the  weiqht  of  the  earth,  and 
that  it  contained  within  itstlf  somewhere 
about  6,04-9,836  billion  tons  of  matter. 


^ooV-  See  Cu-bic-Foot  Weights,  alsoSoei-if- 
ic  Gravity. 

oV-See  Chickens. 

^tWkvw  (A.-    , 

Hov»  obtained.  CCS  I 


Ohm  R 


Amp- 


foul 


Resis- 
tance 


Current 


The  Electricil  re- 
sistance of  a  col- 
umn of  mere  am 
'Centimeters  long 
and  of  I  sq.milli- 
metif  section, 


Is  that  current  (hit  10' 
decomposes  .01009J14 
grammes  of  water 
per  second. 


motive 
Force 


Quan 


lapac'it) 


Power 


One  anpereotcin 

rot  pissing  through 

substance  having  I 

ohm  of  resistance 

•olt. 


A  current  of  1  amp 
ere  iti  1  sec,  of  time. 


The  capacity  that 
curient  of  1  ampere 
per  sec.  W  coulomb) 
charges  it  to  poien 
tial  ol  1  volt. 


l-millionth  of  a 
farad.  


Power  of  1  am- 
pere current  pass 
"nq  through  tesis- 


W.j.  Work 


Work  donebij  Iwjtl  10 


true  ohm- 
.010  British 
Association 
ohms. 


Deposits  I.M8 
milligrams^ 
si  I  v<rr  per  sec 


.926  of  a 

standard 

miel  Cell. 


Deposits  1.118 

nillia'iiBofsiIri 


2. 5  knots  of 
D.U.S.  cable. 


.OOI3405lor 
4t!ol  d  horse 
power. 


.738  unitstl 
heaUThernis) 


(/I  Foot  fan  /s  /Af  d  mount  ofenery//  nee 
essart/  /<?  rj/se  one  tor?  one  SootJ.  -  Walking 
I  mile,  17?;  walking  4  miles,70i;carrijing 


60  Ibs.  I  rnile,25;  pedlar's  day's  work.303; 
convict-s  day's  work,  3 10;  dock  laborer's  dau's 
work,3l5;  pile-driving,  332;  pavi'oT,35/; 
turning  a  winch,  374;  man's  ordinanj  work, 
300;  very  hard  work,403. 


. 
4  FaTthinqslfar.)  - 1  Remwld.)  =«  0 .02» 

a  Pence..;. =  I  Shilling  Is.)  =  ..0.24i 

20  Shi  Hi™ » I  Pound  l£)»..  4,86* 


Vo/ume. 

.=?3 
-182 


lbti.(U.s.)  .2150.41' 
lbu.lEng.1  .2218.19'' 
lbu,,heaped  =2747.7 


Weight, 

llb.Av. 


I  o7.Av.     =437.5 
lo2.Ap.orT.  =480 
lcaral,Asau.=24fl 
lcaTat,dia'd^    3.2 


lowing  table  exhibits  the  lineal-dilation  of 
bodies  from  32°  to  212°. 


Flint  glass I 


, 

)..  noo  Solder,tinl,leid2. 
solid  rod...  sir  Bismuth  ....... 

cast,  prism  of.  fir  Speculum  metil... 


Platinum irir 


Palladium rooo  Steel str 


Tin  ............  44? 

Lead  ...........  fjo 


Gold eer 

Silver ste 

CopperSparts.tinl.  sio 

Copper 386  Mercury, in  volume 

Copper  2, zinc  I...  4ir  Wafer.. 

Brass  16,  tin  I ....  sis 

Brass  wire rfi 


8rass,Cist  ...... 


Iron  ........... 


Alcohol  .........     k 

Allthegases  .....  4at 
\Vt.-  See  Carlisle  Table. 


explosives  derive  their  energy  from  nitro- 
glycerine, ^upwxnta.  is  nitre-glycerine  com- 
pounded with  rotten-stone, or  silicious,  or  in- 
fusorial earth,  tripoli,etc.^\x,tfCvs\  \%  a  com- 
pound of  nitre-glycerine  and  saw-dust.S>e\- 
ct&Vcvb^Wi&R  is  a  mixture  of  plaster  of 
Paris  and  nitre-glycerine.  The  subjoined  ta- 
ble is  by  M.  Berthelot.  (See  " 


Nit  ro  ijlijceiinc 

Piaate 

Picric  Acid.withChC  Potash 
Gun  Cotton         " 

Plcrate  Potash 

Picric  Acid 

Gun  Cotton 

Powder,b.dse  Chi. (Wash.. 
Powder,  base  Nitrate  Soda. 

Powder,  sporting 

Powder,  artillery 

Powder,  blasting 


1 320  0.7 10  liter. 
1422  0.337  •• 
1424  0.408 
1450  0.484 

578  0.585 

687  0.780 

590  0.801 

97Z0.3I8 

764  0.248 

641  0.216 

608  0.225  ' 

509,0.11? 


OT  NHVW^KVb.-The  camel, 
elephant, and  horse  seldom  produce  more 
than  one_  at  a  birth;  the  lion  I,  oftener2  or 
3,  sometimes  5  or  more.  The  fecundity  of 
the  rabbit  is  marvelous,  it  beginning  to 
breed  at  the  age  of  six  months,  havinq  from 
6  to  7  litters  a  year,  each  from  4  to  12,  or 
upwards. 

A  codfish  has  been  found  to  produce 
3,686,760  eqgs  or  spawn,  and  a  ling  up- 
ward of  19,000,000.  Herrinqs  from  21,285 
to 36,960.  Mackerel,  454,061. Soal,38,773; 
flounder,  1,357,403.  Lobsl<T,2l,699; prawn, 
3,800;  shrimp, 6,800. 

M.  Von  Cleichcn,  a  German  naturalist,  has 
made  the  annexed  calculation  for  the  com- 
mon house  fly. 
A  fly  lays  four  times  during  the  summer, 

eachtime  eighty  eggs  320 

Half  of  these  are  supposed  to  be  ferrales,30 


that  each  of  the.  four  broods  produce 
fortg: 
I.  First  ei<)hth,or  the  fortu  females,  of  tha 

first  brood,  lay  four  times U,8flO 

The  first  eighth  of  these,orl6,000 

females,  Ian  three  time 384,000 

The  second  eighth,  twice 256,000 

The  thiid  and  fourth  eighth,  once... 256, 000 
<L  The  second  eighth,  or  the  forty 

females  of  the  second  brood,  i«4 

three  times 9,600 

One  sixth  ofthese, three  times 384,000 

The  second  sixth,  twice 256,000 

The  third  sixth, once 128,000 

3.  The  third  eighth,oT  the  forty  fe- 
males of  the  third  brood, twice....     6,40C 

One  fourth  of  these  lay  twice.... 256,000 

4.  The  fourth  eighth. or  forty  fe- 
males of  the  fourth  brood,  once..     3,200 

Half  of  these  lay  Once 128,000 


Total  for  one  fly  in  one  summer,  2,080,320 


\S>te.  V\SO\\NVT\  «viY4«T(tgxv<3cii&cAX-H  is 

often  asked  how  stout  a  woman  ought 
to  be  in  proportion  to  her  heijjht.  The  fol- 
lowing table  gives  a  fair  J-ndicit'on  of  the 
proper  proportions: 


.. 

Five  ft.  one  in. 
Fiveft.  two  in. 
Fiveft.thrtein. 
Fiveft.four  in. 
Five ffc five  in. 
Fiveft.six  in. 


Five  feet....  about  100  Five  ft.  seven  iuab't  150 

106  Fiveft.eight  in.  "  I5f 

113  Five  ft. -nine  in.  "  16, 

119  Five  ft.  ten  in.    "  IK 

130  Five  ft.  eleven  iu  "  I7( 

138  Six  ft. "  I8( 

144  Six  ft.  one  in.  181 
,%VoWv«j1\,\\«,Hwju'c*,  A 


Working  horses.  3.08 Ibs.  Dry  cows —  2.41  Ibs. 

' '      oxen. .  2.40  »   Young  cattle . . 3.08  " 
Fatti™  oxen ....  5.00  "  Steers 2.84  •>• 

"    when  fat.  4.00  "  Pigs 3.00" 

Milch  cows 2.35"  Sheep 3.00" 

A  horse  will  consume  as  much  food, aside 
from  corn,  as  8  sheep;  a  cow,  as  12  shetp;a  fit 
ting  ox, as  10  she^p;  a  two-year-old  heifer,  as  6 
sheep;  a  three-year-old  heifer, as 8 sheep;  a  one- 
year-old  heiftr,  as  4  sheep;  a  calf,  »s  2  sheep. 
.-See  Coins. 


LB\JVk,iVtt\oww.  v\\»x  vxv\i«  *\\uu\a  \^«\a.- 
A  bushel  of  good  wheat, 60  Ibs., should  uieid 
about  48  Iba.  of  flour,  8  Ibs.  of  shorts,  and 
4  Ibs.  of  bran.  The  following  is  a  fair  av- 
erage, which  gives  38.45  Ibs.  of  flour  to  t 
bushei:  . 

Weight  of  wheat l,486lbs. 

.    >'      "flour 952 Ibs. 

.     "      "  bran 240  " 

.    ,"       "screenings 32" 

.     "      "  middlings....'...  88  " 

.    ,»•      "  toll 148  " 

.    "      "  waste 26  "-I486  Ibs. 

XWfc^WWiNiV^.  0^.-|.  Fluids  submit 
ted  to  pressure  trans-mit  it  undiminished  in 
every  direction.  2.  The  pressure  sustained 
bw  any  s_urf8ioe  is-  proportional  to  its  a-rea. 
3!  The  direction  of  the  pressure  at  any  point 
is  perpendicular  to  the  surface  at  t  h  at 
point.  4.  The  pressure  on  the-  bottom  of 
a  vessel  is  independent  of  the-  form  of 
the  vessel.  5. The  pressure  is  proportion- 
ed to  the  density  of  the  liqu.id.  6.The- 
pressure  exerted  by  a  flu-id  is  proportion- 
al to  its  depth.  7.  A  fluid  Is  in  equilib 
rium,  or  at  rest,  only  when  its  particles  are 
restrained  by  some-  vessel  or  its  equivalent. 


G9 


.WEIGHTS 
ASURES 


PER  CENTlMTIClE. 


Apples  .............  16 

Barley.boiled  .......  9Z 


6Tapes,r»w 
Melons,  raw 


.  , 

B«*ns,boiled  .......  87  M[lk..T. 

B«f,t»w  ...........  26  Mu.tton,broile<i.. 

Beets  ..............  14  Datmeal  Porridge. 

Bread,  -rue  .........  79  Peaches  .....  . 

B-re»d,  barley  .......  88  Peas,  boiled 


,          ....... 

Bread,  wheat  .......  90 


Bwad,corn 


91 


Butter  ............  9Z 


Cabbage 


7i 


Codflsh,boiled  .....  21 


, 

Currants.. 
E<J<JS,  whipped  ..... 


, 

Plums,  raw 
Pork,Toast 
Potatoes 
PouJHu.ToasI; 
Rice.boiled 


1  Turnips,  boiled.. 
Veal.fried 
venison.boiled  ..... 
e  Digestion. 


EggsrrAlbuminoids,..  M-fHCent.  Oil  IlkrCd 
Milk..      ««  . 

Butter.      »•  . 

Cheese.      " 
Bed...      »» 


4.1 

...    14)  " 

...29.X  " 

...  84)  '» 

5.0  •» 

4.5  « 


17 

88J" 
23.6" 
30.0" 
400" 
50.0" 


Pork... 

M  Meal  .  JUWrno'«is..l6.I..S»«ich..610..0il.KlJ 

Whe»t  Flour 

Rue  Flour 

Indian  Corn 

Buckwheat 

Rice  ...... 

Bmis.... 

Potatoes  . 
Sweet  Potatoes 


hau 


74.0  >»  18 
714)  »  1.6 
6+5  "it 
63.3 
76.0  "0.5 
510  "23 
I5.4-  "0.3 
15.0  - 


undred  pounds  of  good 
stock  are  equal  to: 

KiVcM*.  v» 


IO-5 
IO5 
9.0 
15.0 
7.5 
23.0 
2  .3 


Apples Ii3  Oat-straw 317 

Beans 28  Oats 59 

Beets 669  Oikake,linseed  ..  43 

Clover, red, o/rteti.. 373  Peas,dry 38 


Carrots...  .......  371 

Corn  .............  62 


CtoveT,red,dTy 


88 


, 
Lucerne  .........  89 

Mangolds  ........  369 


Potatoes 350 

Rye-straw 429 

Rye 53 

Turnips 469 

Wheat 45 

J.-l-n  order  to  estimate  the 

efficiency  of  any  work  or  force,  an  trbitt» 
ry  unit  of  work  has  been  adopted  called  a 
VooV^owwb.  The  foot-pound  is  the  median 
ical  value  of  a  force  capable  of  r*isin.4-«ne 
pound  through  a  vertical  space  of  one  foot. 
The  work  of  the  power  is  equal  to  the  prod- 
uct of  an  equivalent  weight  in  pou-nds  mul- 
tiplied by  the  vertical  height  in  feet 
thrott^h  which  it  passes.  The  work  of  the. 
[pad  is  found  in  a  similar  wanner. 
oX.-Se*  Coins. 


-3 miles;  French  league-Smiles;  French 
jostiruj  league  »2  miles,  743  yards;  Spanish 
judicial  Iea9ue=2  miles,  1,1 15  yards;SpanisH 
Wmmon  league«5-inilts,37oyard«:  PortM 
guese  league -3 miles,  1,480  yards;  Flemish 
league- 3 -miles,  1, 584  yard*;  Russian  went 


.  - 

and  Nitrate  of  Potash,  fcfcfc  V«V6.*,* 
'50*  down-to  10?  if  .,  THOUSfl... 


A  G-rwk  foot  -  I2i  ruches:  A  span-  lOSi-ncKe 
:TC£Z\«&  VNYC\MV.t<=>.-;No  ice  is  nqi^ 
«d,  and  the  water  u-sed  should  not  be  mr- 
mer  than  50*  Fahrenheit. 

Nitrate  Am-monil  and  water, etch  onrpirt, 
•makes  a  change  from  50*  to  4". 

Muriate  Ammonia  and  Nitrate  of  Potas' 
each  five  pzrts,  frxmi'50'downlo  10°,  if 
sixteen  parts  water  be  added. 

Muriate  Ammonia  five  parts.  Nitrate  of 
Potash  five  parts,  Sulphate  of  Soda  ejjht 
parts,  Water  sixteen  parts, 50* to  4". 

Sulphate  of  Soda  three  parts,  Dilute  Ni- 
tric Acid  two  parts,  50*  down  to  -3*. 

Nitrate  of  Ammonia,  Carbonate  of  Soda, 
and  Water,  each  one  part,50*to— 7*. 

Phosphate  Soda  nine  parts,  Dilute- Nitric 
Acid  four  parts,  50*  to  -12* . 

Sulphate  of  Soda,  five  parts,  Dilute  Sulphu- 
ric Acid  four  parti.  50*  to  3. 

Sulphate  of  Soda  six  parts,  Muriate  Am- 
monia, four  parts,  Nitrate  of  Potash  two 
parts,  Dilute  NitncAcid  four  parts,50V-IO . 

Sulphate  of  Soda  si*  parts,  Nitrite  of  Arn- 
•moriia  five  parts.  Dilute  Nitric  Acid  four 
parts,  50*  to  -14. 


.  , 
Materialt. 


Oak  upon  oak,  fibers  parallel.... 
Oak  upon  pab,  fibers  cross.... 

Wrought  iron  upon  oak 

Wrought  mm  upon  wroi^w  iron. 
Wrought  iron  upon  cist  iron  .. 
Wrought  iron  upon  brass ... 
Cast  iron  upon  cast  iron.... 
Bran  upon  cast  iron 


Macadamized  road  4)33 
Well-paved  road...  .014 

i  highway  ... .0.015  Railroads .0059 

TOW  J9WM  \N.-  Ww.\\\v\\V -The  pro 
portion  of  swjir  in  various  fruits  is: 


Loose  sand 0.25 

Common  by-road  ..O.I 


Apple .73 

Mulberry 9.2 

Pear..... 9.4 


Cherry 

G-rape 


.J08 


Peach 1.6 

Raspberry .4.0 

StrawberTy 5.7 

Currant 6.1 

Coosfbe-r-ri/ 7.2 


Asparagu3,lffz.  produces  1000  plants-bed  12  ft.  sq. 
* '  roots,  1000  plant  i  bed  4ft.bw225ft. 
English  Owar/  Scots,  I  qt.  plants  -row  125ft. long. 
French       «          Iqt.     "        "300" 
Beans,pole,large.  !<}t.  plants  100  hills. 
Beans,pole,&malf,lqt.   «300hiHs,ar250&Tow. 
Beets,  10  Ibs. per  acre,  or  loz.fo-r  150ft. row. 
Brocoli  and  Kale,  1 01.2.500  plant:    " " 
Cabbage,  same  u  Broccoli,  but  6 
Cauliflower,  same  as  cibbtje. 
Carrot,  1 02.  to  1 50 ft  of  row. 
Celery,  I  oi-gives  7000  plants,  8  sq.ft.  ofgrwnd. 
Cucumber,  loz. for  150 hills. 
Cress,  I  oz.  sows  a  bed  16  ft. square. 
Egg  Plant,  loz. gives  2000  plants, 
Endive,  I  oi.givesSOOO  plants,  80  sq.ft.  of  ground. 
Leek,  1 01.  gives  2000  plants,  60  sq.  ft.  of  g-round. 
Lettuce,  I oz.gives 7000 plants, bed  ISOft.long. 
Melon,  loz.  for  120  hills. 
Nasturtium,lo7.  sows  25ft.  of  row. 
Onions,  1 07.  sows  200  ft.  of  row. 
Okra,     loz.    "   200     " 
Parsley,  loz.    »»   200      " 
Parsnip,  I  <n.    "   250      " 
Peppers,  I  oz.  gives 2500  plants. 
Peas,  iqu-art  sows  120ft.  of  row. 
Pumpkin,  loz. to  50  hills. 
Radish,  1 07.  to  IOOH.  of  row. 


Salsify,  I  oi.  to  150  ft.  of  -row. 

Spinage,  loz. to  200ft.  of  TOW. 

Squash,!  oi.to  75  hills. 

Tomato,loz. gives  2500 plants, bed  of  80«. 

Turnip,  loz.to  2000  sq.  ft* 

Water  Melon,  I  oz.to  50  hj'lls. 


\J       1.    3J\3  7A7       I'      3 

^Sy^L 

10,000  1,000 

The  figu-res  on  the  index  at  the  n'jto  hand  it 
note  even  hundreds.  When  the  hand  completes 
the  entire  chruit,  it  dmotes  ten-hundrEd-a-nd  is 
-registered  by  the  hand  in  the  center  circle  point- 
ing to  ore-the  interval  between  any  one  fig- 
ure and  the  next,  in  center  circle,  measuring  one 
thousand.  The  entire  round  of  center  circle  mea- 
ures  ten  thousand,  and  is  registered  on  the  hi 
dex  of  the  left-hand  circle,  in  which  the  in 
tervaj  between  any  two  successive  figures 
counts  ten  thousand.  The  hands  ofilltlnw 
circles  are  always  hi  simultaneous  nwement 
and  the  hand  of  the  left-hand  ctrcte,  at  any 
point  between  two  fijuns,  indicates  the  «m 
sumption  of  so  -much  fraction  of  ten  trious 
and,  Le.,  so -tnmy. thousands  and  so  Trum/ 
hundreds  as  are  indicated  by  the  mid  did  the 
right-hand  circles  respectively. 

The  quantity  of  gas  which  his  passec 
th-rouah  the  meter  srnce  last  date  is  ascer- 
tained by  reading  from  the  indexes  the  to 
tal  amount  -registered,  and  deduct  ing -thm 
from  the  quantity  shown  .by  the  indexes 
at  a  previous  observation. 
Total  amount  ngisteml  by  theurdsiliiM,49 ,901 
Amount  it  previous  obsen«ti<m(di>tteil  lrnes),42_,5J)( 

Amount  since  list  observation .,  7,4« 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  hand  on  the 
left-hand  circle  is  just  it  the  nurghi,Jbu^  not 
yet  it  the  center,  of -the  "5?  When  »notrt 
of  the  gas  meter  is  consurned,the  hind 
the  left-hand  circle  will  point  exactly  a*"57 
of  the  mid-circle,  exactlu  at  "0"  and  of  right 
hand >circle  exactly  at"0,"—  indicating  50,000 
cubic  feet. 

The  register  at  all  times  shoyvi  the  quanti- 
ty that  his  -passed  through  since  the  meter 
was  first  set,  and  deduct/rig  therefrom  the 
amount  that  has  been  paid  for( without  any 
regard  to  the  time  when),  we  obtain  the  a- 
riount  remaining  unpaid. 


ONE  ATMOSPHERE  OF  PRCSSUKE. 


Acetic  ether 

Air. 

Ammoniaral  gas- 

Benzine, vapor  of.... 

Bromine,  vapor  of 

Carbonic  acid 

Carbonic  oxide 

Chlorine 

Chloroform 

Coal  gas 

Hydrogen 

Hydrogen,  light  carburetted. 

Nitrogen 

Olefiant  gas. 

Oxygen 

Steroi,  gaseous 

Sulphuric  acid 

Turpentine, vapor  of. 


4.075 
12.387 
21.017 
4.598 
2.236 
8.101 
12.804 
5.077 
2.337 
28.279 
178.83 
22.412 
12.723 
12.580 
11,205 
19.913 
5.513 
2.637 


0.245 

0.0807J8 

0.04758 

0.217 

0.447 

0.12344 

0.0781 

0.197 

0.428 

0.03536 

0.005532 

0.04462 

0.078596 

0.0795 

0.089253 

0.050E 

0.1814 

0.378 


70 


•mhiiumlTEd  tad»,63  parts;  refined  pot«h,33 jarft; 
•nitre,  10  parts;  cullst,60  to  100  parts. 

The  following  are  other  proportions  far  op 
tical  and  flint  glass:  Sand,  5l  parts;  pearl  ash- 
eslpreparsdl,l6  parts;  litharge,  28  parts  (or  red 
lead,29 parts);  niter,  4J  parts;  while  arsenic, 
i  part;  peroxide  of  -manganese,  4  part;  cu.ll?t 
of  f'int  glass  in  proportion  as  the  -manu- 
facturer thinks  proper. 

^iO\\\tQf\\°iV.—  This  is  the  coarsest  9  lass  in 
common  use,  and  is  made  from  varied  pro- 
portions of  the  following:  Soap-makers'  waste 
(containing  a  quantity  ol  sodi-salls),  fresh  wa- 
ter, river  sand,  brick-dust, calcined  lime,jnd 
marl. 

^oVwA  ^i\w.  -  The  colors  usually  emploj/ed 
consist  of  metallic  oxides.  Gold  yields  the  most 
beautiful  ruby, crimson,  rose,  and  purple  col- 
ors. Copper  yields  ruby  red,  and  emerald  green. 
Cobalt,  rich  deep  blues.  Iron,  dull  green;  with 
alumina,  flesh  color;  combined  with  chloride 
of  silver,  orange  yellow.  Silver  with  alumina, 
beautiful  yellow.  Uranium,  chrysoptase^TO" 
and  canary  yellow. 
rVJkVs  W&N93K&T  I  stone=5  Ibs.;  24  stone 

I  seam. 


An  incliratlon  of  I  ft.  in  30  is  176  ft.  pet  mi  le. 
»          »        J   »    35  "15"'      »• 


eV.-See  Expansion  and 


Wheat  and  millet  seed  germinate  in  one 
day;  barley,  seven;  cabbage,  ten;  peach,  al- 
mond, and  chestnut,  require  from  eight 
to  twelve  months;  rose  and  filbert  re- 
quire twenty-four  months.  Potatoes  bu- 
ried three-feet  deep  do  not  vegetate.  If 
wheat  be  covered  t  inch  deep,  it  usually  ap 
pears  above  the  ground  in  II  days;  I  inch 
deep,  12  days;  2.  inches-deep,  18  days;  Cinch- 
es deep,  23  days.  A  field  of  wheat  after  hav- 
ing been  burled  under  an  avalanche  for 
25  years,  grew  after  the  snow  melted. 
(See  Vitality  of  Seeds.) 


The  period  of  gestation  is  longer  in  herbiv- 
orous than  in  carnivorous  animals.  The 
young  of  the  latter  are  also  less  developed  at 
birth,  their  eyes  not  opening  for  several  da^s 
thereafter.  Vve,"(V\MO-\ovig,  wivpftiXv.-  The  ele- 
phant has  about  20^  months'  gestation;  the 
giraffe, I*  months;  dromedary.  12  months; 
ass  and  buffalo,  12  months^  mare,  upward 
of  II  months;  -rhinoceros  and  cow,9  months; 
larger  deer,over  8  months;  sheep  and  goats, 
5  months;  pig,  4  months.  WwaktrAv. — 
Beaver,  4  months;  dormouse,3l  days;  Tab 
bit,  30  to  3 1  days;  rat  and  squirrel,  28  days; 
gu.in«a-pig,  20  t-c-21  days. ^yirCwyfo-av. — 
Bear.  6  months;  I  ion.  108  days;  purna.79  i^ 
fox,wolf,and  doa.62  to 63  daus.^ovi&xt.^ 
aaVvwaXv.— Kangaroo.  39  days:  opossum,  26 
dausXg-\a.ww»  ytC\Tts\\v.— B-reenland  whale, 
about  10  months.^ox\Vi\\v.~The  -most 
common  duration  for  the  varieties  of 
monkeys  is  7  months.  0\i'\yK\owb  vi\\w3\v.- 
The  goose  sits  30  days;  swan,42  days;  hens; 
21  days;  ducks,30  days;  pea-hens  and  turkeys, 
28  days;  canaries  and  pigeons,  14 days;  par- 
rots, 40  days.  OVVvnv.-Hurnan  being,  280 
days;  hippopottamus, 234  days-,  cat,about 
56  days;  bat,  40  days;  marmoset,  120  days; 
•tapir,  lOtoll  months. 


i;- Purified  sand,  lOOpa-ttj;  Ihne 

stone,  or  chalk,  35  to  40  parts;  sulphate  of  so 
da,  40  to  45  parts:  cullet,  50  tolSO  parts. 

Vwrc.\v7\ftf.- White  quartzose  sand  I00.0pjrts; 
Bodic  mbonitO3.3  parts;  Iime(slaked),l4.3  parts; 
manganese  peroxide,  0.15  parts; cullet,IOO.flpaTts. 

^\\x\X gvaav.-Fitie  white  sand,  100  parts; 


6  by8-- 

8  "10 
8  "II 

8  "12 

9  "II 
9  "12 
9  "13 
9  "14 
9  -15 
9  "16 

9  "18 
10"  12 
IO"I3 
10"  14 
IO>'I5 
10-16 
10"I7 
IO"I8 

10  "20 
10  "22 

10  "24 
I0"26 
10-28 
I0"30 

1 1  "12 
1 1  "13 
II"I4 
1 1"  15 
JI»I6 
1 1  "17 
1 1"  18 
1 1  "20 
1 1  "22 
1 1  "24 
12"  14 
I2»I5 
I2"I6 
12-17 

I2"20' 


--l50l2bu2Kn 


12' 


90 
82 

-75 

=  73 

=67 
6212' 
5713" 
5313' 

=50 13 ' 
45  I3« 
6013' 
5513' 
52  13' 


=26 


44  14 
41 

^39 
=31 


38|5 
=35  15 


12  "26=23 


12  "28-22  15' 
12  "30=20  15' 
I2"32=I9  15' 
15 
15' 
14=40  15' 


=18  15 


3716 


•13-i 

i6=; 

18=31 

2o=; 

22-25  16 
24-23  16 
16' 


3516 
31  16 
'2816 


=20  16 


26=21 
28' 
30-19 
32-17 
15-34 
16- 

17=31  .. 

28  14"  18=29  16 
20-" 
22- 


14 


I4 


-32  16 


-26  I6 


=24I6 


14 


28-19 
30=17 


|4"32-I6-|8 
14"  34=15  18 


30=11 

32=10 

34-10 

•36*9 

'40=8 

42=8 

•44-7 

48 

'50 

•52=6 

•56-6 

60-5 

'26-25 


An  inclination  of  I  ft  in  10  is  528 ft.  per  mile. 
"          »          I    "    15  "352    »t 
»«          »          |    "  20  "264    >» 
it          „     -     |   „  25"2ll    »»' 


36-14 

38-14 

40=13 

42=12 

44=12 

46-11 

16=30  18"36-ll 
.     18=2718 
34  15' '20=24  1 8 
30  15"  22=22  18 


NO.  SIZE.      NO. 


28  20 


•26=19 

'28=17 

•30=16 

'32=  " 

•34= 

'36=13 

•38=13 

•40-12 

•16 

'18-25 

•22-21 

•24=19 

•26 

•28=16 

•30=15 

•32 

•34-13 

•36-13 

'38=12 

•40-11 

•42=11 

•44-10 

'46=10 


1518 
1418 


I8"46=9 
I8"50=8 
!8"52-8 

56=7 

'60 

20"22=I6 
20  "24-15 


. 
17  20 


14  20 


|4"24=22I6"48-922 


•54-  8  22 
•60-  8  22 
•20=20  22' 
'22  =  1822 
•24=1722 
'26-I6P2 
•28=14 
•30=14122 
•32-1322' 
'34=12  22 


38=M 


40-I0  24 
42-10  24- 


•28=13 
20"30=I2 
20''32=M 
20»34=H 
20  "36=  10 

'38=10 
20"40-  9 
20-42  ; 

'44-8 
20  "46=  8 
20-48=8 
20  "50- 7 
20  "54- 7 
20  "58- 6 
20 "64- 6 
22-24-I4 

26-13 


132 

50  "106 
100"  53 
125  "  42 
150  "  35 
200  "  26 

,- „,_  _,.— From  the  time  wheat 

is  threshed,  it  will  shrink  two  quarts  to  the 
bushel,  or  si*  per  cent,  in  six  months. 

Corn  shrinks  much  more  than  wheat. 
0_-we  hundred  bushels  as  gathen>d  from  the 
field,  will  be  reduced  to  eighty  bushels  af- 
ter shrinkage, or  twenty  per  cent  in  six 
months. 

Potatoes,  taking  into  account  those  t  hat 
rot,  shrink  still  more.  From  October  till  tte 
succeeding  June,  the  loss  islbirlif-tltwperoMt 


8,000  miles 
7,000  miles 
6,000  miles 
5,000  miles 
4,000  mil 


All  obiects  weigh 
•most  At  thp  surface 
of  the  earth.  Ascend- 
ing from  the  sur- 
face, their  weight 
diminishes  as  the 
square  of  their  dis- 
tance from  the  cen- 
ier  increases.  De- 
scending towards 
the  center,!  heir 
weight  diminishes 
as  tMcir  distance  from 
the  surface  increases. 
The  operation  of 
thi?  law  in  the  case  of  an  object  weighing 
1,000  pounds  at  the  earth's  surface, is  shorn! 
in  the  diagram. 

Owing  to  the  centrifugal  force,  being  ex- 
cessive at  the  equator, and  the  polar  diame 
ter  shorter  than  the  equatorial,  an  object 
will  weigh  less  at  the  e<) uator  than  at  the 
poles— 1,000  pounds  at  the  poles  weighing 
only  995pounds  at  the  equator. 
W&^.V>\^S.,VJt\oJok  oX .—  S««  Cooks. 
iWV3,^\KH^^.,^.Xc.,oS.-TJie  followinja* 
all  breech-loader  rifles, and  ccrtrvey  agetier 
al  idea  of  the  power.etc-  of  guns.  There 
are  large  numbers  of  naval  guns  whose 
range  is  ten  wiles  ortno-re.  


Weight. 


LENCTH 
or  CON 


I  l9-ton[&erj 


110  «t«4l.8 


100 


("146.8 
J30.7 


100  "(It.  139.7 


20  "("125.5 


44.7 


(Get)  3 1. 4 
»(Fr.)  34.8 
"(EngJ  34.7 
"(Fr.)32.7 
"(Ger.)  32.0 


900 
882 
772 
772 
485 
546 
625 
362 
357 
230 
197 
s  oV  V 


1,632 
1,800 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
1,715 


926 
1,003 


1,455  2,034  24  " 
1,2502,05028" 


3202,179  19" 
""  1,90021 


2,020  30 
2,037  29  " 
1,83528" 
1,835  28  •• 
1,703  24  " 


1,968  23 
1,857  24-  " 


j  o\  "^tooi.-The  relative  hardness 

of'  woods  is  calculated  by  the  hickory  whicl 
is  the  toughest.  Estimathig  this  at  100,  others 
•rank  as  follows:— Pigrmt,96;  white  oak,84 
white  ash, 77;  dogwood,75;  scrub  oak,73 
white  hazel, 72;  apple  tree,70:  red  oak,  69 
white  b«ech,65;  black  wahiui.65;  black  birch 
62;  yellow,and  black oak,60;  Hard1tiaVl£,56;  white 
efm,58;  red  eedar,56;  cheni/,55;  yellow  phK,54;chesl 
nui,52;  poplrr,5l;  butt«mut,43;  white  fine,35. 


71 


.  oV.-ln 

the  following  list,  any  substance  will 
scratch  the  one  imrmdiattly  following  it: 
Diamond,  sapphire,  topaz,  quartz. feldspar, 
cc«polite,  apatile.lluor  spar,  caic  spar, mi 
qa.gwpsum,  talc. 

Timothy,  a  year  in  mow  or  stack, 
Timothy,  from  bottom  of  stack..  400 

Timothy,  newly  stacked 700 

Timothy  and  clover,  ok)  stacked....  600   " 

Timothy  and  clover,  new 800    " 

Clover,  stacked,oli 700   " 

C lover,  new 900    » • 

Common  meadow  hay,  old. 800   " 

Common  meadow  h&y, new 1000    " 

k>^,Vi\\qJCV\,t\t.,A.-  The  length  to  which 
hair  mau  grow  normally,  especially  m  wo- 
mrn,  is  very  considerable,  74  inches  hav- 
ing been  e*Viibited  in-the  "Hair  Court"  of 
the  International  Exhibition(l862). 

Adam  Kirpen,of  Chicago, is  reported  to  have 
gold  a  ci.'P  of  whiskers  in  1861, the  lenjth 
of  which  was  5  feet,  and  that  subsequently 
they  grew  to  the  length  of  12  feet. 

Hah  which  is  lijhtest  in  color  is  ai*o 
lightest  in  weight.  Lijht  or  blonde  hair 
is  generally  the  most  lumieTrl, and  it  has 
been  calculated  that  the  average  number  of 
hairs  of  this  color  oh  tn  averaje  person^  head 
is  140,000;  while  the  number  of  brown  hairt 
is  II 0,000,  and  black.1 03.000. 

>K^»^W»  Vt^R»t>N*.\J5r%X-36  Ibs. straw 
=  i  trust;  56  Ibs.  old  h»u=Uri*ss;60lbs.new 
hay- 1  liuss;  36  trusses«l  load. 

^.Nfc  VN^XSMWtWCtWS.-Most  of  great 
men  have  had  great  heads.  Webtters  head 
measured  ovrr  24  inches;  Clay\, over  23; 
Napolteon's,  rearly  24;  Hamilton's,  23i. 
Burks,  Jefferson's,  and  Franklin'*  heads 
wrre  very  large.  Small  and  avera9e  heads 
may  astonish  us  by  their  brilliancy  and 
learning,  but  fail  in  that  commanding ?rea! 
ness  which  impresses  and  sways.(See  Brain 
weight  of). 

The  general  rule  for  the  head- measure - 
ments  of  adults  is  as  follows:  -Smallest 
Size  compatible  with  fair  talents,  204;  mod- 
eTate,20jto2li;aver»9e,2lito22;  full, 
22  to  27 1;  la-rge,22j  to23J,  very  large, 
above  231. 

i^.KV-See  TernperatuTtt. 

'WCX  °o^>\^\iC\W:>.-Heat  is  commu-n 
cated  in  three  ways:  v/T.,  Conduction,  Con- 
vection,  and  Radiation. 

The  relative  conduct  ing  power  of  metali 
is  as  follows:— Silver.lOO;  copper,74;gold, 
53;  brass,24;  tin,i5;  iron, 12;  lead,9;piat- 
rnum,8;  German  silver,6;  bismuth,!. 

Of  artiri«  of  clothing,  linen,  cotton,  si  Ik, 
wool,  furs. 

Liquids  and  gases  are  poor  conductors, 
but  good  converters  of  heat. 
(See  Radiation). 

CtK^SV^oKA^.-See  Specific  Heat. 
Yfc«  VXVVtt.  0V  Vvft\S>.-  Pounds  of  water 
evaporated  by  I  Ib.  of  fuel  ire  at  fallows: 
Straw,l.9:  wood, 3.1;  peat,3.B;  coke  or 
charcoal,  6.4;  coal,  7.9;  petroleum,  I4-.6. 


- 

Man  tndWomanlmdeii. 


NNft  >NW*\,**Y»V\Na.-  The. 
following  are  the  average  relative  lieigMs 
•»nd  weights  of  persons  >ti  health,  as  ob 
tamed  by  (h-.  Hutchlnson  from  over  Jive 
thousand  Individuals: 


5».  lin 120  Ihs. 


125 

3" 133 

4- 139 

3" 143 

6" 145 


5ft.  Tin.  ...148  Ibs. 


•00 


.,55 
...162 
...169 
...174 
...178 


Barometer,  also  Water. 


|Ci«(x«rtfm  net. 


I  inch., 
li  »•  . 


.  200  Ibs.  3 

.312 

.450 

.612 

.800 

.1012 

.1250 

.1512 


40  feet 

35  '• 

30  " 

25  •• 

20  >< 

15  '• 

12  " 

10  " 


apart,  27  hills. 

35    • 
48 
69   • 
108   ' 
193    • 
302 
435 


inches...  1800  Ibs. 

3i  "  ....2112  " 

34  "  ....2450  " 

31  "  ....2812  " 

4  "  ....3200  " 
4i  "  ....4000  " 

5  ••  ....5000  " 

6  "  ....7200  " 


8 feet  aj>att,680  hills. 


1,110 
1,732 
3,556 
4,840 
6J969 
10,890 
43,560 


MS.  -See  Gestation. 
\HVft 


enty  pigs  were  well  fed.arid  fattened 
with  results  as  follows: 

Mo.      Live.        OBESSEalNo.     LIVE.       PRESSED. 


I   172 IDS.  143  Ibs. 


151 

150" 

130" 

136" 

162" 

135" 

136" 

153" 

160' 


J28 
126 
107 
117 
133 
109 
118 
128 
130 


121  Ibs.    102  Ibs. 


144 

119 
125 
141 
122 
113 
141 
112 
97 


Total  Live  W't,  2,942  —  Dressed  W't,2,453 
vQNSK.  ?0\N1t.Vv.-  To  estimate  tin  work 
of  any  force,  acting  ihrou-gh  i  limited 
pe-rioo  of  time,  a  u-nit  of  work  has  been 
adopted,  called  the  V\oise-wwei.(Se«  Foot- 
pound). A  horse-power  is  itte  •mechanic' 
al  value  of  a  force  capable  of  raising  thir- 
ty-three thousand  pounds  one  foot  m  one 
minute.  Its  work  is  equal  to  thirty-three 
thousand  foot-pounds  in  a  minute. 
«W«V^XNN\tt&  CrXVNaXTX.-On  metal 
rails  ahorse  can  draw '.- One  and  two- 
. thirds  times  more  than  on  a«ph«ii  pavement; 

Ttrree  and  one-third  tin*  wit  than  on  good 
Belgian  blocks; 

Five  titties  mote *Han  ort  ordinnu^iat 
blocks; 

Seven  tirnes  wore  than  on  good  cob- 
ble-stone; 

Thirteen  limes  more  than  on  orditmy 
cobble-stone; 

Twenty  times  more  than  on  an  ordi 
nary  earth  road; 

C07tu  times  more  than  on  sand. 

A  horse  can  dri9,as  compared  with 
what  he  can  car  iy  on  his  back,  in  the  fol 
lowing  proportions:-0n  tarlh  ruad,lhre« 
times  more;  macadamized  road,  nine;  planl( 
Iwentu;  on  stone  trackway, thirty-three; 
on  a  good  railway, fifty-four  I irnea  a  much. 


-Sw  Cooks. 
o^.-See  Chem- 


y  ol  the  Bbdu(iride»|. 


average  length  of  human  life  is  placed 
at  thirtu-three  y«ars.(Set  Life, 50  Years  oU. 
kViYAMk  ^c.<sV\V»K\\0»\.-  At  each  i  nspi- 
ration  of  a  man,  about  17 cubic  inches 
t)f  air  pass  into  the  lungs,and  this  is  re 
peaUd  JO  times  a  minute, making  a  Cu 
bic  foot  in  5i  minutes;  274  cu-bic  feet 
in  24  hours.  The  capacity  o'  the  lungs 
is  about  340  cubic  inches. 


I.  Lowest  Grade  of  Savages.  2. Middle 
Grade  of  Savagery.  3.  Uppt  r  CVrade    of 
Savaqeru.  4.Lowest  C-raae  of  Barbarism 
J.  Middle  &rade  of  Barbarlsui.  6.  Uppe 
Grade  of  Barbarism.  1.  Civilization. 


Ice  two  inches  thick  will  sustain  a  man. 
Four  inches  IHick,  t  ma"  on  horseback. 
Five  inrh«,  an  80-poundtr  gun. 
Si>  inches,  a  team  with  5  mail  load. 
Eight  inches,  a  (earn  wiln  heavy  load. 
Ten  inches,  an  Innumerable  multitude. 

.-  An  "  I  nch  of  Rain"  means 
a  aalion  of  water  spread  over  a  surface  of  near. 
ii/lwo  square  feet,  or  3,630  cubic  feetl-iOO  tons 


Brown  -red  and  black  muted  together. 
Bull- ^fliow.whiif, and  a  little  Venetian  red. 
Chestimt=  white  and  brown. 
Chocolate-  black  and  Venetian  red. 
Claret=  red.  umber, black. 
Coppfi=  red,  yellow,  black. 
Cream. white, yellow, Venetian  red. 
Dove=  white, vermillion,  blue,  yellow. 
Drab- umber,  while, Venetian  red. 
Fawn-  white.yeMow, red. 
Flesh  Color*  white, lake,  vermillion. 
Freestonf=red,Wick,  yellow  ochr*,  vermin l»n 
G-old  =  white,  stone  ochre,  red. 
C-ray=  white  lead,  black. 
&rau(Silver)-i-ndiqo  and  lampblack. 
GraulPeatO- white,  blue,  black. 
Green  Bronze^chrome qrten, black, yellow 
&TemlBn'9ht)=  white  and  green. 
Green* Orrki-liaht  yreen  and  black. 
Green(Pgft)=  white  and  green. 
Breen(Brilliant).  white  ttti  tmtnH  yr«n. 
Lead  Color= white  and  lampblack. 
Lemon  =  white,  chrome  yellow. 
Lime:toru-whitt,ytllDvv  OChri,blXk.  red. 
Olive-  yellow, blue, black, whitt. 
Oran9e'-  yellow  and  rid. 
Pcach=  white  and  vermillion. 
Pcarl=  white,  black. bhw. 
Pink«whiU  and  carmine 
Purple=violel,  with  moie  red  and  white. 
flose=  white  and  lake. 
Sandstontewhitt.  yellow  ofhre.blark,  red. 
Snuff »uellow,Vandukt  brown. 
SlrawColor.  while  and  yellow. 
Violet-red,  blue,  whitt. 
White (Frenc/i)-  purple  arid  white. 
<VS^BT\%.'b\xt.-<\ol\VAo'*--A  beetk  lecenllya 
hibited  at  a  wientilic  erhib't'On,  j,*vt   i 
to  the  foMOW>n9  U  to  its  strin^th:  -We 
of  beetle,  two  ((rains;  weight  movrd  by  it, 
5J  ounces  —  IJZO  times  the  wei9ht  of  the 
beetle.'   Were  man's  rtrtnplri  equal  in  proper 
tion,  he  could  move  nearly  100  tons. 


72 


_..,.  ..,.    ^0\.-At  birth 

the  inspirations  are  from  70  to  23j  from 
the  ages  of  from  15  to  20  years,  from  24 
to  16;  from  the  ages  of  from  30  to  50, 
23  to  II. 

KtfimftlCWMti«M%t*  oS.- Several  stages 
may  be  noted  hi  the  progress  of  intoxica- 
tion. WnX^XMt.  This  is  characterized  by 
liveliness  and  excitability, the  circulation 
of  the  blood  is  more  free,  the  bod'iy  func- 
tions are  performed  with  greater  freedom, 
the  rnenkal  faculties  *re  wore  active,  and 
there  is  a  feeling  of  confidence  and  strength. 
'isss^SiSftSL-  In  this  stage  all  the  pecul- 
iarties  of  character,  the  weaknesses  and  fail 
ings  of  temperament, which  are  concealed  in 
sobriety,  manifest  themselvesAVw&'iAMit, . 
Consciousness  becomes. still  more  weakened, 
bodily  balance  Is  lost,  and  the  brain  becomes 
dizzy.  VovnXVv  ox  Va&  'ito.a.t.  The  victim  s_inl« 
into  a  heavy  slumber,  appetite  for  food  fails, 
•the cheeks  become  hollow  or  bloated,  the 
vigor  of  the  frame  i»  so  lessened  as  to  cul- 
minate in  delirium  tremens. 
WSH,V\\\w\\\ \aXv*4  ««-  A  bar  of  !ron 
worfh  #5,  worked  into  horseshoes,  advam 
ces  in  val  ue  to  tt  1 0 ;  rnade  into  needles,  is 
yvorth*350;  made  into  penknife-blades, 
is  worth  SS3285;  -made  into  baiMice-springs 
of  watches,  is  worth  $250,000. 
W^Vie-aX  to\w=>  oV-(Fah-renheit  degrees). 
502"to680°-Violet,  Purple.and  dull  blue. 
932°-Covered  with  light  coating  of  oxide. 
9T7°-8ecomes  Nascent  Red. 
l292°-Somber  Red. 
!472°-Nascent  Cherry. 
|657°-CheTry. 
1832° -Bright  Cherry. 
2012°- Dull  Orange. 
2 1 92"- Bright  Orange. 
2372°-White, 

2552°- Brilliant  White— welding  heat. 
2732°  to  2912°-  Dazzling  White. 


_  _ 

Break'ing  strain  of  wroughriron.. 
C-rushin 


17 


Breaking  strain  of  cast  Iron... 
Crushing     "          "       >»  ...        SO 
Breaking  strain  of  steel  bars..       50 
Crushing    "  ,       "       "    ..      166 
ifl*.W«HV«  oV.-  See  Metals. 
MNV  KWO  VtK^  VNtNsV^ 
14  Pounds  =  IStone;  214  Stone  =  I  Pia; 
8  Pigs  «  I  Pother. 

^OX\  V\K\VS,^\v«>!o\Y\V\>  o\.-The  av 
erage  life  of  an  iron  rail  is  15,000,000 
tons,  or  equal  to  100,000  trains  of  I50tons 
each.  The  average  time  in  years  is  abou 
5;  but  this  depends  upon  the  a-rnourit  o 
traffic  over  the  road.  Steel  rails  are  on 
ly  half  worn  out  with  95,690,000  ton 
of  traffic,  making  the  time  in  years 
upward  of  18. 


"\-XO\^«.<^\\''i.- 

The  G-erah(feShekfl)  =  Olbs.0oz.0pwt.l2g 
The  BekahCi Shekel)  =  0"0"  5"  0' 
The  Shekel  =  0"0"  10"  0' 

The  Maneh(60Shektls)=  2  "6"  0"  0' 
The  Talent  (3000  ")=I25"0"  0"  0' 


The  circunferetice  of  the  ea-tth  is  divided 
into  360  degrees,  each  degree  into  60  knots 
or  nautical  miles,  consequently  th£  circum- 
ference of  the  eaith-viz.131,385,456  feet- 
divided  bij(^60x60=)2l,600  gives  the  length 
of  a  knot,  viz.  6,081.66  feet,  which  is  gen- 
erally considered  the  stindard,except  by 
the  Admiralty.  The  Admiralty  knot  is6,080 
feet;  the  statute  mile  being  =5,280  -feet. 

One.  knot  equals  1.1515  miles,  conse- 
quently to  find  the  equivalents  of  knots 
in  miles,  multiply  the  nu-mberuf  Knots 
by  1.  1  5  15. 


Dr.  Farr  estimates  the  value  of  an  agricul- 

tural laborer  to  the  commonwealth  is  fol- 

lows: 

A6e.        VALUE.IACE.        VALUE.|AOE.         VALUE, 


5 .*  280 30....*  1205 55 *690 

10 58535 114060 485 

15 96040....    106065 230 

20 117045.,..     96570 0 

25 _  123050....     &W75 -125 

The  minus  sign  shows  a  loss  to  the  com- 
monwealth. Intellectual  workers  are  often 
of  much  value  after  the  age  of  70. 
.NN&  VNttsSW^-.-A  Township  is 36s* 
tions,each  imile  squtre.and  containing 640 
acres.  A  quarter  section  is  one  half  mile  squire 
and  contains  160  acres.  An  eighth  section  is 
half  a  mile  long  north  and  south,aquar.- 
•ttr  milt  wide,  and  contains  GO  acres.  A 
sixteenth  section  is  a  quarter  mile  square 
and  contains  40  acres. 

The  sections  of  a  township  are  numbered 
from  I  to  36,  commencing  at  the  northeast 
corner,  thus: 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

N.WN.E. 

S.W.S.E. 

7 

9 

9 

10 

II 

12 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

n 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

The  sections  are  all  divided  into  quar- 
ters, which  are  named  by  the  cardinal 
points,  as  in  section  I.  The  quarters  are 
divided  in  the  same  way.  The  description 
of  a  forty-acre  farm  would  read  thus:  The 
south  half  of  the  west  half  of  the  southwe 
quaitrr  of  section  I,  township  24,noTtli  o 
-range?  west,  or  as  the  case  -might  be;  and 
owing  to  the  meridians  converging  toward 
the  north,  and  diverging  lowa-rd  the  south, 
will  sometimes  fail  short,and  sometimes  fl- 
yer-run the  number  of  acres  it  is  supposed 
to  contain. 

A  lot  with  any  of  these  drmensions=  an  acre: 
WIDTH. LENC-TH.|WIDTH  LENCTI 


5   yards  by  968ya-rds.  I  Guards  bu4&3yards. 
20    »>•     242    "     50      "       97    - 
80       »  »       60i  "4-7      »  *     103 
16      '  '     303    "30     '  '     161 
59      "      82   »    4.0      »  '     121 
70      '  '      69   "    55     »  •      88 


;  The  side  of  a  square-  to  contain 
I  acre=20oV7l  f«t,  or  !  Z.65  rods,  or  64-  pares. 
4    ••  =14-7.58    "      8.94      "     45    " 
i    »-  I20.M    ••      7,30      "     37    " 
i   "-I04J6   "      6.32      "     32    " 
4    "-    72.79   "      4.47       •>     21i  " 
>»&  W  SGMk<?^.  W^-kSNi^t.  —  144 
sq.  itl«»  I  sq.ft.  ;   9  sq.H.=  I  sq.  yd.  ;  30i  sq.i|ds. 
=  lsqyn>d;  40sq.rds.=  lrood;  4roods=licTe. 

Also  for  Surveyors'  -measure,  7.92  inch- 
es=  I  link;  25  links=lrod;  4  rods  ~  I  chain; 
I0squa.re  chains,  or  160  square  rods-l  acre; 
64-0  acres=l  square  wile. 
Cre.W  VvtK\.-A  pound  of  water  at 
212°  -mixed  with  a  potwid  of  water  at  32; 
gives  two  pounds  at  the  mean  temperature 
of  122°;  but  a  pound  of  water  at  211°  -mix- 
ed with  a  pound  of  ice  at  32°  gives  two 
pounds  of  water  having  a.  temperature  of 
only  51°.  In  this  case  the  water  has  lost 
161  ,  while  the  ice  has  gained  only  IS^so 
that  14-2°  have  disappeared  in  changing 
the  ice  to  water.  This  142°,  which  is  not 
sensible  to  the  thermometer,  is  called 
\fcXuc\X,  VetX. 

The  latent  heat  of  water  is  of  the  jf**t- 
est  value  in  nature,  and  were  it  not  for 
this  provision,  the  inhabitants  ofnorlberfi 
valleys  would  be  exposed  to  terrific  muTufctw 
at  every  approach  of  spring. 

Every  solid  has  its  own  latent  heit, 
which  is  called  the  heat  of  fusion,  or  the 
latent  heat  of  liquids.  In  the  subjoirwd  ta- 
ble the  second  column  of  figures  shows  the 
number  of  pounds  of  water  that  would 
beraised  one  degree  bj)the  solidifying  of 
one  pound  of  the  substance  named.  The 
first  column  is  the  heat  of  fusion. 

|n°F»hr.  Water-  1. 
Water.  ........  142.65      1.000 

Zinc  ......  ---  50.63       -355 

Tin   .........  25.65        .179 

Sulphur  .......   16-85       .118 

Lead  .  .  .  ......     9.65 

Mercury  .......     5-M 


. 

.067 
.035 


C\.-A  true  level  coincides  with  the 

sphericity  of  the  earth,  while  an  apparent 
level  consists  of  a  continuation  of  the  level 
pla-in  drawn  through  the  point  at^which 
the  observation  is  made.(See  also  Distance 
One  can  See). 

Oisi.      OIFF.  OF  DisT.      DIFT.OF  Disr.    DIP 
YDS.       ,^it  YDS.       ,&££.  YDS.     ,Al 


100 0.026  900....  2.081  1700.. ..7 .425 

200 0.103  1000.... 2.570  I800....8.324 

300. ...0.231  [I00....3.ll0*mile...0.500 
400. ...0.411  1200... .3.701  *  "...XOOO 
500. ...0.643  1300.. ..4.344%  "...4.500 
600.... 0.925  1400.. ..5.038  I  "...8.000 
700...'.  1. 200  1500.. ..5.784 2  "..32.000 
800....  1.643 1600,. ..6. 58013  "..72.000 
£.HGrVA  C^-  ^KX  K^  \VtfiW.  (See  aV 
so  Sunset  a.nd  Sunrise  Table— i-tidex).- 
THe  inequality  of  day  and  night  increases 
slowly  in  the  tropical  regions,  but  more 
and  more  rapidly  toward  the  po/ar eircla 
Beyond  these  circles  the  Sun,  in  the-  hemis- 
phere in  which  it  is  verticaJ, -makes  the 
entire  circuit  of  the  heavens,  without  sink 
ing  below  the  horizon,  for  a  period  vary- 
ing from  twenty-four  hours  to  sixnwi*h! 
while  in  the  opposite  hemisphere  there  is 
a  corresponding  period  of  continuous  night. 
The  TABLE  on  the  next  page  gives  the  length 
of  the  longest  dau  and  shortest  t6t^t,rn  differ- 
ent latitudes,  with  the  difference  m  length. 


LATITUOE. 


Equator .. 

10"  

20° 

Tropics  ... 
30« 

3r>° 

«f 

-15-" 

w 

J5° 

60° 

PolarC  rcles 
67V 
69V 
73.3 


84 

p0|es 


,.,.-- 
ORCEST  DAY.ISHOIHKI  WMl  DIFFERENCE. 


12.0  hou 

12.7 

113 

133 

14.0 

149 

13.0 

15.6 

16.3 

17.3    " 

18.7    " 

24.0    " 

1  month. 

2  months. 

3  " 

4  •• 

5  »» 

6  " 


2.0  hours. 
1.3    " 
10.7    »' 
10.5    " 
10.0 
9.5 
9.0 
8.4 
7.7 
6.1 

M 


00.0  hours. 

1.4  " 

2.6  » 

3.0  " 

4.0  •• 

5.0  » 

6.0  " 

7.2  " 

8.6  " 

10.6  » 

13.4  »» 

24.0  " 


.-  The  following  table  ex- 
hibits  the  average  length  of  life  as  ascertain 
ed  in  the  StaUofMassachuselts: 

Yim.lTOUHTIOIl    YtURHaimiCN.      VTAHS. 


„..,-, 68  Blacksmiths .  5 1  IBaters  ....  43 

J  udo.es ....  65  Merchants .  5 1  Painlm ...  43 
Farmers ...  64  Calico  Mutes.  5 1  Shoemakers.  43 
Bank  Officers  64  Physicians. .  5 1  Mechanics..  43 
Coopers  ...  58  Butchers  . .  50  Editors ...  40 
PublicOfficets  57  Carpenters .  49  Musicians. .  39 
Cte^ymrn. .  56  Masons — 48  Printers  ..  38 
Shipwrights.  55  Traders....  46 Machinists.  36 
Hatters ....  54  Tai  lors. ...  44  Teachers . .  34 
Lawyers  ... 54  Jewelers. ..  44  Clerks. ... 34 
Rope  Makers. .  54  Manufacturers.  43  Operatives.  32 
A*V*\VTV  XVfCW.  0V.-  According  to  a 
F-rench  statistician,  takin9  the  wean  of  many 
accounts,  a  man  of  50  years  of  a?e  hat  slept 
6,000  days;  worked  6,500  days;  walked  900 
days;  was  eating  1,500  days;  and  was  sick 
500  days.  He  has  eaten  17,000  pounds  of  dread; 
16,000  pounds  of  meat;  4,600  pounds  of  vea, 
etables,  e^s,  and  fish;  and  drunk,  in  all, wa- 
ter, coffee,  wirw.etc.,  7,000  oallons  of  liquids 


.  ..-i.-At  16  fathoms  a 

.......  creature  would  have  to  sustain  i 

bout  sixty  pounds  to  the  square  inch; 
at  60  fathoms,  as  much  as  1 80  pounds  per 
square  inch;  at  100  fathoms,285  pounds: 
at  700  fathoms,  1830  pounds;  at  1 000 fath- 
oms, the  pressure  per  square  inch  consid- 
erably exceeds  a  ton. 

Whales  are  known  to  descend  perpendic- 
ularly 4,800  feet,  and  consequently  a  laro.1 
whale  would  have  to  sustain  the  pressure 
of  about  212,000  tons  or  about  140  tons 
on  every  square  foot  of  its  body. 


The  direct  lijht  of  the.  sun  has  been  esti- 
mated to  be  equal  to  that  of  5,570  wax  can- 
dles of  moderate  size  supposed  to  be  placed 
at  the  distance  of  one  foot  from  the  ob- 
ject. Th«  lijht  of  the  moon  is  only  e- 
qual  to  one  candle  at  a  distance  of  12 
feet.  The  sun's  liaht  is  more  than 
300,000  times  9reatrr  than  that  of  I  he 
moon.  The  sun's  lijht,  in  comparison 
with  that  of  all  the  stars  taken  collectively 
is  many  million  times  greater,  and  that  of  Sr- 
ius  alone, tnrrity  thousand  millions  greater. 


_.-4gills-l  pint;2«rtits 
=  I  quirt;  4  quarts-l  gallon;  3 1  ^  Dillons - 
I  barrel;  2  barrels-  I  hogshead.  The  gallon 
contains  231  cubic  inches. 
.\QWWi,tXVKV«.\^\<  W.-See  Expansion** 
Contraction. 


Water.distilled.. 1 0.0  Ibs.  Nitric  Mid. ...UJlbs. 

WaUr.salt 10.3  '•  Muilitte  Mid... 12.0  ii 

Vine9ar 10.1  »«  Linseed  oil....  9.4  » 

Alcoholfcwmtrw).  8.2  »'  Whak  oil 9.2  » 

AlcohoKwrfifirit)  9.2  "  Oil  of  turpentine.  8.7  > 

Naphtha 8.5  >»  Petroleum....  8.8  ' 

Sulphuric  Mid  .18.5  "Tar 1 0. 1  » 

.-See  Fluids. 


is  122"  24'  53";  that  off  New  York  is  74" 
00'  03";  the  difference  In  longitude  betwa 
the  two  places  is  48*  34'  50",  which.divid 
ed  by  I5,9ives3houn,l3minutes,39!f  seconds, 
for  NI&  difference  in  time. 

To  determine,  lonjitude,  trorn  time.mul 
tiplu  the  time  in  hours,  minutes.and  sec- 
onds, by  15;  thus.lhr.  5lrnin.43sec.XI5 

.    =27"  56'  15". 

\JWrt  ~\\WL.—  313  workin9  days  in  a  ytti, 
10  hours  per  day; 

Sminules  lost  in  each  day=2-ds.6hrs.  Sni. 
10          '  »  '  .»      =5"  2"  10 

20         •  •  »  '     =I3"0"20 


*Jvi\o\x^Criiwu.-Corn  af- 
fords 40  pounds  of  spirits  of  the  specific  jjrav 
itu  of  0.9427,  containin9  45  per  cent,  of  abso- 
lute alcohol  for  each  100  pounds  of  9 rain. 
Wheat,  40  to  45  per  cent,  of  spirits;  barley, 
40;  oats, 36;  rue,36to42;  buckwheat,40. 
From  the  above  fi9ures  it  is  found  that 
each  bushel  of  corn  and  rye  yields  l.96aallons 
of  proof  spirits;  wheat, 2.1  gallons;  birieu,l.68 
gallons;  oats,  I. II  Gallons;  buckwheat,l.8Zo,als. 
.WiW5TWJVVOXNV?vOV.-A  standard 
locomotive,  324  tons  weight, cylinders  16 
inches  diameter,  24-inch  stroke, 60-inch  dri- 
vers, will  haul  over  a  level  grade  and  straight 
line,  1,000  tons,  or  about  50  loaded  cars. 
The  same  locomotive  would  work  as  follows: 

20-  foot  grade 460  tons  or 23  loaded  can. 

40-foot  9tade 290  '   »     14     " 

60-foot  9rade 205     "     10 

80-foot  grade 150     "      8 

lOfrfoot  arade 120     "      6 


12  inches- 1  foot;  3feet-lyard;  54  yards, 
or!6^ifeet=l  rod_;  40rods=  I  fu.-rlon9; 

Also,4inches=lha.nd;  Sinches-lpihn 
9inches=  I  span;  18  inches=l  cubit;2l.8 
inches=l  sacned  cubit;  36  inches, or 3  feet, 
=1  pax;e;  28  inches,  or  2^  feet=  I  military 
pace;  33.38676  inches=  I  vara. 

Also,  48  hair's  breadths=  I  inch;  I  digit 
=%  inch;  4  barley-coms-breadthwajis=4of 
a.n  inch,  or  3  barley-corns— lenjthways=  I 
inch;  12  lines=  I  inch. (Set Cloth  Measure). 


HT.  MIUSJUT.  MIL[S.|LftT.  MILtajUT.  MIUS.IUT.  MIIR 


I"  '59.99  19°- 56.73  37°-47.92  55°'34.4I  73°-l7.54 

I  =59.9620-56.3838-47.2856-33.55  74-16^4 

3  =59.9221-56.0139-46.6357-32.6875-15.53 

4  =59.8522=55.6340-45.9658-31.80  76-14^2 

5  =59.77  23=55.23  41  =45.28  59=30.90  77-13.50 
6=59.6724-54.8142=44.5960 1  .._ 

7  -59.55  25=54.38  43 -43.88  61-09.09  79=11.45 

8  '59.42  26-53.93  44-43.1662-28.17  80-10.42 

9  '59.26  27=53-46  45-42.43  63-27.24  81-  9.39 
10-59.0928=525846=41.6864-26.30  82-  8.35 

I 1  =58.90  29-52.48  47 -40.92  65-25.36  83-  7.31 
12-58.69  30-51.96  48.40.15  66-24.40  84-  6.27 
13  =58.46  31-51.43  43 .33.36  67-23.44  85-  5.23 
14=  58.22  32-50.88  50,38.57  68-22.48  86-  4.19 
1 5  -57.96  33--  50.32  5 1  -37.76  69-21 .50  87-  3. 14 
16-57.68  34-49.74  52«36.94  70-20.52  88-  2.09 
17=57.3835-49.1553-36.11  71-19.5389-  1.05 
18-57.06  36-48.54  54-35.27  72-18.54  90-  0.00 
WVWVfot  K\y&  ^\Wt_.-  To  reduce  longi- 
tude to  time,  divide  the  de9rees, minutes, 
and  seconds  by  15;  thus,  111°  14'53Vl5 
»8hrs.  Smin.  39.5  sec. 

To  find  the  difference  of  time  between 
two  places,  divide  the  difference  in  lonjitui 
by  IS;  thus,  the  longitude  of  San  Francisco 


60 


39"  I  >•  0 
r  Sw  Lumber  Meas- 


wrement—  index. 


If  the  air  inspired  in  a  lyin?  position  be 
tikeri  as  one, .then  is  the  air  inspired  in  a 
sitlin9  position  1.18;  standin9, 1.33; walkina 
I  wile  pel  hour,  1.9;  walkin9  3  milesanhout, 
3.21;  walkin9  6  miles  per  hour, 7.0;  swi~ 
minq,  4.33 ;  ri dine), 4.05.— ^•(.'t.'bvcWcw. 
(vWkVHwV  U<t>&\WL.-  6  fe«t  =  l  fathom;  120 
fathoms*  I  cable-len9th;  7$  cable-tenths  =1  mile. 

I  statute  mile -5,280 feet;  I  nautical  wile 
=  6,085.889568 fett;  I  editorial  dejreelSee 
Lon9itude,Lenath  of  a  de9T«e,etc.),=60nauti 
cal  niiles.  (See  Nauticatl  Me».suTe). 

The  term  Vw>\  refers  to  a  division  of  tde 
(09  line  which  is  used  to  ascertain  a  vessel! 
motion. (See  Knots  and  Statute  Miles). 
MMMV>^N^TC>NEXTO  VWv .-  0-n» 
and  one-eighth  barrels  of  lime,  and  %  yard 
sand  will  lay  1,000  bricks. 

pne  man  will  lay  from  1,800  to2,000 
brick  per  day. 

A  barrels  lime.and  I  yard  of  sand,  wiu 
lay  1 00  feet  of  stone. 

One  man  can  lau  1 50  feet  of  stone  ptrdiy. 

!•!»  barrels  cement,  and%  yard  sand,  wi ' ' 

lay  1 00  feet  rubble  stone. 


IBS.  MATERIAL.        LBS.IMAIERIHL.         LH. 


Alum  ..107.1  LiMAfaA  I7M  Slate,Av.  175,0 
Asbestos  .1 92.8  limetaieA  109.3  Soil,ordiwt!il24.0 
Beech ...  5  3 .2  Mertwv,solid  977.0  Steel ...  480.7 
Bismuth. 6 13.9  Mud.Av.  ..  102.0  Ti le  ...  1144 
BrassWire.  534.0  Nickel. . . ^87.9  Tin. . . .  455.7 
Bronze.  .513.4  Olive  Oil...  57.2  TypeMelal  653. 1 
Coil,Cannel  77.0  Peat  377  to  810  vinejar.  67.5 
Cobalt . .  488.1  Platinum.  1218.8  Water.fioh  '62.5 
Firebrick.  137.7  Plumbaao..l3I.O  Water,sei  64.3 
&rindstonel33.9  Port  Wine.  613  Vfet<r,Oa(lSa77.5 
Gun  Metal  543.7  Red  Lead  ..558.7  WhaleOil..  51.7 
.Litd. . ._._ 59.2*(*CipW .  170.9  Zinc  . .  .439.0 
The  subjoined  table 
of  Mean  Refractions,  with  the.  argument  'a  ^pa- 
rent altitude'  jives  the  correction  to  be  applied 
to  observed  altitudes  in  order  to  free  them 
from  the  effect  of  atmospheric  refraction.  Bodiesap 
pejri-nj  more  ekvated  above  the  horiun  than  they 
are,  the  tabular  quanlili»  are  taken  from  observed allili* 


S  5  '35 


98 


20=18 
230-16 
3  0-14  15  9 


0°0-34l.. 

010-32494  0=11  3911 

020-30  52  4T 

030-29  45  0=947i3' 

040-2723530-9  2  14  • 

050-15506  0*82315* 

10 

I  10-21  56  7 


^5W2? 
-44923 

020-30  52  4  30-10  43 1 2  =4  25  24 
=4  525 
•3  47  26 
•33227 

•24  MS  30-7  50 1 6  O  1928 
0=720I1»3   !29! 


140=19527  30=65318  = 


0*6  30 19 
8  30-6  8  20 
0--5492I 


a4h.i 

•23734 
'22936 


2W  38^14 
2  1540-1  9 
2  945=058 
2  350=048 
I  5855  =  040 
I  53  60-0  33 
I  4865  =  027 
I  44  70-0  21 
I  40  75-0  16 
13280=0  10 
12585*0  5 
I  19  90'°  0 


UVTOXS  <bXWt.VI\.-  The  metric  system  i 
so  called  as  being  based  on  the  measurerae 
of  the  earth.  The  metre,  its  fundamertil  neuu 
is  the  ten-millionth  part  of  i  meridian  I  Iti 
drawn  from  the  pole  to  the  equator,  and  i 
39.3707?  English  inches.  The  100th  tfimet 
is  the  Ccrifantiwu'  The  ^ro.-wo«\t  is  a.  cut' 
centimetre  of  distilled  water  at  the  tempt 
alure  of  tnaximum  densitu(39.2°FJ,bem 
I5.43S  En9lish  grains,  or. 0022054  Ib.  a 
pirdupois.  All  the  multiples  and  subdiv" 
ions  of  Wie.  current  coins,  as  well  as  of  < 
ery  measure  and  weight,  are  decimal. Thi 
system  was  first  adopted  by  France  in  17! 


.  .  .- 

For  adults.give  the-  full  dose;  from  W  to  20 
y«irs  of  a.ae,3j  of  fu.ll  dose;  7  to  14  years,  H 

do«;  4  to  7  yeirs,^  dose;  Syea.rs.'idose;  2 
eaftf't  do«;  I  ye*r,-Hi  doge;  for  babes,  un 


,  .. 

f'  do«;  I  ye*r,-Hi  doge;  for  babes,  un- 
der I  year,  the  dost  should  90  down  by  noitte 
U  trie  tin*  rite  M  by  yej.rs,for  thote  over 
a  peat. 


Afsenic,  Fowleis Solution  of.  2  to  10  drops. 
Aconite.  Extract  of. ..........  fa  to  'A  grain. 

AcQflt»e, Tincture  of I  to  5 drops 

Aloes, Purified I  to  5  grains. 

Aloes,  Pills  of I  to  4  pills. 

Asafoetida, Mixture  of  Jito  2  tablespoonfuls. 
Asaf oet Ida, Tincture  of  ..,'4  to  2  teaspoonfuls 

Bel  lidonna,Eirtraet  of •'i  to  I  grain 

Belladonna,  Fluid  Extract  of ....  I  to5  drops. 

Belladonna, Tincture  of 5  to  30  drops 

Bromide  of  Ammonia.. 5to209rains. 

Bromide  of  Potassium 5to20grairis. 

Bromide  of  Sodium 5  to20^rains. 

Calibar  Bean, Extract  of ^to  I  ptain 

Calomel ^  to  10  qrains. 

Camphor, Spirits  of... 5  to  15 drops 

Camphor  Water ,  ,,\  to  4  teaspoonfuls 

Capsicum,Tincture  of .10  to  20  drops. 

Castor  Oil .,  %  to  2  tablespoonful 

Chloral, Hydrate-  of 5  to 30  grains 

Cinchona,  Sulphate,  of 5  to 30 grains. 

Cinchona,  Compound  Tincture  of,l  to4  teaspoonfuls. 

Cod  Liver  Oil H  to  I  tablespoonful 

Copper,  Sulphate  of ^  to^  grain 

Corrosive  Sublimate %o  to  Xo  grain 

•Cream  of  Tartar. 5  to 60  grains 

Croton  Oil.., \  to  2  drops 

Digitalis,Extract  of H  to  2  grains 

Digitalis, Tincture  of 5  to  60  drops 

Dover's  Povyder 5  to  10  grains. 

Epsom  Salts ^  to  2  tablespoonfuls 

Gentian, Extract  of. I  to  5  grains 

Hydrochloric  Acid,  dilute I  to  5  drops 

Iodine,  Compound  Tincture  of. ..  2  to  5  drops. 

Iodide  of  Potassium 5  to 30  grains 

Ipicacuanha, Fluid  Extract  of  ..2  to 30  drops. 
Ipicacuin ha,  Syrup  of.  .1  to  4  teaspoonfuls. 

Iron,  Pyrophosphate  of 2  to  5  grains. 

Iron,  Tincture  of  the  Chloride  of.2  to  30  drops. 

Lactic  Aci  d 1 5  to  30  drops. 

Laudan um 15  to  40  drops. 

Lead, Sugar  of ^  to  5  grains. 

May  Apple, Extract  of 3-lo  8  grains. 

Muriatic  Acid,  dilute 5  to  10  drops. 

Morphine %  to  h  grains. 

Magnesia, Sulphate  ofJ»  to  2  tablespoonfuls. 

Mustard, Ground I  to  2  teaspoonfuls. 

Nitre,  Sweet  Spirits-  o/ -^  to  I  teaspootiful. 

Nux  Vomica, Tincture  of 10  .to  25  drops. 

Opium,  Extract  of •.,.%.  to  2  grains. 

Opium, Tincture  of 15  to  40  drops. 

Paregoric M  to  2  tablespoonfuls. 

Potassium, Bicarbonate  of.. ..5  to 20  grains. 

Potassium, Bromide  of. 5  to20  grains- 

Potassium^  Chlorate  of. 5  to 20  grains. 

Potassium,  Iodide  of..  .,,,..5  to30prains. 

Pepsin 5  to  10 grains. 

Quinine .....2  to  10  grains. 

Senna, Fluid  Extract  of....l  tablespoonful. 

Soda,  Bicarbonaie  of «5  to 20  grains. 

Squill,Symp  of.. A  to1  teaspoonfujr 

Strychnia,Sulphate  of. ..  XohXi  of  a  grain. 
Turpentine,  Spirits  or  Oil  of.  .,.5  to  10  drops. 
Zinc, Oxide  of. -i  to  5  grains. 


The  rank  In  melody  of  s'mgnig  birdi  is  a 
follows:    The  nightingale, linnet,  titlarl 

skylark, and  woodlark.  The  mockingbird*. 
eels  in  Imitative  power*,  ind  in  variety  of 
tones,  the  robin  and  goldfinch. 
NEK  N&&  K&XVM&^N&wn  W .-  The  aver 
age  weight  of  20,000  men  and  women,  weigh 
ed  at  Boston,Mass.,was-men,l4Kltoi;Wo 
men,  1 14%  I  bs. 

A  crowd  of  people  closely  packed  exerts  a 
pressure  of  about   85lbs.  per  square  foot. 

The  average  weight  of  a  man  is  I40%lb& 

The  average  weight  of  a  strong  cart  horse 
Is  I4cwt.,  and  of  a  cavalry  horse,  llcwt.;  a 
cow, 6^  toScwt.;  an  ox, i to9cwt.-,  a  pig 
I  to  2  cwt.;  and  a  sheep,  %  to  \%  cwt. 
(iK\NkS,K\XSN(a  W.-(See  also  Corn  posi- 
tions, Proportions  of,  and  Coins,Finenessol 

Bath  Metal  is  composed  of  copper  and  tin. 

Britannia  Ware=tin,intimon5,',coppeT,bi»nuth 

Bronze-tin  and  copper. 

Cannon  Metaktin  and  copper. 
Dutch  &old=  copper  and  zinc. 
Mosaic  &old=copper  and  zinc. 
Old  standard  G-old=gold,copper,  silver. 
Rewter=tin  and  lead. 
Sheet  Melil=lead  and  a  little  arsenic. 

Solder=  tin  and  lead. 

Standard  G-pld=goJd  and  copper. 

Standard  Silver=  silver  and  copper. 

Type  Metal=  lead  and  antimony. 

White  Copper=  copper  and  arsenic. 
NV\K\S,VvtVV^\M^  VNV&Ws  OT.-lf  Bar 
Iron  be  taken  as  1 00,  then  Cast  Iron  is  95; 
Steel,l02;  Copper,ll6;  Brass,  109; Lead,l48. 

If  Cast  Iron  be  I00,then  Bar  Iron  is  107; 
Steel,  108;  Brass,!  16;  Copper,  131;  Lead,  156. 
'    If  Brass  be  1 00,  then  Bar  Iron  is  92;  Cast 
Iron  86;  Steel, 93;  Copper,l05;  Learf,  135. 

If  Copper  be  100,  then  Bar  Iron  is  87;  Cast 
Iron,  82;  SteeJ,88;  Brass,93;  Lead.128. 

If  Lead  be  I00,then  Bar  Iron  is  63;  Cast  I- 
ron,  64;  Steel,  69;  Brass  74;  Copper, 78. 


Ovty.-lSee  Heat  Conductors). 
Silver  is  the  best  conductor  of  electricity 
then  copper,  goldmine,  iron,  tin,  lead,itn 
tbnony,  a-nd  bismuth,  in  the  order  ar 

KV^KNS^^VK^XNi^.  \NvNi^>.- While. 

the  value  of  any  one  metal  cannot  be  re 
garded  as  constant,  it  has  an  average  val 
ue;  arid  many  of  the  more  rare  metals  do 
not  exist  in  large  quantities,  yet,  in  order' 
to  compare  the  values,they  are  considered 
as  existiry-in  at  feast  one  poundCAvoirdu- 
pois)  quantities.  Itt  the  Subjoined  list  the- 
prices  are,  the  average  per  pound. 

METAL.  PBICE.lMErftl.      PRJCE.IMETAI.   PBICE 


GallimrH48,000.00  Niobi 
Vanadinw.l  0,000.00  B 


9,070.00  Pillidimnl,400.00  Sodi 


2irconium.  7,200.00  O 
Lithium..  7,000.00  l 
G-lucium  .  5,400.00  U 
Calcium..  4,500.00  TTtani 
Sfrontium.4,200.00  Chwrai 
Terbium.  4,080.00  G 
Vitrium  .  .4^)80.00  Hg^U 
Erbium.. 
Cerium.. 
Didytni 
Indium  .  . 

Ruthenium2,400.00  Mag 
Rhodiu 


iobiiK*2,300.00 
arium.  1,800.00  Cobalt. 


smium  1,300.00  Ni 
lridiiiin.1,090.00  Cad 
ranium  900.00  Sl 
ium  689.00  Bi 
ium  500.00  M 
old...  330.00  A 
n223.00  T 

3,400.00  Thallium  275.00 

3,400.00  Platinum  1  50.00  A 

imn3,200.00  Maiuinese  130.00  Zi 

3,200.00  Tun^stehi  1  15.00 

64.00  I 
2,300.00  Potassium  64.00 


|Silver*l6.00 
16.00 
8.00 

ickel     5.00 
4.00 

l«mmi»3.00 
ismuth  2.50 
ercurs)  .95 
rsenic  .50 
n  ...  .25 
opper.  .2 
ntimony  .16 
inc.  .  .  .11 
Lead.  .  .  .08 
Iron  .  . 


Diamond.*50to*l50 
Sapphire..  100  »  150 
Ruby,Orrent»l,...IOO 


Emerald..* 50  to #200 
Opal....  15  »  40 
ChrusoberuflS  "  50 


LINEftR   MEASURE. 

Metre -     3.2808992fe. 

Decamet-te-tIO metres)...  =  3J.808992,  fee 
HectometredOOmeters) .  =  328.08992  fee 
KilometreU.OOOmtires) .  =1093.633  yard 
Muriametre(lO,OOOmetres) . »  6.2138  miles 
Dec!metre(.lmetre)....=  '  3.937079  inche 
Centimetre(.0lmetre)....=  0.39371  inch 
Millimelre(.00lmetre).=  '0.03937  inch, 

SUPERFICIAL  MEASURE. 
ArellOOsq.metres)..7.=  119.60113    sq.  u 
Hectaref  10, 000  sq.  metres)  =     2.471143  acres 
Centiare(lsq.metre)...=     1.196033  sq.ij" 

MEASURE  OF  CAPACITY. 
Littel  I  cubic  decimetre)  =     1 .760773  pints 
Oe'calitrellO  litres)..  .'...=     2.2009668  gals 
Hectolitre|IOOIitres)...,=   22.009668  ^als 
Kilolitre(l,000litres)...=  220.09668    oals 

De'cilitrel.l  litre) =  ,-  0.17607    pint 

Centilitrel.OI  litre) "  "  0.017607  pint 

SOLID    MEASURE. 
Stere  ( I  cubic  -metre) . .  =      1.31  cubic  yarc 
DecasterellOst£Tes)=l3 cu.".uds.,ifeet,  21  inche 
Oecisterel.l  stere)=  3  cu.fW'&'.T  cubic^irches 

&ramme =t5.43Z349  grs.tro 

Decagramel  10  grams)  '••=  5.6438  drrn.  avoir 
Hectogra-mmellOOgramines)  3.527  oz.  avoir 
Kilogramme(l,OQOgr.)=  2.204621  Ib.  avoi 
duintal  metriqat(IOOkiliis.)-250.461l  lb.avoir 
Millier,  w  tonfleau(UO«kilos.)=2204.62 1  I  b.  avpi 
De'cigrarnmel.l  gra-mme)  =  .  .  J.5432  grain 
Centipramme(.0lgrammel=  -0.15431  grain 
Mill  igrammel. 001  oramme)=  O.OI5432_grain 


. ,        _   ieas_u-Tes 

To  convert  grammes  into  avoirdupois  oun 
ces, multiply  by  .0352;  kilogrammes  into 
Avoirdupois  IDS.,  multiply  by  2.2046;  litres 
into  gallons,  multiply  by  .2202  ;  litres  into 
pints,  multiply  by  1.762;  millimetres  in^s 
inches,  multiply  by  25.4;  metres  inlo  yards 
multiply  by  70  and  divide  by  64. 


_ _ L  o\.~ An  English  mile 

=  5280feet:  an  admiralty :  knot =6080 fut 
a  kilometer'=328l  feet.  An  English  mile  is 
t h ere f ore  =  0.87  knot  =  l.609  kilometre.  Or 
I  knoi  =  !J5mile=  1.85  kilemetre.  Or  I  kilo 
metre=0.54  knot  =0.621  English  mile.  I  me 
tre  =  39.37  inches;  I  square  rnile=259  hec 
tares;  I  square  metre  =  l550  square  inch- 
es= 10.76  square  feet ;  10  square  fecUO.929 
square  metre;  Icubic  metre  =  l.308  cubic 
uards=35.3  cubic  feet;  Icubic  yard=765 
litres;  Icubic  foot  =  28.3  litres;  I  litre=6l 
cubic  inches;  lOcubic  inches  =  O.I639  li 
tres;  I  Hectolitre  =  2.84  bushels  =  35.2  li 
tnes;  i  tonneau--«t\- millier--.984En9lish 
t  on  (of  22.40 1  bs.);  I  English  ton'=I.OI6  ton- 
neau  ox  millier. 

\.\V^.,tOWfKV>\Wi^  0V .-English  stitutrmili 
is  1760  yards:  Roman,l628;  Tuscan,  1808; Ger- 
man shott,6853-long,IOI26;  iTish.-JMO4  Oar 
ish,8224;Swis3,9lS3;Swedish,ll,100. 


75 


.'b  0V.- 

Witer    fat    Caseine,  Suwi  70ljl 
Woman    89.3      i5      34       48     100 
Cow.    .  86.0      4.0       7.2        2.8     100 
Ass.  ...90.9       l.i       1.9       6.1      100 
Goal..    86.8      3.3      «0       5.9     100 
Ewe  ...85.6      4.7      45        5-1     100 
\fc\VV.,  WtK^^MA^V^V^.—  T  He 
time  required  for  thf  iu.ll  amounl    pi 
cream  to  rise  lo  the  surface  o'  M*  i";|k 
at  different  temperatures  may  bf  seen 
from  the  following  table. 
10  to  13  hours  with  tempera^  oi»"  77°  r 


24            "        •'          •'          "    55' 
36  50' 

I  gallon  of  rniik  weighs  iO  Ibs.  4ois.-, 
being  heavier  lhan  water  in  the  proper 
tion  ol  103  loiOO.  The  besl  temperate 
at  which  to  churn  w-Vw  is  from55°to 
60°Fabr.;  for  w\v  65°Pahr.  Milk   will 
produce  scarcely  any  cream, even  in  the 
spare  ol  a  monlH,  if  a  15  kept  at  33°lp38°. 
Milk  tufrvs  sour  by  the  fermentation  of 
the  sugar,  and  ils  translormalion  !n)o  lar- 
iic  arid,  thus  causing  the  milk  to  curdle; 
vinegar  or  rennet  will  produce  the  same 
effect.  Good  cream  will  produce  aboul^ 
of  its  weipht  of  bulter;  cheese  made  from 
good  milk  contains  nearly  33  per  cent,  o' 
water;  that  from  sUinvm!lk60  pe'rent. 


at  close  of  this  list. 


See  Hardness  of  Minerals. 


FATHER.  MOIHEH. 

Whit*  NC^TO  Mulatto      Mulatta 

White  Mulatta  CuarteroTi    Cuitterona. 

White  CuaTkTonaQuinte'o     Qitintfr 

White  Qumtera  White       White 

White  Indian  Mestizo       Mestiza. 

Ne9TO  Indian  Zambo       Zambu. 

WMik  Chinese  Chi-no-blanco 

Nejro  Chinese  Zambo-ch'mo 

Malatto  CW-nesi  Chi-no. 


Asfnelli  Tower,  itaJy 31if«t. 

Babel,  Tower  o' 680 

Balbec 500 

Balus  of  Notre  Dame,  Paris 2l6 

Barlholdi  Statue, New  York 329 

Belfry  Tower,Bmges,BelgiuTn....290 

Bunker  Hill  Monurnenl 221 

Capitol,  Washington 287 

Cathedral,  St.  Petersburg 363 

Cathedral,  Escurial 200 

Cathedral, S».Patricl('s,New York  ..  328 
Cathedra  I,  Nor  wich,En9imd. ...  3 1 5 

Calhedra  I,  Florence -.384 

Cathedra  I,  SaJisb«ry,England  ...404 

Cathedral,  Cro-noma 392. 

Cathedral,  &remen,&er. 334  > 

Cathedral,  Stratburg 468  ' 

Cathfdral,Arn)eri8,Ft.... 413  » 

Cathedral, Cologne 5)1   ' 

Cathedr»l,Antwerp 476  » 

Calh*d fa U Rouen  ...  ...482» 


Cathedral, Mi  Ian 

CilhedraJ,Me>ico 

Chiciqo  Board  of  Trad* 

Chicago  Walet  Tower. 

Chirnney,Muspral's, Liverpool. 

City  Han, Philadelphia,. 

Cleopatra's  Needle, NewYork. 

Eiffel  Tower, Paris 

Ciralda  Towe-t, Spain 

Grace  Church, New  York 

High  B'id9e,  New  York 

Hottl  des  invades, Par'n...,, 

Hotel  de  Ville, Brussels 

Lea ning  Tower,  Pisa 

Lincoln  Cathedral, England. .. 
Masonic  Temple, Philadelphia 

Monument,  London , 

Notre  Oamf  Church,  Antwerp. 

Pantheon,  Paris ....,,. 

Pornpey's  Pillar, £gypl 

Porcelain  Tower,  China .. . , , . . 
Pyramid  of  Cheops,  Egypt. ,.,..,  v 
Pyramid  ol  king  Shafra  ...... 

Pyramid  of.Sakkara  .«.,..... 

St.  John's,  New  York 

St.  Mark's,  Venice ,. 

St.MarHn's,landshul,&er. 

St.Matu's,  Lubec 

St. Paul's, New  York    

St.  Paul's,  London 

St.Petei's,  Rome 

Si. Steven's,  Vienna 

Torazzo  Tower, Italy 

Trinity  Church,  New  York 

Wat k in t  Tower,  London 

Washington  Monument    .... 


4381  eet 
280  " 

.303  " 
175.  >• 

.  435   •• 

.  406  " 
535  •• 

.  68  " 
984  " 
350  '• 

.216  " 
116  " 
344  i» 

.364    'i 


.300 
-230 
.240 
.  442 
,758 
.  114 
.200 
.520 
.447 
.356 
.210 
.328 
.463 
.404 
.200 
.366 
.457 
.465 
.396 
.286 
1134 
.555 


VV\e  \ow«%V  \o  \.V\t  \\'\qY\e«X,.-  There  rnusi 
be  at  least  32  vibrations  or  waves  in  one 
second  of  time,  to  produce  a  musical  tone. 
It  is  the  lowest  musical  sound  recognised, 
and  is  denoted  by  the  \ellei  C;  the  length 
o)  the  atmospheric  wave  of  this  letter  '• 
35  feet, and  is  Ihe  length  of  an  orpan  pi. 
prpducin9  this  sound.  Nine  octaves  above 
this!  highest  sound  on  any  musical  mstru 
ment)  is  accomplished  through  a  pipe 
U  of  an  inch  in  Ien9th. 

In  the  M  or  lowest  octave,  C  vibrates32 
times  per  second;  036,  E  40,  F  421,948, 
A  52^,8  60. 

2nd  Octave.-C64tD72.E80,  F  85, G 
96,  A  105,  B  110. 

3rd  Octavf.-C  128,  D  144,  E  160,  F 


4th  Oclave.-C  156.  0188. £310,  F 
340,0 384, A 410,  B480, 

5th  Octave. -C5I3.  D  576, E  640,  F 
680,G  768,A  840,  6  960. 

6th  Oclave.-  CI014,  DII52,EI280,  F 
I.360,GI5?6,AI680,BI910. 

71 H  Oclave.- C2048,  D  2304,  E  2560, 
F:mo,  G30T2,A3360,  83840. 

8th  Octave.-C4096.  D4608.  E5I20 
F  5440,  G  6)44,  A  6720,  B  7680. 

9th  Octave.-C8l91.  D  9216,  EI0.24A 
F  10,880,  G  12,288,  A  13,440,  B  15,360. 


To  case  and  hanj  one  door,  I  Ib. 
To  case  and  hang  one  window, %  Ib. 
Base,  100  lineal  feet,  I  Ib. 
To  put  on  raH«rs,,ioists,etc.,3lb.to  IDOJff. 
To  put  up  studding, 3  Ib. to  1000  feet. 
To  lay  a  o-inch  pine  floor,  15  Ib.  tn!000f«t. 


NAILS.          S!M.  NiiptTibmCKS. 


6penni),fftiot.2iTich.80 
8  ••  •'  2V-  50 
10  "  "  3."  34 


fine  I*' 
••  14' 


3  • 
*' 

4'' 
4V 

5  • 
5V 

6  ' 


760 

480 

300 

200 

160 

128 

K 

7-: 

60 
44 

33 

'24 
18 
14 
\1 

10 


I    oz. 

I 


24 


The  term  ^erm^as  applied  to  nail 
is  9eneraliy  supposed  to  have  been  de 
rived  from  ^o\v\\&.  It  ori^inallij  mean 
so  -many  pounds  to  the  thousand,  i.e 
6  penny  rnea.nl  six  pounds  of  nails  ti 
the  thousand.  The  thousand  was  ai 
ways  understood,  and  si*  pound, eight 
pound, etc.,  were  gradually  shortenfc 
until  the  present  term  penny  has  en 
tirely  taken  the  place  of  pound. 


>, VNWA 

Cvnt.-  Gravel, avera9e,40 
Sand, dry,  3B°— wet,  23°;  Earfch,vfae 
table,  28°;  Ea-Hh,  compact,  50°i  Rubbl 
45°:  Clay,  <hied,  45° -wet,  10°. 
kWi-X\trX\-VKtVS>V>Vv't..-ao  Iea9ues=  I 
decree ;  360°=  Earth's  circuwfeTenn 
51  feet  =  I  knot  for  half-minute  glasi 
es;  45feet  =  l  knot  fo7  28-second  glass- 
es. (See  also  Mariners1, and  Circular  Meas 
ure). 


i.-Havana,27o 
French,  6%;  Virginia,T%;  Brazil- 
ian, upward  of  770. 


Glowworm  74 

Snail 76 

Shark....  77 
Ouster... 82 


Elephant.  99i  Monkey..  1 044 
Porpose.lOO  Sheep...l04i 
Bal 
Rat 


..100  Hoa 105 

..102  Jackdaw. 107 
..102  Sparrow. 108 
..102  Pigeon..  109* 


Serpent  ..883  Cat 

Man 98iOx 

Horse... .99^  Elk 103  Chicken. Ill 

V.\i<\V»V\\\rc.  \JKV\iS.  0^  V  00^.- Ac 
cording  to  Frankland  an  average  man 
confining  himself  to  one  article  of  (ooa 
would  require, to  barely  maintain  life 
frorn  day  to  day,  5.068  lbs.of  polaJoes; 
1.156  Ibs.  of  Cheshire  cheese;  1.335  Ibs.of 
pea-meal;  1.541  Ibs.  of  prourd rice;  2.345 
Ibs. of  bread;  3.532  Ibs.  of  lean  btff;4.3 
1bs.  of  lean  veal-,  6369  Ibs.  of  whitroji-,8.75 
Ibs.  of  white  of  egg;  9.865  IDS.  of  carrots; 
12.02  Ibs.  of  cabbage;  6}  bottles  of  stout. 

It  has  been  ascertained  by  e»peri- 
ment,  that  an  ordinary  diet  should 
contain  one  part  of  nitrogenous  mat- 
ter! proteids- composed  of  carbon, hyd 
pen, oiry^en, and  nitrogen),  to  about  4 
part!  of  non-nilrojenous  dift(fat,etc.). 

(See  Food,Ccnstitwnls,etc.,of.). 


76 


.Bitter  Almond..  ..55 


Clover  hiy 

Hemp  seed 19 

Itidian  com T 

Linseed 17, 


Meadow  hay fi  Wheat-straw. . . 

Oat  straw 4 " 


Rapeseed  .........  55 

Sweet  Almond....  41 


Turnip  seed... 
White  -mustard 
Wheat  bran. . . . 


..45 
..37 
..  4 

_.         ..3 

Wheat  flour 3 

_,  _    .>.—  As  an  average  V  pound 

of  paint  should  be  allowed  per  square 
yard  for  the  first  coat,  and  about  %  I  b. 
for  each  additional  coat.  One  pound  of 
stopping  should  be  allowed  for  every  10 
square  yards. 

Priming  consists  of  white  lead  and 
linseed  oil.  Knotting  consists  of  red  lead 
•and  size.  Putty  consists  of  Spanish  whit- 
ing and  linseed  oil. 
'W%*  t,0\iH-^S.-24  sheets  =  I  quire; 
I0-^quires  =  l  token;  lOquires  =  I  -ream; 
2  reams  •=  I  bundle;  5  bundles=l  bale. 


PRINTING  PAPER. 

Flat  Letter 10x16  Extra  Size  Folio.  .I9»73 

Law  Blank 13x16  Medium-VM-Pr..l9xl4 

Small  Cap 13x16  Royal-Printing.  .10»14 

Flat  Cap I4v|7  Medium -Print Hig.lOvlS 

Crown I5<I9  Double  Cap 11x18 

Dewy I6xll  Sup  Royal-writ...  10*18 

Folio  Post UK  11  Card  Board 11x18 

Check  Folio. ...H«14  Sup.Royal-Print.. 11x18 
Mediurn-Writino .  1 8x23  Imperial-Writ . .  .21x30 
Medium 1 8x  24  Imperial- Print. .  .11x31 

Of  the  different  saes  there  are  also  sev- 
eral different  weights  of  each  si^as  Fo- 
lio 16,  18,  24,  etc., pounds  per  ream. 
BOOK  AND  NEWSPAPER. 

This  can  now  be  obtained  in  any  sue 
called  for,  as  modern  facilities  for  the 
manufacture  of  paper  enable  the  manu- 
fac.'urer  to  fill  almost  any  order  on  a 
short  notice. 


<&  »>v^ti'yz.«..-The  TIKBLE:  enables  printers 
to  ascertain  *He  Number  of  Forms  for  a 
Book  o'  any  Size,  and  the  Quantity  of 
Paper  necessary  to  print  a  thousand  cop- 
ies in  any  _forni,  from  Octavo  to  36mo, 
haifsheet-wise.  ^.%i-w^\e..-How  many 
reams  _will  be  required  fot  a  llmo  Book 
Containing  3l2pa9es?  Find  the  number 
of  pages(.3ll)  in  the  llmo  column-. in. the 
outer  column  on  the  left  of  the  table  the 
number  of  forms  is  scen(26l,  and  hithe 
outer  column  on  the  right,  the  quantity 
of  paper  required  is  given(28rams  llqrs.). 
AMOUNT  OF 


8uo. 


131 


156 

168  114  Q52 
180  140  no 


24mn.p2ino.p6mi.  p*pt"  F°R 
1000  COPIES. 


116 


110 


140 


168  214 
191 

116 


288  324 
320  360 
198  164  351  396 


188  384  432 


134  3a  416  468 


336  448 


360  480  540 


PACI. 
36 
77 
108 
144 
180 
116 
151 
156  188 


504 


REAMS.  DBS. 

1  2 

2  4 


16     10 


8vo. 


PAGE. 


256  188 
204  271  306 


116  188 
118  304 


PACt. 
I  IS 

136 

144 

151 

160 

168 

176 

184    . 

191288384432 


200 


740 


Putt. 


240 


152  336 


164  351  396 
216  368  414 


300 


108  311 
116  * 


248  371  -496 


256  384 


. .  264  396  518 

34  211  408  544 

35  180  420  560 


188  432  516 
.  296  444  590 
38  304  456  606 


311468611 
320  480  638 


I8nio.  24m  Hw>.  36tra. 


310 


______ 

114  336  448  504 
131  348  464 


360  480 


511 


314  431 
341  456 
360  480 


378504 


400  450 
416  468 
431486 


408  544 


AMOUNT  OF 
PAPER  FOR 
1000  COPIES 


REAMS.  9  05 

U  12 

18  14 

19  16 

20  18 
21 

13 
14 
15 
16 

27  10 

28  12 

29  14 

30  16 

31  18 
33 

35  I 

36  6 
31  8 
38.  10 

39  U 

40  14 

41  16 
41  18 
44 


Latitude  00°  00,  00' 

Latitude  45°  00.  00^....  39.1210 

Washinoton38°  53   13 39.0958 

NewYork40°  41'  40"..... 39.1011 

London    51°  31'  00, 39.1393 

Stockholm  59°  21'  30 39.1845 

I  i-ruthick.  k  itUhick. -"lm.Hi. 
lisq.S»d.  2isq.iKl 

4* 


cover  

I  bu.  cement  andl^^ 

I  of  sand  will  cover  I 
I  bu. cement  andl-ji 


-. 


2  of  sand  will  cover 

I  bu.  cement  and  Ui 

3  of  sand  win  covH 

I  cubic  yanj  of  lime,  I  yards!  75sq.yd.on brick 
of  sand, and  3bu.of  hiir  I  70  "  earth, 
will  cover )60  "  laths. 


aX  \V\t, 


IWIDTH  Or  FURBOW.    UNO. 


inches  =  1.0  acre, 


1.2 
'*  1.4 
=  1.6 
=  1.8 
=  2.0 
=  2.2 

'  ila 

•3.1 
=  3.6 

=  4.0 
«  4.4 


=  4.8acres. 
=  6.0    " 
=  1.2    >• 

-  8.4    " 

•  9.6   » 
=10.8  " 
H2.0  » 
-13.2  " 
'14.4  " 
-15.6  » 
-16.8  « 
=  18.0   >• 
=19.2    » 

..-  The  units  of  Vo^w. 
M,  are  respectively    I 
pound,  I  loot,  and  I  miriute. 

VK»-n  9ov«e1' .  -  0  ne  man's  power  = .  09  09 
horse  power=  3,000  units  o'  wqrk=3,000 
pounds  raised  vertically  I  foot  in  i  min- 
ute, ot  its  equivalent.  / 

•*(><<=,« VO\N«A.- One  horse  power  =  I] 
•wen's  power  =  33,000  units  o'  work 
33,000  pounds  raised  vertically  i  foot  in 
I  minute,  or  its  equivalent. 

i\H$,-A  power  of  150'<ms 


,,  and  \\ 


3,000  tons  over  greased  slides  on  arniri 
railway;  when  in  motion,  150  toris  on  I 
is  required. 


Medi  um. 


.. 

Iin.mercnru31° 
(foot  ».iT...3l 


Pounds  oti 
ea.sq.in. 
0.4335 
«,,  0.4330 
OJSt  I4.TO3 


0.49U 


Pounds  on 
ea..  sq.ft. 

62)355 

2110. 
10.73 
0.0807 


In  aim 


0.0293 

0.0194 

I. 

0.0334 

0.0000 


I  pound  to  the  sq.  in.=2.3  ft.wakr-lrn.rnet.0.0( 
^XHT^.VA'1   ^.^A.-An,  em  is  that  DOT 
tion  of  a  line  of  print  which  willform 
4   square;  so  named  formerly  when 
was  a.  square  type.  It  is  used  as  a  u.n 
to  measure  printed  matter,  composition 
being  measured  by  t-he  number  of  tho' 
a.nd  ems. 

'ViNA^., VVfcGMtSWX  0V  ^tKX'o.- 
ADE.      Bgateper  mJTiu.teJAo.E.      Beats  ptrnind 
At  bitth — I30tol40  4tolyears...85to95 
One  month. .120  "1 15  1  "14  »  ;::80"90 
One  year...  115  "120  14 "21   "...75 
Two  years. .100  "1 15 II  "60  "  ...70 "15 
Three  years.  95  > '1 00  Old  age  ....60  "65 

While  the  above  are  the  average^he 
are  many  instances  of  very  low  pulse, 
ranging  from  25  beats  per  minute  * 
4-0  and  59. 

In  certain  diseases, such  as  acuie  dro 
sy  of  the  trrain,  there  may  be  rnrm  ISC 
to 200  beats  per  minute. 

In  women  the  pulse  beats  an 
more  rapid  than  in  men. 
9>N&\W\OH.-Larnpblack.  has  the  highest 
emissive  or  radiating  power  Known;  the 
surfaces  of  paper,  and  other  similar  loose 
material  are  n«t  in  order.  Polished  metals 
are  the  poorest  radiators. 
vWXAONfc  V^\Wb.-When  it  is  not  conve 
nient  to  weijh  the  articles  ?iven  in  the  s 
joined  table,  they  are  billed  at  the  weights 
given. 

350lb.prrbbl 
45   •>   bu. 
Lime.. ..200    "   bbL 
bu,Malt....   38   "  bu- 
Millet...    45 


Ale,Beer. 

"    "  .    170 

"    "  .. 100 

* '  QTfcn  5o 
»  «•  150 
Barley  ...  48 
BeatiSjWhite  60 
"  castor  46 

Beef 320 

Bran  ....  20 
Brooms . .  40 
Buckwheat  51 
Cider....  350 
Charcoal..  21 
Clover  seed  60 

"  in  ear  10 
"  Meal.  48 
••  "  .210 
Eggs....  200 
Fish  ....300 
Flax  Seed  56 
Flour....  200 
Hemp  Seed.  44 


bbl. 

bu.       

doz.  Potatoes .    1 50 


Nails 


Oil 400 

Onions..  51 
Peaches.dVd  33 
Pork....  310 


60 

sweet  55 
Rye.....  56 
-  +,fir».   56 
"  .300 
coarse  350 
insults 200    '•  tack. 
Timothy  Seed   45    «   bu, 
Turnips. .   56 
Vinegar..  350    "   bbL 
Wheat...    60    "    bu. 
Whisky..  350   "   bbL 
One  Vo'ft  weiaht  islOMIbs. 


. 

Italian  Hemp  Rope  is  the  stardard  of  compiiV 
son  and  is  taken  is  I.  All  ire  hawser  Hid  e>- 
cept  hide  ropes. 

ROPES.         STBENCTH|STIfFNCSS4OTI!KHrc|Sn!!T[Hllfe 


Italian  Hemp. 

Baltic 

Manilla 

Flar. 

Coir  Hair... 
Green  Hides. 
Iron  Wire.. 
Steel 


I 

0.7  to  03  as  t 

0.9  ••  I 


0.9 


H2M03S 

0.5 

3 
6 


dO.9 
0.75 

low 


high 
high 


0.88 


0.43 
I 

4 

4- 


0.24 


77 


h 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

NAMES  OF  FISH.  <  % 

Mjjllli 

2.  5  ^  S 

WEIGHT  S«  <iO\V\\V 
MEASURES       \VL^.  fl 

P 

FEET.    INCHES                 FEET.    INCHES. 
A  Digit     =-0      .9  12  A  Fathom  -    7    3.552 
A  Palm     =    0    3.648  fate's  te<l=  10  11.328 
A  Span     =•    0  10.944  »iat>ian  (We  =   M-    7.104 
A  Cubit    -     1     9.888  Meas'*  Lire  =145  11.04 
LONG  SCRlPTURt  MEASURES. 

MIES.  PACES.    FEET. 
ACubit  =~T        0     1.824 
A  Stadium  ox  Furlong..  =     0       145     4.6 
A  Sabbath  Day's  Journey  .  -     0       729     3 
An  Eastern  Mile    =     1       403      1 
A  Parasang  =    4      153     3 
A  Oay's  Journey  =  33       172    4 

JEWISH  \IONEY. 
Dolars.     Cents. 
A  Gmh  .  =          0      2.5 

Char  
Chub  0  0 
Coil  fish  en  Saittw.  P  P 

0   0  P  P   P  P 
0  P 
POO  

p  ..  . 
P  P  0  0 

..  p  p  p 

-j                   -»^*»»«- 

4' 

Cod                       P  P 

P  P  ....  0  0 
OPPPPP 
0  0  P  P  P  P 
0  0  P  P  P  P 
P  P  0  
0 

0  P  P  P 
P  P  0  .. 
..000 
0  

0000 
0  P  P  P 

The  following  table  si- 
Cfcting  powers  ol  pol 
metaJs  named,  the  an( 
45°. 
Silver  .0.97 
Gold.  0.95 
Brass.  0.93 
Platinum  .0.83 

ttertMswMt^N&s. 

The  index  of  refractio 
dia,  thus,  light  passing 
the  inde*  of  refraction 
g  lass,  about  *i.  The  r 
numbers  will  give  t 
tion  when  light  pass* 
reclionj  thus,  from  w 
and  from  glass  into  < 
the  indices  of  retracl'icr 
from  a  vacuum  into 
named.  The  index  of 
substances  may  be  fo 
absolute  inde*  of  on 
Vacuum  1  .00000 
Air  1.00029 

W^  V»WK.VS>  <: 

lows  the  relativ 
shed  surfaces  of 
(  of  incidence  b 

Steel  
Zinc  
ron  
Cast  Iron  

DV  «R«\_vi\\.w 
n  varies  with  t 
from  air  into  » 
is  $5;  from  air 
eciprocals  of  I  h 
he  indices  of  re 
s  in  the  oppisiti 
lift   into   air  it 
ir34.  The  table 
n  when  light  pa 
any  of  the  subs 
refraction  for  ar 
und  by  dividing 
by  that  of  the  c 
Crown  glass  .  .  .1 

Oil  of  cassia  ...1 
Bisulphidi  of  carbon) 
Flint  glass  1 
Diamond  .' 
Chromat*  of  tad.  .2 
VK,\\V  XNWft. 

PLACE.     MEASURE. 

^.~ 

re- 

th» 
eing 

0.82 
0.81 
0.77 
0.74 
SKBi 
wmt- 
vater, 
into 
ese 
frac- 
i  di- 
V*' 

sses 

tances 
ytwo 
the 
*her. 
.534 
.548 
.641 
.768 
.830 
.439 
.974 

rAftOS. 

Crab  0  0 

Crayfish,  sea  ...  0  ( 
Dab  P  P 

Dace  P  P 

Eel  P  P 
Flounder  OP 
Grayling  0  C 

P  P  P  0  0  P 

p  p  ....  p  p 

0  P 

P  P  0  0 

p  p  p  p 

0  P  P  P 

p  p  p  p 
p  p  p  p 
p  p  p  p 
p  p  p  p 
0  P  P  P 
p  p  p  p 
0  P  P  P 

'  '  b'  P'  V 

>  P  0  0 
P  P  0  .. 

Gurnard,  red  .   ..  P  P 
CumaTd.grey    ..OP 
Haddock  P  P 

0  0 
p  p  
0  0....  0  0 
..  ..  0  0  P  P 

A  Bekah    ....                           0    25.09 

A  Snekel                                     0     50.187 

Hake  P  . 

A  Maneh  01  Mina  25       9.35 
A  Talent  .                             1,505    62.5 

Halibut  P  P 

P  0  0....  0 
OPPPPP 

Herring  0  0 

A  Solidus  Aurein  <»  Seitula               2     64.09 
A  SiclusAuieusmWt  Shekel.             8      3. 
A  Talent  ol  told  =  24^09       0. 
JEW  SH  WEIGHTS. 
Lfcj.  Oz,  Pj»t.  tr. 
The  terahli  Shekel...  *      0      1 
Th*  Bekahii  Shekel!...  •=      0050 
The  Shekel  *      0       010      0 

Lampern  P  P 

Lamprey  0  0 

0  P  P  P   0  . 
p  p  0  

Ling  P  P 

p  p  p  p  p  p 

0  0  P  P  P  P 
OPPPPP 
..  ..  0  0  P  P 
P  0  P 
P  P  0 

Mullet,  red  

Mullet,  grey....  0  •. 
Mussel  P  P 

P  P  0  0 
>  p  p  p 

p  p  p  p 

0  0  P  P 

The  Maneh  (60  Shekels)  .=      7600 
The  Talent  =  125      0      0      0 

Oyster  P  P 
Perch  P  .. 

Carbonic  acid.  .1.00045 

Ice  1.309 
Water  1.336 
Alcohol  1.374 
Alum  .  .       .I.43T 

LIQUID  MEASURE. 
Sals.     Pints. 
A  Caph                               .    =    (T     0.625 

Periwinkle  P  P 
Pike  P  P 

...00 

0  P  P  P 
P  P  0  0 
)  p  p  p 

Pilchard  

>  p  p 

A  Log  .                                 ...        0       0.833 

P  P  0..  0  0 
0  00 

PLACE.    MEASURE.  VAIDSJ 

ACab  0      3.333 
A  win  1       2 

Pollack  P  P 

Arabia    Mile        2,148 
Bohemia  Mile       10,137 
China    Li              629 
Denmark  Mile        8,344 
England  Mik,stat.    1  ,760 
>•        "jeoer.  2,025 
Flgndeu  "          6,869 
France    ltia-AOx.4,861 
n          "  marn«6,075 
»          "pas*  4,264 
»        KiKiMtit  1,090.6 
G*m*jiy  MikUm))  1  1,  026 
Mrmbwj    "         8,244 
Hanover  "        11,559 
%»3,KWvWN£\  Vfc-VA^ 
of  common  tait  in  al 
ted  by  Schafhauti  at  3 
icai  miles.  The  sulphi 
633,644.36  cubic  mil 
nesium  is  441,811.8  c 
sats  109,339.44  cubic 
are  -made  on  the  Sup 
depth  is  975  f«et.  Lapl 
depth  at  .3,150,  whicr 
mounts  o»  Hie  above 
'truly  great. 
VftCM  SViW.»SS,,<:KNfc 
Oi«m.  in  inches  .  .  i  ,  r» 
No.  of  thnads  ...20  18 

Holland  Mile      6,395 
Hungary   »        9,113 
Ireland  "       3,038 
Persia    Pantng  6,  086 
Poland    Mile  ll<ni(|)8,  101 
Portugal  League  6,760 
Prussia  Mile     8,468 
Rome      "       2,025 
Russia  Verst     1,167 
Scotland  Mile      1  ,  984 
Spain     League  7,4  16 
Sweden  Mile    11,700 
SwitzerTd  "       9,153 
Turkey  Berri     1,826 
fcCAKH.-  The  amount 
the  oceans  is  estima- 
051,342  cubic  geog-raph 
ite  of  soda,  is  equal  to 
3;  the  chloride  of  mjg- 
ubic  miles;  lh«  lime 
miles.  These  est  mates 
position  that  tM  mean 
cf  estimates  the  mean 
would  make  the  a- 
substancej  correspond- 

'I6'l4'l3'll'l0'9' 

A  Seah  2     4. 

A  Bath,  Ephah,  or  Firkin  7      4.5 
A  Kor,  Choros,  w  Homer  ....     75      5.  25 
DRY  MEASURE. 
Bu.   Pk,   ftij    Pints. 

Salmon  bSaTrout  ..  P 
Shad  

.  P  P  0  0  .. 

Shrimp  P 
Skate  P 

P  P  ....  0  0 
P  P  0  

0  0  0  P  P  P 

)  p  p  p 
0  0  P  P 

Smelt  w  Sparling      P 

A  Cab  ....               -  0      0      1     0.833 

Sprat  P 

...OP 

An  Omer  01  &omer.  ..  -  0       0      2      I.I 
A  Seah      .   .              «  0       1      0      1. 

P  ....0  0  0 

>   p  p   p 

)  p  p  p 

)   p  p    p 
I   p    p    p 

Tmch  P 

An  Ephah  -  0      3      I      I. 

Thomback  0  0 
Torsk  ot  Tusk  .  .  P  P 
Trout  0  0 

0  0  0 
0  0 

0  P  P  P  P  0 
P  P  0  ..  0  0 

A  Le  tech  =4      0     0     0. 

A  Homer  fit  Kor  ....  *  8       0       0 
S^.«yW&  ,\AWV  VN&  \fcW  W  .—  T  H  e 

chemical  principal  of  the  sun's  rays,  rela- 
tively, is  more  active  to  heat  and  l!gh{,diti= 
ing  the  Spring  than  at  any  other  period 
of  the  year.    As  Summer  advances,  this  pow- 
er diminishes,  and  luminous  force  increas- 
es; while  with  the  Autumn  both  light  and 
actinism  art  subdued,  but  the  calorific 
radiations  increased.  Thus  the  conditions 
of  the  light  of  the  seasons  vary  to  Suit 
the  necessities  of  vegetable  l!f«.->\\Kft\. 

The  Iciiowmg  table  shows  the  periods  when 
the  different  kinds  of  flsh.that  are  edible 
and  mostly  in  use,  art  "in  season"  antf 
"out  of  season.".  The  letter'?'  signifies  that 
the  fish  are  then  in  their  prime;  the  let- 
l«r  '0'  signifies  that  the  fish  may  be  ob- 
tained, but  are  not  at  their  best, 
tones  OF  F  ISH.  <  2  3  S  11  ill  1  g  1  M 

Whelk  P  P 
Whitebait  0 
Whiting  P  P 
Wrasse  

'  0  0  ....  0 

*   p   p    p 

o  JP.  .P. 

The  following  table  shows  the  avei 
per  of  seeds  per  pound,for  the  mo 
plartts.  For  the  number  of  pount 
bushel,  see  Bushel. 

Name. 

age  num 

s  in   a 

20^000 
23,000 
54000 
25,000 
155,000 
230,000 
133,000 
128,000 
110,000 

Barley  

Oats  

Rue  

Diam.  in  inches  .  .  1  .  li 
No.  of  thr«»4s  ...  8    ~l 

'7*6*6'  J': 

I 

Buckwheat  
Turnip,  flendles  Swcd< 
Turnip,  Cornish  Ho  dfa 
Turnip,  Orange  Jelly 
Cabbage,  Scotch  Drum 
Cabbage,  Drumhead  S 

Diam.  hi  hiches.  .  2  ,24 

,2i,2},  3,3i,3 

.•(i 

st  
head!  '..  '.'.'.'.'. 

No.  of  threads  .  .  .4t  4j 

4    4  3i  3i  3 

Diaw.  in  inches.  .4,4l,4-i,4I,5,5i.5t,5j 
No.  of  threads...  3  2J  24  2j2i  2i  2i  3J 

,* 

Barbel  P  0  P  P  P 
Bass  P  P  P  P  P  0  

Anale  of  threads-60*.  Flat  surface  at 
top  and  bottom-  ^  of  the  pitch. 
For  rough  bolts,  the  distance  between  tnt 
parallel  sides  of  bolt  head  and  nuUli  diam- 
eter* of  bolt  •»  i  of  an  inch. 

Bream  P  P  0  P  P  P  P 
Bream,  sea  OPPPPP 
Brill  PPPO....OOPPPP 
Carp  PP  OOPPP 
Catfish  OPPPPP  0  

Clover,  red  249,600 
Clover,  white  686,400 
R  ye  -ar»ss,  perennial  314,000 
Rye-arass,  Italian  272,000 
Sweet  Vernal  jrass  923,300 

,  .  wx.  vuvv.— me  following  tabla 

shows  the  time  of  sowing  various  seeds 
ind  the  quantity  of  seed  per  acre. The  le 
*r's  signifies  the  months  when  the  seeds 


-  ,5i?T 
may  be  sown: 

SEED. 


Red  Clover 

Timothy  .... 

Red- top  

Ky. Blue  Grass. 
Hung.  Grass... 

Millet 

9orghurti  Seed. 

Flax  Seed 

Com,hills.. 

Rye 

Wheat 

Oats 

Buckwheat... 

Potatoes 

S.  Potatoes — 

Beets 

Carrots 

Turnips 

Parsnips 

Onions 

White  Beans.. 

Peas 

Pumpkins.... 

Barley 

Com,  broadcast 
Corn, drilled.. 
Broom  Corn... 

Cotton 

Hemp 

Tobacco...... 


StolO  Ibs 

*%•* 

£  " 

2  quarts. 
Ito3bu.sh. 
4to6qu»its 
Ito2bush 
I  "2 

& 

0"I5 

Transplanl 
4lo  10  Ibs. 

*:? :: 

2-3  •• 
|4-6  » 
i»l  ku*h 

I  "3  os. 

-5to2bush 
4   i. 

2-3  " 
V-3  ' 

2l-3lpi. 

.  .-Recent  experiments 
have  shown  that  out  of  338  species, repre 
senting  74  natural  orders,  only  94  grow 
after  3  years:  only  57  after  4  to  8 years, 
16,  from  8  to  21  years;  5,_ from  25to27 
years;  and  3,  to  43  years.  In  ordinary  ca- 
ses," says  Asa  Cray,  "leguminous  seeds 
have  longest  retained  their  germinating 
power;  in  some  very  well  authenticated 
instances  up  to  70,  or  perhaps  I00,years. 
Nearly  uniform  temperature,  darkness, 
and  either  dryness  or  burial  beyond  at 
mospheric  influence,  most  favor  the  pro- 
longation of  vitality." 


'  o  £  ^    8U»NTITY 
=  g  £  o    PER  ACRE 


^ViVA.-The  celebrated  Hufeland,of  Berlin, 
observes  that  the  number  of  males  born, 
to  that  of  females,  seems  to  be  21  to  20 
over  the  whole  earth,  and  before  they 
reach  the  age  of  puberty,  the  proportion 
of  the  sexes  is  reduced  to  perfect  equal- 
ity, more  boys  than  girls.dyinj,  before 
reaching  the  age  of  fourteen. 

His  conclusions  are  as  follows:—  1st. 
There  is  an  equal  number  of;rnales  and 
females  born  in  the  human  race j  2nd. 
The  equality  occurs  every  d«.«  irt*pop- 
uli-tion  of  \en  millions}  Jjd.  It  ofcuts 
every  week  !n  100,000;  4th.  U  occurs 
evety  -month  i-n  50.0fl5T 5»h.  Even* 
yea,r  in  10,000;  6th.  Kt  small  societies 
every  km  or  fifteen  yaars;  7th,  It  dors 
-not  occur  i-n  Individual  families. 


No.  I, small  size,  is  4^  irtches,  and  ev 
ery  succeeding  number  increases  ' 
an  inch  to  12. 

No.  I.  large  si7e.  is  8*3  Inches,  ana  ev 
ery  succeeding  number  increases^  o 
an  inch  to  15. 


Tin- one-fourth  inch  in  afoot. 
Zinc-five-sixteenths  inch -in  a  foot. 
Lead-  five-sixteenths  inch  in  a  Toot. 
Copper-three-sixteenths  inch  in  a  foot-, 
Bismuth-five  thirty-seconds  inch  in  a  foot. 
Brass-two-fifteenths  inch  in  a  foot. 
Locomotive cylinders-rs  inch  in  a,  foot. 
Pipes-one-eighth  inch  iti  a.  foot. 
Beams, girders.etc.-Vmch  in  15,  inches. 


Edmonds,  oi  the  Londori  Congress,  ar< 
authority  for  the  following  statements 
1st.  The  ratio  of  sickness,  rises  ari< 
falls  regularly  with  the  death-rate  in 
all  countries;  2nd.  Of  1000  persons 
aged  30,  it  is  probable  10  will  die  in 
a  year,  in  wnich  ca.se  there  will  be 
20  of  that  age  sick  throughout  the  year 
and  10  invalids.  3rd.  Of  1000  persons, 
aged  75,  it-  is  probable  100  will  die  hi 
a  year,  in  which  case  the  sick  and  in- 
valids will  be  300  throughout  the  year 
4th.  For  every  100  deaths  let  there 
be  hospit-al  beds  for  200  sick,  and  in 
firmaries  for  100  invalids. 
>\Vi\N,M^VoW  OV.-At  various  times  it 
has  been  ascertained  that  snow  weighs 
from  5%  to  I0?i  Ibs.  per  cubic  foal,  it 
a  temperature  of  32°  (.FahT.J.THe  weight 
of  snow  seems  to  vary  greatly1,  in  differ 
ent  latitudes-it  being  heavier  as  t-he 
latitude  increases.  The  above  weights 
were  for  Washington.  In  Canada  it 
weighed  14-4  Ibs.  on  falliVig;  twenty- 
four  hours  later,  21-S  Ibs., and  sevmtu- 
two  hours  later.  28?i  Ibs. 
.WvOYAHfc^OSA  QV  .-  The  expense  of 
smoking  three  five-cent  cigars  a  day, 
principal  and  interest,  for  ten  years 
is*. 745.74;  for  25  years,*3,no.74. 
The  expense  of  three  ten-cent-  cigars,at 
the  end  of  ten  years,  is  » 1,47 1.56;  for 
25  years,  %6,9c)J.47;  for  50  years, 
*54,I62.I4. 


the  sun  in  passing  through  a  prism 
is  decomposed  into  seven  different  col- 
ors, viz.,  red,  orange,  yellow, green,  blue, 
indigo,  and  violet,  in  the  order  as  giv- 
en, the  red  being  refracted  least,  and 
violet,  most. 

According  to  the  Undulatory  Theory, 
the  color  of  light  depends  on  the  sir* 
of  the  minute  waves  that  produce  it, 
The  undulations  that  excite  in  the  eye 
the.  sensation  of  red  light  in  each  5^000 
of  in  inch  in  breadth;  those  that  pro- 
duce violet ,-50-355-;  while  the  interme- 
diate colors  ire  produced  by  undulations 
varying  between  these  limits. 
"*Wfo\G  \\S.K\.-The  quantity  of  heatttrm- 
ed  <^icsV\cYw»i,  required  to  raise  the  tem- 
perature of  a.  pound  of  water  one  degree 
is  taken  as  u-nit.  Substances  requ-rrhij  more 
or  less  heal  Mian  wattr.are  said  to  be  of  high 
er  err  lower  specific  heat.  Mercury  «qi 


thirty  ti-mes  thef  quantity,  and  its  spec! 
ic  heat  is  one  thirtieth.  Hydrogen-itqitiie 
three  and  a  half  times  less  heat,  and  it 
specific  heat  is  expressed  by  thre«  arid 


.—  Sped 

ic  Gravity  is  the  ratio  of  the  weight  of  a 
body  (o  that  of  an  equal  volume  of  sorm 
other  substance  adopted  as  a  staridar 
of  reference.  For  solids  and  liquids  th 
standard  is  distilUd  water  at  62°  F.,the 
barometer  being  at  '30  inches.  Aeroform 
bodies  are  referred  to  the  air,  at  32  F 
and  under  one  atmospheric  pressure. 
A  cubic  foot  of  rain  water  weighs 
1000  ouncesCAvoir.),  and  the  following 
are  tables  of  the  relative  weigVits  of  the 
principal  su.bsta.nces.  In  all  the  tables,e> 
cept  that  of  Cases  and  Vapors;  by  rernov 
ing  the  .decimal  point  three  places  to 
ward  the  right,  *hat  is,  multiplying  b 
1000,  the  result  will  indicate  the  tiiwn 
ber  of  ouncestAvoir.)  in  a  cubic  foot  of 
the  substance,  named.  To  find  the  rum 
ber  of  pounds  in  a  cubic  f  oof,  divide  th 
ounces  by  16. 

WOODS. 

SPECIFIC     Kl_  «I»EC 

Name.         GRAVITY.  Name,         e.^ 


Acacia 

Alder 

Apple  tree... 
Ash.light.*... 
Ash, heavy  ., 
Bamboo...., 
Bay  Tree 


.800 
.510 
.79; 

!fJ40  Locust '.'."!  ~'  '.7lo 


.400 


Beech,light...    .691 
eech,heavu..    .850 


Birch 


.800  Lemon 70; 

Mahogany  ....  1.06, 
Mahojani»,CubiTi    .711 


711 


......... 

Blue  gurrf..,   .84-3 
Box  ..........  960 

Brazil  wood,red  1.031 
Bui  let  tree...  1.046 


Caba.cal 


.900 


Cane .401 

Cedar  of  Lebanon  .56( 
Cedar,  Amer. . .  .490 
Charcoal,  birch.  .54( 
Charcoal,  fir...  .450 
Charcoal, oak..  .330 
Charcoal,pine.  .290 

Cherry .715 

Chestnut......    .640 

Cork 240 

Cowrie 579 

Cypress 598 

Ebony,lndia.n  1. 1 00 
Ebony,  Amer.  1.280 

Elder 670 

Elm, light ...    .550 


Larch.lijht...  .501 
Larch, heavy...  .,56 
Lignum  vitas,  light  .65 
Lijnumvitae.hetvii  1.330 


Logwood 901 


Maple 


755 


Mora  ......  ..  .920 

Oak,EnalishJ./.  -.730 
Oak,  French  J.l   .900 
Oak,A-m.,lijht  .   .720 
Oak,Arfi.,heavy.   .860 
Oak,Baltic  .....  740 

Oak,ltil.,lioht.  .960 
OaJ(,ltiU,heiyi»l-040 
Orange  ......   .705 

Pear  ..........  661 

'ine,  pitch...   .6"60 

'ine,red.....   .64( 

'ine,  yellow..  .520 
'lurri  .......  .870 

Poor),  ........  579 

"oplar,white  .   .510 
'opla.T,ltalian  .420 
'oplar,  yellow    .383 
aul..  ......  ,960 

Spru.ce  ..... 

;ycarnore.. 


Elm, heavy...  .720  Teak,lndian.  .78C 
Fir.Dantaic... '  .580  Teak, African.  .960 

Fir,Riga '  .540  Tonka. .990 

Hawthorn.... '.910  Wainscot, Riga    .600 

Hazel ".640  Warn ut.AineL  .560 

Holly 760  Wain ut.Span.  .670 

Hornbeam..    .770  Wtlnu.t,whit«.  .375 

juniper. 556  Wal*rgi*ni. . . .  1.000 

Kauri  oiCowdie    .530  Willow. 480 

Laburnum 920  Yew 807 

*  The  specific  gravities  of  woods  differ 
according  as  they  are  from  hills  en  plains, 
dry  ax  green.  Those  given  above  are  for^ 
woods  having  dried  in  the  air  for  ten 
to  twelve  months,  and  lost  from  one- 
third  to  one-fourth  of  their  weight. 


79 


WEIGHTS  j 
.MEASURE! 


STWES,  EARTHS,  SOLI  DS,  ETC. 

Kit1?!?  SPECIFIC   ......  SPE 

NAME.  OR*»lTY.   "AME.  OB 


Alabaster.... I. 874 

Alirni 1.734 

Amber. 1.078 

Amberpris...  .780 
Amethyst...  .2.750 

Asbestos 2.996 

Asphalte,arit..  2.500 

Basalt 2.864 

Bathston«....l.970 
BrrrnuiU  ston«2.610 
»  »  toft  1.470 
Ber^Oriental.  3.549 
Bitumen  ....1.000 
Bone, ox  ....1.054 
Brick,conrmoTi2.000 
Brick,  fire....  2.400 
thick- wall  ,...'1.800 

Butter 942 

Caen  stone  ..2.000 
Ctwnt,PorUmd.l.200 
Cenwnt.Rernaii.  .900 
Chadk.soW  18«H. 800 
Clay, potters'..  1. 900 
Clauwtthtn\Kl.2.000 
Clau,ord'mairu .  1 .900 
Coal,aiHlnacit«l.602 
Coal,bUKnmottsl.250 

Coke 700 

Concrete....  1. 900 
Concrete,lrme.l.800 

Coral 2.680 

Crystal, rock. 2. 653 
Diamond.. ..3.536 
Dolomite.. ..2.540 
Eftrth,  vegetable.  1 .400 
Earth, loamy..  1. 600 
E»Ttn,srmiflnid.l.700 

Emerald 2.678 

Emery 4.000 

Fat.of  beef....   .924 

Feldspar 2.600 

Flint 2.594 

Freestone 2.200 

&lass,bot*le...2.733 
Glass,9reen... 7.642 
Olass.f  lint... 2.760 
Glass,  platt... 2.940 
Class,  crown  .2 .530 

C-ranltt 2.625 

Graphite 1.987 

Ourn  Arabic,  .t J 
Gun  powder..  .900 
Oypsurn.  vv_.2.280 


NAME. 


Vapor  of  irromm  55400 
Chloroform.  ..  13000 
Vapor  erf  titticntV  ^918 
Acetic  ether..  10400 
Vapor  of  benzine  2J6943 


Chlorine....  2MOO 
Sulphurous  acid.  12470 
Alcohol  .....  14130 
Carbonic  icid  .  1.5290 


Hrmetile<rK...4.507 
Ivory  ........  1.917 

Jar9on,Ceylon.  4.4  16 
Kerrtishraa..2.660 
Lard  ..........  947 

Limi,chalk)jT'd.   .830 

Limestone,  "  .2.500 

'  'ii»B-nesian2.300 

Malachite....  3.  700 


1.900 


GASES  AND  VAPORS. 
NAME. 


Marl 


,. 

"ajhlar,Port'd2JOO 
"  "  oranit*2.500 
Mica  ........  2.750 

Millstone..  ..2  .500 

Mortar,  old  .  .  1  .440 
Mortar,  new.  1  .700 
Mud  ........  1.630 

Nitre  ........  1.900 

Opal  .........  2.114 

Opium  .....  .  1.337 

Pearl  .......  2.510 

Peat,  hard.  ...  1.300 

Pitch  .......  UOO 

Plaster  of  P«ris  1  .200 
Porcelain,  Chmese2.385 
Porphi»T)),freen.2.900 
Pumice  stone.   .910 
Purbeckstone.2.600 
Pu22olana...2.700 
Quartz  .....  2.640 

Rosin  .......  1.  1  00 

Rotten  stone.  2.000 
Salt..  .......  2.130 

Sand,river..  1.900 
Sandstone..  2.300 
Shale  ........  2.600 

Shinale....  .1.500 

Slate  ........  3.900 

Slates,Corriish2..500 
Spar.  ........  2.594 

Stone,avera?e.2.500 
Suoar  .......  1.600 

Sulphur,fused.2.000 
Tallow.  .......  941 

Tar.  .........  1.015 

Tiles,  average.  1.800 
Topaz,  .......  3.800 

Trap  .........  2.700 

Wax  ..........  837 

White  lead....  3.  1  60 

.891 


0*ugen 1.1058 

Ai-r I.OOOT 

Nitrooen.... 0.9736 
Carbonic  wide.  0.9674 
Olef  iant  ?a* . .  0.8847 
C-aseout  steam  0.6270 
Amoniacal  9as.  0.5894 
Li^Mitf'd  Mj)d1n0.5527 
CoaJ9as.....0.439l 
HMaroaen  ...  0.0692 


Mercury 13.596  M  uriatic  acid. .  1 .100 

Arsenic  acid..  3.391  Vinegar. 1.010 

Bromine-....  2.966  T*r. l.OtO 

Sulphuric  acid.  1.840  Whale  oil 920 


Nitric  acid...  1.271 


Nitrousacid..  1.550  Turpentine oil    .870 
Chloroform..  1.330  Potato  oil  ...   .820 


Honey 1.456 


Water.Deid  Sea.  1.240  Naphtha .850 

Wtkr.dittiM  1.000  Ethevnitric..  1. 1 10 
Water,  sea...  1.026  sulphurous  1.080 
Acetic  acid  ...  1.008  nitrous..  .890 

Milk 1.032         acetic...   .890 

Wme,Bordeaux  .994  hydrochloric  £10 
Wine,  Burgundy  .991  sulphuric  .720 


Linseed  oil...   .940 

Castor  oil 970 

Poppy  oil 930 

Rape  seed  oil.    .920 


Olive  oil 915 


Petroleum . . .  .880 


Alcohol,pTOof  spit.  .920 
"      pure..   .790 
Benzine  ......  850 

Wood  spirit..  .800 


CHEMICAL  ELEMENTS. 


TVS.  UV 


NAME. 


Alumi-nium... 

Barium 

Cadmium 

Caesium. 

Calcium 

Cerium 

Chromium .... 

Cobalt 

Copper......... 

Davyum 

Didymium  .... 
Erbium ....... 

Gallium 

frlucinuw.... 

told 

Indium 

Iridiu-m 

Iron 

Lanthanum  .. 
Lead 

Lithium 

Magnesium .. 
Manganese,... 

Mercury 

Nickel..: 

Osmium 

Palladium 

Platinum 

Potass!  urn 

Rhodium. 

Rubidium 

Ruthenium.... 

Silver. 

Sodium 

Strontium 

Thallium 

Thorium 

Yttrium 

Zinc 


27.5 
137. 
112. 
133. 

40, 

92. 

52.4 

39. 

63.5 
150.? 

96. 
112.6 

69.9 
9.4 
197. 
113.4 
198. 

56. 

92.8 
207. 
7. 


200. 
59. 
199.2 
106.5 
197.4 
39.1 
104.4 
85.4 
104.4 
108. 
23. 
87.5 
203.6 
231. 
61.7 
65. 


2,560 
4.000 
8.600 

V.580 


7.700 
8.960 


5.900 

1100 
12.000 

7.400 
21.150 

7.790 

I.Y.440 
.590 

1.750 

6.850 
13.560 

8.600 
21.400 
1 1.600 
21.500 
.805 
11.000 

1.520 

11.400 

10.500 

.972 

2.540 
II. 

7.800 

7.000 


*The  weight  of  the  atom  of  an  ele 
•merit  as  compared  with  the  weight  of 
the  atom  of  hydrogen,  taken  asastzn- 
dard. 


o\  a.-x\\> 
As  Vorvowxv. 
RULE.-  Multiply  together  the  equivalent 
arid  the  exponent  of  each  element  of  the 
compound;  the  product  will  be  the 
proportion  by  weight  of  that  element  in 
the  tu-btUnct. 


*Th»-«\«X,^.\«)a-re  pood  conductors  of 
keai  and  of  electricity,  and  xrt  charac 
terized  by  a  peculiar  metallic  lusteT,ai 
so  are  electro-positive. 

The  i(\<m-Tr*Va.\%  art  non-con  doctors 
of  heat  and  of  electricity,  arid  are  elec- 
tro-negative. 

The  <»ewC\-'w«.V».\»  resemble  th*  metals 
in  their  physical  propertiejli.e.,have 
the  metallic  luster),  a-nd  the  non-met 
als  in  their  chemical  pToprrtiesli.e.,tlieiT 
oxides  are  most  frequently  acid  anhydrides 

*  TfewKciiS. 


NAME. 


Boron 

Bromine 

Carbon 

Chlorine.... 
Fluorine ... 

Nitrojen.... 


Phosphorus 

Selenium 

Silicon....:... 

Sulphur 

Tellurium 


NAME, 


Antimony.... 

Arsenic 

Bismuth....:. 

Hydrooen 

Molybdenum.. 
Niobium...... 

Tantalum 

Tin 

Titanium 

Tungsten..... 

U-ranium 

Vanadium 

Zirconium 


80. 

12. 

35.5 

19. 
127. 

14. 

16. 

31. 

79.4 

28. 

32. 
128. 


ATOMIC 

WEIGHT. 


122. 

75. 

210. 

I. 

92. 

94. 
182. 
118. 

50. 
184. 
120. 

51.3 

89.6 


1.4/0 
5.540 
3.500 
1.330 
1.320 
4.940 
.972 
1.105 
2.000 
4.300 
2.490 
2.050 
6.020 


&RAV  ITY. 


6.700 
3.700 
9.700 
.069 
8.600 

fo'.Yso 

7.280 
4.300 
17.400 
18.400 

4.V50 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
|RAV'IT£    NAME. 


Blood,hurnan. .  1 .054  hDTi, wrought.  7.698 


Brass.,  about  8.000 
Bronze. 8.218 


Cider 

Cobalt.cast... 
Copper.cast . . 
Copper  coin . . 
Filbert. 


1.018 
7.812 
8.768 
8.915 
.600 


Gold,h4TrrmeTed-l9.360 
"   coin 11.647 


trinket..  .15.609  Steel 7.816 

Gun  metal...  8.784- Tin, cast....  7.500 


HMnMUtfcy   .891 
Ice 930 


cast....  7.207 
meteoric  7.965 
Iron  ore.... 4.900 
Lead  ore....  7.250 
Live  oak  ...  1. 100 
Mnewy.t0lUl3.600 

Pewter. .7.471 

Silver, cast  ..10.474 
coin.  ..10.534 


Land  or  Square  Measure. 


Type  metal  .10.400 
Zinc,ca»t...7.l90 
. —  See 


6  inches.=  Scinches 

7  "      »8,   " 

8  "      -7*» 

9  "      -7    ' 


10  inches -o^iinches. 

11  "      -6     ' 

12  »'      «5*  » 

13  "        5     > 


Rice  flour,  85;  Indian  Com  -meil,78;  Oat 
•weal.75;  Wheat  flour,29to77;  Barleyflour, 
69;  Hyeflour,50to6l;  Buckwheat.  52; 
Peas  and  Beans,  42;  Potatot»,l3tol5. 


80 


•\wm.wK\ross  ,AIS*> 

Air  Umace....  330C 
Alburnencoafiulates   145 
Alcohol  boils  173.1 
•  •     "in  vacuum  36. 
••does  not  freeze  -120. 
Animals  hibernate    38. 
Anise  oi  l  freezes.  .    50. 
Antimony  melts  960. 
Bakinp  tempera 
Uteofuven3ZO-400. 
Bat.naUem.  ..  100. 
Beel  ullow  melts  •  1  00. 
Bismuth  melts.  520. 
Blood  freezes  ...   30. 
Boat  in  upper  Ejypt  138. 
Brass  melts  1900. 
Brineisatu'ijfreeas  -4. 
Bromine  melts,  v     9.5 
'  '     freezes.  .  -7.6 
»•     boi'ls.,  145.4 
'  Butter  welts...  135. 
Cadmium  melts.  600. 
Carbonic  acid  freezes-148. 
"       boils..  -IO&4 
Cast  iron  melts  .  .3500. 
Cat.nat.tem.  ..  IOZ 
Chicken,nat.lem.  1  1  1. 
Coffee  and  tea  as 
usually  drank.  135. 
Cold,  lowest  arWicial-1  87. 
CoB-btaxW  animals  die  106. 
Common  firs..  1000. 
Copper  melts.  .2160. 
£995  in  hatching  1  04. 
Elephant.nat.tem.    99.5 
Elk.nat.tem..    103. 
Ether  boils....  .    94.8 
'  "    freezes  .  .'.    47. 
Furnace  of  boilers  1  1  00. 
Class  melts...  2401 
dow  wottn/naUnn.  74. 
Gold  -melts....  1983. 
Gutta  percha  me»s  150. 
Hoj.-nat.tem.  ..105. 
Horse,nat.tem..    99.5 
Ice  melts  32. 
Iodine  me  Its...  224.6 
»•     boils...  347. 
Iron.briahtred..  752. 
•'  white  hot..  2900. 
Jackdaw,-nat.tem.  107. 
Latd  melts....    96. 
Lead  melts  620. 
Linseed  oil  boils..  600. 
Mercury  melts    -37.9 
Mercu.ru  freezes  -40. 
»•     boils..    662. 
"  volatilizes   680. 
Milk  boils...     199. 
•\«m.*KVWS^K 
'Wfc.'w  &\  fcVAt\v<\\  ^ 
BoiliTipPoirt     Barometer. 
-    °F.             inches. 

184"         TO76" 
190            18.992 
195           21.124 
200           22*454 
205           25.468 
210           28.744 
211           29.331 
212           29.922 
213           30.516 
214           31.120 
215           31.730 

.£.  O^.-tFihrenheit) 
Milk  freezes.  ..    29? 
Monkey.na4.tem.  104.5 
Mutton  fallow  meBsl  06. 
Naphtha  boils  .  186. 
Oil,tuT|ieiitine>ls305. 
Olive  oil  freezes.    50. 
0*,nat.tem.  ,  102. 
Oysle-r,nal.leTn.    82. 
Phosphorus  merts  1  1  1.5 
"   inflames  120. 
Pigeon,  nat.  tern.  109.5 
Platinum  melts3080. 
PoTpoise,nal.tem.  100. 
Potassium  melts  1  36. 
Proto<idc  of  ni-    • 
ttojen  boi'ls-157. 
Putrefaction  btoins    50. 
rapid     93. 
Rat,  nat.tem.  .  .  1  02. 
Rooms,  best  tm 
pe7atutffor.65to68. 
Rose  oil  freezes.    60. 
Scalding  heat.    1  50. 
Serpent,  nat.tem.  88.5 
Shark,       •>•       11. 
Sheep,       •»      104.5 
Silkworm  hatches   77. 
Silver  melts..  i850. 
Snail,  nat.tem.     76. 
Sodium  melts  .    204. 
SpdT7ov»,nat.tem.   108. 
Spermaceti  7«tts    112. 
Starc^comtTtediosuji.!  60. 
Steamboat's  en- 
9ine  room,  W.I.     1  55. 
Stearine  melts,  ill. 
Steel  melts.  .  2462. 
Sulphur  melts.  226. 
"   ipnites.  560. 
SuljitiuTic  acid  boils    17.6 
Tepid  bath  begins    86. 
•  •       ends.    95. 
Tin  melts...  45  1. 
TUTpentinetetslsm!  1  5. 
Vapor  bath  begins  99. 
.    •»      ends.  130. 
••  Finland  170. 
Warm  bath  bep'ms  95. 
••         ends   99. 
Water.sea,  boils    213.2 
'•   fresh  "    .,212. 
"     "freezes.  >  32. 
'•    sea  ••      '  27.4 
"  boils(m  »acium^  72. 
"    ••  Dead  Sea.  223. 
Wax  welts.-.  ..  135. 
Wi-ne  freezes..    20. 
Wrouaht'mni]Mlfc39l2. 
Zinc  melts...  680. 
L.X'H^  VQN'Wb  0^ 
<t^>^\xi«.  -\J\o-<\o-i^. 
BoilitioPo'mt.  Pressure  i-n 
°r.         atmosphetes. 
212                1 
249.5            2 
273.3            3 
291.2            4 
306.             5 
318.2            6 
329.6            7 
339.5           '8 
348.4           9 
356.6          (0 
415.4          20 

•\mvtwtt\jNt  ,^>\ 

VNiVn  i.\  tt\\\«\v\\ 

to     ssa 

DonkklHinalaua)  (7337 
Mont  Blinc..  15650 
Gluito  9541 

v.\H«r  90\HT  O^ 
VoC\Vs«.^«.«,.-\J<aAo^ 
Item  Height,   Temptratme. 
Barorneter.    •     'F. 
15.442         179.9 
16  896        185.8 
20.750        194.2 
22.905        200.4 
27.720       208. 
29.922        212. 
31.496        214.4 
90VTOMMcMktKrai 
it299ft.,48.8°;  it 
39ft.??7.8°;ati290ft 
)9.4";4tl662ft.,6l.2? 

\K?\.-  The  tempera- 
during  the  night, 
lona,  is  estimated 
zero  (Fam.),  and  du- 
:h  is  also  a  month 
ve  zero. 
S.^?\\.a^   TVi'c. 
rease  in  temperature 
very  45  feet  of  de- 
\  the  temperatwe  at 
s  follows: 
a  depth  of  2,430  yds. 
pth  of  8,400yds. 
at  a  depth  of  Tmiles. 
epth  of  21  tniles. 
at  a  depth  of  74miles. 
niles.-\i.K.VM«.\V5. 

«^w  w  smwa- 

olumbiatiaCo.,N.V.  75° 
Co.,Va  98 

^WEt&HTSfcMEASURES^e 

*&                      •  *-T(ft-"*-  • 

STOJs*k,VKVW\  V^.N\  Or  .-Take  two 
small  vessels  connected  at  the  top  by  a 
tube.  Let  one  conta'n  1  ib.  of  water  at 
32°  Fah-r.,  the  other  5^  Ibs.  at  the  same 
f-empe-rature.  Apply  a  spirit  la-mp  below 
the  vessel  containing  the  I  Ib.  ofwater 
until  it  is  all  boiled  awaw,and  its  vapor 
condensed  by  passing  thr-ou-ph  the  lube 
and  min^linj  with  the  5^  Ibs.of  water 
in  the  other  vesse|.  At  this  point  theheit 
absorbed  by  the  5^i  Ibs.  of  water  will 
raise  the  temperature  to  2i2°  Fah-i.,or 
boilinp  heal,  and  the  combined  we'i9hl 
will  be  6H  Ibs.  itistead  of  5^  Ibs.,  as  piac 
ed  in  the  vessel  at  fi-rst.  The  whole  »l  this 
heat  has  been  transferred  from  the  1  Ib 
ot  walrr  held  over  the  spirit  lamp,  a.1- 
thoiujh  at  no  time  has  its  heat  exceed 
ed  212°.  Inasmuch  as  this  heat  cannot 
be  measured  by  any  known  instrument, 
it  is  called  VaXtxvX  v\<o\.(.See  Latent  Heat). 
The  1  Ib.  of  water  made  the  5*4  Ibs.  beil, 
and  from  this  experiment  we  know  by 
calculation  that  the  combined  sensible 
and  latent  heat  of  steam  is  I200.°->twi» 
VW.M>K,V7>£.<y=>Wc.  OS  KS  ^\*V  WC.W 
^wjms  o\  \Xs.*\  oV  VV\*.*o\\«A.7A<  212° 
of  heat  the  water  begins  to  boil,  and 
at  868°  the  iron  becomes  of  a  red  heat. 
2l2°=a  pressure  of  15  pounds  per  sq.  in. 
251°-         ••           30    M 
294°-         »           60      '           '» 
342°-         ••          120    "            " 
398°=         •»         240    »'            •> 
464°=         "         480    ••            " 
868°»         "       7,680    "            "^    s 
S\«X  NNft  ^N&  VVKtt.'»,Vtt.\fcVK  Ctf- 
^«\  *<\A\.\>\>  V>TWC\WCV  ^u.0,4.—  v 

Mt.  Washington   6290 
Madrid  1995 
London  0 
OeadSeilbelow)-l3l6 
T^\^vtvl^•T\i*t,^•\ 
At  6  8  H..  4  7.9°  F  : 
621  ft.,  50.7°  ;  at  9 
58.3°;  at  14  14  ft., 
at  I900ft.,6i.4° 
•^tViSWKTViVS.  ,V\i\ 
tu.re  on  the  Moon 
which  is  a  month 
to  be  300°  below 
rinj  the  day,  whi 
long,  at  400°  abo 
ltMraKNML,YW 
t*.-\\V\.—  The  inc 
is  about  1°  F.  for  e 
scent.  At  this  rat 
various  depths  is  a 
Water  will  boil  a 
Lead  melts  at  a  de 
There  is  red  heat 
Gold  melts  at  a  c 
Cast  iron  melts 
Soft  iron  at  97  i 

•^WrcWTC\iV£.,NN 

Lebanon  Sprin;is,C 
Warm  Springs,  BaM 
Sweet  Springs,  Monr 
Warm  Springs,  Mer 
Hot  SprinjSjG-arlar 
Palmyra.  Springs,  Je 
Blankenships  Springs, 
St.  Michael  Springs,. 
Hoi  Springs,  Icelan 
TONrtMCWNL£* 
rc\vi.-BeTi9a.l  and 
Senegal  and  G-au 
Persia,  Calcutta,  Cer 
Afyanistan  and  AT 
Cape  of  CoodHope,  Utaf 
Arabia,  Montreal,  Ne 
Spain,  India,  China 
France,  Denmark,  S 
Buenos  Ay-res,  San 
Great  Britain,  Siam 
Siberia,  Australia, 
Moscow,  65:  Pala9O 

TeiKraMnVWL^^ 

Boston,  Mass.  «V-I3° 
Chicago,!!!.  ,.-23 
Denver,  Col  -29 
Indianapolis,  lnd.-25 
Jakoutsk,Siberia-73 
LaCrosse,Wis.  .-43 
\«*?t*K\\»fc,\^ 
In  the  British  exp 
Nares,  wivh  the  tw 
ry  and  Alert,  to  tl 
party  advanced  over 
83<>20'26'''N.,  but 
human  Hie  beyonc 
weather  the  jninin 
was  more  than7C 
nor  were  the  amori 
quent  occutre  nee  d 
ness  ol  the  aiciir  mat 

oeCo.,W.V».  ..   79 
wether  Co.,G-a.  •  90 
d  Co.,  Ark....  151 
ffersonCo.,Wis.    72 
Texas  Co.,  Mo.  .   75 
notes  Islands.  212 
d  ..261 

'Wc.Ut.W  SW*- 
SaharaD«seH,.l50 
ialu-pe  130 

DAU&t   POUNDS.  |  POUNDS.  CAUOE,|  POUNDS.     POUNDS. 

1       10.993      12.38218       1.531       1.725 
2        9.789      11.02719       1.363      1.536 
3        8.718      9.8)920       1.214      1.367 
4        7.763      8.74421      ,1.081-    .1.218 
5        6.913       7.78722         .963      1.084 
6       6.156       6.93423         .857        .966 
7        5.481       6.17524         .763         .860 
8       4.882      5.49925        .680        .766 
9        4.348      4.897  26         .605        .682 
10       3.871      4.36027         .539        .607 
!l       3448      3.88328         .480        .541 
12       3.070      3.45829          427        .481 
13       2.734      3.07930         .380        .429 
14      2.435     2.74231         .329         382 
15       2.168      2.44232           302        .340 
16       1.931      2.17533         .269        .303 
IT       1.719      1.93734          239        .269 
SNiVN^XOVa'  VSAS,\tf\5..-  See  Land  or  Square 
Measure. 
K^AVAHS  NWftMR&/-Thf  followirui  shows 
the  weight  necessaiy  to  tear  asunder  bus 
one  inch  square  of  the  foHowinp  materials: 
Oak,  Salons;  Fir,  5^  tons;  Hickorud^ 
tons;  Ash,  4%  tons;  Sycamore,*^  tons  ; 
B!rch,4tons;  Pine,  3**  tons;  Poplar,3% 
tons;  Cast-  |ron,7^4lons;  Wrought  Hun, 
10  tons;  Wrought  Copper,  15  tons;  Eng- 
lish Bar  li-on,25  tons;  American  lron,37\ 
tons;  Blistered  Steel,  SS^tons. 

tral  America  .  .125 
abian  Desert..  ..1  10 

wYork  103 

t.  Petersburg...  90 
dwich  Islands..  90 
Peru  85 

Scotland  75 

nia,55;lceland..  45 
\tWt  W  NN\HAV^.- 
Moscow,  Russia  -48° 
New  York  City.-  6 
Poplar  River.Monfe-  63 
Pt«cott,Ariz...  18 
St.ft>tersbuT^,R«.  51 
St.Vincent,Mirm.-54 
VOVK^^V^\rj\«.- 
:dition  under  Capt. 
o  steamers  Discove- 
ie  Polar  9ea,asledpe 
the  ice  to  latitude 
found  no  traces  of 
lat.8l°  52'.  Instill 
Turn  temperature 
0  below  zero,  
s  brilliant  or  of  f  re 
wrinj  the  intense  daiie 

1  Of  142  Jays. 

81 


IOOB.-2I2B. 
39  •  2lO  2 
98  -  20B.4 
97  -  206.6 
96  •  204.8 
95  •  203 
94-  20i.2 
93  '  199.1 
92  -  1916 
91  •  195.8 
90  >  194 
89  >  192  2 
88  «  190.4 
87  -  188.6 
86  '  186.8 
85  -  185 
84  •  183.2 
83  •  181.4 
82"  179.6 
81  •  m.8 
80  •  176 
79  '  IT4.2 
78  •  172.4 
T?  •  170.6 
76  •  168.8 
75-  161 
74  -  165.2 
73  •  163.4 
72-  I6l.6 
71  •  159.8 
70  •  158 
69  -  156.2 
68  -  154.4 
67  •  152.6 
66  •  150.8 
65  •  149 
64  -  147.2 
63  •  145.4 
62  -  143.6 
61  -  141.8 
60-  140 

39  -  138.2 
58  •  136.4 
57  •  134.6 
56  •  132.8 
55-  131 
54  •   129.2 
53  •  127.4 
52  •  125.6 
51  •  123.8 
50  •  122 
49  •  120.2 
48  •  118.4 
47  •  116.6 
46  •  M4 .8 
45  •  il3 
44  -  III. 2 
43  •   109.4 
42  •   107.6 
4|  •   105.8 

40  -   104 
39  •  102.2 
38  •  100.4 
37  •    98  6 
36  •    96.8 

33  -  95 

34  •  93. 3 
33  -  91.4 

.32  -.89.6 


CF.NT  FAH*T:    RMR. 


808. 
79.2 
78.4 
716 
76.8 
76 
75.2 
74.4 
73.6 
72.8 
72 
71.2 
70.4 
69.6 
68.8 
68 
61.2 
66.4 
65.6 
64.8 
64 
63.2 
62.4 
61.6 
60.8 
60 
59.2 
58.4 
57.6 
56.8 
56 
55.2 
54.4 
53.6 
52.8 
52 
51.2 
30.4 
49.6 
48.8 
48 
47.3 
46.4 
45.6 
44.8 
44 
43.2 
42.4 
41.6 
408 
40 
39.2 
38.4 
37.6 
36.8 
36 
35.2 
34.4 
33.6 
31.8 
32 

3i.2 
30.4 
2S.6 
28.8 
28 
27.2 
26  4 
.25.6 
A24.8 
124 


3l   -A81. 

30  -T86 
29=    84.<    Kj. 
28=    82.4  -422. 
27  -MM  421. 
26  -|78.8  420. 


22.4 

6 
20.8 


CF.NI  nun 

0  0 

25-77 
24  -  75.2 
23  •  73.4 
22-  71.6 
2i  -  69.8 
20-68 
19  •  66.2 
18  •  64.4 
17  •  62.6 
16  «  60.8 
15  »  59 
14  -  31.2 
i3  *  55.4 
12  =  53.6 
II  =51.8 
10  =  50 
9  =  48.2 
8  =•  46.4 

1  -  44.6 
6  -  43.8 
5-41 

4  =  39.2 
3  •  37.4 

2  •  35.6 


3.2 

2.4 

1.6 

33.8  -f   .8 
i  Tern 

_  .  30.2 
1  2  =  28.4 

3  -  26.6 
,  4-24.8 
v  5  =  23  ' 

6  =  21.2 

7=  19.4 

8  =>  17.6 

9«  15.8 

10  -  14 

11  -  12.2- 

12  =  10.4 

13  •    86 


14   •>( 
15 
16 
17 

18  . 

19  -f  2.2 
20 

5.8 
7.6 

23  -    9.3 

24  -  1 1  2 

25  «  13 


14.8 
16.6 

28  -  18.4 

29  •  20.2 


23.8 
25  6 
27.4 


34  •  29.2 

35  •  3i 

36  •  32.8 

37  •  34.6 

38  -  36.4 

39  •  38.2 

40  '  40 

41  =  41.8 

47  -  43.6 

43  •  45.4 

44  -  47.2 

45  •  49 

46  -  50.8 
41  •  M.6 

48  -  54.4 

49  -  56.5 


RMR. 

o 

70. 
19.2 
18.4 
17.6 

16.3 
16 

15.3 
14.4 
13.6 
12.8 
12 

11.2 
10.4 
9.6 
8.8 
8 
7. 
6.4 
5.6 
4.8 


11.2 

12 

12.8 

13.6 

14.4 

15.2 

16 

16.8 

17.6 

18.4 

19.2 

20 

20.8 

21.6 

22.4 

23.2 

24 

24.8 

25.6 

26.4 

27.2 

28 

28.8 

29.6 

30.4 

31.2 

32 

32.8 

33. 6 

34.4 

35.2 

36.8 
37.6 
38.4 
39.2 


*• 


^WEIGHTS  & 
..MEASURES 


,  ._ i.-Free? 

point -32°F.=  0°C.-  0°R.',  Boil.ng  polnl 
•  2l2°P. -iOO°C.-800fl. 

To  convert  dc g-rees  Centigrade  o^Reaunm 
Into  degrees  Fahrenheit, or  \i\te.  Ne.-^aL,as« 
one  ol  the  following  formulae. -Let  F  = 
Number  ol  degrees  Fahrenheit, C  -Nuanbe 
ol  degrees  Centigrade,  arid.  R' Number  of 
degrees  Reaumur,  hente- 


-WocntX  -The  article  bring  con 
pleted,  is  hardened  by  being  Heated  grad 
ualiy  to  a  bright  red,  and  then  plungec 
into  cold  water-  it  is  then  tempered  by 
being  warmed  gradually  and  equably,ei 
ther  over  a  fire,  or  on  a  piece  ol  healed 
metal,  till  Of  the  color  corresponding  to 
the  purpose  for  which  it  is  required,  as 
pr>  table  below,  when  it  is  again  plui 
into  water. 


A  very  pale  straw.  430  F 

Straw 450     /Razors. 

Darker  straw  ....  470  1  Penknives, Scissors*. 

Yellow 490  I  Wood  Tools. 

Brown  yellow  . .  500  ]  Hatchels,Saws,Chip 
Slijhtly  trnpd  purple 520  [ ping  Chisels.and  ai 
Purple , ,  530  J  kinds  of  flrrcuisiw Tools. 

^*:::::88)'p^»- 

Da-rkblue 600    Soft  for  saw*. 

-  A  wire,  made  ot  v  arious  me* 
ais,  and  034  of  a  line  in  diameter, 
sustain  weights  as  follows. 
Lead 28  IDs.  Silver.,., .,  187  ibs 


Tin..... 35' 

Zinc 10 

tola 150 


Platinum ,..274 

Copper 302 

Iron 549 


WATER Health, Wealth 

MilkandWaier    Sermili,  ol  Mind. 
Small  Beer. , ,. .  Reputation,  Happimss. 
Cider  and  IVrt|i .  Cheertulritss,Contnitinni 

Wine- ^StrrH9th,  Vi9or,Nourish- 

Porttt Iment— when  taken  at 

Strong  Berr  . ., J  meals,  »nd  moderately 
EE 


60  seconds 
60  minutes 
24  hours 
7  d  a  y  s 
29d.l2h.44m.  3S. 
28,29. 30  or3ldays 
30days  • 
365days 


RAH  PEB  CEN1.     SIMPLE  INT.    COMPOUND  INT 

10 (Oyears.  7yearslOOday 

9 II  •'   404tyl8  »  16 

8 17  "  180  «•    9  »  2 

7 14  "  104  "  10  "  89 

6 16  "240  "  II  "  327 

5 20  "     0  '•  15  ••  75 

4>« 22  "   81  "  15  »  273 

4 25  ••     0  "  17  •'  246 

3* 28  "208  "  20  "  54 

3 33  "  120  "  23  ••  164 

2* 40  ••     0  ••  28  "  26 

2     .        ...50  "     0  ••  35  "  I 


I  hour. 

I  day. 

i  week. 

lluna-r  month. 

I  calendar  month. 

I  inteiesl  month. 

I  common  year. 

I  Julian  yiear. 

I  Leap  year. 

I  solar  ox  tropical  year 

I  sidereal  year. 

I  anomalistic  year. 

I  revolution  of  Mercur 

I        "       "  Venu.5 

I        't       ••  Earth. 

j        <•       "Mars. 

I        ••      "Jupiter 

I        •  •       "  Satimi 

I         ••       "Uranus 

I         ••       "Ncptum 

I  fortnight. 

I  scholastic  month 

I  year, nearly. 

i  year. 

I  scholastic  year. 

I  Mohammedan  year 

I  olympiad. 

I  decade. 

I  Roman  indiclion. 

I  Lunar  cycle. 

I  Solar  cyclelOld  Style 

I  Century. 

I  Solar  cyclclNewStyl. 

I  Dionysian  periodlO.S 

I  Millennium. 

I  Oionysian  period(N.5. 

I  Julian  period. 


366  days 

365d.5h.48m.  49S. 

365d.6h.  9m.  12s. 

365d.6h.l3  m.  49s. 

88  days  < 

224days  < 

363  days  • 

687  days 

4,332  days  • 

I0,759days 

30,686  days  •• 

60, 126  days  • 

2  weeks  ' 

4  weeks  ; 

52  Weeks  •• 

12  months  ' 

13  months  ' 
1 2  lunar  months  ' 

4  years  • 

10  years  • 

15  years  • 

19  years  ' 

28  years  ' 

100  years  < 

400  years  • 

532  yea-rs  = 

1000  years  : 

7600  years  • 

7980  years  = 


the  purpose  of  discipline,  and  to  fairly  di/ide 
the  watch,!  he  crew  is  mustered  in  two  diviswn, 
the  Starboard.and  the  Port.  The  day  commence 
at  noon, and  is  divided  thus:  -  AfternoonWatch, 
noon  to  4  P.M.;  First  Ooj  Watch, 4P.M.  to 6  P.M 
Second  Doj  Watch,6P.M.to8RM.;  First  Watch 
8P.M. to  midni^hl;MiddleWalch,l2A.M.to4  A.M.;Mon 
in4Walch4A.M.to8A.M.;ForenoorWatch,8A.M.t«wi 

Time  is  kept  by  "Bells:' 

: 'vn\t K.V^.  SBflls-  6.30  T\w>t.?.>A.  I  Bell  -  6.30 
I  Bell  - 12.30  6  •  •  -  7.00  I  Bell  -  I2JO  2  Bete-  7.00 
7.30  2  Bells-  1.00  3  "  -  7JO 


2  Bells-   1.00 
3"-  1.308 
4»-  2.00 
5"-  2.30 


-  3.00 


I  Bell-  4.30 
2Belb-  5.00 


8.003  »-  1.304 


I  Bell  -  8\30  6 


-  3.30  2  Bells- 9.00  7 

-  4.003  "-  9.308 


-  5.307  »-ll.303 
6.00  8  "--noon  4 


4  "  -10.00  \V 

-10.30  i  Ben-  430  5  M  -H.30 
-11.00  JBflls-  5.00  6  "  -11.00 


1-5.307 
1  -  6JX)  8 


8JO 


-  3.00  I  Bell  -  830 
3.302Bells-  9.00 
-4.003  "-  9^0 
-IO.OC 


Muscles 2.0 

Bones 2.5 

Cartilages 2.8 

Milk 1.0 


Saliva 1.5 

Bile 3.5 

Blood 4.5 

Mucus ...0.6 


Lead 

Tin 

Copper 

Yellow  Brass - 

Gun  Metal 5.0 


.    .-  Castlron 9.0 

.  1.4  Swedish  Iron..  9.5 
.4.3  English  Iron.. .10.1 
'  "  Blistered  Steel... 16.6 


-„  Shear  Steel 17.0 

Of  "WOt  O^LKH.-Exper- 

imcnts  made  by  Capt.Wilkes  indicaUthat 
light  penetrates  the  ocean  to  the  depth  of 
80fathomsl480ft.).  The  depth  at  which  ob- 
jects cease  to  be  visible  to  the  eye  is  much 
less.  A  pot  painted  white  was  let  down  in- 
to the  water,  and  the  point  of  invisibili- 
ty marked;  upon  taking  it  out  the  point 
of  visibility  was  marked,  and  the  two 
were  found  to  vary  but  a  fathom  or  two. 
In  water  at  36°  F.,  the  pot  disappeared  at 
six  fathoms;  in  water  at76°F.,at  thirtij 
fathoms;  In  the  G-ulf  Stream,  at  twenty- 
seven  fathoms;  just  outside  of  it, at  twm 

"VVOX  Wv  VMHA  NN%\fcYTC.-  24grains=lpen 
nyweight;  20  pennyweights- I  ounce;  12 
ounces=  I  pound. 

CX?Va\Tt.S  O^.-AII  founders  cast.their 
type  one  uniform  height  and  depth,  but 
the  letters  vary  much  in  their  breadth. 

The  following  are  the  sizes  mostly  used 
in  books: 

^V\\\\vfOi( .- A  column  Scinches  long, 
and  2inches  wide,  if  set  in  Brilliant,!!: 
would  contain  124  lines,  and  about 7,500 
letters.  • 

^'\a.T<\o.rA  is  the  next  size;  the  column, as 
above  described,  would  contain  107  lines, 
and  about  6,000  letters 

PtlTilitTjldhe  ar»  of  producmji  i-rnpTtsttotit  trow  chancttf 

Vea.-A,  95  lines,  4,370  letters. 
Printing  is  tHe  art  of  producing  i-mpressiowl 

Kiya-U,  87  lines,  3,740  letters. 
Printing  is  the  art  of  producing  impressio 

HcmvawV,  75  lines,  3,000  letters. 

Printing  is  the  a-rt  of  produciruj  im 
VKv\\\or\.,  64  lines,  2,360  letters. 

Printinc)  is  the  art  of  producitip 
Vce\i\«,  58  lines,  1,970  letters. 

Prmtiruj  is  the  art  of  p-roduci 

^owKwo'ss,  53  lines,  1,590  letters. 

is  the  art  of  prod 

Kw\tK,  47  lines,  1,360  letters. 


is  the  art  of  pt 

.,  43  lines,  1,120  letters. 

Prititin9  is  the  art  of 

^\ta.,  3T  li-nes,  890  letters. 

Printing  is  the  ari 


V»\o,\ViV\,  34  lines,  680  letters. 

Priniiri9  is  the  a 

to\\vv<\\iviT\,  30  lines,  550  letters. 

is  the 

,27  lines,  430  letters. 

isth 

Wca.,  22  lines,  280  letters 

is't 


W.-  The  rapid- 
ity with  which  type  can  be  set  depends 
upon  the  size  of  the  type,  and  the  char 
acter  of  the  composition.  An  expert  can 
set  upward  of  2000  ems,  solid  minion,23 
ems  to  the  line,  one  break  to  each  stick- 
ful, in  an  hour;  or  upward  of  SOOOems, 
nonpareil,  newspaper  measure, in  3  hours. 

NTOMCRMNb&TO.  W.-  The  rapidity 
of  this  depends  upon  the  chaiacter  of  the 
matter,  and  the  familiarity  of-the  wri- 
ter with  it.  An  expert  can  write,  on  or- 
dinary correspondence,  100  words  in  a 
minute.  Upward  of  900_0  words  from 
dictation  has  been  written  in  I  hour 
30  minutes. 

;XVWwmV\\Wa,VvKVi  0V.- This  term 
refers  to  the  pen  print  as  seen  through 
out  this  book.  In  order  to  fairly  repre- 
sent this  method  with  the  above  two, 
the'writer  timed  his  best  work,  and 
found,  that  in  ordinary  work, such  as 
this  and  the  above  two  paragraphs,  he 
could  print  a  page  of  this  book  in  four 
hours  and  ten  minutes.  The  page  contains 
about  4000  ems. 

k\v\t  VKe/SAwie. .-  20  units=  I  score; 
nits  =  I  dozen ;  12  dozen  =  I  91-039;  I2jross 
=  I  great  gross. 

cent;  I0cents  =  l  dime;  10  dimes  =  I  dol- 
lar; 10  dollars  =  I  eagle,. 
IW\\V.K^\OH.-  Each  person  requires  at 
least  fTom3to4  cubic -feet  of  air  per 
minute.  Sleeping  apartments  require 
1000  cubic  feet  of  space  to  each  occupant 
An  ordinary  gas  flame  requires  as 
much  air  as  9  persons. 


Anise 3ti 

Artichoke  ...  5'' 

Beans 2' 

Beets 3' 

Broccoli 5' 

Cabbage....^*.  3' 
Caraway.';.?:  2' 
Cauliflower.'.  5' 

Carrots 2' 

Celery 2< 

Corn  (on  cob) .  2' 

Cress .3' 

Cucumber-...  8* 

Endive 5' 

Egg  Plant....  I' 

Leek 2- 

Lettuce 3' 

Melon 8" 


Asparagus  . 

Mustard 

Okra 

Onions 

Peas 

Pumpkin  .. 

Parsley 

Parsnip 

Pepper 

Radish 

Rhubarb  .. 

Sajc 

Squash 

Spinach 

Sweet  Corn 

To-mato 

Turnip 

Wheat.  ... 


.  a»»3 
3"4 
3"4 
2"3 
5"6 

.8"IO 
2"3 
I  "2 
2"3 
3"4 

.3"4 
2"3 
t>"!0 
3"4 

.  2'  '3 
2"3 
3"6 

.2"3 


. 

The  Standard  of  Comparison  is  thevol 
ume  of  air  at  32° Founder  an  atmosphp 
ic  pressure  of  29.22  inches  in  the  barometer 

TEMP        „„.         WEIOHT   TEMP-       ....         WEI6HT 
IBS.    ER 


0° 
12 
22 
32 

42 

52 

62 

72 

82 

92 

102 

I  12 

122 

132 

142 

152 


.335  • 
.960  • 
.980  • 
1. 000  • 
1. 020  • 
I. 04!  • 
I.OSl  < 
I. 082  ' 
I.IOT' 
I.I22  • 
I . I43  • 
I.I63 
I.I84 
1 .204  • 
1. 224 
1. 245 


.0864 
.0842 
.0824 
.0807 
.079! 
.0776 
.C76I 
.0747 
.0733 
.0720 
.0707 
.0694 
.0682 
•.067 1 
'.0659 
^.0649 


UME. 


1 62=  1. 265  •• 
172=1.285  • 
182  =  1.306 
192  =  1.326 
202  - 1 .347 
212-1.367 
230  -  1 .404  . 
250  = I .444 
275-1.495 
300  - 1 .546 
325  -  1 .597 
350  =  1.648 
375-1.689 
400  =  1.750 
450  =  1.852 
500  = I .954 


.0638 
'.0628 
'.0618 
.0609 
•.0600 
•.0591 
•.0575 
•.0559 
-.0540 
•.0522 
-.0506 
=.0490 
'.0477 
-.0461 
•-0436 
-.0413 


FRESH.  SALT. 

Greatest  density  -  39.2°  Fahr.  =  Freeiin^  Point. 
I  cu.f t.  at  40°.  .-62.425  Ibs.  =  64  I bs. 
I  cu.  in.at40°. .-  .036126  Ibs.  =  .037037  Ibs 
I  cu.ft.  at  40°.  .=•  7.500 9als.  =  7.4Sgail3. 
Igallon  weighs.  =  8.33  Ibs-.     =  8.61  Ibs. 

I  ton. .-35.943  cu.ffc=  35  cu.ft. 

I  ton =240ga.is.    =233aals. 

Freezes =32°  Fahr.     •  27"  Fahr. 

Boils 2l2Fahr.    =2270Fahr. 

t  cubic  foot  of  ice  weighs  53. 08  Ibs. 
water  evaporates  at  all  temperatures. 
In^reeiin9  it  expands  .076  of  its  bulk. 
By  weight  88.889  pirts-oxjipenjILlU-hiidrogen. 
By  measure  I  part  =  oxygen^  J=hydro9en. 
In  changing  to  the  gaseous  state,  water  in 

creases  in  volume  1696  times. 
About  ^3  part  of  the  weight  ot  sea   wa- 
ter is  salt 

NK\^.WK\X<a,V^.\W\   W.-  FEET. 

Cerosola  Cascade,  Alps,  Switzerland.  2(400 

Falls  of  Arva,  Savoy 1 ,600 

Lanterbaum,LakeTheen,Switzerl'd.    900 

Natckikin  Falls,  Kamschatka 300 

Falls  of  TcrnijTiear  Rome 300 

Mont  Morency  Falls,aucbcc,Canida  250 
Fryer's.neaT  Lochness,Scotland...  200" 
Niagara  Falls,  North  America  ....  164 
Lidford  Cascade,  Devonshire, England .  1 00 
Sentinel,  Yosemite  Valley, Calif  ornii. 3,270 
Yosemite,  "  "  "  2,634 

Royal  Arch,  "  "          >' 

Genesce  Falls,  Rochester, N.Y.  ..... 

Missouri  Falls, Montana 

Waterfall  Mountain  Cascade, S.Africa. 

Passaic  Falls,  New  Jersey 

Mohawk  Falls, N.Y •••;•:•;     ^8 

Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  UpperMississippi     60 

Nile  Cataracts, Upper  Egypt 40 

Tivoli  Cascade,  near  Rome 40 


2,000 
96 
94 
85 
71 


Teeth 

Bones 

Cartilage  .'.... 

Muscles 

Ligaments..., 

Brain 

Blood 


100 

130 
.550 

760  Ly 
.768  0 
,  783  P< 
,  795 


Sile 880 

Mi!k 887 

Fincreiticjuice.  900 
jmph  ... ....  960 

Castric  Juice..  975 
'erspirition...  986 
Saliva 995 


Sea  water  is  seldom  below  40°;  springs 
about  45°;  pools  and  small  rivers  are  as  the 
atmosphere;  fermentation, 57  to  77°;dri» 
ingherbs,etc.,770  to.  1 22°  ..  -  - 


i  Falls  has  a  capacity  of  more 
than  ten  millions  of  cubic  feet  per  mm 
ute,  equal  to  three  million  horse  powe 
nominator  nine  million  real. 

To  calculate  the  power, in  foot-pounds, 
or  hors«  power,  of  any  water-fall,  VAw.\V\ 
V\\)  VIM  VIM.  <«  Vf\»  ctovi  vx.V\crt\.'w  W\ 
\>v>  \V\*  N«\OC\\\)  Vx\ ' 


c\0o\t  XooV  oS  vv»\t"C  , 
'sx)  V\\t  NfiVxeai  \».\\  Xrv  W\, 


EXAMPLE.—  The  flume  of  a  -mill  i»!5 
feet  wide,  the  water  is  4  feet  deep,  the  vc 
locity  30  feet  per  minute,  and  the  fall  10 
feet;  what  is  the  horse-power  of  thefall? 
0»cia.\'\(m.-l5  x4  x50x!0x62)4-l,875,000. 
Then,  1,875,000+33,000=56^-  horse-power. 


evX  Vrtwmv-The  temperature  of  boil- 
ing water  at  atmospheric  pressure,  or  ex- 
posed to  air,  is  212  ;  under  60  Ibs.  press- 
ure of  steam  as  shown  by  steam  guagc, 
307";  usual  heat  of  superheated  steam, 
380°  to  400°. 


.-  Assuming  that  each  individ 
ual  drinks  an  average  of  one  quart  of 
water  each  day,  durin9  a  lift  of  70  liars, 
he  would  dtinK  203  barrels.  The  total 
population  of  the  earth  drink  each  year 
I£T7,863£OC  hogsheads,  equivalent  to  a.  lake 
having  an  area  of  100  square  miles,  and 
Sfeet  in  depth. 


.-The  dy 

•Mamie  force  of  waves  is  jjreatejl  at  thu 
crest  of  the  way*  before  it  breaks,  and 
its  powrt  of  raising  itself  is  measured  by 
various  facts.  At  Waskurg,  Norway  it  has 
risen  4-00  feet,  and  on  the  coast  of  Corn 
wall,  300  feet.  There  are  cases  showing 
that  waves  have  sometimes  raised  col- 
umns of  water  equivalent  to  a  pmaurt 
of  from  three  to  five  tons  pci  (quart  toot. 

The  e*trerm  height  of  mid-ocean  waves 
is  estimated  to  be  f  rum  20  to  22  ft.,  and 
the  average  force  611  Ibs.  per  square  foot 
during  the  summer  months,  a-nd  2086 
Ibs.  during  the  winter  months. 

By  observation  it  has  been  determined  that 
When  waves  had  heights  of 

8ft.,  there  were  '35  per  mile,  and  8  per  minufc. 
15-         ••        6     ••        ••  5     •• 
20"         ••        3     ••        "4     •• 


,.  >     .-  T. 

Lindley  estimates  as  alow  average  the 
following  number  of  seeds  f-romeactiol 
these  four  plants: 

I  plant  uf  Groundsel  produces  ____  2,080 
••  Dandelion  '•  ----  2,740 
••  Sow  Thistle  ••  ....11,040 

I       ••     Spur9t  ••        ....     540 

The  above  estimates,  the  average  of 
which  is  4,ioo,  map  also  be  applied  to 
pig-weed,  burdock,  fox-tail,  chick-  weed,  and 
purslane. 

The  «eed  from  ihe  fin,  four  plants  will 
cove?  th-ree  and  a  half  acres  of   land 
at  three  feet  apart. 


End  of  1st  year  is  the  Cotton  Wedding. 

2nd    •«  "  Paper 

3rd  ••  '•  Leather 

5th  "  ••  Wooden 

7th  ••  ••  Woolen 

10th  "  "  Tin' 

12th  •••  »•  If !«?,«» 

15th  ••  "  Crystal 

20»h  ••  ••  China 

25th  ••  ••  Silver 

30th  ••  ••  Pearl 

40th  "  "  Ruby 

50th  ,'i  it  G-olden 

75th  "  "  Diamond 


Th«  earliest  units  of  lineal  •measure  wen 
th»  finger.the  thumb,  th«  digit, the  palm 
the  hand,  the  forearm  (cubit),  the  falh 
om (space  from  end  of  one  ar-m  to  end 
of  other,  both  arms  being  extended),  the 
girdle,  the  foot,  the  span,  the  stride,  th* 
•mile  of  1000  paces,  etc.  Seeds  were  used 
as  units  both  of  weight  and  of  length 

In  1266  it  was  enacted  in  England  thai 
"an  English  penny,  called  a  sterlino,round 
and  without  clipping,  shall  weigh  32wha 
corns,  from  the  midst  of  the  ear, and  20 
pence  shall  make  an  ounce,  and  12  01.  I 
pound,  and  8  pounds  do  make  agallon 
of  wine,  and  8  gallons  of  wine  do  make 
a  London  bushel,  which  isthe-fe  par) 
of  a  quarte-r;  and  in  1324,  that  "3  bar 
leycoms,  round  and  dry,  shall  make  an 
inch"(meaning  originally  twelfth  part 
and  12  in.  a  foot."  Other  primitive  stan 
dards  of  weight  were  the  weight  of*. 
man,  the  load  of  a  man,  of  an  ass,  bu. 
lock,  mule,  or  camel. 

Troy  weight,  supposed  to  be  derived 
from  the  fair  of  Troyes,  was  used  in 
England  when,  about  the  beginnings 
the  14th  century,  its  foreign  cornmerc* 
began  to  enlarge. 

Avoirdupois  weight,  now  used  for  all 
merchandise  sold  by  weight, except  the 
precious  metals  arid  the  precious  stones, 
has  been  in  use  in  England  for  many 
centuries.  The  word  "avoirdupois" (to 
have  weight)  occurs  first  in  the  English 
Statutes  In  1335. 

In  the  United  States, Congress  adopted 
the  decimal  system  in  the  subdivision 
of  money.  In  1836  a  law  was  enacted 
for  regulating  the  Weights  and  Measures 
of  the  Union,  by  which  the  Secretarji  ol 
the  Treasury  was  directed  to  supply  st«n- 
dards  of  weights,  of  length,  and  of  ca- 
pacity, according  to  the  standards  of 
Oreat  Britain,  to  the  Governors  of  States, 
ind  Revenue  Collectors.  JohnQuincy  Ad 
ams  reported  in  1821  in  favor  of  the  Brit- 
ish standards,  because  they  mere  in  ger 
eral  use,  and  a  change  to  the  decimal  iij- 
kerntMetric  System),  would  be  attended 
'with  great  embarrassment. 
'  The  Metric  System  wag  legalized  in thi 
United  States  on  July  28,  1866. 
W*Kt,fc*KWb  OT.-  Weight,col0r,  and 
cleanliness  are  the  principal  considera- 
tions in  determining  the  grade,  of  wheat. 
.  The  word  t\\i\>  1$  used  in  America  arid 

Other  countries  to  designate  a.  kind^  Or 
species  of  wheat,  but  in  Liverpool  it  is 
used  only  to  designate  the  beif  quality 
or  the  highest  grade,  and  in  that  mark 
et  any  kind  or  species  of  wheat  ot  the  ijuil 
itu  of  the  grade  is  called  Club  Wheat. 
In  Liverpool  the  grades  are  tWo  vivo. 


fi^i,  and  butters  are  further  guided  by 
subdivisions  of  these  grades. 


jlub 


7  Aw.w 


Ifc  Name.  Na  Weight. 


Choice. 

2  Common! 

Choice' 


2  Common 


2nd  Division 


63U>s; 

63  Ibs. 
63  Ibs. 
63  Ibs. 
63  Ibs. 

3  60  Ibs. 

4  60  Ibs. 

SO  Ibs. 


457V 


Colot 


Light. 


Light. 


Clean. 

Clean. 
Clean. 
Clean. 
Mixed. 
Clean. 
Clean. 

Mixed. 
Clean. 
Clean. 


.  .-  W  heat 

varies  considerably  is  to  the  proportion 
of  starch,  gluten,  etc.,  which  it  contains 
One  hundred  parts  of  the  grain  of  wheal 
contain  on  an  average  —  water,  14.83; 
y-luten,  19.64;  Albu.rnen,0.95;  starch 
45.995  gum,  1.  52;  sugar,  1.50  j  oil, 
0.87.;  vegetable  fiber,  12.34;  ash,  2.36 
total,  100.00. 

The  ash  is^rich  in  phosphoric  acid, 
magnesia,  and  potash.  Its  composition 
is  as  follows:  Potash,  29.97;  soda,3.90, 
magnesia,  12.30;  lime,  3.40;  phosphor 
ic  acid,  46.00;  sulphuric  acid,0.33;  sil 
ica,3.35j  peroxide  of  iron,  O.T9;  ch!6- 
ride  of  sodium,  0.09;  total,  100.00. 

Of  flour,  the  best  wheAt  yields  76  to 
80  per  cent,  someHrrtes  even  86  per 
cent,  whereas,  inferior  kinds  seldom 
yield  more  than  68  per  cent,  and  some 
times  only  54  to56  per  cent. 

Wheat-straw  contains,  on  an  average 
•nitrogenous,  substances,  1.85  ;  npn-ni- 
troaenoiw  substances,  67.56;  minera 
substances,  4.59  ;  water,  26.  00  ;  total  , 
100.00.  The  ash  of  straw  is  as  follows 
Potash,  12.  14  ;  soda,  0.60;  .maonesia,2J4 
lime,  6.23;  phosphoric  acid,  5.43;  sul- 
phuric acid,  3.88;  silicia,67.88j  perox- 
ide of  iron,  0.74;  chloride  of  sod:um,0.2J, 
iota),  100.00. 


-w\4e,*Y-  A  body  of  ail-  in  motion 
is  called  wind.  It  travels  at  various 
'rates  and  in  many  different  directions. 
By  means  of  an  instTu-mstik  called 
the  aM\e\AOXr\«.Ve,A(se.«cul;)>U  has  been 
ascertained  thai  the  velocity  of  a.  linht 
wind  is  5  Wiles  in  hour;  of*  "stiff 
breeze,  25  miles  J  of  a  storm,  50;  of  a 
hurricane,  from  80  to  IOO,oT  even  150, 
and  Of  a  cyclone,  ISO. 


|^=p-rr— ::    t  " 

3|  WEIGHTS 

^tri'iiiii'iiini'iriiiii 

~ 


rCv Me\oc'\V\es  o\  VAe.Wmi.-The  length 
of  3rt  3.1-m  (whip)  is  divided  into  7  parts, 
the  sails  extending  over  6  parts.  The 
force  of  the  wind  at  10  miles  an  hour, 
is  half  a  pound  per  square  foot-,  atiAmilM 
is  a  pound;  at  20  -miles, 2  Ibs.;  at25miles, 
3 Ibs.;  at  35  -miles,  6  Ibs.;  at  4-5 -miles,  10 
Ibs.;  at  60  miles,  17^4;  at  lOOmita.near 
lit  50  Ibs.  .  "~  m 

The  driving  shaft  of  a  wind-mill  fs 
to  be  set  at  an  elevated  angle  with  the 
horizon  when  set  in  low  localities, arid 
at  a  depressed  angle  when  set  on  eleva 
tions.  These  angles  may  range  from  3° 
to  35."  To  give  the  fullest  effect  to  the 
force  of  the  wind,  the  sails  a-re  'mclined 
to  the  axis  from  72°  to75.°  The  tips 
of  the  sails  often  move  30  miles  per 
hour,  or  44  feet  per  second.  From  tip 
to  tip  is  about  70  feet,  and  the  breadth 
f-rom  5  to  6  feet.  The  performance  of 
such  a  will  is  equivalent  to  the  power 
of  34  men. 


=  lpint;   2  pints  =  I  quart;   4quiTts=l 
gallon;  31/5  gal  Ions  =  I  barrel ;  42  gallons 
=  1  tierce;  63  gal  Ions  =  I  hogshead  ;2hogs- 
heads=  I  pipe  ox  butt;  2  pipes=l  ton. 
The  wine  gallon  contains  23lcu.in. 


^o-x  V«.T\C.«.S.-  The  table  is  based  upon  each 
pound  of  wire  measuring  one  rod('~" 
feet).  \vV<v«.  a\.\v*4.  1\.V  „ 

I  square  acre 50%  I  bs.  1 0 1^  I bs. 1 52 1 bs. 

Isideof  asq.acre..  12%  "  253"  38" 
I  square  half-acre.  36  »•  72  "108 
(square  mile...  1280  "2560  "3840 
I  side  of  sq. mile...  320  "  640  "960 
1 00  rods  in  length  100  "  200  "300 
100  feet  •  •  6%  "  12% "  18; 

vjoofc  'wovMxnCr  wvKCA\\\«.w,<;,m^  w.- 

Circular  saws  for  ripping  soft  wood, 9,000 
ft.  per  minute  atth«  periphery.  Ripping  hard 
wood,  6, 800  ft.  per  minute  at  the  periphe- 
ry. Cross-cutting  soft  wood,  I0,000ft.per 
minute,  and  cross-cutting  hard  wood, 7,500 
ft.  per  minute. 

Mill  or  reciprocating  saws,  designed  to 
carry  not  more  than  one  saw  per  I  in. 
width  of  saw  or  swing  frame.  To  cut  logs 
up  to  4ft.  sq.,MO  revs,  per  min.;  3ft. 6  in. 
Sq.,  1 20  revs,  per  min. ;  3  ft.  sq.,  125  revs, 
per  min.;  2ft.  6in.sq.,  135  revs,  per  min. 
2ft.  sq.,  155  revs,  per  min.-,  I  ft.  6  in.  sq., 
180  revs,  per  min. 

Double  Equilibrium  Deal  Sawing  Frames 
(balance  swing  frames).  To  cut  two  dells 
up  to  14  in.  x5  in.,  300  revs. per  win.;  18 in. 
x  6  in.,  260  revs,  per  win.;  24  in. x7  in., 
220  revs,  per  ruin. 

Single  Deal  Sawing  Frames.-To  cut  one 
deal  up  to  II  in. x 3  in.,  260  revs,  per  min.; 
I4in.x4in.,250  revs. per  min.;  ISin.xfiin. 
215  revs,  per  min. 

Single-bladed  Frames,  1, 500 feet  per  min. 

Band  Saws. -Blades  running  on  wheels 
up  to  3ft.  diameter.  For  sawing  softwoods.- 
Traverse  of  saw-blade  per  min.  u-p  to  4,500 
ft.;  oo.  hard  wood,3,500f t.;  do.  verg  hard 
wood,  ivory, etc., 750ft.-,  do.  iron, 250ft. 

Jigger  Saws,  to  cut  12  in.  deep,  800  tolOOO 
revs,  per  min. 


£•  Planing  Ma.chines.-The  cutting  edges  of 
planing  and  molding  irons— when  two  on- 
ly are  employed  and  arranged  on  cu-tter blqcte 
varying  in  diameter  from  4in.to9in.  in 
diameter-should  be  speeded  to  travel  from 
5,000  to  6,000 feet  per  minute.  77"  * 

(fc.  Mortising  Machines.! Reciprocatin^-Heav 
u  machines  to  mortise  up  to  3in. wide,  175 
to  215  strokes  per  min.  I  in.  wide,  200  to 
300  strokes;  I  in.  widelmovable  table),275 
to  400  strokes. 

Rotary  Mortising  and  Boring  Machines.- 
Soft  wood,  2,000  -revs,  per  min.;  hard  wood, 
1,200  per  min. 

Tenoning  Machines. -Heavy  machines, av- 
erage 3,000ft.  of  cutting  edge  per  minute. 
Light  machines,3,000  to  4,000ft.  of  cut- 
ting edge  per  minute.  • 

Emery  wheels  for  saw-sharpening, etc., 
4,500  to  6,000  ft. 


i c."tscm^>.—  Shakspeare,  who  had  the  rich- 
est vocabulary  used  by  any  Englishman, 
employed  only  16,000  words. (There  are  up 
ward  of  60,000  different  words  in  the  En- 
glish Language).  Milton  used  but  8,000, 
and  the  average  graduate  from  any  of 
the  great  universities, rarely  has  a  vocab- 
ulary of  more  than  3,000  or  4,000  words. 
The  ordinary  person  can  get  along  ver- 
y  comfortably  with  500  words, and  in  the 
rural  districts  a  knowledge  of  200words 
is  sufficient  to  carry  a  man  through  his 
life.  This  of  course  refers  to  the  needs  of 
conversation.  A  man  reading  newspapers 
and  well-written  books,  needs  upward  of 
2,000  words.  The  Old  Testament  contains 
5,642  differert  words. 


The  English  Bible..  93 
The  Prayer  Book..  87 

Poetru 88 

Prose  Fiction 87 

Essays 78 


Oratory 76 

History 72 

Newspapers 72 

Works  on 

Rhetoric.     ..69 


ination  ot  the  dictionary,  Dean  Trench 
comes  to  the  following  conclusion.  Sup 
pose  the  English  language  to  be  divided 
into  100  parts;  of  these,  to  make  a  tough 
distribution,  60  are  Anglo-Saxon;  30 are 
Latin;  5  are  Greek;  and  the  remaining  5 
parts  are  to  be  divided  among  all  the 
other  languages  from  which  isolated  WOBOS 


The  average  difference  between  winter  and 
summer  kemperature  varies  with  the  d'S 
tance  from  the  equator.  At  Singapore  it 
is  but  2°;  at  Bombay  the  difference  is  6° 
at  Calcutta,  14°;  at  London,  23°;  at  St. 
Petersburg,  43°  ;  at  Quebec,  54°  ;  New 
Vork,  446;  Bismarck,  N.D.,  63°-  San  Di- 
ego, Cal.,  13°;  Indianapolis,  48s;  Chica- 
° 


go,  48°;   Denver,  45° 


Apples,gTeen,  bush«l=50  lbs.;ba.rreU200lbs 

Almonds,  se-ron=  I  toicwt.  ~*f 

Ashes,  pot  or  pearl,  barrel=450  Ibs. 

Beef,  Pork, or  Bacon,  hogshead  =  1,000  Ibs. 

Butter,  bbl.=224  )bs.;fbkin=56lb3.;tub-.84ii« 

Bark,  cord=  2,000  Ibs. 

Bee-r,  hogshead- 54  gallons. 

Brarrau,  puncheon  =  ';;*°jgals;hhd.=56oi0a  Is. 


Bricks,  common,  each  -5  Ibs. 
Cement,  barrel  =  300  Ibs. 
Charcoal,  bu.shel-22  Ibs. 
Claret,  hogshead- 46  gallons. 
Coffee, tiercels  to  6cwt.;  bag,Rip»l61lb» 
<  St.Domingo  =  l30lbs.;  packet,  Java>50 
*   Ibs.;  bale,Mocha,=  2  to2^cwt.' 
Coke,  bushel  =40  Ibs. 
Cotton,  bale  =  300  to  400  Ibs. 
Eggs,  barrel  =  200  Ibs. 
Fathom-6  fee-t. 
Figs,  drum  =  24  Ibs. 
Fish,  quintil=H2  Ibs.;  barrel  -200  Ibs. 
Flax,  Russian  bale-  5  to  6  cwt. 
Flour,  barrel- !96  Ibs. 
Fodder  of  Lead=  I9'icwt. 
Ginger, ground,  box  =  24 Ibs. 
Hair's  Breadth  -Xa  of  an  inch. 
Hand  =  4  inches.  \  - 

Hides, green,  average  each»85  Ibs. ;  dry,a» 

erage-33  Ibs. 
Honey,  gallon  =  12  Ibs. 
Hops,  bag  =  about  2)icwt. 
lce,bushel=80lbs. 
Indian  Meal,  hogshead=  800  Ibs. 
Lard,  barrel  =  333  Ibs. 
Last  =10  quarters  of  corn. 
Lemons,  box, Sicily,=  about  300 Ibs. 
Lime, barrel -225  Ibs. 
Line-^fith  of  an  inch. 
Mace,  case -about  l-^cwt. 
Madeira,  pipe-92  gallons. 
Man's  Load -5  bushels. 
Market  Loid  =  40  bushels. 
Metre  =3.2.8  feet. 
Nail=2^  inches.  ! 
Nails,  keg=IOO  Ibs. — 
Oranges,  bo»,  double  0,=300  to  35C  I  bs 
»  "    single  0,*n5  to  350   " 

Oysters,  bushel=  lOOIbs. 
Pace  -3  feet. 
Paim=3  inches. - 

Pork,barreU200lbs.;  hogshead  =  1,000 'bs. 
Port  Wine,  pipe  =  1 15  gallons. 
Resin,  barrel  =  300  Ibs. 
Rum,  puncheon  =  100  to  HO  gallons. 
Powder,  keg-25  Ibs. 
Raisins,  cask*  100  Ibs. 
Salma  of  Oil  =  42.i6oallons. 
Salmon,  bor  =  i20  to  130  Ibs. 
Salt,  hogshead  =  30  bushels;  bar-teu3"» 

bushels;  busheu  7Q  ibs. 
Sand, travel, etc., cubic  foot -'50  Ibs. 
Sherry,  butl=  108  gallons. 
Skippond,&ottenbarg,  =  300  Ib3. 
Soap,  barreU256  Ibs.;  bo»»75  Ibs. 
Span  =9  inches. 

Stcrw, dressed, cubic  foot  =  l80  Ibs. 
Straw  or  Hay,  load-  36  truss. 
Sugar,  barrel=200  to250  Ibs.j  bo»=400» 

500  I  bs.  ^ 

Tallow,  barrel  =  333  Ibs. 
Tar,  barrel  =  300  Ibs. 
Tea,  chest, Congou-,  =75  Ibs.;  Hyson.chest 

=  60  to  84  Ibs.  ( 

Teneriffe,  pipe*IOO  gallons. 
Ton  of  Wood»  2  stones. 
Truss  of  Hay  =  56  to  60  Ibs. 

"        ••  Straw  =  40  Ibs. 
Turpentine, barrel  =  300  Ibs. 
Vara, Spanish,  =  8  feet.     , 

11     of  8a-racoa=  20(eet. 
Whale  Oil,  barrel=  3l^  gallons. 
Whiskeu, Scotch, puncheon  1 10  to  130  gals. 
Wood, hickory, cord  =  4,500  Ibs. 

"         oak         "   =3,500  Ibs. 
Wool,pack^240  Ibs. 

"      sack=308  Ibs. 
Ya.rd=  0.9143835  metre. 
Yarn, skein-80  turns  around  a.54-in.wheel. 


85 


AltOT,  iclu.-  AMR.EIUUIOR.  • 
AIIOT,S«M'l- AMtl.MSKU'T- 
UMTljACOl- AMII.  AI3THO R- • 
AMOTLj-U.-  A«R.  AUTHOR-  • 

AIO-'IL  lAKR-ARAI  IHitf-  •• 
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EMC, J-tn-SER-JUdST-    ••• 

A»£lEN,l-«.-«A  WRITER- 

AlElAtt.  WRIf-FR.PHILOS.- 


JOHN  APAMSJ 


-  PMVAN  CMPCHOA-  o  on 


I  it! 
1757 

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WHO  -refers  to  the  yia-Mie  of  -the  i-ndividaal; as, Napoleon  Bonaparte. 
WHAT  refers  to  that  (vt  which  he  is  chiefly  rettie-mbereil;  as,Blaiiiewas  askafes'n 
WHERE  refers  to  the  country  iti  which  he  lived;as,Bell  lived  in  Scotland. 
WHEN  refers  to  the  date  of  his  birth;  as,  Bismarck  was  born  in  1815. 


tlP,ME.    OCCUPATION.      BORN.  NAME.     OCCUPATION.    BORN 


6mS,NATHAN.P.-AM!R.HN£RAL-l8l6 
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BAAEIONE,P«AISEIX>0-EN6.FAN»TIC-0.,I680 

8ARLOWJOEI-AMER.  PATRIOT 1155 

BAR  N  ES,  ALBEAT-AMER.  THtOlMlAN-l  T98 

BARNUM  P.1.-AMF.R. SHOWMAN  --•  1810 
BARRAS.PAUL-FR.  STATESMAN  • 
BAR»ET,1AW«ENCE-AMER,  ACTOR- 
BARRY.JAMES-IRISH  PAINTER 
1ARR/CORNWAL1.-EN&.POFT 1190 

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SALMON  P.  CHASL 


BABTOIOMMEO,  FRACTAL.  PAINTER-1 469 
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BA«THAM,JOHN-ftMER.80TAUI5T-l 
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BAYIE  P1EBRE-FP,.PHILOSOPH£R---I641 
BAZWNE,FRANCOIS-FR.5ENERAL.--I8II 
BEACON5FIELD,BENJ.-ETO.NOVELIST->804 


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BEECH£lf,U'MAN-AMER.OIHNE  --111! 
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BELISSARIUS-BY2ANTINEKNERAL-  50! 
8ELL,SIRCHAS.-SCOT.!'HYSIOLOG-iSTHi7< 


HENRY  CLAY. 


BELLiNi,vlNCEN70-iTALC(!MPOSIR-l802 
BEI/!DE>1E,ANDR!«-ITALPMNTER-I646 


NAME.   OCCUPATION.      BORN. 


.-. 

B.SIMOK-S.AM.  PATRIOT 1783 

BONAPA«TE,C»«S.-FR. EMPEROR ---1808 
MNJVMTUEMM-MHFIRMUHiM 

BONAPAm.JOS.-KIWOFSPAIN 1768 

IO»A««TtSiS-W«  H8LIHNO-  -1118 
HMMnuWflHMKffCMUlV-l'nJ 
80NAPARTE,N««ON-FR.EMI>[ROR---n69 
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BONIFACE  L-ROMAN  PONTIFF- -Dl ED, 422 
0NIFACE11:  "  •'  "532 


BONIFACE  IV.-  '  • 
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BONIFACE VL-  .  . 

iNIFACEVIL-  •  • 

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INNEUILLE,BEIU.-AM.TRAVELER 
BOONE,BANIEL-AM. PIONEER-  -• 
eOOTH,BARTON-ENt.TRACED!Alt-  • 
»OOTH,EDW.-P,MEF..TRASEDIAfi- 


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BERNABDjST.-FR.  ECCLESIASTIC   — 
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5ERT.PAUL-FR.PH\fSICIAN  .....  1833 
BERTHOUfT,CLAUO(-Kl.CHEMIS'-n48 
BERWICK.JAS.-FR.MARSHAI-  --I660 
"55EL,FRIEtRICH-PFIUS.ASlRON'«-nEW 
5S!WE»,HENBt-ENC.ENtl«E«--l8l3 
DiUSI.FRlEORICH-CER.SlAliSMAN-1809 
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BIRO.  P.OBT.M.-AMER.AU1HOR--  1803  ""  r 
BISMARtK,  PRINCE  VON-««.STATS'N-I8I5 
BLACK  HArfK-AMER.INOIAN  CHIEF-US! 


BROUMM,HENRr«)Mt-B«a  AUTHOR 
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.  .  1303  BROWNE,CHAS.F.-AM.HUHftl(ISl-   1835 
IR(WNE,SIRlllOS.-ENt.'nvsiClAN--i60S 
BflOWNIIiC,EllI.B.-ENt.  PonESS-1809 


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BORROMEO.CARLO-ITALCARDINAL-1538 

BORROW,  &EO.-ENS.AUTHOR 1803 

BO$CAWEN.EDW.-EN6.AOMlRAL--nil 
BOSSOEl,JAtQUES-FR.PRELATE-  -  1627 
BOSWELL,JA5.-5COT.  LAWYER-  --I74- 
BOTHWRL,  JAS.H.-SO7.CONSPIRATW  - 1 52U 
BOTTA,CAft.O-ITAL.HIS10RlAN  •  •  -  - 1766 
nCHER.,JOHANN-HR.INVENTOR-l682 
UeiCAUq  BION-IIISH  DRAMATIST  •  • 
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60LICUER,n£I«-FR..PHYSICIST-- 
BOUILLON,  600FR£Y-Lf  AOEII  1ST  CBU5AK  - 1060 
BOI)i!Or«.MAn..ENS.lMVENTOR-  --H28 

BOUHBAIII,CHAS.-  FR.  G-ENERAL 1816 

BOURSON.CHAS.-FR.fENERAl 14-90 

BOimDON,SE'Asll£N-FII'PAINTE.R,""|6l6 
IOURNE,BUfK-E»6.FI)lll«lEURIM.MnHD13M-l772 
BOWOITtH,NATHANIEL-AM.MAT«EMATICIAN-l77J 
80WDOIN,J>$.-AM.STATESMAK 1727 


BFNEDIC1,ST.-FCUNO.MONACHISM    - 
BENEDICT  I.-ROMAN  PONTlFF-DliD,  518 
BENEDICT  II.     ..          •>          " 
BENEDICT  III:    ••          "          " 

tENEDICT  IV- — 

•  •     965 
.  >         ..     914 


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BENEDICT  XIII."  'i  •  • 
BENEDICT  XIV.- >•  n  i. 
BINfDICT,SIRJULIUS-tER.MUSICIAN-IB04 
lENJAMIN.PARK-AMEFUOaRNHISHBOS 
BENNETT,  JAS.60RO.-AMtR.JOURNW'Sl-n35 
BENTHAM,JiRlM1-ENtJllRIS1-  •  11*9 


flLAKE^.ROBT.-  BRUTISH  ABM  ..... 

BlANt,JlAN-FR.jOURNALIST-- 

BLANCHARO,1H05.-AM.INVENTOR-H88 

BLrSSlNG10N.M«R6.-miSHCOUNTESSH189 

BlOOMnB&MIV  EN6.POE1  •••     1166 

PLUCHER.EEBHARt-PHIB.F'UlMAS.-IKU 

BLUMENTHAL.LEOIIARB-PRUS.liEBl.-l8l'' 

BOCCACCIO,  tlOVANNI-ITAL.NOVELIST-13  1 

BODE.JOHANN-  CER.  ASTRONOMER  -  114 

BOERHAW(,KfRMA»-OUTCH  PHILOS.-J66: 

BOETHIUS,ANICIUS-ROM.PHIlOi.- 

BOtARDU5,JAS.-  AM.  INVENTOR- 

BOHN.M.f.-ENt.PUB 

BOLEYN,ANNE-2NOW 


f  VTI1.-I5 


NAME.      OCCUPATION..      BO»K  NAME.      OCCUPATION.      60BN 


JEFFERSON   DAVIS. 


BR06LIE,CHAS.-fd.rTATE5MAN-l8a 

eRONTE,CHARLOTTE-EN6.»OVEUST-IHH 


BROWNIN{,ROBT.-EN'6.POE 
BRUCE,  JA5.-SCOT.  TRAVELER  ••- 
BRUCE.ROBT.-KIN&  OF  SCOTLAND- 
BRUT  US.LUCI  US-ROM. PATRIOT-  FL.I4.500 
IRUTUS,MARCUS-ROM.6F.NERAL-B.t  80 

8RYANT,WM.CUL.-AM.POE1 1194 

BUCHANAN,  5EO.-SCOT.  MISTORI AN-I  SO? 
BUCHANAN.,JAS.-I5TU  PRES.  U.S.- 1791 
BUCKINGHAM, DUKE  OF-EN6.STS'«N-1 592 
SUCKLE.HENRY  T.-ENE.WRITER  •  1822 
BUDDHA.fAUTAMA-WNtM  KEFOIMEI1-U.6M 
BUFFALO  IILL(j™.ailt)0«l(.mUI«iT5lll»-l845 
BUFFON,fEO.L.-FR.NATI)»ALIST  •  - 1 101 
BULWER-LYTTON.LORHN6.NOVELI51-I805 
8ULWER-LYT10»,rO.W.-ENe.POET  •  •  183 1 
8ULWER.HENRY-ENS.AUTHOR---  1804 
BUNSEN,CH»l$.K.J.-CER.DIPlOMATIST-n9 
WNrAN,JOHN-EN6.ALIlHOR  -  -  -  I62L 
BURCKHARBl,JOKANN-SWIS!TRAV>L»-n84 


THOMAS  OE  QUINCY. 


BURSOrNE,JOHN-eNG.F>EHEML-n30 
BUBKF\£DMUND-fN6  STATESMAIM730 
8URLE(6H,WW.(.-FN6.STATF5MAN-l520 
BURNET,6lLBERT-BRn.HISTORIAN-l643 
BURNS,ROBT.-SCOT. LYRIC.  POET--I759 
3URN5[OE.AMBR05£-AM.KNE«AL-ie24. 
lUBR.AARON-AM.STATESMAM  -  -  I1S6 
IURRin,ELIHU-AM.  JOURN.AllSl-1 8 1 0 
IURTON,RICHA«0-IRISH  THAVELER-l  82 1 
BURTON,  R08T.-EN6.AUTHOR--- 1 575 
BUTLEH,BENJ.F.-AM.IA1VYE(1--I8I8 
BUTLER.SAM'l-ENC.POET  •  •  •  - 1613 
BYRON,  LORD-EMU.  POET-  -  -  - 
CABOT,JOHN-EN6.NAVIfATOR-0. 
CABOT.SEBASTlAN-ENt.NAVIfATOI-1477 
CilOMON- ANGLO-SAXON  POET-D.  680 
CAESAR.JUHUS-ROM.&ENERAL-B.C.  100 
CAGLIA«I,PAOLO-ITAL.  PAINTER- -1530 
CAILLE,NICWOlAS-FR.ASTR01tOMER-n  1 3 
ALDERON,BA«tO-SPAN.I)RAMATIST-l600 
ALHOUN,JOHNC,-AM.STATE5MAI<-n83 


RfiVIt    BBR1      IBKU  PUII  AUTUDAPin  (Klfil  '",1/Li.iv  -ui  '  iivt  nn  ivn  vr  mvfu.lo'v 

8027ARl$MARCO-aEU  PATRlOl '    1190  |CALVBT.EEO.-roilKK»OFMAItlfmllO-iS8l 
BBAppOtl!,EDVI.-BRlT,&ENERAl_      Hl5  CAL¥ERf,LEONAM-ISTGOV<l!OFMB.-l606 


CHRISTOPHER  COlllMBUS. 


BOOM,EDV».-BR   . 

ODON.MAKTE.-ENf.  NOVELIST 
BRAOFOR!,WM.-tOV.PlYMOUTH  COL 
BBADLEY,JAS.- EN6.ASTRONOMEI1  1692 

BRAOV.jAS.- AM.-LAWYER 1815 

8RA56.BRAX10N-CONF£B.i;!NERAl  -  ~ 
BRAHEjTYCHO-  DANISH  ASTROKOME 
BRAI  NARB,DAVID-AM.  MISSIONARY 
BSANBE,WM.T.-  ENS. CHEM  1ST  •  •  - 1188 
BR£CKENRIDM,J.C,-CDNFED.E[«R»1-I82 
IREMER,FR[BRI«A- SWF  1. NOVELIST --I80; 
B«ENTANO,CLrMENS-6ER.POEl  •  I7T 
B«ENtHEL,JAN.-FLEIHISH  PAINTER-1 569 
BREWSTEI,  DAIYIB-ENO.PMYSICIS*  " 
BRIAN,BORU-KINS  OF  IRELAND- 


CHARLES  DICKENS. 


CAtVIN.JOKN-FR.THF.OlOI 
CAMIACEllSjJtAII-fl 


CAMERONiSIMON-AM-POLIllClAK  •-•  1 1 99 

GMDUIIMMHMMMMU  164 

CAMOtNSjUIIS-POITOWtS!  WIT---IS>  1 
CAMPiEU.,ALE>.-mCIWS  REFORMR- 1188 

CAWP8ELl',lHOV  SCOT.  POET I 

CANBY,EDWARB-AM.GENERAl I 

CANISIOS,PE1RUS-DUTCH  TKIH06IAN-  -I 
CANNIN£,GEO.-ENH STATESMAN-  •  •  1 1 10 
CANOVA.ANTONIO-nAL.SCULfTOR  •  •  •  II 57 
CANROIER1,FRANCOIS-FR.MA»SHAL-I809 
CANUTE  I1.-I1IN6  OF  BENMARK  •  -  •  •  990 

CAAEt  HENRY  C.-AM.  POUT.  ECONOMIST-ITS  3 
CARIETON,»™.-IRISH  NOVELIST  -  -  1198 
CAILISLE.JHO.S.-AW. STATESMAN  •  -i 


CARLYLE,T»OS.-SCOT.AUTHOi 


'JOHN  DRYDEN. 


CARTlER  JA8UES-FR.NAVI6A10R-  - 
CARTIVRIfrHT.  EDMUND- EN6.INVENTM-I143 
CARY.ALICE-AM.POETSSS-  -  -  —  1820 
CARY,PHOEBE-AM.POETESS----  |82* 
CASIMIR  L-<IN6  OF  POL»NO-0'f  0,1058 
CASS,LEWIS-AM.STAT£SMAN-  -  - 
CAT»ERINE,ST.- ITA1.IAN  NUN---- 
CATHEBlNE  L-EMPI1ESS  OF  RUSSIA-1682 
CATKERIN!  OtUABIt-WIFtoF«E».VTn-  I486 

CATBEHINE  DtMtnioa.Hail.oFFii.- 1510 

CATHERINE  OF HlOIS-0.»tlt.V. OF  E»6i-I40  I 
C«TIUM, LUCIUS  i-BOM.CO»SPIRm*-B.C.  108 
CATOjDIOSYSIIB- LATIN  POET-FL.3dtENTMr 
C»TO,MA«tUSP.-ROH.STAT!SMAN-8.C.  234 
CAruILUS,CAIUSV.-LATINPOET-6.C.  71 
CAVAIfNAC,LOUIS-FR.SENERAL  --I802 
CAVENOISH.HENRY-£NO.PHIlOSOPH(ll-n  3 1 
CAVOUR.CAMIU.O-ITAL.STATESMAN-I8 1 8 
CAXTON,WM.-EN6.  PRINTER  •-  14.12 
CECILIA.ST.-ROM.  PATRONESS  OF  IIUSt-FIJll  C. 
CELIINI.BEWENUTO-ITAL.ABTIST-I500 
CENCl,8EAT»ICE-FAMOll5WllLlAlir-  -1583 
CESVANTES,SASVEDIIA-SPAN.NIlVEUST-i54l 
CHALMERSJHOS.-SCOT.  DIVINE  ••  1180 
CHAMIERLAIN.JOS.-EN6.STATESMAN-I836 
CHAMBERS,vVM.-SCOT.PUBllSHEIi-  1800 

CHAMPLAIN,SAM'L-ni.NAVl6ATO» 


ELIZABETH. 


CHAN6ARNIER.N.A.T.  FR.6ENERAL  H93 
CHANMNt.Wto.l.-AM.  DIVINE-  --I180 
CHANTRE<SlRFHANCIS-EM.SCIILf«Hl82 
CHAPIN,EDW.H.-AM.OIVINE  • 
CHASLEMASnE-MR.EWPEHOR 
CHARLES  H. 


CHARLES  III.-.       ••  .. 

CHARitsry.-     t.  » 

CHARlfSV.         ,.  ..  • 

CHARLES  W     ..  .,  - 

CHAR  IPS  VI!.-      t.  ,  ,  . 

CHARLES  D--  WIW  «  FRANCE.  • 

CHARLES  IV.-  it  .1  . 

CHARLES  V.-  i>  ,  .  . 


S  VU.- 

CHABLES  IX." 
CHARLES  X.- 
CHARLES  1.- 
CHARLES  II.- 


832 
i  3  18 
1500 
1685 
1697 
823 
-1294 
133 
1361 


... 

ENSLAMHSOO 

ii       1630 
CHABLE5I.-    KINfrOF»PAIN-ISO( 

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AME     OCCUPATION     ec»N 


AMI        OCCUPATION        HHN 


HAME         OCCUPATION       80BN 


NAME        OCCUPATION 


.EMENTVTfl.-M»A»NimFF---l539 

UNCUT  XI.-  ii  i»  —16*9 
EMINTXTV.-  •»  it  --ITOi 
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MCHKHHIM.— 1138 

-  - nis 


OAYlUfW 


MlLLARD  FILMORE. 


T.EEKL.-AM.ACTOV--I8I6 
it  OFISRAU B.C.  1090 


OAVlB.JACQUtS  L.-FR,  PAINTER™  1148 
WWIGJIBRK  J.-f ».  SCULPTOR  —  IV 
UTICMATICIAN-I798 
DAHESSJ.I05.H.-AM.  STATESMAN  —  IIEfT 

• 
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•ARIES  M.-UII*  of  SPAIN  •- 

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mas  ;\.-n'«  of SWEOEN- 


OBfiii,wn.-tiitmn.wiinn-  n  62 

OBIEN.RIOIAI»-E«.SIA!iSMA1- 1  804 
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l(URNA«AME)HIIUKnEIHTm- 119 


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OE  «All,JOW4-«ll.6EI<EMU. 1132 

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tflMKHE.MUl-FRJ'AINTtll  -  - -•  1191 

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mi«VMUflLMllMMH£  3*5 
nitius.ni.-wciHn'ii  CEN.-  B.C.  335 
MMiTn-MiBi  pnMSomm.c.460 

DEMOSTHINES-ATHEHIM  OUTOR-  IC.365 
OC  QU1NCET.TH05.-EN6.AUTHOK— 1195 


ALEX/VNDtRHWvULTON 


ROBERT  FULTON. 


COK.S.S.-AM.  STATESMAN-— 1824 

:0:2E«IS,FRECT-AM.POET 1 8 18 

i 
:RAB8E,MO.-£N6.POET 1154 

illASSUS.MAKtS-MK.TWl'IVH-l.t.l  08 
C»EASlf,S«  !»«.-ENtmSTDRIA)l  -IB  12 

CKlCHTDlLSCOT.PRODItY 1560 

ISPIH.ST.-  CWUSliAH  MAR1VR-D.581 

»>ETTjilMHIU.IAtlWR«SM*N-IT66 
CROESUS-BN6 OF  LYOIA--  -8.C.590 

cnoi 


m  oi  cEMUM-1423 

I«OTIA«U.-  II  I  >      -1481 

i«tsiiA*m.-n         •  t   -ISM 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 


:75r 

1621 

nwuam-nis 

ISWANT--I143 
CONFUCIUS -CNMSE  PMUSOPHEHIS5I 
:ONHErt,WM.-EN6.DRAMAllSM610 


CHRISTIAN  CL-  > •  11      -Igll 

CHllSTlNA-QUEEN  OF  SWEDEN-' 62i 
i_.-..,  :;.;-;.:/_-;  ;  :.  JJJXJt 

EHMW,flEU.-AM.ARTIST—  1826 

CHU«Cmu,CHAS.-ENS.PO£T  •-••113 
CHUP.CHU^AIIDOlPH-EHt.SIS'xn  84 
CH«€R,COlUY-ENt.MAMATlST-l  61 


W1IWS.- 
CONMOBL- 
;ON«AIIIV.- 


ai<wuE.cm«Mi-nu.PAiimi 

CmCVMCTBS.UMS  OHMWMH1.S2 
OWJ.MABS.HSWO-F».NOeLE-l62 
ftMf »OWLltl«.ll.-E«.nVM»N  !  608 


._-  CUR1liHO.W.-AM-AU1HO«---l824 
I1SO  CVSHIN&.CALES-AM.IAWYER-I800 
CUSMMAItCHAHUmt-AIHACIKESS-l  8  16 
CUSTE«,?€IXX-AM.»ENEIIAI-- -  1 8 39 
CUVIE»,Ha-FIU>ATII»ALIST  •  •  •  II 69 


ULYSSESS.&RANT. 


IUNDONALB,T«OS.-BRlT.AIlMiRM-m5 
DUN6LISON,*Oe.-AM-PHrSlCIAIl-n98 

DONaiS,JE»N-FR.  HEBO 1401 

DUNSTAN,ST.-ENS.  PRELATE-—  925 
OuauESNE,A8RA'm-FH.«AlCOM.-l6IO 
BURER,AieR£Cin-SE-R.ARTIST- 141 1 
IWI6HT.TIMOTHY-AM.DIVINE--I152 
:ARLY.J.A.-CONFEB.6£NERAL--I8I8 
:ASTLALE,Slil  CHAS.-EN6.PAlHTEH-n  93 
EATON.AMOS-AM.NATURALIST- 11 16 

:DES,8EM.-AM.PA1RIOT 1132 

EDG?WORTH.MARIA-EW.NO«UST-n61 
EDISON.THOS.A.-AM.INVENTOR-I841 
EOMUKIDL-ANeLO-SAXONKIM---  922 

EDMUND II;  "  ii      ---985 

-'aio 

960 
•1004- 
•1239 
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-1*41 
-1470 
1537 

330 

004 


OWARDV1.-  II  » •      - 

DWARD,PRlNCE  OF  WALES'  • 
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DE  WlTl.JOHn-OUTCH  STATESMAN  •  •  1  625 
OIAI.PORFIRIO-PIIE5.M  MEXlCC  •  -  1  830 
DIBDII<.0<«VEIC.DftAMAmT  •  -•  I14S 
)IOI,1BIR.-SCCT.WTHOR  •  •  -  -  1112 

DICRENi,CH»S.-fNG.NOVEllST"  I8'< 
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DIUE.SIRCH/&-EN&.STATESMAN-I&43 
DIKLhlAJ«-ROM.EMPEROR---  245 
DI06ENE5-M.CYNiCPmL05.-e.C.  41 


OLIVER  GOLDSMITH. 


>i  BX.39I 
Dl5RAfU.8fNJ.-ENt.  AUTHOR  ••  -  1805 
DIXON,WM.H.-EN6.HISTORIAN-  182 
K»6f,MA«Y  /1-AM.MITHORE5M  838 
OOEUlSE-ER.JWH-f  ER.  HIS10RIAN-I199 


'ESMAKHII 

cu  MEIISSAM<I  L-ULWMWIP-  i  e  3 

aEME*fL-«OM.  PONTIFF 


JAMES  A. &AR FIELD. 


CONSTANT**  TcaaMMUMrm-272 


--I228  CYP«IAK.ST.-LATlNFATHn(----   200 
1 2  §2 1  CrR US  THE  6R£AT-«iN(  OF  PEHSlA-t^MB 

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DAlU$,Al.EU.-AM.SlATESMAN-l  1 59 
)AilAS.eEOJll.-  AM.SIA1ESMAN-1 192 
DALTON.JOKN-ENS.CHEMiST---  1166 
OANA,CHAS.A.-  AM.JOURNALIST- 1 8 1 9 
DANA,FRANClS-AM.  lAWrEK  — 1143 
OANA,RlC«.HEM.-AM.PO£T---  1787 
DANA1HICH.HEN.-AM.LAWYER-I8I5 
DANE,NATHAN-AM.LAWYER--I152 
OANIfl-HtEIREW  «OPHET-FU6T>ia,l.t 
DANIELIJOH1  F.-ENC.  SCIENTIST- 1 1 90 
DANTE.ALUSHIEIU-EJItAT  IIAI.POCH26S 
DANTON,6EO.J.-rR.  RtvOUIHOIIIST-ll  59 
irARBlAY.MME-EN6.NOVELIST"n52 


CONSTA)lTlKL-ll»l«.EMrEMK.--250  DAJ(ltr.fEllX-AM.AIIIIST---l822 


•1264  CONTLFRANMS-ftHMRAL- -1664  MUMUUa-fNMOOlW"lilS 


COOK,EllJA-£N*.POnESS 1811 


XEl-1485 
COTTON.  JMI-PMITAI  Mien  El  -  1 585 
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COWl£T,AIMHA«-EI*.PO£T  -•  |EI8 
COtftlT,W1lUAM-CNI?.POtT-  1131 


OARNLEiHEN.S.-HS.K  K»ll>SaTS-l  54 1 


rOOK.JAMES-EN4.NWIE.ATOR-  1128  BARHl«,6lAS.R.-£N6.ltATuMUS1--l809  00«E,PAl/Lf.-FR.  ARTIST  .....  (83: 

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68  DAKEN*Nt,SI»WW.-EM.!lllAM»TISM605 


&EOR&E  111. 


BENJAMIN  HARRISON. 


ONU] 

El6lN,jAS.8.-BRIt5TATESMAN--l8ll 
EL6IN,TH05.8.-DmT.OlPLOMA1iST-im 
EUOT,jOHN-EN&.CLERerMAN-l604 
ELIOLSIHJOHN-EH6.0RATOR  —  IS90 
ELIZA  BETH.  QU.  OF  EN6LANO--I533 
EUZAEIETH  k  T»OVNA-RtlS.!»P«ES$-n  I  0 
EILERT.WM.-  AM.  PATRIOT  .....  112' 
ELLlOT,fEIENEZtR-ENSJ>OET---l  18. 
EllSV.uSTH^UVE«-AM.JlJRlST—  1745 
EMERSOh.ML.WAL-AM.ESSAYIST-l  80- 
EMMANUAL-KIIK  OF  PORTUCAL-1469 
EMMET,  BOBT.-lRlS"  PATRIOT---IT80 
FNOCUOlMM-ttttttlMMH19l 
CNBlCOTT  JOMl-C9UII.CiOV.OF  MASS.1589 

B*w-B»«0fiitwsiu»-Uini 

EMMINONOAS-1HEWN  OBATOK-BX.4I2 
EflCTElUS-tR.STOICP«ILOS.---  60 
EPICURuS-frR£.£K  PHiLOSOPHEII-WJ* 

DONATl,(IOVANNI-rTALAS1IUM>t-l826  EIASMUS,0£iDE«KJS-Dl!TCHSMl>S-i4«5 
EIATOSTn£NES-M.ASTROno»IE«-!X3T6 


HORACE 

U       " 


OF  PERSIA-DIED  B.c.485  EWMINILST.-SPAN. PREACHER- -i  n 


DOMlTIAA-FtOM.EMPEROR-- 


OOKI2ETTI.6AETAIIO-ITAL.COMWSER-I19 


OOI)6LA5,JAS.-SCOT.  PATRlOT-0.133' 


DRAXE.JOS.R.-AM.POET  ......  1195 

MAPE1U>imW.-AM.SClEN1lS1-l8l 
OKHYTOkmCHAtl-ENt.POET  •  --I56 
»RgS»S.ClAUD.N.-ROM.MN.-«.C.  38 
OWEMIHN-EN&.POE1  •  •  •  -163 
OUCANtE.CH«S.-FR.HISTORJAN  -1  6  lu 
WBfVANT,  MME.-FR.NOVELJST-  1  804 
OuFFERm,FI£0.-EI(t;.STAItS'N-l82 
tUMAS.AUI.-FR.NOVEI.lS1--  ISO 
DUMOU«IE7,CHAS.-FR.eENERAl  -113! 
IUHCANl.-SCOT.KlNt>-"D!£ll,l04t 


WILLIAM  H.HARRISON. 


BORN  [NAME 


B0»» 


GROT  E,G.EO.-EN6.  HISTORIAN -1194 
GROTIUS,HU6t-DUTtt  JURIST --1 583 
SHOUCKY.fMMNIVFR.MNEMI.-n  66 
HOVE.WM.R.-ENE.SCIENTIS't-IBf  I 
WIOIN,JEAN-FR.PAlNTfR.--  1802 

;UIDO,RENI-ITALPWNTER  •  IS15 
GUISCARD,ROBT.-NOPIMAKSttDIE»-IOl5 
SUISE.DIAS.-CAR[)'L  Of  LORRAINE-I  525 
SulSE.UAUOE-FR.GENERAt.--  -1496 
&UrZOT.FRANCOIS-FR.HKTORIAN-n87 
&UNTER,EOM.-£NG.NATHEMAT'N-|  58 1 

rURNfY.JOS.  ENG.WlLANTHR'ST-nsa 
GOSTAVfcI.-t:iN5  OF  SWEDEN  --I496 
GUSTAVUSn.- "  "  -159* 
GUSTAVUSin.-'-.  >'  -1146 


RICSSONJO«N-SW.INVEIflOR.--l803 
»S*mE,T«OS^SCOT.lAWYtl---l150 
TELHRH.-ANStfr$AXOtlllN5---  968 
Udll  OF  HUnMM-Cl  MATH.-FL.  IX.  3  00 
USENE.PIHIICE-AIIS1IIIAN  K  NEHAL-- 166  3 
UGfNIt.MMtlE-FR.EWRESS  •— 1826 
U6ENIIBI.-ROMAN  PONTIFF-0.  651 
IKEftlUSn.-  >i  >i  -0.  821 
UMNIUSin.:  i  •  11  -0.1153 
U6ENIUS IV.-' »  >'  -0.  1441 
IUUIONAU-9M!  MMHEMATIt-nOI 
URIP1DES-EREEK  THKIC  POH-!.t  480 
USEBUBPAMPWll-CAtSABEAN  HOT-  SS6 
VANS.AU6USTA-AM.NOV  [  L IS1  -I 836 
VAN5,MAUAIKNt.NOVELKl  •-  1820 
VARTS.WM.M.-AM.LAWYER  -  -  1 8 1 6 
VF.IYN.  JOHN- ENC.  AUTHOR--  I  620 
VERETT.EOW.-AM. SCHOLAR ---1794 
VVING,THI!S.-AM.STATfSMAN  -- 1189 
XMOUlH,EDW.-ENC.ADMIRAl-n5 
ZiKILl-Hrt«tWP«OPHET-FL.  B.C.  59' 
Z«A-«E»REW  LAW-MAHEHI.B.C.  536 
ABIUS  MAXIMUS-ROM.CONSUL-B.C.  203 
AHRENH!lT,S.t.-«R.PNILOSOPHfR-l686 


RUTHERFORD  B.  HAYES. 


AIRFAX,THOS.-ENG.S!HERAL  — 16  l 

ALCONER,WM.-5COT.  POET 113 

ALIERl.M'ARinO-MCE  Of  VENICE-1218 
•ANEUIT..PETER-AM.MEP.CHANT-I100 
ARAOAY,taAEL-ENE.CMMIST~l 1 9 1 
ARQUHAR.SEO.-IRISH  DRAMATIST-!  618 
AKBA6-UT.LIAVID-AM.ADMIRAI  •••!  801 
•AUST.DR.JOHAHN-EER.NECWMAII.-Fl.lSOO 
Ai!tT..'0"V,'i-6ER.  INVENT.  PRINT.-D. 146" 
AWJEWV-EN6.CONSP1RATOR-CU606 

EARNE.CHAS.-EN&.JURIST 1149 

ECHTER,CHAS.A.-EN5.ACTOR--I824 
'ENELON,FRANCOIS-FR.AUTHOR-I651 
FERDINAND  I.-&ER.EMPEROR--I 503 
FERDINAND  II- "  "  -I51t 
FERDINAND  III.-"  »•  -1608 
:ERDINAND  1Y.-KINE  OF  NAPLES-IT  5 1 
ERDINANOI.-KINEOF  CASTILE-IOOO 
'ERDINANDDI;"  M  -II9< 
FERDINAND  IV.-"  t»  -1285 
FERDINAND  V.-KINGOF  SPAIN  -  1452 

FERDINAND VL- "     ><   -1713 

'ERDINANSVll.-')        <i     •  1784 


NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE. 


ERWSON,ACAM-SWt.PWlOS1R--n2 
FE»5USON,JAS.-5COT.ASTRON»MB-n  I 
rERNANDEZ,DlNI2.-POW5  NAVlGAl-FL 
FESSENOEN,W.P.-AM.STA1ESNAN-|806 
FICHTE.JOIfANN-6ER.PHILOSOP|lER-n62 
FIELD,CY«USft-AM.MEIiCHANT-.|819 

riELD.BAVIP  0.-AM.JURIST 180 

FIELDlNS,HtN«Y-EN6.NOVEUST--nO 
F1ESOLEEIOVANNHTAL.PAINTER-I38 
FILLMOBE.MIUARD-BTHPIiE5.U.5.-l80l 
FISH.HAntoN-AM.STANSMAN"l80l_ 

FITCN,JOHN-AM.INVEN10R 1141 

FIAMSTE  f  DJOHN-ENG.  AST  RON.- 1 64  6 
HA!(MAN,JOHN-EN6.SCULP10R-n  55 
LETCHER.JOHN-EN5.0HAMATI51- 151' 
LEURY.ANDRE  R.-FR.STA1ESMANH653 
ONTENElLt,BERN»RI)-FR.AUTH8ll-l65" 
FWTE.ANDREW  H.-AN1.ADMIRAL-I80 
FOOTE,SAM'L-EN5.COMEOIAN-n2 
FMin.EHb-EIKklMTUItMJST-181! 
FORREST,  EIW.-AM.THAtEBIAN-  -180 
FOR5TEItJOHII-ENt.iilOERAPHr.lH8 1 2 


&AtlATm,AL»EIIT-AM.STA1ESMAN-n6l 
6AaAUDET,T.H.-AM.CLE«WMAN-n81 
6ALUENUS.PUB1IU5-ROM.EMP.-  233 
GAIT,JOHN-  SCOT.  NOVELIST-  1119 
WMWiAIMMnLM'MUWH'ITI 
GAMA,VA5W  OA-PORT.NA\/IMTOR-I450 
&AMBE1TA,IEON-F».QRATOR--I838 
GARDINER.STEWEN-EN6.PREIATE  -1483 
ARFIELO.JA5.A.-20TH  PRE5.U.5.-I83I 
.ARIBALOI,W)I5EPPE-ITAI.PATRIOT-I801 
ARRISK,DAVIO-ENS.A£TOR--  1116 


r'ORSYTH.  JOHS-AM.  SIATES'H-  -II  80 
FOSCARLFRANCESCD-MfEOE  VENItE-13  1  3 
FOSTER.JOBN-EN6.  ESSAYIST-  --I110 
•OUQUET,NICOLAS-FR.STATESMAIH6  1  S 
•OUR!ER,FRANK)IS-fR.SOCIALIST-m2 
•OX,CHASJ.-ENS.STATESMAN-1  149 


•ASKELL.ELI2ABETHC.-EN6.NOVEUSTH8IO 
ASSENDI,PIEH«-FS.SAVANT--  1592 
MTE5,HORATIO-AM.&ENERAl--n28 
frATUN6,RlCH'DJ.-AM.INVEN10R-l8l8 


frAUSS.KARLF.-HR.MAIfll'.HICIAN-nT! 


^AUTIERjTHEOPHILE-FR.  POET  -   18 

rAY,JOHN-EN&.POET 16 

WY-lUSSAC,JOS.-FR.CHEMIST-nT 


MNEHEVE,ST.-FII.8EIIGIO>IIST  -•  422 


'OV.6EO.-EN6.FOUN.OFS.OfFIII!N!l5-l6? 

FOY.MAXIMILIANTFR.6ENERAL  •-  1115 

FRANCIA,JOSE-OICTATOR  OF  PWUEtlAY-1157 

FRANCKL-KIN&  OF  FRANCE  ---1494 

FRANCIS  [U-  t,  i  » 

FRANCIS  I.-  6  ER.  EMPEROR 

FRANCISH.-  "         »  l         --I168 

FRANCIS  JOSEPH-AUSTRIAN  EMP.-I830 

FRANCIS.ST.-FOUNO.FRANCISCANS-II82 

FRANCIS  XAVIER.ST.-FR.  JESUIT-I  506 

FRANKUN,BENJ.-AM.P«ll.OSOPHER-n06 

FRANRllN.SIRJO«N-EN6.EXPlO«ER-n~' 

FREDERICK  V1.-KIN6  Of  KUMARK-ll 

FREDERICK  V1L-  ij         .  .      -1806 

FREDERICK  I.-G-ER.  EMPEROR  --IIJI 

FREDERICK  II:   "        "       -1194  GENSHIS  KHAN-MOfULCONOUEMHI 


FREDERICK  III; 


-1415 


THOMAS  HOOD. 


FREDERICK  1.-KIN6  OF  PRUSSIA  -165 


. 
FIEIIRWUWIL- 

ffltnn  'i  -  nt 

FUEDR'K  "     IV.- 

F8E[MAN,EOW.A.-EN6.  HIS10RIAN-I823 
FRELINWUY5EN,TH(B.-AM.STSM'MH18 
FREUNE-HUYSEN.F.T.-  -  •>  181' 
FREMONT.JOKN  C.-AM.  EXPlO  R.ER-1 8 1 : 
FROEBELjFRED'K-EER.EDUCATOR  •  -  II 8: 
F80IS5AliT,JEAN-FR.HlSTORIAN-  -133' 
FROUOE,JAS.A.-EN6.HISTORIAN  18 II 
FUtLER.SARAH  M.-AM.AUTHORESS-I8  H 
FUITON.ROBT.-AM.INVENTOR--  116 
WDSOEN.CHRIS.-AM.STATESMAN-n  2' 
MDSOEN,JAS.-  '!  » i  -1181 
CAIN560ROU6H.THOS.-ENE.PAlN7lR-n2 

CALEN-E-REEK  PHYtlAN 13 

MLERIUSjCAiUS-ROM.GlNERAl.-  29 


£.AU,FRAN2  JOS.-&ER.PHYSICIAN-nS 


DAVID  HUME. 


JEANNE  D/Wi(JOAN OF  ARC). 


GUSTAWJS IV.-" 


-me 


WASHINGTON  IRVING. 


&OU6H,JOHN  B.-AM.  TEM.LECT.-  1817 
688|  &OULD,AUMSruS  A.-AM.NAT'SM805 
8  60ULD,JAY-AM.RAIl;Y  MANAGER-  1836 
fOUNOD,CHAS.F.-FR.  COMPOSER  -1  818 
&OWER,JOHN-fNE.POE.  .....  1320 

GRACCHUS,  CAI  US  -ROM.  STATS'N-Bi.159 
eRAHAM.JOHN.-SCOT.&ENEaAL-|  650 
MANT.JAS.-5COT.NOVELIST-  -1822 
&RANT,U.S.-I8TH  BRES.U.5.-  1822 
GRANVIUE.JOHN  C.-ENf.STATS'N-l  690 
GRATTAN.HENRY-IRISH  ORATOR-1  146 
&RAY,  ASA-AM.  BOTAN  1ST  -  -1  8  1  0 
&RAY,THOS.-ENG.POET  .....  1116 

SREELrY,HORACE-AM.JCLlRN'ST-l8  I  ' 
6REEN,JOHNR.-ENE.HISTOR|»'H831 
&R  EENE,NATHAN'L-AM.CENERAL-'  142 
SREENLEAF.BENJ.-AM.AUTHOR-  1196 


GUTENBERE,J.-6ER.I)IV.OF  P8WEH400 

CUYNNE.ELEA.-EH6.ACTBESS     1650 

HADRIAN-ROMAN  CMPTROR--      76 

AFIZ-PtRSIAN  POET 1300 


&ENSERIC-KIN& OF  THE  VANDALS- 


GEO»6E,HENRY-AM.POimc»i  WHITER- 1839 
SEORK1.-IIII5  OF  ENUAND  — 1660 
GEOR&tll.-"  "  •••1683 

EORG-ECl.-"  "         -H38 

•EORUEIV.-"  11        --1162 

IjEOiiUE.ST.-BISHOP  OF  AIEXAMDRIA-B.36 
'•rRICAUlT,JEAN-FR.  PAINTER ---nB 
EROME.JEAL  I.-  FR.PAINHR  •  - 1824 
irERRY,ElBRID6E-AM.STATESMAI»-n44 

SESNE«,CONRAD-S«S  NATURALIST-IS  1 6 
6  ES5LER-AUS.BAILI  FF  KIllEO  BY  TELL-D.I3  07 
&WBER1I,LORENZO-ITA1.5CULPTO«H378 
WBBON,EDW^RD-ENG.HISTORIAIH131 
ClBSON,  JOHN-ENE.SCULPTOR  •  •  -1190 
CHFFORD,WM.-ENG.  WRITER  •• -1151 

flLBERT,SI»  mWPHRT-EN(;.NAV'R-l539 


6REEORY  l.-ROMAH  PONTIFF--  D.,604 
63  GREtOKYn.-  »  i  >  --D.,13 
OS  GREGORY  lit  "  )'  -11,74 


OR. SAMUEL  JOHNSON. 


1688  CILES.WM.8.-AM.STATISMAN  -••  1162 


GREGORY  IV.-ROMAN  PON1IFF-D.,844 


_I8EMRY  V.- 
6RE60RYV1.-  i 
GREGORY  VII;  i 
GREGORY  Vlir.- 1 
GREGORY  IX.-  i 
GREGORY  X.-  > 
GREGORY  XL-  > 
GREGORY  XII.- 1 

GREGORY  x;n.-> 

GREGORY  Xli'.-i 
GREGORY- XV.  i 
•RtGORr-XVL- 


ANOREW  JACKSON. 


GIUOITJOS.-ENG.PENMANUFAtK-IBOO 
&mARD.STtPHEN-AM.MEHfHANT-nSO 


GALILlO-lTAL.AS1RONOMER--IS64!G!RAROIN.EMI!.E-FR.JOURNALIST~ie06 


C-IULIO,ROMANO-nAL.PAINTER--l4'.12 

GLADSTONE,WM.E.-ENG.STAIiSMAN-l809 

GLAUBER,JOHANN 

GLENDOWER.OWtN-VrElSHCHIEFlAIN-1350 

GLUCK,CHRISTOPH-EER.  COMPOSFR-ll  14 

GOOWIN,WM.-EN6.NOVELIST---I156 

METHEJOHANNVI.-GCR.POET---n-l9 

GOLDSMITH,OLIVER-IRISH  POH- 1128 

GOME?,SEBASTIANO-SPAN.PAIN1ER-I616 

GONSALVO  Df  E»OVA-5PAIt.tEN>l--l4«3 

&OODRICH,SAM'l  G.-AM.  AUTHOR  •  -1193 

GOODYEAR.CHAS.-AM.INVEN10R-I800 

GORDON,E,EO..imi-Elt6.A6ITA10R-n50 

frORE,CATHARINEE.-EltB.NOVELISM199 

GOTT5CHALK,LOUIS  M.-AM.P1AI1IST-I8?9 


THOMAS  JEfFERSON. 


-0.,99' 
•-D-I04 
••D,I08 


lAHNEMANN.S.C.F.-HR.PHYS'N-i  155 
HAKLUYT.RICH'D-ENG.HISTi)lllAN- 1553 
HAL[,EDW.EV1-AM.ClEIIErMAN-l822 
HALE.SIR  MAITHEW-ENG.  JURIST-  -1 609 
HALEVY.JACQUES-FB.MMPOS!R-n99 
HALJtURTOHjTHK.-  HBVA  SC1I1AH  JMI5T-I1 9  6 
HALIFAX,CHAS.M.-ENE.STATESMAN-lE6l 

HALL.JAS.-AM.6EOL06IST IB  1 1 

HAlLAM,HENRY-ENt>  HISTORIAN- 1177 
KALIECK.FITZ-EREEKE-AM.  POET-- 1190 
HALLEY.EOM.-ENG.  ASTRONOMER- 1 6  56 
HAMILCAt-CWTHUMUUI  Rtft-tUJe 
HAMIITON.ALEX.-AM.  STATESMAN-  iftl 
HAMlLTON,SIRWM.-SIX)l.METAWrS.-n88 
KAMILTON',SIR»M.«.-IRISHAST80II.-I60J 
HAMLIN,HANNI6Al-AM.SiATESMAN-l  809 
HAMPOEN,JOHN-ENfeSTAT!SMAN-l594 
HAMPTON,WAOi-AM.CONF[3.EEN.-l  8 18 


-D.,1181 
•-D.,124 
--EL.I216 
-D.,13 18 
-D.-M-H 
-D..I58S 
•  D..I59I 
-0.,I623 
--D..I846 

GRESORr.ST.-GR.FATH.OFTH!WI)R.-  332 
GREVY.FftANCOIS-PRES.  OF  FRANCE  - 18 1 3 
EREY.CHAS.-EN6.STA1E5MAN  -  -  -  -  II 64 
GfEY,LADYJANE-(IFIEOEN6.LADY--lS31 
GILLMORE,Q.A.-AIV\.6ENERAI-I825  G«iVM,F8IEORIC»M.-EER. AUTHOR- 1123 


ANDREW  JOHNSON. 


JOHN  PAUL  JONES. 


HANCOCK,JOHN-AM.STATESMAH-n  3 1 
HANCOU.WINFIElOS.-AM.GEN.1- 1824 


GRlMM,JACOBL.-f[R.P«ILOlOEIST-.n85  HANOEL,GEO.F.-&ER.COMPOSER-  1684 

GfilSm-'UHA-ITAl.SINGER 1 8 12  HANNIBAL-CARTHAGINIAN  6EN.-BX.247 

GRISWOLURUFUSVY.-AM.AUTHOR-I8I5  HANS SACHS-GER. POET 1494 

HARDICANUTE-KING  OF  EN&.  --IOI8 
HAROINEE.HfNRt-EN6.GENERAL-n85 
HARDY,  IHOS.-tNfr.NOVELISt-  184 
HABI  Rl,  ABU  WOHAM.-ARA8.POET- 1 0  54 
HARLEY.ROBVENC.STATESMAN -1 6  6 
HAROLD  I.-KIN6  OF  ENGLANO-D.I04I 
HAROLD  U;  »  it  -D.I066 

HAHOOM-AtRASCHIO-ULIPIlOFIAEJAB-  166 
HAHRISON.BENJ.-23  PRES.OFU5.-I833 
HARR1SON.JOHN-EN6.INVENTOR  - 1 693 
HARI(ISON,WM.H.-9THF1i£S.U.S.-m3 
HARTE-FRANCISB»ET-AM.HUMOR'H839 


HARVFXWM.-ENO. PHYSICIAN--  - 1578 
MMM-fMK  GENERA1-DL,BX.20 


KJJXt        OCCUPATION          EOBN 


KAME       OCCUPATIOH        »ORN 


JOHN  Ylll.-  ROM.  PONTIFF-3..  973 
0.,  984 
-0.,  996 
-D.,998 
-D.,1003 
-D.,1009 
-O.J033 
-O..I277 
-D.,I334 
-D..I4I9 

JOHN  THE  BUniST-fflOPHEt-M.       5 
JOHN.ST.-APOSTIE  .....  0.,  IOO 
JOHNSON,ANOR.EW-7TH  PRES.US.-W8 
N.SAM'L-ENG.LUMR-  II  09 
N.A.^HNFEIl.iEN.--  I803 
NJ.*.-  "      »i      -1807 
---1529  JONAH-HEBREW-PROPHET-FLU.  900 


NAME         OCCUPATION         BOON 


NAME     OCCUPATION      BORN 


HOMfS.TWlS.-EI1S.P»llll>SOPKR- 1 586 
MOUA2ARE-FR.GENERAL  — 1768 
HOE,«On  M.-AM.INVF.N70R-I8I2 
HOFTMAN.OiAS.F.-AMJUnHOR- 1 M6 
-1697 

HOGt.JAS.-SCOT.POET 1172 

HW.BtlN,HANS-G£R.  PAINTER.-I497 
HOLLAND.  J.G.- AM.  AUTHOR -"  1 8 19 
HOLMES,6UV£»  M.-AM.WHOR  -1 809 

KONORIUS.FLAVIUS-ROM.EMP'R-  384 
HOOO.TrtOS.-EN6.  POET 


JOHNYIVr 
JOHN  XV.- 
JOHN  XVI.- 
JOHN  XHI.- 
JOHN  XVIU.-  » 
JOHN  XIX.- 
JOHN  XXI.-  » 
JOHNXXU.- 
JOHNXXHU-M 


LOUIS  XIII. 


MKUaJMEKKtWNEML 

MHUmm-MJingi   9W 

KAY*,  JOS.-H8.CWIPOSER-"-  1732 

.ISAA'.-AaLAKTlC  CXWIR.-I83.J 
HAYES,R.I.-I9TH  PHES.OC  U.S.-I822 
MrNL«Or.«.-A«.STAT  ISMAN-  17  9 
HEKL,GfOR6  X.-HR.PHIlOSfiH710 

(,HEINR1CH-  6£R.POET-  -1799 
J(Et«lilOlT7,H.-D£R.fWSiCL'ST-l8JJ 


OriM(»-l732lH(««E-LATINPOET---BX.   _. 

l795|HOSMERJiAllWET-AM.SCULnORH836  IVAN  IV.- 
HOUSTON,SAM-AM^ENERAL--I793  JACKSON.A! 


1798  ISOCRATES-6REEK  ORATOR-B.C.436  JOHNSO 

V^USTIN-MFUMPR-IT  * 
65IVANDI.-RUS.EMPEROR--I'' 


JOHN  STUART  MILL. 


LAELAtlCH[,tulti-ITAL  SINGER— 1794 


HfHH  :.:. 
HEI«r  L-KINf  OF  FRANCE-  1005 
HENRY  H.-  M  »      -1519 

HE»RTDl.->>  M      -1551 

HfNRTlY.->»  >»  --I553 

HFNRT  1.-KH.EMPEROR--  876 
HENRY  n.-  »  ;»  —  972 
NEHRTDI.--'  >»  -1017 
HENAYIV.-M  M  -1050 
HENRY  V.- 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 


HOWE.EL1AS-AM.INVENTOR-I8  19 

HOWE.SAMI  MunuifTKr-i  so  i 

HUOSON.HENRT-ENC.MVIMTCR-D.1  6  1  1 
HUCHES.THOS.-ENE.AUTHOR- 
HUtO.veTOR-FR.POET  ......  1  802 

HUM(JOLDT,F.K.)L-HRJCIENI!Sl-n69 
HUME.DAVIO-SCOIHISTORIAN-1  7  II 
UKft-tlWOn  •  --  •  -178* 
HUNTER.JOHN-SMLSUKtON-n2.8 
HUSiJOHN-BOKKIAN  HEIOW1ER-  1  3  7  3 
HIHiryi«S.H.-ENkSCIENTI$T"l825 


JACOBI.FRIEDRICH-tER.PHIlOS.-n43 
4ACO.UARD,JCS.M.-FR.INVENTOR-n52 
JAMES  1.-KINS  OF  SCOTLAND-1394 
JAMESL-  11  >»  -1430 

JAMES IU.- 5 »  ««•    -1453 

JAMES  W.-i«  •  »      -1473 

JAMESV.-J.  »»      -1512 

JAMES  I.-N»f  OrEN6.*SCOVI566 
JAMESD.-  »  ))  -1633 
JAMESON.  ANNA-Hm.Aim«R-n97 
MNSaunKlK-MPIWK-1585 
JANUARIUS.ST.-PM.ST.OFNAPIES-  272 
Vk-B«AVEAM.SOtWEIh7bO 
JAY,JOH'N-AM.STATESMAN--n45 
JEFTERSON.THOS.-3RD  PRES.aS.-1743 
JEFFREY.FRANCI5-5CDT.JLIOM-  - 1773 
JEFFRtYS.KO.-BRIT.  JUDGE  -  - 1 648 
JENNER,EjW.-EN6.PHYSIOAN---n4l  __ 
I823|JEROM£,5T.-LAT.FATH.OFCHUR.-?4Q  JOSEPHINE 


JONE5,5IR  WM.-!Jt6.llHGUIST  -  •  •  1746  LA  FONT 


LORD  MACAULAY. 


LA  FAYETTE. 


HENHY  VL-6ER.  EMPEROR  •  •  •  n  55 

HEWrVl-)t        ).•     --I262 
HEXRY  I.- WHS  Of  £NGIAHD-|068 


HrDER-All-HINOOO  PflMCE  -.---17  18 

s 

1.I  07 


•  1  830 

-  1  833 
1781 


IWMIUS  LOTOLA-SPAH.  JESUIT 
MBMUENHNUMKIBT- 


JONSON,BEJt-ENt.  DRAMATIC  WET- 1 574 
JOSEPH  l.-G-ER.  EMPEROR-  —1678 
9  JOSEPHI1.-11  «»  --'1741 
-FR.EMPRESS--I763 
JOSEPHUS.FIAV.-JEWISH  KISIORIW-  37 
JOSHUA-HEBREW  LEADER-  B.C.  1537 
JUAREL8.P.-PRES.OF  MEXICO- 1806 


AlliE,jEAN-FR.POET  -  •  •  1 62 1 
LA  6RANGE,JOS.-Fli.MATHEMATN-n36 
LAMARTINF.-AlPHOIISE-FR.POET  -  •  1 790 
LAMB.CHAS.-ENS.ESSA1IST----n7.5: 
LAMBERT.JOHN-[NeiElt£liAl  -  - 16 19 
LANDOR.WAIT.S.-  EN6.  AOTHOR  -  - 1775 
LANDSEEH.SIR  EOW.-EH6.PAINTEI1- 1302 
LANGW.MK.L.-AM.  ACTRESS  -  •  1 8 52 
LANNES.JEAN-FR.MARSHAL-  -1769 
LAN5DOWItE.W)il-£N6.SIA!ES'll- 1737 
LAPLACE.P.S>FR.ASTRONOIilER-n4Sl 
U  ROCHEFOUCA9lD,F.-FI.AUTHOR-l6 
LA  SAUE.ROBtC.-FR.EXPLORER-i643 
LAS  CASES,EMAN'l-fll.MKUi-n66 
LATIMER.MUGH-EN(.REF(l(klER-i490 
LATOUK  D'AlWEJiME-Fli.OFFICER-n43 

IAUD.WM.-ENG.  PRELATE 1 573 

LAURENS,HEN8Y-AHLSTAIES'N--n24 
t  AVAT£R,JOHN  C.-SWISS  rHTSMPTH  14 1 


LORDLYTTON. 


-1133 
-1207 
-1366 
-1388 

1421 
•1456 
-1491 
-  1736 
MEIAani)S-G«EEK  FWLK.-  B^.  535 

1593 


KM    . 

HENRY  HL-  ) 
HEN«>  IV.- 
HENRY  V.- 
HENRY VL- 
MM1  I  . 
--•.-•  .  . 


JEROME  OF PMSUE-HHtM.WVINE-1378 


73 

HEUIMTUS-KEIKTMAN-  -  6.U64 
HE«RltiLRfln.-£Nt.W7  -  •  •     1591 

•••       -.-..:•  \ 
Ht«SCHtt.S«WM.-'>     !»      -1738 

Hisiot-t«rnPOET      FLJ.C.  sso 

HE7F11AH-KIKMJUOEA--   Bi  750 

mmmgion-AK.iiisioRiAH-4807 


JEHBOLD,D01«LAS-E»6.AinHOR-l803  KEARNEY,PHILlP-AM.G£N'L-l8i: 

JOAN  OF  ARC-fR.HEROINE  ---1412 

JOEL-HEBREW  PROPHET-FL.B.C.  7  75 

JOHN  I.-KIN6 OF  FRANCE-I3I6 

JOHN  D.- 11  M       —1319 

JOHN-KING  OF  ENGLAND— 1 166 

JOHN  LHIIN&  OF  PORTUGAl-1357 

JOHND.-KINGOFPOLANO---I609 

JOHNffl.-ii  >?      ---1624 

JOHN  I-  ROM. PONTIFF- tX,  526 


HENRY  W.LONtFELLOvY. 


ROBERT  LLEE. 


INNOCENT  L-ROM.PONTIFF-0.  417 
INNOCENT  II.- 
INNOCENT  m.- 
INNOCENTIV.- 
INNOCENT  V.- 
INNOCENTW.- 
INNOCENTV1I.- 
INNOCENT  V1I1.- 
INNOCENT  IX- 
INNOCtNl  X.- 
INNOCTN1  XI.- 
INNOCCNT  XII.- 
INNOCENTXITU- 
IHEN/IUS.S1.-BISHOP  01  LYONS-  140 
|RE«-«T7ANIINE  EMPRESS---  752 
IRVIN&,EDW.-SC07.  DIVINE  1792: 
GjWWW-AM. AUTHOR  -  •  1 78J 
ISABf  LIA  L-QU.OF  CASTILE  -  -  •  1451 

ISAIELLAn.-OU.OF  SPAIN 1830 

ISAIAH-HEBREK  PROPHET-FLBX.740 


JOHN  I!.- 
JOHN  111.- 
JOHN  IV.- 
JOHN  V.- 
JOHN VI.- 
JOHNViL- 

-D.II43  JOHN  VIII.- 

-D.I2I6  JOHN  IX.- 
0.1254  JOHN  X.- 

•0. 1276  JOHN  XI.- 

-8.1382  JOHN  XII.- 

-B.I406 

-0.1492 

-D.I59I 

-D.I6S5 

-0.1689 

-0.1700 

-0.1724 


D.,  535 
0.,  573 
D.,  642 
D.,  686 

D.,  705  MATS,JOHN-ENG.POET----n95 


D.,-  707 


D.,  900 


D..  936 
D.,  964 


JAMES  MADISON. 


JULIAN  THE  APOSIAU-«OM.EMP'R 
JULIANt-ROM.PONTIFF-l,  352 
JULIAN IL-  )i  )  >  D.J5I3 
JULIANIH.-ji  5)  B..I555 

JUSTIN.SVCH.FAIH.IN  PALESTINE  103 
JUSTINIAN  U-BYZANIINEEMP'R-  483 
JUVENAL.DECIMUS-LAT.POET 
KALAKAUA.OtVID-KINB  (F  HAWAII-1 836 

KAlB,JOHrf-AM.G£NERAl 1721 

«ANE,EUSHA  K.-AM.ARC.EKPIOR;I820 

KEAN.EDM-ENf.TRAGEOIAN-1787 


JOHN  MILTON. 


CARDINAL  MAZARIN. 


K[ll[RMA((N,FX.-FR.6CNERAl- 17  35 
KEMBLE.JOHN  P.-EN6.TRAHDIAIH7S7 
KEMP5.THOS.VGER.MONK'-I380 


D.,  928  KENT.JAS.-AM.JURIS7 1763 


KE  PLER.jOHANN-GER.AStRON.-l  57 1 
XEY.FRANCISS.-AM.POET- ---1779 
KINt,RUFUS-AM.STATESMAN-l  7  55 
UNC-,WM.R.-  11  >i  -1786 
KIN&5inr,CHAS.-EN6.0WINE--l8l9 
KlTTO.JOHN-ENt.BIB\  SCHOIAR-1 804 
KLE8ER.JEAN  B.-FR.GENERAL-1 7  5» 
KlOPSTOCK.F.fr.-tER.POn-  -1724 
KNISHT,CHAS.-ENO. AUTHOR-  -|79l 
KNOWL[S,JAS.S.-ENG.  AHOR-  -1 784 
KNOX.HENRr-AM.SrATE5MAN- 1 750 
UNOX. JOHN-SCOT. OIVTNE  -  -1505 
kOSCIUS«i,THA8l)fl«-WllS«H!imH746 
KOSSUTHjLOWS-flfflHIWI  PHI1IOT-I802 
WrnBU£.AUf(BT-6ER.OMMATlST-l76l 
BITUSOE  F,M«HW-IIU$.&tNE8AL- 1 745 


LAVOISIER.A.L.-FR.CHEMIST  - -- 1743 
LAWJOHN-SCOT.  FINANCIER  —  1 67 1 
LAWRENCE.A.-AM.PHIlAJITHR.OrI-n86 
LAWRENCE.JA1-AM.IIAWL  HEHO-I78I 
LAWRENCE,7HK.-ENt.PAINTER  -1769 
LESRUN,CH«S.-«.PA1NTER  —  1 6 19 
LEOYARO.  JOHN- AM.  TRAVELER-  1751 
LEE.ARTHDR-AM.STATESMAI1  •  -1740 

LELEHASr  AM.  GENERAL 1775 

LEE.FRANCIS  L.-AM.  PATRIOT  ---1734 

LELHENRY-AM.GENERAL 1756 

LEE.RICH'D  H.-AM. ORATOR"  -1732 
LEf.ROBT.E.-CONFEO.GENERM.-  1 806 
LEECHJOHN-ENG.CARICATURIST- 1817 
LEfEBRVRANCmS-FlMMSIlAi  •  |755 
LEEARLHLiai  S.-AM.ST»T[SWAN  -i  797 
LEIBNIT?.MTTFIU!D-t!S.P«llE1l-i  646 
LEIffSTn.ROB.D.-ENt.EARL-  •  1532 
LEOL-  R.OM.  PONTIFF-  0,  461 
LEO  IL-  >  i  »  -0-684 
LEOIIL-  «  >  .  0.  816 
LEOIV.-  .1  >  ,  -0.,  855 


JAMES  MONROE. 


NAMC       OCCUPATION       BORN  NAME      OCCUPATION       BORN  WAME     OCCUPATION       BORN  NAME      OCCUPATION        BORN 


NAME       OCCUPATION       BORN 


t£Q  V.-ROM.  PONTIFF-D.,   903 


JO  VI.- 

LEO  VII.-   v 

LEO  VIIL-  > 

LEO  IX.-  ? 

LEO  X.-     f 

LEO  XI.-    > 

JG  Xll.-  5 

LEO  XIU.- 


0.,  929 
•0.,  939 
-D.,  965 
-O..I054. 
-O..I52I 
•O..I605 
••1760 
•-•1910 

UONIDA.S-KINS  OFSPMTA-gi.-0.480 
LEOPOID  I.-6ER.  EMPEROR  •  -  1640, 
LEOPOLD  L- '  •>  » »  -  -  - 1141 
LEOPOLD  l.-KING  OF  BUCIUM--I190 
LEOPOID  L-  it  »»  • -1 8351 
LE  SASE,ALAIN  8.-FR.SOVEUST-- 1 668! 
LESUE,CH«S.R.-ENS.PAiNTU--n94| 
L[SSEPS,FERD.-FR.ENEIN[m 

1129 


PROF.  S.F.8.  MORSE. 


LEVER,CHAS,J.-lltlSN  NOVELIST  •  -1806 
LEVEBRIER,UJJ.-FR.»ST«ONOII1ER-  1311 
LEWES.GEO.H.-ENG.  AUTHOR  ---1311 
LEWlS,MERIWETHEI!-AM.EmOR!IH  114 
LEYDEN.LUCAS-DUTCH  PAINHR-14-9* 
LI  EKR,FRANCIS-AM.  PUBLICIST-  -( 8  00 
LIEBlG,JUSTUS-GER.Ctt£M!ST--|803 
UNCOLN.ABRAHAM-I6TH  PRES.kS.-l  809 
LINCOIN,BEN,).-AM.  GENERAL-- -  II 3  3 
UNO,JENNr-SWEO.VOCAL!ST---l82l 
LINNAU)S,CHAS.-SWEtl.80UNIST-- 1 107 
tlPPLFILIPPO-ITAL.  PAINTER  — 14-12 
LIS2TJFRANZ-HUN&. PIANIST- --IQI I 
LITTLETON.THOS.-ENUURIST--I420 
LIVERPOOL.ROB.-ENI,.$TATESMAH  |110 
LIVINGSTON,EDVr.-AM.JURIST  -  -  -  11 64 
LIVINDSTONE-DAVIt-SCOUKPLMIEfl  1 8 1 3 
im,Tl'US-ROM.H1S10RIAIt  -B.C.  59 
LOCKE,JOHN-ENt.PMUS(!PH£8-- 1  6  32 
LOt-AN.JOHN  ».-  HM.SW[?MA»  -  - 1 82  6 

LON6,F(OI?ER-ENG.ASTM)lfOMU|-l680 


N  A  POLE:  OK. 


LUnil^tLUJ"jN.»v«i»i.rut  I  -  •  • 

LONGSTREET,JAS.-CON«D.6EN.- 
ORRAINE,OUKEOF-E*ER.WN'L- 
OSSIN6,  BENSON  J.-MIHS10IUM 
OUIS.1.-KIN&  OF  FRANCS  -•- 
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ouis  jn.- » 

LOUIS  XIt» 
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OUIS  XTV.-i 

ouis  xv.- 

LOUIS  XVb  i 


1607 

1821 

1604 

1813 

778 

846 

353 

921 

961 

1078 


•-I  I 


I  197 

1215 
1289 
1423 

1462 
1601 
1638 
1110 
1154 


WILLIAM  PENH 


mKUMUBI.-fMUMKMtt-M.70 

MAHMOUD  L-SUTM  OF  IURKEY  -  •  1 6  96 

MAHMOJD  L-  »  M      -17 

MMTEmmnoHumA-i  6  35 

MAU8(IAH,MAI1IA  F.-FH.VOCAIIST  -  -1 8  08 
MAIPIGHLMAICEUI1-ITAL.SURKON--I628 
M«lTHUS,IHOS.Ii.-rNt.PtllI.W«IT[R-  17  66 
MMKHULSUHHCniHIB-  1300 
MkMUGU,-fJ(tHMHUl---l808 

MANN,H6«ACE-AM.[DUCAIOR 1796 

MMSROUaUlrlBUntSI---  1705 
MANUni)S.A.-VENfTIAN  PBNTEI----I4.49 
MARAT,Jf.ANP.-FUEVOtUT!ONIST-  1 744 
MAHC[UI)S.KARC.-ROM.CONSUL-8.C.  268 
MMHEIIFMJMUBUI.ab--M.29 
MAI6ABEI-QILOEN.  NOK.  5WED.-  •  -1 3  53 
MAREARFT-QU.OFNAVARRF.----  1492  MElBOURNE.WM.-ENE.STAItS.-l 


SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH. 


LOUIS  XVII.-KIN&  OF  FRANCE  - 17  85, 
lOUISXVUl.-  M  11  -1155 
LOUIS  PHiaiPPt-n  »>  -IT73 
LOUIS  EV.-GER.  EMPEROR--  I28S 
IOUV01S,TRANCOIS-FR.STATE5'N-I  641 
LOVER,SAM'L-IRISH  NOVELIST- 1 1 97 
LOWE  II,  JAS.RUS  VAM.  POET  - 1 8  19 
lOYOLA.ltNfflU5-5WNJF.SUIT-l4.9l 
LUCAN,MARCUS-ROM.POET---  39 

LUCIAN- GREEK  SATIRIST 120 

LUCRETIUS-LATIN  POET -B.C.  95 
LUCULLUS,LUCIUS-ROM.GEN.-8.C.  I  I  0 
LUTHER.MARTW-KR.REFORMER-1463 
LU*EMBOURS,F.H.-FR.MAIISHAL- 1 628 
LYCUREUS-SPARTAN  LAIMVEI-FL.BJL850 
LYElt,SIR  GEO.-SC01.CEOLOG1ST- 1197 
lYNDHl)R5T,J.Si-ENE.CH»NCEU(lll-l  172 


COMMODORE  PERRY. 


LVON,NATHANIEl-AM.6ENERAl  -  •  1 6 1 9 
LYSANDER-SPARTAN  SWlFJHMA.  3  95 

LVSIMAtHUSHWItOF  THRACE B.C.355 

LYSIPWS-SREEK  SMlPTOR-a.,B.C.  3  3  0 
MACAUlAY.T»OSJ.-Ellt.[SSAVIST-.|  800 
MC  CAtlP'J JSTH-I8ISH  KRITEII  ---1830 
MACOII»VELU,N.-IIAL.SWTFSMAN"I469 

MAC  uuuuEUrMuaaui-i  e  2  & 

me  COSH,JAS:-SCOT.  THEOLOSIAII  -  - 1  e  1 1 

MACDONALD.niENNE-FR.MMSmi-1  7  65 
MACDONAld.KO.-5COT.POFT-  -  -  I  824 
MACDONALO.JNO.Vl:AN.STATES'N-l  8  14 
VACKINTBSHjSlRJAS.-SCOT.STATES'N-l  7  6S 
MC  aOSKEUNO.-IST  AM  CARBINAl-l  8  I  0 
MCMWELL,IRVIN-AM.CENtRAl  -I  818 
MCKINLE»,WM.-AM.STA1£SMAN  I  844 
MAC  IUtHbN,M.[.-PRE$.OF  FR.--I  808 


MACSEAOT,WM.C.-!NC.ACTOR  •  •  17  93 
MADISON,JAMES-4TK  PRES.aS.-l  1 5 1 


FRANKLIN  PIERCE. 


MAKAHFT-QU.  OF  FRANCE-- 
MARIA D.-QU.CF  PORTUGAL- • 


•1553 


MELVILlf,AN'DREW-SK)T.REFORMER-l  545  MMUWI» 


JAMES  K.  POLK. 


MENDELSSOHN-BART. -HI.CjMPOS.-l  8  09  MUR 
MESMER.FRIED'K-GER.PHYSICIAN-I 
METTERNICH.C.W.-AUST.SIATES'N-1 773 
MEYMEBJMflLCMIPOSEIl-nM 
MICHAEL-ANtELO-ITAL.  ARTIST  ••  1474 
MIFFLIN,THOS.-AM.PATRIOT--    1744 
MILLJAS.-5C07.  HISTORIAN  -  — 1113 
MILI.JOHNSTUART-ENG.PHILOS.-- 1  806 
MILLERjHUHI-SCOT.GEOLOGIST- 1802 

MILLER,C.H.-AM.POET 1 841 

MILIS.CLARK-AM.SCULPTO  R  —  1 8 1 5 
MILTIADES-ATHEN.STATES.-EL.B.C.500; 

MILTON.JOHN-ENG.POET 1608 

MIRABEAU.G.H.-FR.  ORATOR  -  - 1  749, 
MlTCHEL.O.M.-AM.ASTRON'R-l  810 
MITCHELL.D.6.-AM.AUTHOR--C822 
MITHRIDATES-klNfllFPONTUS-B.C.132 


MORE,HA»nAH-ENf.AUTHORESS— 11*5 
MORE.SU  TIW$r{RUWBMM*-l4tt 

MOREAUJtAII-FR.C£KERAL 1163 

WORCAN,JHO.K.-COIIFEDX{NEKAL-  •  1 825 
MORLEVIOHN-EHtSTATESWAN  --I838 
M088IS.6EO.P.-AM.JOURNALIST--I802 
MORRIS.R08T.- AN.nNANClER— - 17  34 
MORSE£F.B.-AI*.INVENTWl  V  TEISW 191 

MaHIMgASA-SaitREKKT IS30 

MORTO».OmEH-AI*.$TATKMAN--- 1823 
MOSEHEm  UW-dVER-B.C.  1570 

MOTinjOttNtAM-HISTORIAN 1814 

MOltVALENTINE-AfiLSUHHOH- •  1185 

MOUITRIE.WM.-AM.&ENERAL 1731 

MOZARLJCKANN-KUMIPOSER — 1 756 
MUUEH.MAX.-ENt.FmOLOHST  -  -  -|  823 
719  MUNCHHAKHJAJON-EltSOUllR-nSO 
!M-FR.MARSHAL 1771 

.-snuLnMTa — IBIS 

733  MLIRRAY,JAS.V5WT.REffNT---|533 


JOHN  RUSKIN. 


MARIA  DE'MEOlCi-Qg.OF  FRANCE-1 573  MOHAMMED-FOUNOEROF  ISLAM-   570 
MARIA  LOU1SA-FR.EMPRESS  ---1191 
MARIA  THERESA-ftU.  HUK.+BOH.--I  7  II 

MARIE  ANTOINEITE-WF.  LOUIS  XVL-I  755 
MARIO,GtUSEPPE-ITAL.SINGE8  -  - 1 8 1 0 
MARION.FRANCIS-AkUENERAL-  •  II 32 
MARIOTTE.ETM-FR.PHYCISIST-D.  I  684 

MARIUS,CAIUS-ROM.f£MERAl-B.C.  157 
MARIBOROKH,J.C.-EN6.GENERAL-1 650 
MARLOWE,CHRIS.-ENG.ORAMATISH  564 
MARMONT,AU«)STE-FR.MARSflAl-l  774 
MAR8UETTE,JAC9UFS-FR.EmORER-l  631 
MARRYAT.FRED'K-ENe.NOVELIST-l  1 92 
MARSH,GEO.P.-AM.PHILOLOCIST-  -ISO 
MARTIAL.MARCUSV.-IATINPOET-  43 
MATINEAU,HAI!RIET-ENC.WRITER-I802 
MARYI.-QUE-EN  OF  ENGLAND"!  5 16 


RICHELIEU. 


Ml)RRAY,UNDLEY-ENt.ERAMMUIAN-iU5 

MUSSETT.L.U.-FR.  POET 1810 

NADIR  SHAH-KINfOF  PERSIA 1 688 

NAPIER,SlflCHftJ.-ENS.GENERAL-- 1782 
NAPI E  R. JOHN-5COT.MATHEMATICIAN  •  - 1 5  5  0 
NAPOLE&N  BONAfARTE-FR. EMPEROR  •  1169 
NEANOERJ.A.W.-KR.THEOIOGIAN-  P  789 
NEIUCIIADNE2ZAR-KIIICOFBAEYLM-D.,BX^6> 
NECKERJACQUES-FR.STATESMAN  -  - 1732 
NEIISON,ADEIAIDE-AM.ACTRESS--I853 
NEISON.HCRATIO-ENC.ADMIRAL— 1758 

NERO-ROMAN  EMPEROR. J7 

NESSCLRODE.CHAS.R.-RU5.STATES1<  1780 
NEWMAN,CARDINAL-[NG.OIVINE-I80I 
NEW70N.3'R  ISAAC-ENWILOSOf  KEIH  642 


1662 
MARY  STUART-QUEEN  OF  SCOTS-  1542 


MACPHfRSONljAS.-SCOT.POET--n  38  MA$ON,LOWEU-AM.MUS.COMPOS.-n92 


MOHAMMED!.- TURKISH  SULTAN- -1430 
MOHAMMEDDU-  >i  u  --I566 
MOHAMMED  IV  i)  n  --1642 
MOIIERE.JEAN-FR,  DRAMATIST-!  622 
MOlTKE,COUNTVOIKER.KNEIiAL-l  800 
MONK,GEO.-EN6.GENERAL--  - 1 608 
MONMOUTH.JAS^.-ENC.OUKE  -  •  I  649 
MONROEJAS.-5TH  PRE5.  U.S.-  •  17  58 
MONTA&UE.LAOH-ENG.AUTHORESS-I  690 
MONTAIGNE.MICKEL-FR.PHILOS'R- 1533 
MONTALEMBERT,CF.-FR.ORATOR-1 8 1 0 
MONTCALM,L.J.-FR.  GENERAL-- 17  12 
MONTESQUIEU.CHAS.-FR.MJTHOR-I  6  89 
MONTE2UMA  fl.-MEX.AITEC  EMP.- 1 480 
MONTfORD,SIMON-NOR.ri»SADER-l  150 
MONTGOLFlE(U.E.FR.INVENTOH145 
MOKTGOMERY,JAS.-SCOT.POET-  -1771 
MASON,JAS.IK.-AM.STATE!iMAN-l  197  MONTMORENCr,ANNE-F«.MARSHAL-|493 


ALEXANDER  POPE. 


MASSEN  A.ANORE-FR.M  ARSHAL-1 158 


MASSEY^ERALO-ENC.POET--    1828  MO«TROSE,J.S.-SCOT.SENERSL- 


MATHER,COTTON-AM.OIVINE--I663 
MATHEW,THEOBALD-IRISHPRI!ST-I  7  90 
MAURICE  OF  NASSAU- EEUENERAl  •  I  S  6  7 
MAURV.MAT.F.-AM.HYDROCRAPHEIH  806 
MAXIMILIAN  1.-GER.EMPEROR-I459 
MA)IIMIUAN.F.J.-MEX.iMPEROR-ie32 
MAIUHLCMMMl-flLSUtEM-IBOI 
M AZ EPPA.IVAN-POL .NOBLEMAl  •  I  644 
MEAOE,G-E0.6.-AM.  GENERAL  - :  1 
MtDICI,C.-DIIEF  nMUTIM  REWS.-1 3  89 
MEDICI,C.-tR.OIIKE  Of  TUSCANY  -  •  I  5  1 9 
MEOICI.L.-PRINCEOF  FLORENCE-I 
MEHEMET  ALI-VICEROY  OF  EEYPT  •  I  769 
MtlSSONIER.JEAN-FR.PAINTER-l  8  1 1 
MEUNCHTHIiN,P.-KR.REFO»MiR-U97 


SIR  WALTER  SCOn 


MONTMORENrr,«ENIO-!! 
MONTMORENCY.MAT.-i 


•1534 


WOODY.O.L.-AM.  EVANGELIST  -  - 1 8  31 
MOORF;,SIR  JOHN-BBIT.GENERAL- 1161 

MOORE.TNOS.-IRISH  POET 1179 

MORALES,1.UIS-SP*«.PAINTER-I509  O'B 


ROBESPIERRE, 


NEV.MlCHEL-Ffl.MARSHAL-  •••\ 
NICHOLAS  L-  BUS.  EMPEROR  -  -  -  H96 
NICHOLAS,ST.--BI9)aPOF  MYRIA-O,  340 
NIGHTINGALE.  F10R.-ENt.fHILAIlTH'ST:l8?0 
NILSSON.CHRfsH«-SW[D.VOCALISM843 
NORTH,FREB'K-EN6.STATESIKANH  732 
NOTTINEKAM.HJ.-ENfcJIiRIST  -  -  - 1  621 
NOYES,GEO.R.-AM.  THEOLOGIAN  -1198 
0'BRIEN.VYM.S.- IRISH  PATRIOT-1803 
a'CONNELL-OANVIRISH  ORATOW115 
OOOACER-«IN60FIT»L1(----D.,  493 
O'OONNElL.LEOP'0-SPAII.STATES.-l  809 
OEIUISQUMLUr  DANlSHton  •  -1179 
0!RSTEO,HAKS  L-OAK.NAT.PHILOS.-1 771 
OFFENBACH.  JACO.-6ER.COMPOSER-1 8 19 
OftfTHOIlPt.JiS.-ENG.KN£RAL— I  698 
OLOCASTLE.SIRJNO.-EKC.RFFORN'IH  3  60 
OLL£NOORFF,HEHRI-Kli.EDUCATOR-l803 
OLMSTEAD,OOIISO«-AM.ASTRON'W  791 
OMAR  PASHA-TURKISH  SOlDIEti- 1806 


91 


NAME      OCCUPATION       BORN  NAME     OCCUPATION      BORN 


HAME.   OCCUPATION    BORN 


NAME   OCCUPATION 


NAME    OCCUPATION 


MTUKUM  SUfEK*9KHe43 

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PAUll-  ROMAN  PONT1FF-54  767 
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PAULS.-  J»  »»  -D.,1549 
PAULtr.-  »l  5J  -D.,1559 
PAULV.-  ?>  >»  -D.,1621 
PAUL  I.-  RUSSIANCMPEROR--I754. 
PAULOWP,JA5.ll.-AII.*UTHOR-m  9 
PAUSANIAS-SfARTAH  6EN.-a.fMS8 

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PAYNE  JW.H.-AM.I«A««T1ST-1  7  92 

KM  :-.-;.  .-•••.•.•-.  sv--  ••.  f96 


TOBIAS  SMOLLETT. 


WILLIAM    SHAKSPEARE. 


<n*AM,B.E.-IRISH  WEM-ITM 

-    - 


1.-  EMPEUR  Of  BRHIL-  -  1  7  9 
PEDROD.-  »>  »'   -182 

PE£L,SIR  ROBVENf  .STATK'H  7  88 


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OTIS,  JAMES-AM.  LAWYER-  -  1725 
OVID-ROMAN  POET  ----  8.C.    43 

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1 

OXEIISTIE»II.Am-SWtS»TB.-l  583 
—  1*90 

•^  •..•,;:.:  muMUMSf  7W 

MME,Roni.-AM.UWYER---n73 
PMNE.THOS.-AU.FItF.E-ffilKER-l  737 
ANS^aiin-f  IUNVEJITORH  783 


CAPTAIN  JOHN  SMITH. 


GfN-P.H.SHERIDAN. 


PELUCO.SILVW-IIAL.PHIIIOT  — 1789 
PEMIES10ILJ.C.-CWFE  J.HN'L-1 8  U 
PtNN.WM.-IN6.9UAKER-  -  -1 6M 
PEPIN(IH£S»«TKR.KINfr- —  714 
PtFYS,SWL-ENE..AUTHOR— 1632 

PF«CI»»l.,JAU^A«.POET 1795 

PEJCVHOS.-EN&.  AUTHOR  — 1728 
PE«MUSI,D.B.-!TAUCOMPOS[M  7 1 0 
Pf  V  CLES-ATHENIAN  STA1E$1HJ.C.  4-95 
PE«ir.OllVER  H.-AM.COMMOOOBE-1 7  85 
PERSIllS-ROMAN  SATIRIST—  34 
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ffinUSVAPOSTLE 0~    66 

rntlUMttUTKZAR  Of  RIBSIA-1 672 
PETEIlI«BWlt)-FR.MONK-a  1115 


dSISTR»TUS-TYMKT  CFITIEIG-IU.6 1 2 
miWLBMHIMMMi  IIHMS'13 
Pin.WM.-EN6.  STATESMAN— 1759 
PIUSI.-ROMAN  PONTIFF--!,  157 
PIUS!!.-  5»  >»  --D,U64 
PIUS  in.-  >»  J>  -O..I503 
PIDStV.-  »»  »»  -O..I565 
PIUSV.-  >»  »»  -O.J57J 
PIUSVI.-»>  3t  -D.,1799 
PIUSVn.-»»  »»  -U.,1823 
PIUSVn.-»  »»  -[UI830 
PIUS  IX.- »  >»  -D.,1878 
PIZARRO^«A«eiStO-C»Wf  Pf  BU- 1475 
PlATO-tREtK  PHILOSOPHER-B.C.  428 
PllNYiEUERl-RCM.NATURAUSI-  23 
Plllirhw«EIHOM.MJTHOR-~  61 
PIUTARCH-frREEK  BIOGRAPHER-  50 
POE,E!IMIUUAti-AM. AUTHOR--  I  809 
POLK.JAS.K.-IITH  PRE5.U.S.--I795 

POlLOKjROBV  SCOT.  POET 1798 

WlO,MARCO-V[»ETIAK  IRAVEUH  2  54 
POMPADOUR,  JEAHrMISllESSLtUSnU  7  2  I 
POMPEY-ROMAN  MNERAL-8.C.  I  06 
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RACHEl,EU2AI.F.-Fl.  ACTRESS--  1  820 
RACINE.JWII-FR.ORAMMIST"  I  639 
RADCUfTE.MtN-ENG.NOWLIST--  176* 
RA&UN,J»SJI.-EN6.«NIKM.--|  788 
RALEIGH,SIRWALIEII-E!t6.NA\ll6.-l  552 
RAM£AU,JEAN  P.-FR.COMPOSER-I  6B3 
RAMSAY,ALLAII-SCOT.POE7  --  1  685 
RAMSAV.DAVID-AM.HISIORIAN—  174 
RANMIPUJ01IM-AM.  ORATOR  --  1  77 
RAPHAEL-1TALPAINTER  .....  I  48 
MntMJLL-AILJMMAUSr.-l  82 
REAn,TKOS.BUC.-AM.POEl  .....  I  85 
HEAK.CHASrElie.  NOW  LIST  ----  181 
RrAUMU«,R.AJ.-F«.PHYSICIST--l  68 
RECAMIERJE  AHNF.-FR.BEHUTY  --  177 
REEVES.S1MS-EK8.SIN6ER  ----  1  82 
KEHUUIMUriMUCM>Ui  25 
REIO,M»YNMm$H-AM.NOVEUST-l  81 
R£IO,THOS.-SCUT.META!HYSICIAIH  7  I 
REMIMNDT.PAUL-DUTCH  PUHKI-I  60 
565  RENAN,JtS.E.-FR.PHIlOlOGIST-l  82 


ALFRED  TENNXSON. 


JEREMY  TAfLOR. 


RUSSELl,WM.-ENt.PATRlOT--l  639 
RUtLEBDE,JONN-AM.-STATE5'N- 1 7  39 
WnER,WC»AEl-«UtCHAOMIIIAL-l€07 
SACKVIlU,litO.-ENf.yATESMAN-|  7  I  6 
SAINT  UAIR.ARTHUI!-AM.6Eli'L-n34 
SA1NTE-SEUVE,U.-FR.POET  ----I  804 
SAINT  MR«E,JACQ.-FR.MITHOR-1 737 
SAIKT  SIMON.G.H.-FR.!WOS'R-1 7  60 
SALAOIN-SULTAN  OF  EGYPT  -  -  I  I  37 
SAIIS6URY,ROBT.A.T.-EI16.5!AIE.-|  830 
SAILUST-ROM.HISTORIAN-6.C.  86 
SAIVINI.SIENOR-ITAL.ACTOR--I830 
SAMUEL-ISRAELITE  JUDtE-B.C.1  170 
SANTA  ANNA-MEX.MNERAL--I798 
SAPPHO-GREEK  POETESS-FL.B.C.600 
SAUL-FIRST  KINGOFISRAEL-D..B.C.I055 
SAVONAROIA.6.-ITAL.REFORMH-I4.52 
SAXE,HER«ANN  M.-FR.MARSHAH696 

SAXI.JOHNfr.-AM.  POET 1816 

SCALIER.  JULIUS  C.-ITAL.tRUlC-l  484 
SCHEllWt,F.W.J.-6£II.PHIlOS'R-l  775 


"ROBERTSOUTHEY. 


,  iffc-AM-WSTORIAM  — 1796 
fefWAO-nU>On£R--l5IO 
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PAPlli,DDIIS-FR.PHYSICIAN--l647 
;LSDS-»BS  ALCHEMIST- 1493 
WROOE.JUUA-ENtAOTHORESS-1 806 
PAHSOOUISA/.-FR.  PRINCE -1 838 
PAR(CMO(»-'SCOT.TRAVELER-n7 1 
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InASi-IRiSH  A6ITATWH843 
HMl«-fltL  HENRY  Vlftl  509 
PA»*UROnP.-AM.INVENTWI804 
WMrFJ*.EmOREil-n90 


SYDNEY  5MITH. 


POPE,ALE)(ANOER-ENG.POET-I  688 
PORTER,OAVH-AM.COMMOOO«M  780 
PORTER.FITZ  JOHN-AM.KNERAL-1 82  3 
PORTEK,JANE-EMe.NOVtLIST-- 1776 
POUSSIN,NI(;HOl»S-Fll.PAmTEII-IS94 
POWEU.MAJ.  J.W.-AM.ETHNOUWSH  8  3 
(WERS.HIRAM-AM.SCULPTOR--I  90S 
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PRENTICE.C-EO.O.-AM.JOURNAUST- 1  802 
PRESCOTLWM.H.-AM.HISIORIAII-1 796 
PRICHAROJAS.C.-E«6.5CJE«TIST-|-786 
PR!E5TLEY,JOS.-ENG.PHILOSOfWR-n33 
PRICR,M»!THEW-ENG:POET---I664 
PROCTOR.BRYAN  W.-ENG.POET-I790 
PROUT,FATHER-IRISHWRITER-1 805 
PTOLEMY  L-KINS  OF  E5YPT-BJ.  367 


RET2.JEAN  F.-FR.CAROINAL— -I  614 
REVERE,PAUL-AM.PATRIOT---I735 
ItTWUUUMIMBJHBH  723 
RICHARD  L-KINCIIf  ENGLAND--I  I  57 
RICHARD  TL.-  »  »»  —1366 
RICHARD  m.-»  5»  "-I452 
RICHARD50N.SAMVFNMOVEUST-I  689 
RICHELIEU,A,J.-FR.STATESMAN-|  585 
RICHTER,J.P.F.-GER.AUTHOR— 1763 
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ROBERT  1.-KIN&  OF  SCOTLAN5  —  -1 274 
ROIERTL-M  »»  —1316 
R08ERT.LOUISL.-FR.PAINTER  -1794 
ROIESPt£R«E,IH--FR.Il£V(IUni«IISI-l  758 
ROCHAMBEAU,J.B.O.-Fli.MA»SHAL-l  72S  SCHIILER,JOH»HN 


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ISE-FR.PHILKOPHH-1  623  PHILIP  0.-UNCOF  MACEDOHIA-B.C. 


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PHILIPV.-"  M    1683 

PHILIP  L-KINS  OF  FRANCE  — 1165 
PHILIP BL-  »»  •>•>      --I245 

PHILIP  W.- »»  11      ---1266 

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WILLIAM  I  SHERMAN. 


JHK»ET,WM.-AM.ORATOR  —  1 764 


EDMUND  SPENSER." 


.ODMEY,MO.B.-ENG.ADMIRAI-I7  I  8 
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ROCER5.SAMVENS.POET 1  763 

ROIANO,MA«IE-FR. GIRONDIST--!  754 
2  ROILIN.CHAS.-FR.HISTORIAN-I66I 
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ROSA,SA1VATOR-ITAL.PAINTEII-I  6IS 
ROSC(US,a.-ROM.ACTOR-O..U.  62 
HOSECRANS.VirM.S.-AM.GEN'l-l  817 
ROSS,SIRJOHN-BRIT.ARC.EXPLOIL-I777 
ROSSINI.G.- ITAL.COMPOSER  -  •  I  7  92 
ROTHSCHILO,M.A.-jrw.BANUII-l  743 
ROUS$EAU.JEUIJ.-FR.AUTHOI(- I  7 1 2 
RU»ENS,PETER  P.-nEM.PAINlf«-l  577 
RUDOIPH  I.-GER.  EMPEROR  - -•  I  2  1 8 
RUDOIPH1L-51  »>  ---1552 
RUMFOM.UNJ.T.-AM.PmOS'R- 1  7S3 
RUSH,«ENJ.-AM. PHYSICIST ---1745 
RUSKI»,JOHN-ENt.A«T  WHITER-!  819 
RUSSELL.JOHK-ENG.STATESMA»I792 


SCKOBiRI.FRANZ-Gfli.COIIPOaR-l 
SCHUR2,CAIll-6Elt.-AM.  STATES'N-I  829 
SCHUYlER,TOllP-AKI.CENERAL -- 17  3  j 
SCHWANIHAtSR,UM.-H«.StlJlP'li-l  802 
SCHWARTZ.eEWH'L-CE«.MO»IK-FL.I  340 
6CHWflNfU«m.6Jl.-GER.TRAVEL!R-l  836 
SCIPIO.PUILHI5C.-ROM.GENV8.C.  234 
SCOTT.5IRWALTEIi-SCOT.!(OV(llST-l77 1 
SCOTT.WINFIELO-AM.GENERAL--I786 
SE8A?flAN,OOM.-«!«i;  OF  PORTUGAL- 1  554 
SEOWICK.CATHARIKi  M.-AM.AinHM-|  7  89 

SENECA,IUCIUSA.-ROM.PHILOS'R-0.,65 
SENNACKEHII-ASSYRIAN  KIHC-FUB.U  0  0 
SEBGIUSI.-ROM.PONTIFF--OT  701 

SEBGIUSL-  »       i  j    ---D^  EU7 


JAMES  THOMSON. 


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NAME  OCCUPATION  BORN 


NAME  OCCUPATION  BORN 


NAME  OCCUPATION  BORN  NAME  OCCUPATIOH  BORN  NAME  OCCUPATION  BORN 


SERCraSIU.-ROM.PONTIFF-D..  912 
SER6IUSIV.- >»  5>  O..IOI2 
S£VISNE,MARIE,-FR.AtlTHORESS--l  626 
SEWARB.WM.H.-AM.STATESMAN- 1 801 
SEYMOim.HOMTII)-»  »J  1811 

SHAFTES8URY-ENG.  M  1621 
SHAKSPEAREJVM.-EN5.DRAMAT1ST-I  564 
SHAW,HENRm-AM.HUMORIST— I  818 
SHEIUIICH'D  l.-IRISH  ORATOR-I79I 

SHELLEY.  PERCY  8.-ENG.  POET 1 192 

SHERIOAN,P.H.-/\M.G-£NERAL--  I  83  I 

SMaiWLuan  B.-IRISH  ORAJOR-I  151 

SHERMAN,JOHN-AM.S1ATESMAN-I  823 
SHERMAN,  ROSER-M  >i  1. 72 

SHHMAN,WM.T.-AM.GENERAL--  I  820 
$IBMNS,SARAHNUCTRE$S--  - 1 1 55 
SIONEYjiLGERNOII-ENG.STATES'N- 1622 
SIWEY.SIRPHIUP-EN&.AIITHOR--I  554 
SIGISMUNO-GERMAN  EMPEROR- 1  368 
SIGISMUNB  I.-KING  OF  POLAND--I466 


JOHN  TYLER. 


THOMAS  A.  EDISON. 


SIGOURNEY,MRS.-AM.POETESS  —1191 
SIUIMAN,  8ENJ.-AM.NATURAI.Gl-n  7  9 
SIMMS,VYM.G.-AM.NOVE1IST— I  806 
SIMON.JULES-FR. STATESMAN-]  8  1 4 
SIXTHS  I.-ROM.PONTIFF-D.,  128 
SIXTUSL-  ?)  ?»  — C  258 
SIXTUSBI.-5*  )»  -D.,  440 
SIJTTUS  TV.- u  ))  -D..I484 
SIXTUSV.-  ii  n  -B.,1590 
SLOWACKUULIUS-POLISHPOET-  I  809 
SMITH.AOAM-SOir.  POllUCON'ST-n  2  3 
SMITH,GERR1T-AM.PHILANTH'ST- 1791 
SMiTH,JOHN,CAPIAI!HN6.EmOI!:l519 
SMITH,JOS.-FOUND.!«MO!IISM-I80S 
SMITH.SE8A-AM.AUTHOR-  — H92 
SMITH,SYONEY-ENG.AUTHOR-m  I 
SMOUh,TOBIAS  G.-SCOT  NOVELIST-17 2 1 
SOCRATES-GREEK  PHILOSOPHER-8.C.470 
SOLIMANIL-SULTAN  OFTURKEY-1490 
SOLOMON-RING  OF  ISRAEL-R.C.I  033 
SOLON-ATHENIAN  LAW-f  IVER-8.C. 


STEPHEN  VII.-ROM.PONTIFF-D.,  897 
STEPHEN  WL-  1>  »  0.,  931 
STEPHEN  JX.- »  »»  0.,  942 
STEPHEN  X.-  >5  jj  D.,1058 
STEPHENS.ALEX.H.-AM.STATES'11-I  8 1 2 
STEPHENSW.MO.-EN&.ENEINEER- 1781 
:RLI»UOBII-ENr..ES5AYISr-"l  806 
STERNE,LAllR[Ntt-ENLHUMORIST-l  7  13 
STEUBEN,BA«ON-6Elt.-AM.GEN'L-l730 
STEVENS,T«AO.-AM.ABOUTIO»H-  17  93 
STEWART!u.-AM.MEBCHANt-l  802 
DMUCmilrMLnET-l  825 

STORY,  JOS.-AM.  JURIST 1779 

STORY.1VM.W.-AM.5CULPTOR-  -|  8 19 
STOWE.HA8RIETB.-AM.NOVELIST-I  8 1  2 
STRABO-MEEK  GEOGRAPHER --B.C.  54 
ST«AFFORD.THOS.W.-ENtSIATES'N-l593 
STUART,WLBT  C.-AM.  PAINTER  -  - 1 7  5  6 
STUYVESANT,PEIER-G«.NEWNEtH.-|  6  0  2 

SUE.EUGENE-FR.  NOVELIST 1804 

Su'LlA-ROM.GENERAL- -B.C.  138 
SUMNER.CHAS.-AM. STATESMAN-IS!  I 
SUR8EY.HENRY  H.-  ENG.POET  --  1516 
SWEO!liBSRG.EIi«AN'l-SWEl.PHILOS:l68fl 
SWIFT,JONATHAN-IRISH  DIVINE-- 1 667 


TETZEL.JOHANN-GER.MONK-  - 1  460 
THAGKERAY.WM.M.-EN9.NOVEUST-I  8 1  I 
THAIBERG-SIGISNTD-SMSSPIANIST-I  81  2 
THALES-frREEKPHILOSOPHER-B.C.635 
THEMISTOCIES-ATHENIAN  6EN.-B.C.  514 
THEOCRITUS-GR.PASTORALPOET-Fl.  27  b 
THEOOORIC-RINtOF  OSTROGOTHS  — 455 
THEODOSIUS.FUV.-ROM.ENIPER'R-346 
THEOPHRASTUS-GREEH  PHILOS'R-  37  2 
TH IERRY.  JACO,.N.A.-FR.mSTORIAN-|  795 
THIERS,LOI)IS  A.-FR.  HISTORIAN  - 1  797 
THOMAS.GEO.H.-AM.  GENERAL- 1  81  6 
THOMSON,  JAS.-SCOT.  POET -I  700 
THORWALDSEN,A.B.-»ANISHSCIILP.-I770 
THOCmiDES-MEfK  HISlORIAN-B-t.  47  I 
TIBERIUS-ROM.EMPEROR-6.C.  42 
TIIOEN,SAMTJ.-AM.STATESMAN-I8 14  VANCOUVE 
TINTOREnO-ITAl.PAINTER 1512 


DANIEL  WEBSTER. 


&UEEN  VICTORIA. 


...... 

VANOERB!LT,CORN£L-Alit.CAmAUST-n94 
VANDIEMEN.ANWY-DinCIIIAVIGAT.-l533 
WNBY«E,ANTIK)I(Y-FLEM.PAINT[R-I599 
VANE.SIR  HEMY-ENt.SrATESMAIt-l  6 1  2 
VAN  RENSSEIAER.S.-AM.  >»  1764 
VASSAR.MATT.-Ftat.VASSAR  COLL.- 1 7  92 
VAlASaUEZ,DIEM-SPAN.PAINTER--l599 
VERBI.C-IUSE'PPE-ITAL.tOMPOSER"  1814 
VESPASIAN.T.F.-ROM.EMPEROR-  9 
VESPUCP.AtaGO-Wl.NAVIGATOR-l4SI 
VICTORL-ROM.PONTIFF---D.,  202 
VICTOR  1-  »  «)  ---D.,1057 
VICTOR  HI.- »»  »»  ---D.,1081 
VICroK  EMMANUEL  MWII SARB1M-1 759 
VICTORIA-QUEEN  OF  EN6HND--18I9 
VINCENT  HE  PAI)L,St-FR.REFORMER"  1576 
VINCENT.  JOHN  d.-AM.aERGYMAN-l832 

VIR6IL- IAT.  EPIC  POET B.C.      70 

VOLTA.ALESSANORI)-ITAL.KAT.PHIU)&|745 
VOLTArRE.F.M.A.-FR.PUIlOSOPHER-l  694 
fOORHEE5.DAN'LW.-AM.STATES.-l827 
'ON  MOLTKE,H.ICB.-GEI1.MARSHAI--I800 


WEaEY,JOHN-[NG.OIVINE ,  ... 
WEST.6ENJ.-AM.  PAINTER— •  1138 
WHEEUR.WM.A.-AM.  STATESMAN- 1 819 
WHEWEILWM.-EN,&.PHILOS'R-.1 794 
WHITE.AIlOREW  D.-AM.SCHOLA«-]83 
WHITE.R1CH'B6.-AM-AUTHOR-  —  I  82 
WHITEFIELB,G£0.-ENG.OIVINE  —  1 1 14 

WHITMAN.V/ALT-AM.POET (819 

WHITNEY.ELI-AM.INVENTOR 1765 

wmiTIER.JOHNG.-AM.POET 180" 

WIELANB,CHH5.M.-GER.  POET—  -J  733 
WILBEFORCE,WM.-EN6.STATES'l«-n59 
W1LUAKI  I.-KIN50F  ENGLANB--I  02 

WILLIAM  I.-GER.EMPEROR 1197 

WILUAMS,ROGER-FOUND.IHMEI51AM-I599 
WILLIS,  NATH.P.-AM.  JOURNALIST— 1806 
58  WILMOT.DAVID-AM.STATESMAH— 181 


niunui.uHiiu  Hiii.amicoifm™     i oi*+ 
WILSON.HENRY-AM.POIITICIANI---I8I2 

WIRT.WM-AM.  AUTHOR 1172 

WOLCOTT.JOHN-ENG.5ATIRIST      1738 

WOLFE.CHAS.-1RISH  POET 1191 

WOLFE,  JAS.-EN6.C.ENF-RAL----I126 


JOHN  WYCLIFFE. 


WILLIAM  TYNDALE. 


TURGOT. 


SONTAG,HENR1ETTE-GER.VOGHLIST-|  806 
SOPHOCLES-GREEK  1RAG.POET-R.C.  495 
SOUTHEY.ROBT.-ENG.POET---- 1  774 
SOUTHWORTH,EMMA-AM.!fflia'T-l  8 1  8 
SPARKS.JARED-AM.HISTORIAN-1789 
SPEKE.JOBNH.-ENG.EXPLORER--I  827 
SPENCER,HERBE8T-EN6-.PH110S.-|820 
SPENSER,EnMUNB-ENG.POET-- 1 553 
SPINOZA.BENEBICT-BUTCH  PH1LOS.-I  632 
SPURGEON,CHAS,H.-ENf.OIVINE- 1  834 
SPUR2HEIM.J.C.-GER.PHRENOL.- 1776 
STAEL-HOLSrtlN,A.l.-FR.AUT»OR[SS-n66 
STANHOPE,  P.H.-ENE-.HISTOR1AN-I805 
STANLEY.HENRYM.-AM.-AF.EXPLOL-I840 
STANTON,EOW.M.-AM.STATES.-I  8 14 
STEDMAN,EDM.C.-AM.POET--I833 
STEELE.SIR  RICH'D-ENS.!SSAYIST-1 67 1 
STEPHEN  I.-  ROM.  PONTIFF-D,  257 
STEPHEN  n.-  >)  5)  0..  752 
STEPHEN  UL-  5»  »»  D.,  757 
STEPHEN  IV.- 5  >  5>  0..  772 
STEWENV.-?}  )5  0.,  817 
STEPHEN  VI.- i;  <»  P.,  691 


SWINBURNEJ.ALGERC.-EKG.POET-1 837 
SYLVESTER  I.-ROM.PONTIFF-D.,  335 
SYLVESTER  H.- »»  »»  D.,1003 
TACITUS.CAIUSC.-ROM.HISTORIAN-  55 
TAINE.H1PRA.-FR.AUTHOR---I  828 
TALBOT.WM.H.F.-ENG.AUTHOR- 1800 
TALIEYT1ANO-PEIIMR1-FR.STATES.-1 754 
TALMAGE,THOS.B.-AM.DIVINE--I832 
TAMERLANE-ASIATIC CONOltEROR-l  336 
TANY,ROMR  B.-AM.JURIST  --1177 
TARQUINIUS.L.-KINS  OF  BOMHLJLUS5 
TASMAN,ABELJ.-DUTCHNAVIGAT.-|600 
TASSO.TORQUATO-ITAL.POET— -I  544 
TAYIOOAYARO-AM.AUTHOR  -  -  I  8  2  5 
TAROR,JEREMY-ENG.AUTHOR-|  6  I  3 
TAYLOR.THOS.-ENG-.SCHOLAR-I758 
TAYLO  R.ZACHARY-I2TH  PRES.U.S.-I1 84 
TELL.WILHELM-SWISS  HERO  -D.,13  54 
TEMPLE,SIRWM.-ENG.STATES'N-I  628 
TENIERS,OAVID-aEM.PAINTER-l  6  I  0 
TENNYSON.ALFRfO-ENf.POET-- 1 809 
TERENCE-  ROM.COMICPOET-B.C.  195 
TERRY,ALFREDH.-AM.GENtRAL-l  827 
TERTUUIAN-LAT.CH.FATHER-  150 


TITIAN-FTAL.PAINTER 1477 

TITUS-ROMAN  EMPEROR--  40 
TOBINJOHN-EN&.DRAMATIST- 1770 
TOCaUEVI  LLE.A.C.-FR.STATES.-1 805 
TOOKEJOHN  H.-ENG.PHlLOLOflST-l  7  3  6 
TORRICELU.EVANG.-ITAL.PfllLOS;l608 
TRAJAN-ROM.EMPEROR— -  52 
TROLLOPE,ANT»ONY-ENG.NOWU$T-I8 1 5 
TRUMBUll,JOHN-AM.PAINTER-n56 
TRUMBULL,JONAT«AN-AM.STATES.-n40 
TUPPER.MARTIN  F.-EN6. AUTHOR- 1  8 1  0 
TURRENNE.HENRI-FR.GENERAL-I6I  I 
TURMT,AJ.J.-FR.STATES'N-|  727 
TURNER,JOS.W.  M.-EN6-.PAINTER-1 775 


CARDINALWOL5EY. 


&EORK  WASHINGTON. 


MARTIN  VANBUREN. 


TWEED,WM.M.-AM.POUT1CIAN-I823 
TYLER.JOHN-IOTH  PRES.U.S.— 1790 
TYNDAL[.WM.-ENE.BI!lETRANStHOR-l485 
TYNDALL,JOHN-IRISHSCIENTIST-I820 
URBAN  I.- ROM.  PONTIFF-D-230 
URBAN  fl.-  ?»  >v  -D.,1099 
UR8ANBI.-  s»  «>  -D.,1187 
UflSANIV.-j)  a  -D.,1264 

URBAN  V.-  )»  Jj  -D.,1370 
URBAN VU-»>  5J  -D.,1389 

URBAN  VIL-JJ  )»    -D.,1590 

URBAN  VTIl.->»  »    -D.,1644 

USHER  JAS.-1RISH  THEOLOGIAN-  1580 
UTRECHT,ADRIAN-DUTCH  PAINTER- 1 599 
VALENS,aAVIUS-ROM.EMPEROR-  328 
VALENTfNE-ROM.PONTIfF-0.,  827 

VALERIAN-ROM.  EMPEROR-O..  260 
VAM  BUREN.NARTIN-8TH  PRES.I).S.-n82 


WADOI«GTON,WM.H.-FR.STATESr  1 826 
WAGNER.RICK'B-GER.COMPOSER-I8I  3 
WAITE.MORRISON  R.-AM.  JURIST— 181  6 
WAlKER.JOHN-ENG.lEJICOCWHER-n  3  2 
WAUKLSW  WM.-SCOT.  PATRI OT-1 2 1 0 
WALLACE.WM.V.-IRISH  COMPOSER-1 8 1 5 
WALLENSTEIN,A.W.E.-rfllSn(.6EN.-l  583 
WALPOLE,HORAtE-ENG.AUTHOR— 1717 
WALTON, GAAK-EN&.WRITER  —I  593 
WARB,ARTEMAS-AM.MNERAL-1 72  7 
WARNER.CHAS.D.-AM.HUMORIST-- 1 829 

WARREN,  JOS.-AM.  PATRIOT 1  74 1 

WARWICK,  RICH'B  N.-ENG.WARRIOR-1 42  0 
WASHINGTON.GEO.-IST  PRES.  U.S.-1 732 
WATT,  JAMES-SCOT.  INVENTOR- 1136 
WATfs.lSAAC-ENG.SACREBPOEH  674 
WAYNE,ANTHONY-AM.aENEML--n4S 
WEBER/KARL  M.-GER.COMPOSER-1 786 
WEBSTER,  DANIEL-AM.  STATESMAW782 
WEBSTER,  NOAH-AM.LfXICBWiAPHEii-n  58 
WEED.THURLOW-ANI.JOURNALIST-1797 
WElUNGTON,AliTH.W.-ENt.MN.— 1769 
WELLS.SAIVI'L  R.-AM.  PHRENOLT-1 820 
WESLEY/HAS.-ENg-.DIVINE— -1708 


WOLSELEY,SIRt.H.-BRIT.  GEN.-I833 
WOLSEY.THOS.-EN&.CARDINAL- 147 1 
WOODW(TRTH,SAM?L-AM.POET---|  785 
WORCESTERjEDff.S.-ENG.INYENTOI-l  60 1 
WORCESTER.  JOSJ.-AM.LEXICOGR'R-n  84 
WORDSWORTB.WM.-ENG.POET-  -  II 7  0 
WREN,SIRCHnsTOPH.-ENG.A«CHinO-|632 
WRIGHT.SIUS-AM.STATESMAN- 1795 
WYCLIFFE.JOHH-ENG.REFORMER-1324 
XAVIER,FRAI*CIS  ST.-FR.JESUIT-I506 
XENOPHOIt-tSEEK  HI5TORIAN-B.C.  444 
XERXES-Klffi  OF  PERSIA --D-B.C. 465 
XIMINES.FWNCISCO-SPAN.PRELHI-1436 
YALE.ELIHU-fOUNO.YALE  COLL-I  648 
YANCEY.WM.L-AM.  POLITICIAN  —1 8 14 
YONttCHA8LOTTEM.-EN6.WRITER-l823 
YORKE,CHAS.-ENe.STATESMAN-l722 
taBRI GHAM-PBE5.M»R.CH.- 1  80 1 


BRI&HAM  YOUNGv 


WILLIAM  WORDSWORTH. 


YOUN&.CHAS.A.-AM.  SCIENTIST-1 834 
YOUN&.EOWARD-EN&.  POET-- -1684 
YOUNe,THOS,-ENC-.PHILOS'R"l193 
:HARIAH-HEBRE1VPI!OPHET-FL.B.U2« 
ZaOTFI,8AniSTA-ITAL.PAINTER- 1 532 
ZENO-FOUND.SCH.PFSTOICS-B.C.  355 
ZENO-tREEKPHILOSOPHER--  495 
ZENO-EMPEROR  OF  THE  EAST--B-49I 
ZENOBIA-QUEEN  OF  PALMYRA- 0^275 
ZfPHANIAH-HEB.PROPHET-a.B.C.630 
ZEUXIS-&REEK  PAINTER— -  450 
ZHUKOVSKY-RUSSIAN  POET— 1783 
ZIMMERMAN.J.6.-SWISS  PHILOS:I728 
ZINZENOORF,N.L-GER.DIVINE-I700 
ZISKAJOHN-BOHEMIAN  GEN.-I360 
ZOLA-FR.APOSTLE  OF  REALISM-1 840 
ZOLLICOFFER.F.K.-AM.  G-EN'L- 1812 
ZOROASTES-PER.PHIIOS.-FL..B.C.I500 
ZUCCARO.FERD.-ITAL.PAINTER-I543 
ZWINGLEjULRICH-SWISS  REFORM.-I484 


he  tea  or 

atttr-noon  reception,  is  a  very  popular  en 
tcrtainment  for  ladies  exclusively.  The 
hcu-rs  are  from  4  to  6  P.M.  The  -re- 
freshments are  light,  and  all  ostenta- 
tious display  is  avoided.  The  invitation 
is  printed  on  lar^e-saed  vJsiting  cards. 


'Aoifo. 


..-  Invitations  to  tX^-B*^ 
should  be  elegant  iti  dtsijn.suid  read 
at  follows: 


-  Balls  bem?  of  a  public 
petirrally  held  under  the  auspices  of  a. 
club  or  society,  the  invitation  should 
read  as  follows: 


/ 


.,.—  1-nvitatioTis  by 
a  -regiment  to  a  ball  to  be  given  by  th* 
officers,  are  worded  as  follows: 


OX  "i     O^l 


>  ccnXxwM)  VMu, 


REPLIES  TO  ABOVE. 

Mr.  Gerard  accepts 
with  pleasure  the  po  that  the  recent  death 


lite  invitation  for 


11  KSt.,  June  7,19—. 


of  a  TICIT relative  will 


Thursday  the  IMh  inst.  prevent  his  accepting 


any  invitations  for 
the  present  season, 
n  K  St., June  1,19— 


(, \UNI\AK\\OH  TO . — 
A  grand  celebration  is  usually  jiven  in 
honor  of  a  son's  attainment  »o  his  tut 
jority.  The  form  of  invitation,  on  en 
araved  card,  is  as  follows: 


>,\HNI\TK\\OH=>  TO In- 
vitations to  breakfasts  and  suppers  shouM 
be  informal  and  written  on  correspond- 
ence cards,  with  crest  or  monogram  on 
top  left  corner.  The  following  is  the  form: 


AFTERNOON  RECEPTION. 


BETROTHAL  CARD. 

It  is  customary  amonj  the  Hebrews  to 
announce  betrothals,  and  either  cards 
or  notes  may  be  used.  The  follow/in?  is 
a  good  form: 


DECORATOR  ANB  PAPER  HUNGER. 


EVENING-  RECEPTION. 


INVITATIONS. 

The  proper  the  of  invitation  cards  is  a 
bout  3  by  4  inches 


'J4 


INVITATION,  CONTINUED 


^\«as\vxe  o\  . 


MnX«&  «m^m»  oi^is- 


MEMORIAL  CARD. 

Memorial  cards  are  sent  to  the  friends  of 
the  deceased  about  a  week  after  the  funeral. 


IN  MEMORY  OF 


MERCHANT  TAYLOR. 


HARRISON.CUBERT  &COOY, 


No-133  Pol>laT  Street. 


MOURNING-   CARD. 


PRESENTATION. 


PROFES5IONALCARD. 


PUBLISHER'S  CARD. 


RECEPTIOU. 


RECEPTION.INFORMAL. 


TEACHER'S  CARD. 


VISITING-  CARDS. 
The  chief  u-ses  of  visiting  cards  are: 

.  To  announce  a  visitor's  Tiame. 

2.  To  announce  a  ret  u.rn  home. 

3.  To  announce  a  departure  from  home. 

4.  To  accompany  a  letter  of  Introduction. 

5.  To  represent  the  OWTOT  in  makinj  calls. 

6.  To  make  known  one's  name  to  a  stranjMt 
1,   To  announce  a  juest's  name  at  a  reception. 

8.  To  express  congratu-lation  and  condolence. 

9.  To  serve  as  a  credential  OT  certificate  of  authority 

10.  As  asubstitu-teforanote  of  non-acceptanca 


fcvSvcni)  OJWAWJO. 


WVOE&t.  MWWrtSWWX. — CojlC9e  arid 
Society  AntlivmtTM*  arc  subjects  upon 
which  enslavers  have  almost  exhausted 
their  invention  in  making  new  forms. 
The  invitations  should  be  printed  on  a 
sheet  of  heavy,  fine  note-paper,  bearinj 
the  TnonojraTn  of  the  collect  at  the  top. 


m- 

The  Honor  of  Your  Company  is  requested 


19  _  . 


Atlanta,  C-  a., 
t.t  Jarre  /%/9-,  */  tiyMo'ciocA. 


(\MTOJ 


O/A/OI  no 


D^oY-UVVO/  r\M>vu   IAAAM) 


C\>/TUW«  nnMui  \XM\M, 

*-0\*AJU    DOOQAIMuOO'V&k 


Cards  with  a  fine  glass  finish  are  used 
for  invitations. 


1900. 
r.  jtnd  (vj^s.  Pen^'amin  I 


ak  Street. 


Memphis,Tenn. 


The  paper  used  for  invitations  should 
have  a  smooth,  dead-white  surface,  re- 
semblinj  the  surface  of  China-ware. 


1900. 


1920. 


.*fn.J.ftf"*«i 


r.  k  N^-rs.  IV^onroe 


DANCINO. 


o\  H«. 


Mr.  Teel  presents  his 
kind  regards  to  Mr. 
Hunt,  and  acceftt,with  b 
pleasun,  his  polite  in- 
vitation /or  Monday 
evenin?. 

in  MSt..Mev8,i9- 


Mr.Tetl  -reorets  that 
a  previously  arranped 


will  prevent  his  accept 
'nj  Mr.  Hunt's  kind 
invitation  for  Mon- 
day evening. 
Ill  MKjMyf.lt-. 


There  are  but  few  persons  who  enjoy 
the  happiness  of  celebratinj  the  seventy- 
fifth  anniversary  of  their  marriay^,  bu-t 
when  such  is  possible,  it  should  be  observ- 
ed with  all  the  imprejsiveness  the  occa- 
sion demands.  The  invitations  shook)  be 
printed  in  clear  letters  on  the  heaviest 
and  finest  paper,  with  envelopes  to  match. 


1900. 


1975. 


MR.  fc  MRS.  ABSALOM  COA.N. 


o  «l«mM(\DL 


VWVMI  ^iVao  VxmxnVc 

VXMVM  \NM  Ol  iW»«  Vfl  !>« 

\X>*  ojX»Kf\/\<rtrW.   Q\  A 

VM-yJ)   AAl)  Of*J&  VuO-UN  UO-VOJ   AAAjSo 

y 


Miss  Miller's  compli 


\s. 


ments  to  Mr.  Osborru; 
sh»  accepts  with  pleas- 
ure hit  kind  invitation 
for  this  afternoon. 

)f  convenient,  call  at 
three  o'clock. 

79  M  St.,  June  15. 


»  Miller reorcts  to 


state  that  an  import 
ant  enoapement will 
prevent  her  iccepiiricj 
Mr.Osborne'sliind  in 
vitation'for  this  after 

79  M  St.,  June  15. 


ijj  \>AxXK 


Misses  Cora  and  En> 
ma  Foster's  compli 
menti  to  Mrs.Walton; 
they  accept  with  pleas- 
ure her  kind  invitation 
for  Wednesday  evenind He  brothe 
H6  R  St.,  Oct.  13,19—. 


Misses  Cora  and  Em- 
ma Foster  present  their 
kindrejardttoMTS.Wil- 
ton.  they  regret  that 
the  illness  of  their  lit 
:r  will  prevent 
their  accepting  any 
invitations  for  »he  pn» 

46  B  St., Oct.  13, 19^. 


Friend  Henru: 
\  «'    "  ' 


ENTRANCE  TICKET,  5OCTS. 


At  8  o'clock. 


.  —  When  funer 
al  invitations  are  issued,  they  may  be  ei 
ther  _writteTi  or  printed  on  note  paper  edj- 
ed  with  black,  or  plain  while  paper  -may 
be  used.  Envelopes  shou-ld  correspond. 

u  \AWvMJ\W  OW) 


\a  01  A)UXM?««\M\>(  KUV\OJ  cMuOAvo  \oOi5j\x  X 


MXMV.    XXTAX3\WOU!(\>I,  CJVXJOJ   NKTC 


A/3-WA) 


\\j>o 


iCTVV    CTlOuOJOJW  IWNVvNNOulJ  US. 

' 


\-\A\ON. 


cxjv<wJjovNM/v\SJi)  iojv\A)  WJ?SD  NOAWAXto  \ss 


MOAhA)  HVVM&J  iSjLMM)  VlX  YJ>\>  \AjXAjj\SJ 


This  should  be  printed  on  a  sheet  of  gold 
paper. 


1900 


1950. 


Ettr_,taj 


COMPLIMENTS. 

CK/JU!/  Aictww  WuixAj  |AXi/vwLu  <iJt  IJui 


197  Pins  Street. 


Wi  Hie,  AmbTos«,an<l  CoraCUmewl's 


673  Peach  Avenue. 


tAND 


CENTRAL 


HOTF 


Yourself  and  Ladies  xn  Cordially  hi»ited. 

tO^Nv\T^VL  0^  VW.MV'iWkVS^V. 

A.C.Cox,W.R.Bitrton,A.T.Sttwa-rt,L.C.MimioTu 


for-m  rriay  be  varied  to  su.it  circumstnices. 
Separate  invitations  shouW  be  sent  to  sons 
and  ' 


R.S.V.P. 


cow* 
AJaM 

\fS 


JyVXJJM  J)WM". 


«ro  VOAWW 
1 


o  Wwu  'X'.'W  \wawn. 


W(\JNV\J,S  flJW), 
Oiuwi 


Wednesday  Eveninj, March  23,1903. 

1614  WALNUT  STREET. 


97 


\JS    XWJWOOHOVl 


. — A  -mar- 
tiaj»  announcement  is  sometimes  made  by 
•note  err  card  after  a  wtddinp  has  tiken  place. 
With  the  followinj  form  -may  be  enclosed 
a  Reception  Card: 


..  —  Thtwordbia 

of  this  depertds  upon  ciTCumstlncts-The 
following  is  the  most  common  forw,  and 
may  Iw  modified  to  suit  ditietent  tastes: 


—  ,\>\»  VV\«.  V> 
' 


, \\V\X\N\\0\\  "*0  — 
invitation  to  a.  musical  party  should  en 
close  a  programme  of  the  concert,  U  one- 
is  printed,  and  should  read  thus: 


1900. 


at 


616 


913  PINE  STREET. 


)^uojO)  MrOJo  w 


Miss  Me  Comb's  c 
pliments  to  MT.Oikson, 
and  accepts  with  pleas- 
ure his  kind  iriviUtion 
for  this  afternoon. 

77  Strawberry  Hi  It 


Miss  McCowb  re  puts 
that  a-n  important  er 
pavement  will  prevent 
her  acceptinp  Mr. (rib- 
son's  kind  invitation 
for  this  afternoon. 


F^ENOS 


>. —  The  invitations  are  to 
be  printed  on  silk,  and  Hiejifts,  silk 


YiYX. 


WEDDINQQ' 


>\\Mt;tV  NNVQWV? Print  invitation 

on  silver  piper,  and  mike  silver  presents 


1900. 


1915. 


No.  T63  WEBER  ST. 


.- Print  on  tin-foil. 


1614  Orote  Place. 


S    WWOifM)  WAS)  VjUKXWJJ\M  IWJ  ro/A>)\ 


olio  V 


ftMAw 
wn»i 


^ 

WyDe.arMr.Ooldsmith,- 
VVhan  you  call  atlhrefc 
o'clock  you- will  find 
we  booted  and  capped 
for  OUT  long  walk.  Re- 
•member  you  are  to  be 
tired  freest. 

Ella  Maxwell. 
640St.,June4,l9-. 


,  9  AxrJJo  wxfiu 


My  Dear  MT.Ooldsmith, 
I  am  very  sorry  that 
a  promised  visit  from 
my  friend,Miss  Osbo' 
will  keep  me  at  horn 
this  afternoon.  Had  ' 
known  of  youT  leisu- 
time, I  should  have  in 
'ited  her  for  tomorrow 
'ut  hope  now   t  ha.) 
you  will  abandon th 
proposed  walk,  and  joii 
us  at  tea. 
Wo  UTS,  etc. 


, 19 — , 


. —  The  subjoin 
ed  form  is  most  suitable  for  written  in 
vitations.  Besides  the  card  of  the  bride. 
and  proom,  a  third  card  is  sent  to  thos< 
who  a-re  desired  to  be  present  at  the  cer- 
emony, containing  the  words  "Ceremony 

at o'clock."Those  who  do  not  receive 

this  card,  of  course  attend  only  therecep 
tion. 


T-tt  cow^oMw  <oVwa>  wn^AWoi 


VVMAw\iUvW«  WWWVXOA\)J<>S)  \  VjtrfW 
VWvA  XWvJoX  \WOUAW    C' 


MM  CITJ  VfiWM\si  uroSu  irt)  o 
o,  iOjv\Aj 


O  )A»)  KiMAN\JtyVV\«  NvTOJO  \W  (So^)V 
<V 


-oi  tiaW  cr'/clocw. 
No.  618  Presley  Avenue. 


298  MotiToeStreet. 


99 


.  1,  1900. 


DEA»  NEW  CENTURY,      \»w»  o«  \X-VMWV. 

We  have  (0119  looked  for 
Illy  wive  to  break  upon  the  shore,  and 
CM  thy  shadow  -move  over  the  dUlplutt 
of  trme.  A  general  welcome-  from  the  -multi- 
•millions  of  this  qreat  nation  salutes  Ihee, 
and  bids  thy  predecessor  a  last  farewell. 


Yours  most  sincerely, 


UNITtD  STATES. 


To  TWENTIETH  CENTURY, 

MMMki 

_  ETEDNITY. 


:-To  the  Secretly  o( 
State,  War,  Navy,  etc.  To  the  Postmaster-General, 
To  the  Attorney-Central.  (Personal), To  the 

Honorable ,  Secretary  of  State,  Na 

vy,  etc.  Postmaster-tennal.  Attorney-General. 

(Wives  of  Secretaries,  etc.)  Mrs.  Secretary ; 

Mrs.  Postmaster-General ;  Mrs.  Atlornei 

General . 

CWK.V  to«WR..-To  the  Chief  Justice.lfcrsonal) 


,.-  To  His  Excellency  the  Rt.  Hon- 
orable  ,or  His  Excellency  the  Ambas- 
sador for .  My  Lord. 

jm\XKW*.  "\Vt\AV-  Set  Abbrivialions. 

'(W.W&vxw.-The  Most  Rev.  His  Grace  the  Lord 

Archbishop  of .  My  Lord  Archbishop. 

Your  Grace. 

»WK.xw(*.-The  Ven.  Archdeacon 

Revd.  Sir. 


TI*  w  ^w.A^.VKSNWK^t.-To  the  As- 
sistant Secretary,  Commissioner,  etc.  ftisonal 
communications  should  be  addressed  to  lh« 
simple  namt,  followed  by  the  official  title. 

>ASOC,\K\Y  VjVMCV-Mr.Justice . 

~  »*>«»*.- See  Viscount. 
MkO«V\  0*>fc*\&VX-  To  SIT  (and  the  first 
Christian  name).  Sh(and  Christian  nai«),Th« 
wife  takes  the  title  of  "Lady,"  and  is  personal- 
ly addressed  as  "Your  Lidythipf 

\%*6?.-To  the  R».  Rev. .The  Most 

Rev.tht  Lord  Bishop  of My  Lord. 

Diocesan, sufftaon,  and  missionary  bishops  are 
addTew«4"Th«  Right  Revd." 


r-  Messrs.  • 
Sirs,  Dear  Sirs,  Gentlemen. 


Mr.  Chief  Justice. 

VV5jX.-The  Revd.(  with  Christian  name  and 

surname).  Sir. 

vvtw.  VNWWH.-  Prof. ,  O.O., 

LL.O.,  B.A.,  etc.  Sir,  Dear  Sir. 
NWSSVWiwtoii*. See  Honorable. 

ery  Reverend  the  Dean  of — 
Sir. 

.-  Dr. ,  O.O.S.,  or  D.M.O.  Sir. 


Sir  or  Madam, and  close  the  leHer  with 
Your  obedient  servant." 

.-  To  the  Honorable  Mr.  Justice 

On  the  betich^a,  judqe  is  by  courtesy  address- 
ed as"Mu  Lord."  Judges  of  U.S. Courts,  Hon 

,  Judqe  of  the  U.S n 

rtWr  o-v  Qoo%v\\.-To  His  lor  Her)  Most  Gu- 
cious  Majesty.  May  it  please  your  Majesty. 
\<iw.-  See  Baronet,  (see  UNMARRIED  L*DY) 

VK^X.-lMarried),  Mr? Madam, 

Dear  Madam.   (Unmarried),  Miss , 

Madame.  Dear  Madame. (Two  young  la- 
dies are  addressed  as"The  Misses * 

Mesdarncs,  or  "The  two  Miss 


M.O.  SJT. 

UCj*iW».-To  Her  Grace  the  Duchess  of- 
Your  Grace.  (A  duke's  daughter  is  addressed 

"Lady "  and  if  married  to  a  common 

retains  her  title.  The  duke's  eldest  son  takes 
his  father's  second  title,  and  is  addressed  as 
a  marquis  or  earl.  His  ij Danger  sons  are 
styled  "LordTand  the  wife  takes  the  title 
of  "LadyD 

NVL.-TO  HisGrace  the  Duke  of 

My  Lord  Duke. 

>&\.  on  taN*T.-  To  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl 
of (or  Count).  My  Lord.  (The  eldest 


ton  of  an  earl  takes  his  fat  fur's  second  II- 
4ie,  and  is  addressed  as  it  he  were  a  Baron 
or  Viscount.) 


His  E»cellency,lhe .  Your  Ex- 
cel lencu. 

LHTXXMKH.- ,  Esq.  Sir.  Dear 

Sir.  My  Dear  Sir.  (Two  gentlemen  are  ai 
dressed  the  same  as  a  Business  Firm). 
IM^AWO*.-  To  the  Governor. (In  some  of 
the  Slates),  His  E»cellency  the  Governor,  or 

HisEncellencu  the  Governor  of 

>HO»K^,W-  This  term  is  confined  to  heads 
of  the  great  Executive  Departments,  Judges 
of  the  united  Stales  Courts,  Senators  and  fy 
•KMnUtiyet^G-overnors  of  States,  and  May 
ors  of  cities.  It  is  improperly  used  when  ad 
dressed  to  chiefs  ol  bureaut,or  other  subor 
dinale  officials.  In  such  cases  use  the  offi- 
cial designation, 

\ni\NiMM.- If  the  intimacy  be  close, me "M» 
Dear  Sir,  or  Madam;  if  slight,  use  "Dear 
Sir,  or  Madarn.and  close  the  letter  with 
"Yours  faithfully}' if  an  entire  stranger, 


,Esq. 

.-To  the  Right  Hem. 
the  Lord  Chief  Justice.    My  Lord. 
WTO  VtfNOVu-.To  the  flight  Hon.  the  Lord 

Mayor  of .    My  Lord  Mayor.  (His 

wife  is  styled  "Lady  Mayoress,"  arid  is  per- 
sonally addressed  as  "Your  Ladyship."  Tht 
chief  Magistrates  of  London,  York, and  Dub- 
lin are  alone  entitled  to  be  addressed.   a< 
"Lord  Mayor." 

K. —  TO  the  Mayor.Hon.  Mayor  of 
.    The  Right  Worshipful  the  Mayor 
of .   Sir. 


Dear  Sir,  My  DearSir. 

ta\X\MCX  vn&HKMK\..-Sc«  the  various  ti- 
tles of  this  class  in  the  list  of  abbreviations 
on  another  page,  as,  Capt.,Col.,  Brig.Grn., 
G-en.,etc.  See  also"Military"  under  Mis- 
cellaneous Letters. 

kK7,W\WV*.-lo  the  Most  Honorable  lltt  Mar- 
chioness ot .  Madam.orMij  Lady. 

(The  eldest  son  ot  a.  marquis  taktt  his  fatk 
er's  second  title,  and  is  addressed  as  if  ht 
were  an  earl  or  count.) 
V\KV,a.\3\s.-To  the  Most  Honorable  IheMnguk 
of .    My  Lord  Marquis. 

\\H\V\Wi   OT  VV>\\S\.-W  Vrw,  ^Cl«,i 

To  the  Rev. Sir,  etc. 

iVNX.-See  Military. 

W^VOKH  vivfc&WWN.-  Peers  have  [heir  eld- 
est sons,  and  their  sons'  eldest  sons  in  perpet- 
ual succession,  addressed  as  "To  James  Par- 
ton,  Esq."  The  sons  ol  Baronets,  Esquires 
of  the  Kniahls  of  the  Bath,  Lords  of  Manors, 
Chiefs  ol  Clans,  and  other  tenants  of  I  he 
crown, \x\tvj\\i,  are  similarly  addressed.  For 
others  see  the  separate  articles  in  this  list. 

iV*\K*s.s.-All  officers  of  the  U.S.Civil Service 
not  referral  to  in  separate  articles  In  this  I  ist,AI- 
dermen,  Magistrates  and  other  officers,  are  ad- 
dressed a»  "To r-jEs<l'  S'IT.  «fc- 

Prince  of  Wales.    Your  Royal  Highness. 


100 


<t>\ywiVm.-See  Doctor. 
FM.1KKVn.-TO  the  President.  Mr.  President. 
(in  addressing  a  letter  to  the  President  the. 
following  form  should  be  obstrved:"To  the. 
President,  Executive  ManSi  on,  Washington,  D.C.) 
WVSV-Same  a  Minister.-  ' 
vOT^s&ov».-This  title  should  be  use  in  id- 
dressing  the  members  of  the  faculty  in  «nu 
educational  institution,  organized  with  full 
departments;  also  scholars  and  scientists  who 
have  become  noted  as  specialists  in  my    de 
pa-rtmenl  of  knowledge.  (It  is  abusively  u»ed 
,when  apirtftd  IndiscriTtutely  to  the  Imwerimb 
of  instructors  and  others.) 
King* 

as  Minister. 
me  as  Minister. 
OXIk\_^\y«.  (n^\KNKS&.-To  Hii(orHer)  Roi»- 
al  Highness  the  Duke  or  Duchess  of 
Your  Royal  Highness. 


.-To  His  (or  Her)  Royal  Highness 
Prinet  (or  Princess).  May  it  please  your  Roy- 
al Highnessi  (Set  Prince  of  Wiles). 
»KWW_  Hon.  -  ;  -  .Senator  of  the 
United  Stateslor  U.S.  Senate).  (Informal},  Sena- 
tor. 


To  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

( Personal),  Hon. ,  Speaker  of  the 

House  of  Representatives.    Mr.  SpeakeT. 

resentative  from (orHouse  of  Represen 

tatives.  (Informal),  Hon. ,  M.C. 


•(.-To  Miss- 
Miss.  Dear  Miss.  (See  LADY). 


.-To  the  Vice-President.(As  the 
chief  officer  of  the  Senate),  To  the  President  of 
the  Senate.  (Personal),  Vice-Presi  dent  of  the 
United  States,  without  prefix  of  title. 
\«,0\»>o;  <n  ^»*<tt<.-  To  the  Right  Hon.Lord 
Viscount My  LoTd.  (Sons  of  avis- 
count  or  baron  are  styled  "The  Honorable!' 
The  daughters  are  styled  "Honorable?  arid  if 
married  to  a  commoner,  are  still  addressed  as 

the  "Hon.  Mrs. Tor  if  t 

knight,"Tht  Hon.  Lady 


Dollar,  OT  Dollars;  as,  *5  ;  *IOOO. 
Cent,  trc  cents;  as,  1 5^;  75 1. 

t  Pound,  <n  Pounds  (sterling);  as,i2;  £10. 

tto  Pound,  ont  Poundstin  weight);  as,6ft. 

9  At,<nto;  as,  silk  O*2  P«T  yd. 

f  Per,  as,  shetpfl  #4  Jf>  head. 

1,  Per  cent;  as,  discount  6%-*l7.63. 

%  Account;  as,  John  Doe  in  *h  withRichnd  Roe. 
'  Shilling,  0-5  Shillings;  as,  )i  =  Is.  2d.;H-2s.3d. 

A I  The  designation  of  afirst-cUss  vessel, In  Lloyd* 
Register  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Shippirw;  {he 
letter  denoting  that  the  hull  is  well  built  and 
sea-worthy,  and  the  figure. -the.  efficient  state, 
of  her  rigging,  anchors,  cables,  etc.  First  Clan. 

XX  Double  strength,fineness,etc.,  as,  XXale, 

XXX  Triple  strength,  etc.,  as,  XXX ale. 

%  In  care  of;  is,  Send  %  Thos.  Jennings. 

t  m  No.  Number;  as,  *  10  Market  St. 
(  Utter  of  credit.  See  udder  Miscellaneous  Li 
r  Month  and  day;  as,Fel>.Stfi;  H-May  9th. 

^  The  small  figure -i;  2'= JJ;  2'-21. 

S  Shipment  marks;  as,  Ji-  Shipped  Mirth  4th. 

v  Check  mark;  showing  that  an  entry  is  made. 


;   Courma. 
;  Semicolon. 
:  Colon. 

-  Period. 

-  Dash. 

?   Interrogation 
!  Exclamation. 
()  Parenthesis. 
C]  Brackets  ox  Orotdiett. 
'  Apostroph*. 

-  Hyphen. 

'  Acute  Accent. 
v  &rave  Accent. 
"  CrtumiflexAatiitwBnMLd 
~w~  Tilde,  CKCircumllej;. 
II  Parallels. 
-  Underscore. 


Macron  on  Long  accent 
"   The  Short  o\  Breve. 
"  Oiasresis. 
c  Cedilla. 
A  JCiret. 

""  Quotation  Marks. 
J    Brace. 
•••Ellipsis. 

Leaders,tee  Ellipsis. 
—  Ellipsis. 

•  Asterisk 

t  Digger,<j\  Obelisk. 

*  Double  Dagger. 
}  Section. 

f  Paragraph. 

•*»  Index. 

V  «x  A  Asterism. 


r-Mn  all  nidrestes,  as  Dear  Madam, 
Dear  Sir,  My  Dear  Sir,  etc.,  with  a  capital. 

WRVItfc*-  Begin  all  adjectives  formed  frimi 
the  riames  of  places,  people,  points  of  the 
compass,  etc.,  with  a.  capital;  as,  English, 
Romish,  Northern. 

WJL.-  A  capital  is  always  used  for  the.  tens 
ordinarily  employed  to  designate  the  Bible, 
or  any  particular  part  or  book  of  the  Bi- 
ble; as,  The  Holy  Bible,  the  Sacred  Writings, 
the.  Old  Testament,  the  G-ospel  ofMitthew. 
OOV&.-Bcgin  all  titles  of  books,  and  usu- 
ally each  important  word  in  the  title., 
with  a  capital;  as,  Hume's  History  of 
England,  Haydn's  Dictionary  of  Dates. 
vKOWX.-  Clauses,  when  separately  number- 
ed, should  begin  with  a  capital;  as,  This 
writer  asserts,  I.  That  Nature  is  unlimited; 
2.  That  her  treasures  are  inexhaustible;  3. 
That  etc.  .  ;•  ••  '-  - 

NXS.-The  days  of  the  week  should  begin 
with  capitals)  as,  Sunday,  Monday,  etc. 
e\Vvy.—  All  -names  and  titles  of  the  Deity 
should  begin  with  a  capital;  as,  &od,  Jeho- 
vah, Father,  Creator,  Almighty,  etc.  -• 

ftNKVcrets-W«r«  derived  from  Proper 
Names  should  begin  with  a  capital;  as, 
Mohammedan.  Christian,  to  ChTistiai«ze,etc. 
\^^C^\OH%.-  Begin  the  words  North,East, 
etc.,  and  their  compoundc  and  abbrevia- 
tions, with  a  capital;  is,  North,  North-east^ 
S.W.,  etc.  •".-,._ 

KV^MAV-  Words  requirmg  special  em- 
phasis are  frequently  printed  in  small 
capitals  or  capitals,;  as."l  brand  him  as 
a  iroo,VkX,  a.  THIKP,  a  COWARD." 
.NltHTS.-BeqiTi  the  name  of  any  hi 
ical  event  with  a  capital;  as,  the  M 
Revolution.     •*•••  ••  «»  .»•>»>»-' 
XKVNPV^..-  The  first  word  of  a  sentence 
or  clause  given  as  an  example  should  be- 
gin with  a  capital;  asj'Temperance    pro- 
motes health."     ••*-.  •*.     •- 
^\iV>,^.-  Numbers  are.  sometimes,  repre- 
sented by  capital  letters;  as,  I.V.X.C, 


.     -        •  --^  • 

..-  Titles  of  honor  or  distinction 
should  begin  with  capitals;  as,  ^.vi\ 
Russell,  the  t\ter  spoke,  George  the*\\fa&. 
!\VkMCXveNU>Th<  interjection  0  is 
always  a  capital;  as,"Sleep,  0  gentle  Sleep. 


V\*0^\KTCWN  VNWfc.-The  f  int  word 
after  an  introductory  woTd  or  clause  -w 
should  begin,  with  -a  capital;  ajJV>e,v>\\j-  Sxx 
e&,  That  one  hundred  dollars  be  appropriated  Sr 
tfj\\\VsS.-The  first  letter  of  each  month  Sv 
should  be  a  capital;  as,  January,  Feb., etc.  vl~ 


gin  every  paragraph  with  a 
capital  letter. 

'KVC\wj\.WvS.-Each  item  in  a  list  of  partic- 
ulars, arranged  in  paragraphs,  should  begin 
with  a  capital;  as,  The  expenditures  vt  is  to- 
low: 

In  Austria, thirty-three  percent; 

In  England,  thirty-eight  per  cent; 

In  Uermany, thirty- four  percent. 
'^.?>\0^.- The  first  word  after  a  period, except 
when  used  for  an  abbreviation,  should  begin 
with  a  capital 

^.VAOHtkWs.- Names  of  important  person- 
ages are  frequently  printed  in  small  capi- 
tals. 

•^.vaoxvwxwva^.-ln  strongly  marked  prrsro 
if ications,  the  noun  personified  should  begin 
with  a  capital;  as, "  V^  for  a  season  bade  the 
world  farewell,  And  ^TetAoro  shrieked  asKosci- 
usko  fell."  ;  >  •  • 

M&Vb.-  Begin  ths  names  of  place*  with    a 
capital;  as,  Boston,  London,  etc. 
>OVyw<.-Begm  every  line  of  poetry  with  a 
capital  letter.       • 

^onoW.-The  pronoun  V  should  always 
be  a  capital. 

'V\D9^.^HK\*K.%.— All  proper  names  should 
begin  with  a  capital;  as,  James,  Katie,  At 
lanticf  Mediterranean,  etc. 
&»V5X\OXV:>.-The  first  word  of  a  direct  ques- 
tion should  begin  with  a  capital;  as,  His  MI* 
are, "Why  do  you  not  study  the.  lesson? 
kW\K\\o\V=>.-AII  quotations  should  begin  with 
a  capital;  as,  Plutarch  says/'Lying  is  the  vice 
of  slaves."       v.    — ;r~- 
WKTOm.-TtM  first  word  of  every  sentence  is, 
when  followed  by  a  full  stop, as  a  period,  re- 
quired to  begin  with  a  capital. 
W^s>\v\Aw80VRMNW.<- WoTds  of  special^  im- 
portance should  begin  with  capitals;  as^The 
TariHrPrepare  for  the  G-reat  Day^The  Sheriff 

of  Tipton  County."      : r        -.    ._. 

AAWfXWL'i  vx\&  VS>ft\Wo&.-  Title-pages  and 
the  headings  of  chapters  should  bt  entirely 
in  capitals.  ^_>  r  •*•  -'  - 

;\^\x.v-Begin  all  titles  with  a  capital;  as,lkii- 
eral,  Doctor,  Captain,  Mr.,  etc. 
NOVWi  vi\{i7v».x<:,«.- Words  and  phrases  us- 
ed as  the  names  of  particular  objects  or  pla- 
ces, should  begin  with  capitals;  as,  The  Falls, 
.the  City  of  Brotherly  Lovt.the  Cape  of  food  Hope. 


iench  MR 


VWNE.N\ROSft«i.- Avoid  as  much  at  possible. 
^K\m.-ExceU«nce  is  true,  beauty. 

^W>K\\OH.-Cpnsid«r  well  before  writing  a  letir 
.-Always  retain  copies  of  important  letters. 
.-Every  letter  should  be  carefully  dated. 
?\S>.-  Same  color  and  size  as  the  paper. 
.-Do  not  use  f  iquies  when  Una  words  will  it. 
'     lvs.^=..-Mo\^,Avoio,AVOID. 
.-Treat  with  silent  contempt 
\\W..-Best  quality,  and  black. 

.-Legibility  is  a  first  requisite. 

se  white  LETTER  or  COMMERCIAL  NOTE. 

VV«,\\..-Use  only  when  pen  is  unobtainable, 

.-Using  this  indicates  negligent. 

;x.- This  is  the  politeness  of  kings. 

.-  Be  strictly  your  own  author. 

i.-Mwayi  register  important  lettm. 
.    .  svsvThis  returns  imalled-for  letter*. 
.-Secumly  fold  and  fasten  before  mail  ing. 
'   -You  can  spell  your  own  lone-others  rag  a* 
Thil  Is  a  gran  that  should  not  be  des[i«d 
.-Enclose  for  replij  when  letter  concerns  ^ourseft 
-BE  NATURAL-BE  NATURAL, 
scrupulously  to  truthful  stalemate 


101 


include 

_  of  the  household,  r-e- 
Jationship,  »-nii  friendship. 
They  cliim  i  wide  range  of 
lought,  i  nice  discernment  in 
....  choice  ot  words,  and  a  finish- 
ed and  ornamental  style  ot  e»pression. 
The  style  is  regulated  by  the  degree  of 
•respect  the  person  addressed  claims  of 

US,  by  TeaBOn    Of   age,  relationship,    OT 

she  strength  of  OUT  esteem  and  the 
wrrmtti  of  OUT  attachment.  These  let- 
ters being  the  promptirngs  of  t  ht 
heart,  admit  of  all  the  details  of  every  occu- 
pation, seme  and  interest,  for  to  one  who 
loves  us  nothing  that  concerns  us  is  trivial 
or  uninteresting. 


Amupol is,  June 4,1770,  to  keep 
SIR: 

I  have  been  trying,  ever  since  you  went  t- 
way,  to  learn  to  write  you  a  letter.  I  shall  make 
POOT  work  of  It;  but, SI'T.  manrnu  says  you  will 
accept  my  endeavors  in d  that  my  dutg  to  you 
iriaH  be  e»pnj*«d  in  poor  writing  as  well  as 
good.  I  hope  I  grow  a  better  boy  and  that  you, 
will  haw  no  occasion  to  be  ashamed  of  rne  when 
you  return.  Mr.  Maxwell  says  I  learn  my  books 
well.  He  is  a  very  good  master.  I  -read  my  book: 
to  mamma.  We  all  loru  to  see  you. 
I  am,  sir,  your  dutiful  son, 

JOHN  ClumcY  ADAMS. 


Lincoln,Neb.,Feb.l,l9—  . 
*i**\\'.-You  will  see  by  the  date 
of  this  thit  I  am  creeping  slowly  homeward, 
and  I  trust  that  another  week  will  end  mt) 
business  engagements  here.  and  leave  me  free 
to  hasten  to  you  again.  Nothing  could  have 
made  this  long  absence  endurable  but  the. 
fart  that  I  was  accomplishing  so  much  in  a 
pecuniary  point  of  view,  and  thereby  'mrwashij 
Mie.  comfort  of  my  dear  little  wife  and  ba- 
bies.  You.  know,  my  deftest,  what  a  tutu)  strug- 
gle it  has  been  for  the  last  two  years  to  pro- 
vide even  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  I  know 
you  will  feel  molt  reconciled  to  mij  long  ab- 
sence when  you  are  assured  that  it  will  re- 
sult in  engagements  that,  while  they  largely 
increase  my  Income,  will  diminish  my  labors. 

I  am  longing  unutterably  to  clasp  you  in 
my  arms,  and  he»r  your  sweet  voice  again. 

Hoping  that  In  my  neit  I  shall  bt  abk  to 
n»me  *  definite  time  foT  my  return, 
I  am,  as  ever, 

Your  loving  husbard, 

A.  P.  Parker. 
Mrv  Jennie  Parker. 


Raleigh,N.C.,  Aug.  13,19— . 
DEWIEST  LOVE: 

I  am  at  last  safety  under  uncled 
roof,  having  arrived  here  list  even  ing,  baby  and 
myself  both  well,  but  nally  very  tired.  We  had 
no  delay,  except  about  one  hour  at  Louisville. 
Uncle  rnet  me  at  the  depot  with  his  carriage, 
»nd  in  twenty  -minutes  from  the  time  of  mi 
arrival,  I  was  cosily  seated  inrny  room 
which  was  all  in  TMdine'ss  forme. 

Uncle  and  aunt  seem  greatly  pleased  with 
my  coming,  and  both  are  loud  in  their  praise 
of  the  baby.  Tlizy  very  much  regret  that 
you.  could  not  hive  come  with  me,  and  say 
they  intend  to  prevail  on  you  to  make  them 
a  visit  wlien  'I  am  ready  to  return  home. 

Baby  looks  into  my  eyes,  once  in  a  while 
and  says,9olemnli),''Papa,  papa!"  I  do  actually 
believe  he  is  thinking  about  home, and  wants 
to  keep  up  a  talk  about  yow..  Everybody  thinks 
he  looks  like  his  papa.  By  day  after  to-momi* 
I  will  write  a.  long  letter.  I  want  you  to  get 
this  by  the  first  mail, so  I  make  itshort. 
With  dearest  love  I  am 

Your  Wife, 

FLORENCE. 


OUT  hearts  greater  happiness  than  to  know  of 
your  enjoyment  and  firm  purpose  to  do  light. 
Now  that  you  are  removed  from  all  parental 
restriint,  it  is  of  the  most  vital  Importance 
that  you  implicitly  rely  upon  the  religious  pre- 
cepts which  hive  been  instilled  into  i/oitr  mind. 
We  are  greatly  pleased  that  you  are  well  sit- 
uated with  Mr.  and  MTS.  Connelly,  in  wfurn  for 
their  kindness  you  must  be  honest,  industrious, 
iy  kind  and  obliging;  doing  yourdutij  always 
faithfully,  which  will  be  a  ml  satisfaction  to 
yourself  as  well  as  to  your  employers. 

We  shall  constantly  pray  for  your  contin 
u«J  protection  and  prosperity.  Louie  and  Wal- 
ter unite  with  your  father  and  myself  in 
sending  you  love  I  remain,  dear  Katie, 
'  Your  affectionate  Mother, 

Melissi'Arm  strong. 


Little  Rock,  ATk.,J line  3, 19 -. 
MY  OWN  DEAR  MOTHER: 

We  are  looking  forwiTd  most  impatiently 
to  your  return.  Home  will  be  sweet  home  once 
more  when  we  have  you  amongst  us  again 
for  vw  all  miss  you  sadly  these  long  evening! 
The  little  ones  are  wild  with  delight.  TheiT 
heads  art  full  of  projects  for  little  surprises  to 
give  dear  mamma.  The  choicest  flowers  that 
each  can  claim  as  her  own  are  witched  with 
arurious  care,  and  aw  destined  to  be  sweet  offer- 
ings of  love  to  you. 

I  hope,  dear  mother,  you  will  be  pleased 
with  my  household  management  during  your 
absence.  Papa  considers  me  quite  clever,  and 
a  credit  to  your  able  teaching.  I  have  not  neg- 
lected my  music  ind  singing.  In  the  latter, 
papa  says,  you  will  find  a  marked  improvement 

Hoping  that  nothing  will  delay  your  long- 
wished-ror  return,  with  best  love,  in  which 
all  unite,  .  .. 

Believe  me,  your  own  fondly 

Attached  and  loving  child, 

EDNA  FOWLER. 


Helena,  M  ont.,  June  2,19— . 
DEAR  Katie: 

YOUT  letter  which  has  been  leceiv- 
ed,  affords  great  pleasure  and  satisfaction  to 
your  father  and  myself.  Nothing  could  give 


Knoxvi  I  k.Tenn.,Feb.2,l9-. 
c.—  I  cnnut  Ml  you  my  proud 
pleasure  in  hearing  such  a  favorable  report 
from  your  Principal.  Prof.  Gibson,  of  your 
progress  during  the  list  term.  You  know  how 
gTut  my  anxiety  has  eveT  been  that  you. 
should  enjoy  all  the  advantages  of  education. 
yet  my  most  lavish  expenditure  and  great 
care  would  have  been  'in  vain  if  you  had  not 
yourself  been  willing  to  give  your  attention 
to  your  studies. 

It  is  therefore  with  great  gratification  that 
I  receive  such  encouraging  reports  as  the  last 
one  sent  me.  > 

It  was  one  of  the  greatest  Hals  of  my  life  to 

rt  with  you  during  your  school  terms,  and 
nothing  but  the  certainty  of  your  ripid  improve 
ment  can  reconcile  me  to  your  absence. 

With  warmest  affection,!  am,  mu  dear  boy, 
YOUT  proud  and  happy  father, 

HENRY  MACMURBAY. 


, 
.gs.  part 


Providence,  R.I.,  Feb.  4,19-. 
MY  DEAR  RATHER:- Many  thanks  for  your 
kind  present  and  valuable  advice.  I  sincerely 
hope  that  your  good  opinion  of  me  will  long 
remain  unchanged,  ana  that  I  may  be  able  to 
do  justice  to  the  strenuous  exertions  and 
Kindly  attention  of  my  excellent  preceptor. 
I  am,  at  present,  working  very  hard,  and 
hope  to  gain  one  step  higher  in  the  school  be- 
fore the  end  of  the  term.  My  schoolfellows  ME, 
generally  speaking,  very  agreeable  and  well-dis- 
posed boys,  and  we  are  so  well  tm.-ed  that  I 
feel  alrr.oit  as  happy  as  if  I  were  at  home.  Yet, 
I  often  think  of  the  coming  vacation  wUh  not 
t  little  eagerness,  and  long  to  meet  you.  and  my 
deaT  mother.  I  remain,  my  dtar  father, 
Your  affectionate  and  grateful  son, 

WUBEHF.WARD. 


102 


Deserted  Oolet.Wijo.,  Apr. 7, 19—. 

,  cannot  find  words  to  express  the  pleas- 
ure I  felt  on  receiving  your  letter,  after 
the  long,  long  months  of  silence  on  your 
part.  You,  who  live  in  civilized  communities, 
cannot  realize  the  intense  pleasure  we  home- 
less vagabonds  feel  in  reading  a  letter  from 
our  loved  ones  far  -away.  A  letter  from  you, 
always  brings  the  bright  sunshine  to  my 
heart,  ma_king  me  happy  for  days  and  weeks. 

Dear  sister,  if  you  could  realize  how  bit- 
ter is  my  disappointment  on  the  arrival  of 
each  mail,  when  I  enquire  for  a  letter  and 
the  answer  is,'rNothing  for  you,sir"  I  aw 
sure  you.  would  not  continue  putting  off 
writing  till  tomorrow. 

There  aiE  thousands  of  rough  fellows  in 
this  countti/,  whose  long  isolation  from  wo- 
man's society  and  influence  has  made  them 
uncouth -in  their  matmers,  but  whose  hearts 
are  as  warm  and  true. as  in  early  youth,and 
who  love  and  treasure  the  memory  of  those 
far  away  with  an  intensity  undreamed  of 
by  those  who  pass  their  lives  surrounded  by 
loving  friends  and  relatives. 

May  all  blessings  be  yours,  and  remember 
there  is  no  mail  from  the  East  in  which  I  do 
not  expect,  to  find  a  letter  from  my  sister. 
Your  loving  brother, 

JAMES  Osaooo. 


:  DOMESTIC  LETTERS.^.' 


Smithf  ield,0.,Nov.  10,19—  . 
^evx  \-mVc  os*.-.—  Mother  has  just  informed  me 
of  the  delightful  fact  that  we  are  to  have  a 
visit  from  you  during  the  Christmas  holidays 
and  that  you.  will  bring  for  our  loving  embra- 
ces what  I  have  always  longed  to  possess  — 
i  sister.  It  seems  that  I  can  hardly  wait  the 
weeks  that  must  intervene  before  embracing  i;oui 
Edna,  and  assuring  her  of  my  sisterly  affection. 

You  may  imagine  that  we  were  very  much 
astonished,  but  1  assure  you  that  we  have  all  of- 
ten speculated  on  the  perfections  of  the  fairMiss 
Edna,  who  occupied  so  much  of  your  time, 
thought,  and  space  in  your  letters.. 

Will  you  give  my  warm  love  to  your  Edna. 
and  tell  her,  that  although  personly  a  strain, 
I  am  imost  loving  sister  to  any  one  who  claims 
the  heart  of  my  dear  brother  Ambrose. 

Your  choice  must  be  a  worthy  one,  and 
believe  me,  I  am  all  anxiety  to  welcome  your 
bride. 

Ever  your  loving  sister, 

EMERALD. 


Columbia,S.C.,  July  13,19- 
wwc\\-.—  I  am  quite  at-  a.  loss  to  con- 
jecture the  cause  of  your  silence,  as  I  am  IOT 
willing  to  believe  you  have  entirely  forgotten 
me,  or  that  there  is  any  decline  in  your  af- 
fection or  regard.  It  is  now  more  than  three. 
months  since  I  received  a  letter  from  you,  and 
in  the  meanwhile  I  have  formed  many  theories 
in  order  to  account  for  your  long  epistolary 
silence.  .Have  you.  been  sick,  or  what  ha»  b«n 
the  matter?  Do  let  me  hear  trum  you  as  soon 


as  you.  can.  I  am  anxious  to  know  how  you. 
progress,  and  trust  I  shall  soon  have  the  pleas- 
ure of  hearing  from  you.  I  remain,deaT  Emma, 
YOUT  sincere  friend, 

JULIA  PHESSLER. 


Cinnabar,  Mont.,  June  10,19- 
i  Wva^\c»'.-Accept  a  hasty  line  for  your 
entertaining  letter.  I  have  been  so  consUntlij 
in  motion,  or  in  company,  or  indisposed,thit 
I  hive  not  written  one  letter  but  of  absolute 
necessity  or  business  since  I  met  you  that 
last  morning.  You.  have  not  th£  less  lived 
in  my  affectionate  remembrance,  l-nstead 
of  the  stipulated  fortnight,  Mr.  Chase  prom- 
ises, us  a  month  in  the  charming  and  grand 
Yellowstone  Park,  accompanying  its  on  our 
excursions.  When  this  enchanting  Park  was 
set  aside  to  be  forever  the  grand  tourist  re- 
sort of  the  people,  and  their  common  prop- 
erty, few  had  an  idea  of  the  endless  variety 
and  stupendous  .grandeur  of  the  features  em 
braced  in  this  .tract  of  country.  Will  give  de- 
tails in  -my  next  letter.  We  hope  toTetum  fl- 
yer the  Union  Pacific. 

May  continued  prosperity  and  happiness 
yours,  my  dear  friend. 

Youis  affectionately, 

FRANCES  MURPHY, 


be  ^ 


Newtonville,Mass.,  Feb.  1,19—. 
MY  DEA-R  SON: 

Your  last  letter  gave  us  pleasure  not  un- 
mixed with  pain;  pleasure  to  hear  that  you. 
were  well,  and  held  in  esteem  by  your  supe 
riors,  and  on  friendly  terms  with  those  of 
your  own  standing;  and  pain  from  the  te 
quest  which  it  contained.  Your  mother,  like 
myself,  feels  grieved  that  you.  shoud  ask 
for  an  additional  allowance.  You  should 
consider  that  you  havS  brothers  and  sis- 
ters for  whom  I  have  also  to  make  a  provis- 
ion, and  that  if  the  allowance  I  now  give  to 
you  (which  is  considered  large)  be  increased 
it  in  itst  deprive  us  all  of  some  of  our  nec- 
essary cumforts.  When  you  reflect  on  this, 
dear  boy,  I  feel  assured  you  will  not  urge 
your  request. 

All  your  pets  are  well,  and  we  guard  them 
jealously  for  your  sake.  Trusting  that    we 
may  constantly  hear  from  you, 
Believe  we,  with  our  united  love, 
Your  affectionate  fathei; 

JAMCSWALFORD. 


",  "aviv. 


Sante  Fe.New  Mex.,Apr.  1,19-. 


Imagine  my  amazement,  on  comm 
to  nuke*  nil)  usual  yearly  visit  at  grandma's, 
to  find  you  married  and  gone!  By  some  straw 
mischance  your  cards.  di-d  not  reach  me,  an  d 
on  the  supposition  of  each  of  the  aunts  and  cous 
ins  that  some  one  of  the  others  had  written  me 
all  about  it',  I  have  been  left  in  entire  ignorance 
of  the  momentous  event. 

Can  you  wonder  that  I  hive  never  sent   a 
line  of  congratulation,  or  the'  tiniest  token   of 
my  love?    And  it  was  Walter!   I  always  thought 
it  would  be  Walter  who  would  carry  off  rnij 
dear  little  cousin,  though  she  was  so  shy  about 
it,  With  best  wishes  and  much  love.,  I  am 
Your  affectionate  cousin, 

Clan. 


Sa.lem,  Ore.,  Jan.  1  0,19—. 
DEAR  CHLOE: 

Your  letter  describing  the  christen- 
ing of  the  wee  treasure  has  just  reached  me. 
I  cannot  lell  you  how  deeply  gratified  and 
touched  I  was  that  you  have  named  the  dar- 
ling for  me,  and  my  only  regret  is  that  I 
could  not  be  present  to  stand  as  her  godmolh- 

It  was  very  kind  in  Julia  to  be  willing 
for  her  first  child  to  be  named  after  your 
sister,  and  I  will  write  to  her  to-day. 

Thank  you  tor  your  wish  to  have  me  with 
you.  As  soon  as  vacation  frets  me  for  a  time 
from  my  teaching  duties  I  shall  certainly 
pay  you  a  visit. 

Kiss  my  dear  little  namesake  forme.  I  send 
by  to-day's  express  a  silver  cup  that  I  hope 
you  will  accept  for  her. 

Lovingly  ^ver, 

CYNTHIA. 


Lmmie,Wyo.,  April  29,19—. 
NN*.^'.—  It  grieves  me  very  much  that 
you  again  have  so  far  forgotten  your  home 
lessons,  your  mother's  teachings,  and  uourfath 
er's  pride  in  you,  as  to  have  habitually  fre- 
quented the  bar-room  and  gambling  saloon- 
not  once  nor  twice,  our  informant  says,  but 
every  evening  for  weeks. 

Edward,  my  dear,  dear  boy,  pause  while 
there  is  yet  time,  and  think  o.f  the  utter  de- 
scnmtton  of  body  and  soul  to  which  you.  are 
hastening.  You  must  be  aware  of  the  fearful 
risk  you  are  running,  and  I  implore  you  to 
Stop  where  you  are.. 

I  have  been  weeping  all  day,  and  your  fath- 
er looks  as  if  ten  years  had  been  added  to  his 
life  since  that  dreadful  letter  came  this  -mrni'ny 
If  your  love  for  us  is  so  far  gone  that  our  tens 
and  prayers  will  not  arrest  you,  then  remem- 
ber that  there  is  a  Higher  Power,  a  God  of  infi- 
nite love  to  a  repentent  sinner,  but  a  God  of 
vengeance  to  those  who  willfully  abuse  his 
goodness. 

May  G-od  bless  and  strengthen  you.,mg 

dear  son,  and  that  he  may  lead  you  back  into 

virtue's  path  is  the  earnest.praijeT  of 

Your  loving  mother, 

MELROSE  BALDWIN. 


DEAR  MOTHER: 

f 

so  regularly  since  George  was 


Pierre,S.D.,Feb.3,l9-. 


As  t  have  been  writing  to  you 
taken  ill,  it  can 


ire  uucii   IIUv  till  UK   rit  Ib  in  imnwoiatt   ua  nyt  I.  !  n 

deed  the  nature  of  his  disease  warrants  him 
in  saying  he  will  probably  have  a  very  long 
illness,  whether  he  gets  well  or  not. 

Under  such  circumstances  I  think  it  may 
be  a  comfort  to  you  to  come  here  for  as  lone 
a  time  as  may  be  convenient  to  yourself,  and 
be  with  him.  Vrry  often  since  his  appetite  has 
failed,  he  has  said  to  me/'lf  I  could  have  on 
of  mother's  biscuits'—  or  some  other  n  ic«. 
dish— "I  could  eat  It?  t  have  told  hhn.oftitij 
letter,  and  If  you  will  write-  that  you.  wiii,as 
c«rl(»  as  convenient,  come,  I  will  tell  George. 
Your  affectionate  daughter, 

FLORA 


103 


""™ "^™" ^™ 


ill  the  blessedness,  all  the  utility,  ef- 
ficacy, and  happiness  ot  the  married 
I  state,  depend  upon  its  truthfulness, 
I  or  the  wisdom  of  tht  union.  Letters 
of  this  character  which  are  written 
insincerity  arid  good  faith,  need  but  few 
suggestions  as  to  their  composition.  The 
form  should  accord  with  the  general  form 
on  friendship,  and  their  preparation  should 
be  more  careful  than  any  other,  as  no  oth- 
ers ire  so  thoroughly  read  and  re-read, ind 


;eem.  Your  own  maidenly  dignity  has  kept  your 
leart  so  securely  hidden  from  me  that  I  scarce 
y  venture  to  hope  I  have  a  place  there,  but  I 
eel  I  cannot  endure  suspension  any  longer,s« 
write  to  win  or  lose  all. 

If  you  will  be  my  wife,  it  will  be  the  pride 
if  my  life  to  try  to  shield  you  from  all  sorrow, 
•ind  to  give  you  all  the  happiness  that  a  ten- 
der, loving  husband  can  bestow  upon  his  first 
and  only  love. 

Hoping  to  hear  from  you  soon, 

I  am  with  respect  and  devotion 
Yours  faithfully, 

G-eore  H.  Lowe, 


ry  in  their  composition. 

The  following  forms  are  given  a» models, 
and  may  be  of  service  to  the  writer: 


Atlanta,  Indian.  10,19- 
tfa>x:-  The  burning  love  which 
consumes  my  heart  must  find  expression 
in  writini)  to  you.  I  cannot  pour  out  the 
ardent  devotion  which  consumes  me,  while, 
in  your  presence,  as  then  I  am  dumb.  I  feu 
that  oftentimes  you.  have  thought  me  stupid 
and  dull,  while  I  was  only  Intoxicated  with 
your  lovinaness,  and  listening  with  eager  de- 
light to  the  music  of  your  matchless  voice. 
I  think  you  must  ere  now  hive  seep  that 
I  love  you.  with  all  the  ardor  and  devotion  of 
a  first  true  love,  yet  I  pine  for  a  smile  to  bid 
me  hope,  a  word  of  encouragement  to  save 
me  from  despair. 

Will  you  grant  that  trrrili?   Will  ijouspeak 
that  word?  I  anxiously  await  your  answer. 
Yours  devotedly, 

William  Bishop. 


No.lOPineSt.,St.l,ou.is,  Mo. 

Oct.  29.  19—. 

MytftirWa  f//fHvrt/i:-  It  is  now  more 
than  two  years  since  I  had  the  great  and  high 
ly  appreciated  pleasure  of  being  received  a  t 
your  house.  During  all  this  time  I  will  frankly 
contest  that  one  attraction,  and  liter,  onettron; 
hope,  hive  been  drawing  me  ever  to  your  ret 
idenct,  and  I  need  scarcely  add  that  your  own 
dear  self  was  the  attraction,  the  desire  of  win- 
ning your  favorable  regard  my  hope. 

Rave  I  been  successful?  Has  the  deep,  faith- 
ful love  that  I  feel  lor  you  any  response  in 
your  heart?  Upon  your  answer  hangs  all  my 
hope  of  happiness  in  the  future,  for  mine  is 
not  the  f  feeling  fancy  of  an  hour,  but  the  true 
abiding  love  that  is  founded  upon  respect  and  es 


•rant  Ave.,  St.  Louis, 
Nov.  1, 19—. 

'.--Your  kind  and  manly 

letter  opens  my  eyes  to  tht  fact  that  what 
I  believed  to  be  only  a  warm  friendship  Is  a 
stronger  feeling.  I  see  that  It  would  be  a  pain 
to  me  to  lose  your  visits  and  presence, and 
that  such  love  as  you  promise  your  wife  would 
nake  me  very  happy.  You.  see  that  I  answer  you 
ranklu,  deeming  it  wrong  to  trifle  with  such 
affection  as  you  offer  me. 

I  have  shown  your  letter  to  TTILJ  parents 
who  desire  me  to  say  that  they  will  be  pleas- 
ed to  have  uou  call  this  evening  to  see  the 
With  kindest  regards,!  am 
Ever  yours  truly. 

Minnie  Ellsworth. 


V#,<?VK\\\\\\S> 

Chicaqo,III.,Oa.l,l3- 
My  Dearest  fmi/y: 

How  grieved  I  am  that  you  should  think 
me  capable  of  wavering  in  mij  affection  toward 
you,  or  of  wilfully  inflicting  a  slight  upon 
one  in  whom  my  whole  hope  of  eartnjy  happi- 
ness is  centred.  Believe  me,  my  attentions  to 
vliss  Elliot  were  never  intended  for  anything 
more  than  common  courtesy.  My  long  and  inti- 
mate acquaintance  with  her  brother  and  my 
inowledge  of  her  amiable  character,  as  well  as 
;he  circumstance  of  her  beinq  a  comparative 
stranger  to  the  Granger's,  were  my  sole  rea- 
sons tor  my  paying  more  attention  to  her  than 
would  otherwise  have  done. 
Rest  confident  in  the  belief  that  rm^  affection 
or  you  is  as  unchanged  as  my  regret,  is  great- 
hit  I  should  ever  have  given  uou  cause  to  doubt 
't,  and  believe  me,  dearest  Emily, 

Yours,  ever  sincerely  and  devotedly, 

Alexander  Oibson. 


No.79  &TantAve.,St.Loua, 

Nov.  I,  19— 
Mr.  &eorqe  H.  Lowe, 

0e*r  •frX'-Your  letter  has  occasioned im 
the  deepest  pain,  for  I  feel  that  I  have,  uncon 
sclously,  led  you  to  a  hope  which  I  can  never 
make  a  reality.  I  trust  that  you  will  believe 
lhat  it  was  in  no  spirit  of  coquetry  that  I 
encouraged  UOUT  frequent  visits,  but  be- 
cause I  valued  your  friendship  very  highly, 
and  believed  that  I  was  to  you. only  afrien* 
Your  Kind  and  manlu  letter,  which  I  shall 
ever  regard  as  a  sacred  confidence, h««howi> 
me  my  error)  but  while  I  cannot  return  the 
sentiments  which  It. contains,  I  deeply  ap 
predate  the  honor  which  you  do  me. 

I  trust  that  your  love  is  not  so  deep,  thai 
your  real  happiness  is  injured  by  my  rejec 
tion,  but  that  you  will  find  some  other  heart 
that  will  beat  responsive  to  your  own. 
Hoping  that  I  miij  still  rctlin  you  friendship,  I  am 
f  m  your  friend, 

Minnie  Ellsworth, 


Atlanta,  Ga.,Dec.l,l9- 
JE/MI  Miss  DaniELs: 

Delicacy  and  modesty  cause  me  to  adopt  this 
mode  of  approach  to  ontfor  whom  I  cherish 
sentiments  of  the  warmest  esteem  and  admira 
:ion.  Do  not  be  startled  at  this  abrupt  MWtUU 
t  is  not  the  expression  of  mere  pissing  emotio 
nor  the  evanescent  intensity  of  "love  at  firs 
'' 


nui  vnr  cmicvccn»  initnsitu  \j\     iw«  «i-  iiia* 

si9ht'.'  Two  summers  ago  I  first  had  the  pleisur 
of  seeing  you, and  last  winter  ot  meeting  aru 
conversing  with  you.  My  impressions  of  the. 
oraces  of  your  person  and  character  being  thus 
Formed  from  personal  observation,  and  particu 
larly  as  I  am  nfft  altogether  unknown  to  you 
you  may  naturally  think  it  would  be  more 
manly  and  straightforward  to  divulge  my  nam 
at  once  —but  ah!  pardon  me,  »o  unworthy  am 
sensitive  of  slight  do  I  feel,  that  I  could  not  d: 
vulge  the  whole  secret  of  attachment  in  the  fir 
instance.  Should  you"  not  despise  worthy  am 
honorable  motives,  you  would  conferi  grsar  hni 
or  upon  one  who  loves  you  with  a  heartfelt 
affection,  by  acknowledging  this  to, 
Yours,  very  devotedly, 

NICHOLAS 


Miss  DANIEL'S  hat  received, 
i  conrmunicat  ion  f  rom  "Nidi-  receipt  of 
olas,  No.  7  B  3tjat^And,for 
reisoni  which  the  reserves 
to  herself,  declines  to  enter 
into  further  correspondence. 


UhpllMlMMII 

MMTUtmM** 

int., ind  to  sjij  lhit.il  "NICHOLAS 
giwshis  Till  tint, MiitDamcl!  wil 
it  m  art  ot  politeness  t 
frankly  stife  her  sentiments. 


104 


331  Jessie  St.,  May  4,19- 


Having  greatly  enjoyed  our 
brief  meeting  al  the  residence  of  Mr.Waltpn, 
on  last  Monday  evening,  I  venture  to  write 
to  request  permission  to  call  on  you. it  your 
own  residence.  Though  -myself  almost  a  stran- 
ger in  the  city,  Mr. Williams  of  Lansing,Mich. 
who  is  my  cousin,  has  frequently  met  your 
father.  Trusting  that  you  will  pardon  this 
libeTty,  and  place  me  on  your  list  of  gentle- 
men acquaintances,  I  am. 

Yours  very  respectfully, 

HeTman  Lincoln. 


44-St,Je.l,l9- 

ERMON  LlNCOlN, 

0ejrS>'r; 

It  will  give  me 
much  pleasure  to  see  you.  at 
our  residence  nert  TteCTtiu) 
evening.  My.  father  desires  me 
to  stale  that  he  is  very  favor 
ably  impressed  with  your  cots 


44-St,Je.l,B- 
M  issE  (la  Owiiu  mak- 
ing it  a  rule  to  re- 
ceive no  gentlemen 
visitors  upon  such 
brief  acquaintance, 
begs  to  decline  the 


of  Mr.  Lin- 


coln's visits. 


in(  in  consequence  of  which  ht 
will  be  pleased  to  continue 
IJOUT  acquaintance. 
Years  truly, 

ELLA  OWENS. 

\WC\KA\W  V  Wv  r\  W\\S_. 
Mr.  Munson  presents  his  regards  to  MissUhl, 
and  solicits  the  pleasure  of  her  company  to  join 
a  small  party  intending  to  piss  the  day  at  Lin- 
den Park,  on  Thursday  nejrt(l7th).  Carriages 
will  be  in  waiting  at  8  o'clock,  A.M..Thu.Tsdag, 
May  nth 


MissUhl  accepts  with 
pleasure  Mr.  MU.TISOTI'S  ver- 
ij  kilid  invitation  for 
a  drive  to  Linden  Park 
on  Thursday  nent. 


MissUhl  ngretstha  . 
owinq  to  a  previous  en 
gagement,  she  is  unable 
to  accept  Mr.  Munson's 
kind  invitation  for  a 
drive  to  Linden  Park  on 
Thursday  next. 


Thursday,  June  4-,  IS-. 

DEAR  SIR:- I  trust  you  will  not  consider 
Tny  conduct  rash  OT  presumptuous,  or  wintiw 
in  respect  to  yourself  or  family,  when  I  explain 
my  objett  in  addressing  you  al  this  time,  and, 
a?  the  matter  is  one  which  very  nearly'  con- 
cerns my  happiness,  let  me  request  your  kind 
attention  and  forbearance. 

Having  had  the  pleasure  of  frequently  meet 
TV)  your  daughter,  Miss  Clara,  1  have  been 
so  impressed  with  her  amiability  of  dispocl- 
:ion,her  lady-like  manners  and  accomplishments 
;hat  Tny  feelings  of  friendship  have  Tipened 
(Tito  sinceTe  and  honorable  attachment.  I 
presume  that  my  character  and  position  !n 
society  are  so  well  known  to  Miss  Clara  that 
may  be  spaTed  the  disagreeable  egofcis'n  of 
referring  to  them  more  minutely. 

As  regards  my  worldly  circumstances, my 
income  nom  an  established  and  prosperous 


business  is,  I  believe,  amply  sufficient  for 
the  purpose  of  meeting  the  expenses  of  house 
keeping  and  a  family  in  a  comfortable  style. 

In  conclusion  I  have  the  highest  satisfaction 
in  assurinq  you.  that  my  affection  for  your 
dauqhtcT  ia  reciprocated;  and,  should  your- 
self and  Mrs.  Lewis  sanction  Tny  proposals, 
I  shall  eve.r  esteem  it  a  privilege,  as  well  as 
a  duty,  to  promote  LJOU.T  daughter's  happi- 
ness, thereby  doubtless  securing  my  own. 

An  early  reply  will  qreatlu  oblige, 
Yours,  very  respectfully, 

ELI  G.  CROWE. 


June  6, 19- 
MY  DEAR  Mt  CROWE: 

I  very 

ighly  appTeciatethemaTi- 

I  and  honorable  way  in 
.jhich  you  have  addressed 
me  in  reference  to  raj  daujh 
ter  0m. 

Believing  you. to  be  hon- 
est, industrious,imb'tio«s 
to  do  well,  and  possessed 
of  excel  lent  moral  charac- 
ter, I  unite  with  Mrs. 
Lewis  in  the  belief  that 
OUT  darling  child  img  vn-- 
y  safely  trust  her  happi- 
ness to  your  protecting 
care. 

If  agreeable  and  conven- 
ient to  you.,  we  shall  be 
happy  .to  have  you  dine 
with  us  tomoTTow. 
Very  s'mceitli)  yours, 

L.J.LEWIS. 


Jane  6, 19- 
DEARSIR: 

Highly  appitcia- 
.ing  the  straightforward 
ind  aentlemanly  manner 
in  which  you  have  writ- 
;en  me  concerning  a  sui 
ject  that  every  parent  has 
in  interest  in,  I  am  com- 
piled to  inform  4  o  u. 
-hat,  though  my  daughter 
las  treated  you.  with  much 
riendliness  as  she  is  ac- 
customed to  with  all  her 
Tiends,  for  reasons  we 
reserve  to  «urstlves,Mrs. 
Lewis  and  myself  regret 
to  state  that  we  feel  .it 
our  duty  to  withhold  oui 
sanction  to  your  propos 
als. 

Fully  sensible  of  your 
most  excellent  qualities, 
we  unite  in  the  wish 
that  you.  may  rnett with 
a  companion  in  every 
Way  calculated  to  ensure 
your  happiness. 
Yours  respectfully, 

L.J.  Lewis. 


t,  I  ha; 


1  CollegeAye.,  Mau  10,13- 
s/in—^ht  very  kind  letter  which 


iv«  just  received  from  LJOUT  father,  the  ten 
OT  of  which  I  presume  is  riot  unknown  to  you, 
inspires  me  with  the  hope  that  the  thrice,  hap 
py  day,  to  whose  advent  I  have  long  looked 
forward,  cannot  now  be  far  distant.  Y  o  u- 
will  Tecollect  that  our  delightful  meeting  Sat 
uTday  evening,  I  said  so  far  as  my  plans  are 
concerned,  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  our  nup- 
tial ceremony  being  performed  onThu.rsday,May 
25th;  but,  of  course,  this  is  contingent  on 
the  day  suiting  your  own  and  your  rela- 
tives' convenience.  Remember,  my  dear  Bessie,  I 
will  regard  each  day  as  of  J  weett  duration  ti  II 
I  tan  call  you  my  own;  do  not,  then,  I  pTay 
you,  lose  an  hour,  but  accelerate  every  arrange- 
ment for  that  eyem  which  will  permVt  me  to 
sign  myself  your  affectionate  husband  till  death 
though  meantime,  believe  me, my  deaT  Bessie, 
Your  attached  and  faithful, 

(reorge. 


N/lrs.M.A.LoTingeT 

/feyuest  Me  />/essure  of  your  company 
<itt/re  mjrriayeoft/ref'n/ttytter; 

EMMA  to  HENRY  ARNOLD, 


AT  THEIR   HOME.COLUMBUS.O. 


LICENSE. 

-Coanti)  of- 


SUte  of Jc  „      I 

County.  )'•    i 

t\VMX\\A  ot\XVt 
,Vb — ,\  \QVXM&  \T\V\ 


SEAL 


X\W. 

>N\\\ 

"Will  youhai/e  this 
woman  to  be  your 
wedded  wife,to  live 
together  afteT  O-od's 
ordinance,  in  the  ho 
ly  estate  ofMatrirnct 
ny.to  love  her,  com 
fort  her,  honor  and 
keep  her,  in  sickness 
and  in  health,  and  forsaking  all  others,keep 
thee  only  to  her,  so  long  as  you.  both  shall  live 

t^frw  ^^\>,X«  Va»  NNO-WVX*, 
Will  you  have  this  man  to  be  UOUT  wedded  hus 
band,  to  live  together  after  God's  ordinance,  in  th 
holy  estate-  of  Matrimony,  to  love,  KonoT,and  kee, 
him,  in  sickness  and  in  health,  and  forsaking  al 
others  keep  thee  only  to  him  so  long  as  O9upotl 
shall  live?* 


"By  the  act  of  joining  hands  you  cake  up,on  yam 
selves  the  relation  of  husband  and  wife,  and  solemn- 
ly promise  and  engage,  in  the  presence  of  the  s« 
witnesses,  to  lo»e,  honor,  comfort  and  cherish  eac 
other  as  such,  so  long  as  you.  both  shall  live.tlintfni, 
in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  the  Stale  of.  ......... 

I  do  hereby  pronounce  you.  husband  and  wife." 


s/rou/d  'oAfa/'n  from  /fie  o/tfcM/»f 
a  Adrnye  Cert/fictte,  is  fm/lftm 
/'rr  rise  of  nrcrrsitt/  nrfen  mvr/nf/f  Jz 


106 


(or  a  vacant  position 
observe  the  follow)™  sugqfsliore: 
I.  Your  letter  will  be  used  is 
a  criterion  by  which  to  judge, 
of  your  fittwn  to  /ill  the  po- 
sition. 

2.  Write  with  e*lra  eare, 
good  plain  note   or  letter  paper 
with  envelopes  to  match,  and  be  as 
brief  at  is  consistent  with   perfect 
clearness. 

1  State  whit  advances  you  have 
enjotjed.and  express  your  intention  of 
honestly  endeavoring  to  perform  the 
duties  required,  but  make  no  mention  of 
your  character  or  qualifications,  as  these 
will  be  learned  from  your  testimenials  and  ref- 
erences. 

4..  Write  immediately  alter  hearing  of 
the  vacant  position,  or  reading  the  adver- 
tisement. 

5.  If  answering  an  advertisement,  .give  the 
name,  of  the  paper  In  which  the  advertisement 
appeared,  and  neatly  paste  the  advertisement  at 
the  head  of  the  sheet  upon  which  you  write. 

6.  Enclose  a  t«v\^  of  any  testimoniih  i)<m 
mau  have. 

7.  Enclose  a  postal  card  or  stamp  for  the 
reply,  not  statin)  that  the  stamp  is  for  the 
reply. 

8.  In  applying  fora-position  as  teacher,  do 
•not  sign  yout  name  with  a  degree  attached, 
but  if  a  graduate,  mention  the  institution.  Do 
not  ask  for  a  reply.  The  letter  should  be  full 
and  explicit,  but  all  boasting  avoided. 


Annapol!s,Md.,Feb.l,l9-. 
MESSRS.  B.<£C., 

Baltimore,  Md. 

VVITIM-W.-  In  reference  to  the  above  ad- 
vertisement, which  appeared  in  torday^  EX- 
AMINER, I  respectfully  offer  my  services.  At 
present  I  am  assistant  book-keeper  in  t  he 
employ  of  Messrs.  Boyd<€  Co.,  of  this  city, 
but  desire  advancement.  I  am  perfectly  fa- 
miliar with  the  duties  of  the  position  ap- 
plied for,  and  am  at  liberty  to  refer  you  to 
my  present  employers,  who  will,  I  think, 
satisfactorily  answer  any  questions,  as  to 
my  character  and-  qualifications. 
Very  respectfully, 

OLIVER  RHODES. 


San  FT»ncisco,Maij  1,  19  —  . 
C.C. 

Box  793  P.O. 

S'\y.—  I  would  respectfully  apply  for  t  he 
position  advertised  in  to-day's  Chronicle.  I  am 
fourteen  years  old,  reside  with  my  parents  at 
1417  Oak  Street,  and  -refer  yon  to  the  H.S.Man- 
ninq  Co.,  from  whom  I  received  the  enclos- 
ed testimonial. 


Very  truly, 
* 


WALTER 


Indianapolis,  March  17,  19—. 
*«v. 

I  take,  the  earliest  opportunity  of  re 
plying  to  the  enclosed  advertisement. 

I  have  bten  for  the  last  three  years  in  the  em 
ploy  of  Poke  <C«.,  Dry  Goods  Deakr,91  Ash  street, 
until  the  dilution  of  their  firm.  I  bt<  to  relei 
uou  to  Mr.  A.C.CU*,  of  the  firm  of  CM  4  Co.,  13  19 
Noe  St.,  for  tfstimoi>iah,sho«ld  you  entnU'-n  n*  tff 


Richmond,  Va.,Feb- 1,19— 
.H.L.Gisho, 

e.<b^«.cMc»  Vv«.c.vm%—  In  reply  to  the  above 
advertisement,  I  beg  to  state  that  I  am  oblig- 
ed to  leave  my  present  situation,  as  Mrs.  Ad- 
ams, my  present  mistress,  is  about  to  break 
up  housekeeping,  and  I  should  like  to  apply 
or  the  situation  you  offer.  I  have  been  it 
he  house  of  Mrs.Adams  for  six  years,and 
she  will  answer  any  questions  relative  to 
my  industry  and  trustworthiness. 
Yours  very  respectfully, 

Rose  McCarthy. 


Reading,  Pa.,  July  27, 19—. 
S.C.a,Call  Office. 

VvtA^ecVtfc  Vvitevtv.—  In  answer  to  I  he 
above  advertisement  which  appeared  in  to- 
day's Call,  I  beg  to  offer  my  services  for 
the  situation.  I  have  been  in  my  present 
place,  at  Mrs.  Boiell's,  No.  16  Bush  St.,  for 
two  years,  and  am  leaving  on  account  of 
the  removal  ol  Mrs.Bozell  to  New  York.  Mrs. 
Bozell  permits  me  to  refer  to  her  for  recom- 
mendation. 

I  have  a  great  fondness  for  children,  and 
have  had  the  care  of  them  for  seven  years. 
Should  you  engage-  me,  I  shall  spare  no  ef- 
forts to  please  you. 

Yours  very  respectfuJly, 

Anna  Dunn. 


Topeka,  Kan.,Nov.  13,19-. 
COMPETENT, 

Box  I74-,  Journal  Office. 
Seeing  your  advertisement  in  to-day's  Jour- 
nal, I  respectfully  apply  for  the  situation.  I 
am  a  single  man  twenty-eight  years  of  age. 
and  have  had  ten  years  experience  in  the 
care  and  driving  of  horses. 

I  am  permitted  to  refer  to  A.R.Bentleyf 
Co^l74l   East  St.;  C.aShortridge<Co.,  2.17 
Hiyes  Ave.;  Mrs.  H.C.  Merrill,  612  Olive  St. 
YOUT  very  obedient  servant, 
MALCOMB  COLLIER, 
No.  17  Chtrry-St. 


Milwaukee,Wi».,Dec.iq,l9- 
MRS.  A.C.WALTON, 

Vvts\*cVtc»>A»Arfi\-.-FTom  to-day's  Times 
I  take  the  above  advertisement,  and  respect 
fullu  apply  for  the  situation. 

I  have  been  with  my  present  mtttrro,Mn.  J 
M.  Whijfci,  for  two  yean,  but  she  is  going  to  re 
mow  to  Chicago.  I  shall  remain  with  Mrs. 
VVhider  a  few  days  longer,  and  you  may  refer 
to  her  as  to  my  capactty. 


Wheel  ma.W.Va.,  Aug.  5, 19 - 
H.H.,Smithfield,0. 

Seeing  the  above  advertisement  In  the  En- 
terprise CN.Y.),  I  should  like  to  secure. the  sit 
uation  for  myself  and  wife,  if  the  location 
is  a  healthful  one,  and  the  salary  is  sat'ufac 
;ory.  I  understand  farming  and  the  care  of 
stock,  .nd  my  wife  is  a  good  housekeeper 
and  laundress.  We  enclose  copy  of  testimo- 
nials received  from- last  employer.  Should  you 
engage  US,  we  shall  try  to  do  our  duties  in 
all  respects. 

Yours  -respectfully, 
594  Pine  St.  JOSEPH  HUNTINCER. 


Chic4qo,III.,Oct.4,l9- 
MESSRS.BLOUNT<  PICKEN, 

t*vX\tTP*vs%-Without  wishing  totmpan 
upon  your  valuable  time,  permit  me  to  ask 
jour  consideration  of  a  subject  which  to  me 
s  of  urgent  necessity,  namely,  the  question 
of  an  increase  in  talary.  I  have  now  been  with 
you  two  years,  in  which  time  you  have 
doubtless  determined  upon  my  disposition 
and  ability  to  do  the  work  required  of  me, 
and,  in  calling  your  attention  to  this  sub 
ject,  I  do  so  under  the  belief  that  it  has  es- 
caped your  notice  in  the  more  pressing 
demands  upon  your  ti-me.  In  the  perform 
ance  of  my  duties,  I  have  ever  tried  to  be 
prompt  and  accurate.  I  trust  -my  efforts  have 
met  with  your  approval,  and,  therefore,thal 
LJOU  will  regard  this  -matter  a>  liberally  u  ponitk 

t  Very  -respectfully, 

G-EOROE  JONSON. 


Rocht5ttT,N.Y.,Aiiq.  1,19— 
REV.  J.R.JAHUEZ, 

^V*T  "aYf.-  Desiring  to  apply  for  a  posi 
tjon  as  teacher  in  Snell  Seminary  in  this 
city,1  would  be  greatly  obliged  if  you  would  kin 
ly  favor  me  with  a  testimonial  as  to  mg  chti 
acter,  ability,  and  con<ud  IVn  803*0*  Normal  Schoo 
Should  you  consider  me  fitted  for  the  position,  14: 
ill  confer  a  great  favcr  by  rnieieji'mf  yourself  in 

Your  obedient  servant, 


106 


*t«MJHfcfc  +  *.<»;<«M»+«t— +*** 

"**•  > APPLilC AT lp«S&"5ir  "' 
^ 


Vicksburg,Miss.,Feb.  3,  19—  . 
M«s.T.  J.HANCOCK, 

^e-vi  \to.&vw.—  From  to-day's  Times  I 
take  the  above  advertisement,  and  wou-ld 
state  that  I  am  anxious  to  obtain  such  a. 
position  as  you  offer.  For  the  last  seveti 
years  I  have  been  teaching  in  the  Peabody 
Seminary,  and  the  cjosinq  of  that  institution 
list  December  -necessitates  -me  to  seek  anoth- 
er position. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Henry,  P-r'mcipil  of  the.  seminary,  per- 
mits.-!™ to  refer  to  him.  While  in  the  semi- 
nary I  taught  the  higher  branches  of  English 
studies,  French,  and  Latfn. 
Hoping  that  I  may  heir  from  you.  soon, 
I  am,  -madam, 

Very  -respectfully, 

MAMIE  C.FHANK. 

VN\i<b\S>  "^VVAVtk. 

Xenia.,l-nd.,Sept.l,l9—  . 
Juo&EC.B.  LITTLE, 

,V(  V\f.—  I  hive  to-day  lea-rned  that  you 
wished  to  secure  the  services  of  a  competent 
music  teacher,  and  write  to  offer  myself  as 
a  candidate  for  the  situation. 

I  am  a  graduate  of  the  Chicago  Conservato- 
ry of  Music,  and  have  devoted  my  time  espec- 
ially to  the  study  of  the  piano,  guitar,  and 
vocal  music.  The  enclosed  testimonial  is  a 
copy  from  the  cn^inil  given  by  Prof.More, 
my  teacher  in  the  Conservatory. 
I  am,  Sit, 

Very  respectfully, 

(Miss)&ERTIE&RIFFIN. 


Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  June  1,19-. 
Mn.  A.B.LAMBERT, 


"iVr. — I  shouJd  like  to  secure  a  position 
in  the  schools  of  your  city.  My  present 
term  of  teaching  in  the  schools  of  this 
place  will  close  June  23rd,  after  which  time 
•  would  be  ready  to  enter  upon  work  in 
new  field- 

I  have,  for  several  years,  taught  the' 
Intermediate  Department  here,  where  I  can 
-remain  should  I  so  desire.  I  enclose  a  letter 
from  the  Board  of  Directors  here,  and  re- 
fer you  also  to  Prof.  A.F.  Armstrong,  Prin- 
cipal of  our  schools. 

I  would  prefer  an  intermediate  room, 
but  would  not  object  to  any  temporary  ap- 
pointment, trusting  to  my  work  and  the 
:hanges  that  naturally  occur  to  make  my 
position  satisfactory- 
Hoping  that  I  may  hear  from  you.  at 
a-n  early  date,  I  remain, 

Very  respectfully, 

{Miss)  MINNIE  COBS. 


Springfield,  Mo.,  Aaj.  1,  19-. 

To  THE  HONORABLE  BOARD  OF  EDUCATION. 

iT\\«/«\v<r\'.—  I  have  just  learned  from 
a  friend  in  your  city  that  the  position  of 
superintendent  of  your  schools  is  vacan 
and  if  the  position  has  not  been  filled,  I 


Columbus,  Ohio,  Jan.  1,19- 


desire  to  make  application  for  the  same.  I 
am  a  graduate  of  the  Indiana  State  Nor- 
-mal  School,  and  subsequently  graduated 
at  the  Missouri  State  University.  I  have 
had  six  years  experience  in  teaching, and 
am  now  principal  of  the  High  School  in 
this  city,  but  desire  a  more  advanced  po- 
sition. 

Yours  nzspectful 1 1], 

J.Q..MONTCAUN 


HON.  — 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 

WASHINGTON,  D.C. 
SIR: 

I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  application 
for  a  position  as  clerk  in  the  Department  of 
the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  as  k 
your  favorable  consideration  of  it. 

I  am  proficient  in  the  branches  of  an  or 
dinary  English  education,  and  am  an  ex- 
pert accountant.  This  letter  will  show  ijou 
thft  character  of  my  handwriting. 

I  enclose  a  number  of  references  from 
gentlemen  well  known  to  you. 

Should  you.  be  pleased  to  give  me_  a  po- 
sion  in  your  Department,  I  will  strive  by 
diligent  and  faithful  application  to  deserve 
your  approval,  and  to  discharge  to  the  best 
of  my  ability  the  duties  of  the  position  to 
which  I  may  be  assigned. 

Hoping  to  receive  a  favorable  answer,  I 
have  the  honor  to  be, 

Vour  obedient  servant, 

RICHARD  HOWARD. 


The  bearer,MT.B.F.Smith,  being 
desirous  of  obtaining  employment  as  a  clerk 
or  salesman  in  your  house,  I  take  great  pleas- 
ure in  commending  him  to  your  fullest  con- 
fidence both  as  to  ability  and  energy. 

He  has  been  known  to  me  for  many  years, 
and  has  uniformly  been  a  man  of  correct  hab- 
its, irreproachable  character,  and  decided  business 
ability.  He  is  a  good  accountant,  and  punct- 
ual and  faithful  in  his  attention  to  business 

With  perfect  confidence  in  him,  I  shall  at 
any  time  cheerfully  respond  to  any  application 
regarding  his  character  and  abilities. 
Very  truly  yours, 

J.T.ATKINSONTOL. 


from  t/re  /oTtyo/Tro  mode/s,  any  ortff/rf- 
Tt'/y  /7jte///'yen{  person  f/rou/doe  ena- 
6/ed,  At/  sutfa6/i/  morfffyfny  the  p/trast- 
o/oyy,  to  ivrrte  .47?  4/>/>//cat/orr  for  ant/ 
position  wMeven 


Minneapolis,Minn.,Feb.l,  19— . 

The  bearer,  Mr.  James  F.  Daily,  is  person- 
ally known  to  me  as  a  young  man  of  ster- 
ling worth.  As  a  member  of  society,  h«,being 
of  good  family, is  highly  esteemed.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  and  as 
a  student  distinguished  himself  for  his  dil- 
igence, accuracy, integrity,  and  conscientious 
discharge  of  every  duty.  His  moral  character 
is  unimpeachable;  a  thorough  student,  a-n 
indefatigable  worker,  and  a  man  of  exten- 
sive reading.  Feeling  confident  he  will  &pare 
no  efforts  to  work  out  success  in  whatever 
he  undertakes,  I  can  cheerfully  recommend 
him  to  any  position  to  which  he  aspires. 
Very  respectfully, 

&EORGEC.SMOLLETT. 


COL.P,O.Ross. 

P-resident  Board  of  Trustees. 


>\v.  —  I  take,  pleasure  in  recommending 
to  your  favorable  consideration  the  application 


of  Miss  Maggie  Hunter  for  the  position  of 
teacher  at  Buena  Vista. 

Miss  Hunter  is  a  graduate  of  the  State  Nor- 
mil  School,  and  for  the  past  two  years  h  as 
taught  a  school  in  this  place.  My  children 
have  been  among  her  pupils,  and  their  prog- 
ress has  been  entirely  satisfactory  to  me. 

Miss  Hunter  is  a  strict  disciplinarian,  an 
excellent  teacher,  and  is  thoroughply  compe- 
tent to  conduct  the  sx^iool  for  which  she  ap- 
plies. Trusting  that  you  may  see  fit  to  be- 
stow upon  her  the  appointment  she  seeks,  I 

STn>  Very  respectfully  yours, 

HENRY  C.BISHOP. 


Seattle,  Wash.,May  I4,I9—  . 
MESSRS.  Dodd,  MEAD  <€  Co., 


Peoria,III.,Nov.29.,l9—  . 
MESSRS.  WINCHESTER  •€  Co., 

Chicago,  I  II. 

t«v\\e,vt\.ex\-.  —  The  bearer,  Mr.  Frank  C.W«t, 
who  is  now  leaving  our  employ,  hrt  been 
in  our  counting-room  for  the  past  si»  years, 
during  which  time  he  has  been  faithful  in 
attending  to  his  duties,  industrious  in  a 
high  degree,  and  thoroughly  reliable. 

He  is  a  good  penman,  correct  and  ex- 
peditious accountant,  fair  stenoguphrr,md 
an  excellent  correspondent. 

Very  truly  yours, 

THE  HENRY  LEECHE  Co. 


Sumitville,Pa.,Feb.  JO  I9-. 
The  bearer,  Mr.  Chas.  Morton,  has  lived  with 
me  the  past  year  as  a  gardener.  This  testi- 
monial of  his.  capabilities  is  to  certify  to 
his  being  thoroughly  competent  in  the  care 
of  hot  and  cold  graperies  and  green  houses,al- 
so  understanding  floriculture  and  vegetable  gar- 
dening. During  his  stay  with  me,  he  ha»  \»t 
y  satisfactorily  performed  his  duties,  and  is 
good-natured  and  trustworthy. 

C  HARLES  G-e0RCE. 


J  amestown,  N.  0.,Dec.l,  19—. 

MESSRS.  HOWARD^  Co., 

Far<jo,N.D. 

£re,T\\«.\w(\-. — The  beaTer,  MT.AIva  Baker, 

has  been  employed  by  us  for  the  past  two 

years,  and  has  faithfully  performed  all  the 

duties  devolving  upon  him.  He  understands 

the  receiving  and  shipping  of  goods,  is  a  vet 

y  fair  penman,  and  a  good  market. 

We  art,  yours  truly, 

HARE^PERKINSS. 


107 


Bozeman,  Monk.  Feb.  I,  19—. 


w.—  Yourkind  note,comarmnq 
i  list  ot  the  dates  and  statistics  you.  promis- 
ed me,  hu  just  reached  -me,  saving  tnt  many 
10119  noun  of  troublesome  research.  Thank 
you  -most  earnestly  for  the  trouble  you. 
nave  tikcn,  and  the  immense  assistance  you 
hive  been  to  me. 

Truly  your  friend, 

MINNIE  DAMKIRK. 


Oakland,  C»I.,M.4  10,19—  . 
«x  IWw.—  Judging  by  the:  tone 
of  your  letter  of  the  4-th  lnst..you  are 
becoming  very  intimits  with  Ed.Nesbitt, 
and  it  grieves  me  to  note  it. 

My  aear  boy,  I  am  an  old  Tnin,and  in 
i  long  life  of  observation,  I  hive  never  teen 
i  young  person  made  happier  or  better  by 
association  with  men  whose  charicter  would 
not  bear  investigation.  Such  a  man  is  Ed.Net 
bit». 

He  has  no  profession  or  hide,  refuses  to  jive 
any  mount  of  his  previous  life,  and  cirne  to 
your  city  from  nobody  knows  where.  His 
money  is  spent  with  profusion;  he  rides  fast 
horses,  md  went  flasny  jewelry,  with  showy 
clothing;  and  his  linguae  betrays  low  origin 
and  m  .imperfect  education. 

Thrtt  is  sound  warning  in  the  old  prrowrb/'A 
man  is  known  by  the  company  he  keeps"  and 
I  would  not  have  you.  judged  for  being  the 
companion  of  Ed.  Nesbilt. 

I  believe  this  to  be  a  matter  of  vital  impor- 
tance to  you,  and  bcq  that  you  give  H  ctnsid- 
eration,  believing  it  to  be  kindly  meant. 
Ever  your  sincere  friend, 

John  Coflcn. 


Chautiugua,N.Y.,Oct.  3.9,19—. 
VNu  ^MT  Vw».  OXonwc. 

I  write  to  apologize  for 

my  failure  to  keep  my  appointment;  with  you. 
yesterday.  I  was  dressed  and  just  tyinq  my 
jonnet  strings,  when  Emma  scalded  Herself 
so  badly  that  I  was  obliged  to  attend  to  her 
needs,  and  by  the  time  I  had  her  comforta- 
bly in  bed  with  the  bums  properly  dres- ' 
't  was  tar  too  late  to  hope  to  meet  ..you 

I  regret  extremely  having  broken  my  engage 
rnent,  but  trust  you  will  under  the  circum- 
stances pardon  me. 

Most  truly  yours, 

Ella  MeComben. 


Bush  &TOve,lTKl,Sep.3, 19—. 

It  Is  my  painful  task  to  make 
the  announcement  to  you.  of  the  death  _  of 
your  sister  Henrietta  this  morning  at  eight 
o'clock.  The  news,  deeply  as  it  will  grieve  you, 
cannot  come  at  a  surprise,  as  your  sister  has 
been  failing  so  steadily  and  rapidly  since  she 
came  here,  and  it  should  comfort  you.  to  know 
that  the  was  fuUy  conscious  of  the  fatal  char 
acter  of  her  illness,  and  prepared  with  Chris- 
tian fortitude  to  pus  the  portals  that  -must 
open  for  us  all.  Aunt  Mary  will  write  hill  partic- 
ulars in  a  daij  or  two. 

I  am,  with  deepest  sympathy. 
Your  sincere  friend, 

MATTIE  BoiTON 


Stockvile.Miy  3,19—. 
VIR.R.H.HII.TON, 

MY  DEAR  FRIEND: 

It  w»s  with  most  sin- 

ere  pleasure  that  I  heard  of  fhe  large  sate  and 
•reat  popularity  of  your  last  book,  and  that  your 
uccess  is  an  author  seems  assured.  I  have  ei- 
aected  this  would  be  so  ever  since  I  sat  up  a! 
ly  dressedj night  to  read  the  copy  you  so  kindly  sent 
it.uou.      me,  for  I  thought  it  contained  all  the  elements 
necessary  to  mike  a  useful  and  successful  book, 
ml  it  is  very  pleasant  to  find  an  app'eciitiv 
lublic  of  the  same  opinion. 

Wlshina  you.  still  further  advancement 
.pon  the  road  you.  have  chosen,  believe  me, 
Most  sincerely  yours, 

£AOiEWyly. 


Mns.C.0.  ABBEY, 


Peach  OTchaTd,Mich.,Feb.l,l9- 


. 

I  trust  you  will  not  consider 
me  Intrusive  if  I  make  complaint  to  you.  a- 
bout  your  servant,  but  I  have  spoken  quietl  y 
to  her  and  received  such  an  insolent  reply 
:hat  I  am  compelled  to  apply  to  you, 

The  girl  is  in  the  habit  of  throwing  over  the 
connecting  fentfjinto  my  yard,  every  kind  ol 
dirt,  fruit  skins  and  stones,  rags,  papers,  and 
:he  sweepings,  which  she  deliberately  brashes 
TOTO  the  dust  pan  from  your  back  windows 
am  very  Teluctznt  to  make  any  complaint,  bu 
my  own  girl  very  naturally  is  indignant  thai 
all  her  efforts  to  keep  the  yard  tidy  are  wasted 
and  my  effort  to  settle  the  matter  without  am 
trouble  to  you  was  met  only  by  impertinence. 
Will  you  kindly  exert  your  authority  to  pre 
vent  a'..y  further  trouble,  and  pardon  rue  for 
any  annoyance  I  may  cause  you? 
Very  truly  yours, 

NELLY  SUMMER 


Trenton,  N.J.,Nov.lO,  19- 
VuerA-. 

It  Is  with  deepest  sorrow 
have  just  heard,  of  your  sudden  bereave 
merit,  and  I  write  at  once  that  you.  may 
know  my  heartfelt  sympathy  is  yours.  I 
know  how  great  your  loss  is,  and  in  yoi 
bereavement  it  will  at  first  be  hard  to  see  , 
ny  comfort  In  such  i  dispensation,  but  yoi 
may  later  be  thankful  that  the  lost  one  wa 
(pared  all  suffering,  all  tue  truing   illnes 
that  makes  the  parting  still  more  painfuJ. 
I  will  not  now  intrude  upon  your  privacy 
but  trust  that  if  I  can  be  of  any  service,  yoi. 
will  accird  me  the  privilege  of  an  old  flier**, 
and  command  me  fwi*  youTJ  ^  ||nenf|,fc 

AlBEIUCu 


R7ading,Pa-,Jan.3,l9- 
MESSRS.  Oodd,  MBAOE  «  Co., 

New  York. 

Sr«t\V\evt\«.\v.—  Please  allow  Mr.C.H.6ibsoi 
i  credit  for  such  selections  as  he  may  mate, 
.0  an  amount  not  exceeding  one  thousand 
dollars(*l,000),  for  ninety  days.  We  will  b 
come  responsible  to  you  for  the  payment  o 
the  same  should  Mr.  Gibson  neglect  to  do  si 
at  the  proper  time- 

Be  kind  enough  to  inform  us  of  the  a 
mount  for  which  you  give  him  credit,  wit 
date  it  becomes  <tue;  also,in  default  of  pay 
ment,  forward  notice  immediately. 

We  remain,  yours  very  truly, 
Mr.Cibson's  signature.  CHURCHUiXCo 

C.H.GiBSON. 


Chica.go,IH.,  April  30,13- 
x  ^vctxfcv. 

Having  visited  ail  our  re 
atives  here,  I  seat  myself  to  convey  to  uo 
some  idea  of  this  wonderful  city,m  man 
respects  one  of  the  most  remarkable  on  t1 
face  of  the  earth,  having  a  population  o 
upward  of  2,000,000.  You  have  heard  * 
much  of  the  city  that  I  must  give  you  a 
brief  sketch  of  its  history. 

The  first  white  man  ever  known  to  hw 
set  foot  on  the  spot  where  Chicago  now  lies 
was  a  French  missionary  from  Canada,™ 
ed  Pierre  Jacgues  Mirguette,  who,  with  tw 
others,  having  been  on  a  missionary  tour 
the  southern  part  of  Illinois,  when  horrniw 
bound  was  detained  at  tnis  puce  in  the  fa 
of  1673,  in  consequence  of  the  severe  cokf.e 


Your  atlectionate 


106 


o\\i\\\\wj\. 


Springfield,!  [I,  Nov.  15,19— 
MR.ALEXANOERKEIES, 

^m  %'w. 

I  haye_been  if/pomtec 

one  of  l  committee  to  solicit  conations  to 
ward  paying  the  debt  upon  GraceChuTCh.  Know 
ing  the  interest  you.  have  always  felt  in  the 
chinch,  and  your  liberality  in  so  many  of  its 
emergencies,  I  write  to  ask  you.  to  contribute 
to  the  present  fund;  hoping  to  meet  afavora 
ble  Tesponse. 

1  enclose  the  printed  form,  which  can  be  re 
enclosed  to  my  address,  and  the  treasurer 
will  be  at  the  church  at  an  appointed  time 
to  receive  the  contributions. 
Hoping  to  heat  from  you,  I  ant, 
Very-  truly  yours, 

A.H.  LAWSHEE. 


Springfield,  1  1  1.,  Nov.11,19-. 


hi  answer  to  your  note 
of  Vhe  I5th  rust,  it  gives  me  much  pleasure 
to  enclose  my  check  for  one  hundred  dollars 
($100)  toward  the  payment  of  the  chinch  debt. 
Wishing  you  every  success, 
Yours  very  truly, 

ALEXANDER  KEYES. 


ATcadia,  Ind^Nov.  1,19  — 
Miss  PATTERSON: 

You.  will  please  excuse  6-er- 
tmde  for  non-attendance  it  school  yesterday  af- 
ternoon, she  being  detained  in  consequence  ol 
a  severe  headache. 

Very  respectfully, 

RESEKKAWlLSON. 


Big  Eye,  Minn., Sept.  1, 19—. 
MR.M.A.SHEIL, 

toot  fen 

It  is  with  much  reluctance 
I  write  to  ask  a  favor  of  you.  My  last  quarter- 
|ly  payments  of  rent  have  been  delayed,  on  one 
pretense  or  another,  and  I  find  myself  needing 
the  immediate  use  of  fiftg  dollars {£50)  and 
unable  to  collect  it.  Can  you  lend  it  to  me. 
for  a  few  days?  On  the  first  of  October  I  haw 
a  large  pigment  promised  me,  and  wittthen 
return  the  money. 

Trusting  my  request  will  be  refused  if  it 

inconveniences  you.,1  venture  to  take  the  liberty 

of  an  old  friend  in  asking  it. 

Very  truly  yours, 

EDWARD  HUGHES. 


Shelbyville,  0.,Nov.  17, 19-. 
MY  DEAR  MRS. JENKINS: 

.  »  Your  note  askirw  for  the 

loan  of  Lhicle  Tom's  Cabin"  has  just  reached 
me,  and  it  gives  me  pleasure  to  send  the  book 
by  your  messenger. 

Hoping  you  may  enjoy  it  as  much  as  I 
did,  I  am, 

Ever  yours, 
C.F.MORG-ANN. 


174  Pine  St.,  Nov.  1  0,19=-. 
MR.  WILLIAM  G-OOD, 
Dear  Sir: 

Your  letter  requesting  an 
introduction  to  Mrs.Philips  has  just  reached 
me.  I  regret  to  be  obliged  to  refuse  you,  but 
my  own  acquaintance  with  Mrs.Ptiilips  is 
too  slight  to  warrant  -me  in  .introducing  a 
stranger  to  her. 

V«ry  truly  yours, 

ANNE  BOWLIN&. 


l-ndianapolis.  lnd.,0ct.  10,  19  — 


. 

The  undersigned,  • 


deeply  regretting  IJOUT  departure  from  among 
us,  desire  your  acceptance  of  the  accompanying 
memorial,  in  testimony  of  our  respect  and  af- 
fection for  you  as  a  gentleman  and , 

and  as  a  faint  expression  of  our  appreciation 
of  your  kindly  efforts  to  Tender  our  connec- 
tion with  ,not  only  pleasant 
and  agreeable  to  ourselves,  but  profitable  to  — 


Deeply  regretting  that  our  connection  must 
x  severed,  we  shall  gratefully  remember  our 
association  in  the  past,  and  hope  always  to  be 
leld  in  pleasurable  remembrance  by  you.. 
(SIGNATURES). 


Bellevue,  Mo.,Mayl,  19- 
MR.PHILIP  BROOKS, 

Detroit,  Mich. 

^evc  Vw.~ It  gives  me  great  pleasure,  to 
ntroduce.  to  you  the  beareT,  MT.O.H.Roads. 
who  visits  "your  city  for  the  purpose  of  soli- 
ng employment  as  a  book-ke_eper.  Heisayom 
man  of  good  character,  strict  integrity,  and 
superior  ability,  and  is  entirely  worthy  of 
your  confidence.  Believe  me,  I  shall  esteem  it 
l  personal  favor  if  you.  will  use  your  influ- 
ence in  his  be  half.  I  remain, 
Yours  very  truly, 

CEDAR  ALLEN. 


ijounj  p 


19  W.  Olive  SfcJan.  1 0,19-. 
MR.  E.G.  Walton, 

XlWJt'bV'c-.  —  The  pleasure  of  your  compa- 
ny is  regufsted  to  join  a  theater  party  of 
eight  to  see  Salvini  next  Thursday  evening 
In  King  Lear.  The  party  will  meet  at  my 
house  at  7:30,  and  return  after  th«  perfor- 
mance to  supper. 

Hoping  that  your  engagements  will  per- 
•mit  you  to  join  us,  I  am, 

Sincerely  you-r  friend, 

ANNA  AUSTIN. 


MY  DEAR  Miss  AUSTIN: 

Your 

<ind  note  enclosing  tick- 
ts  for  Thursday  ewning 
las  just  reached  me.  It 
ives  me  great  pleasure 
o  accept  your  invitation,  that 
which  adds  the  pleasure 
jf  your  society  to  that 
of  the  performance. 
With  many  thinks, 
Trull)  your  friend, 
E.C.  WALTON. 


MY  DEARMISS  AUSTIN: 

Your 

kind  invitation  for  mete 
make  one  of  your 
party  has  just  reached, 
me.  IregTet  extremely 
that  a  previous  engage- 
ment I  cannot  break  com- 
pels .me  to  decl  ine. 

With  many  thanks  for 
your  kind  remembrance. 

Truly  your  friend, 

E.C.  WALTON. 


W\\VVT  N.VX 

H6ADOUARTERS,ManARY DIVISION  OF  THEMlSSBIW. 
IN    THE  Fl  ELD,  MANCHESTER,Vj.,Mllj  9,1865. 

v«.7.Kv.-.—  I  have  joined  my  army  at  Mas- 
Chester,  opposite  Richmond,  and  await  uouroideis 
G-enerat  Wilson  telegraphs,  through  General  Scho- 
field,  for  hay  and  forage  for  20,000  animals, 
to  be  sent  up  the  Savannah  River  to  Augusta. 
Under  Secretary  StantonVnewspaper  orders, tak- 
ing Wilson  substantially  from  my  command, 
I  wish  you  would  give  the  orders  necessary 
for  the  case. 

W.T.SHERMAN, 


LIEUT.-&ENERAL  U.S.&RANT, 

ClOWKrt.T\tex-V[\-C>\\\«\, 

Washington,  D.C. 


Editors  and  printers  woaJd  regard  it  at 
a  great  favor  if  you  would  observe  the  fol- 
lowing TU-les: 

I.  Use  black  ink,  white  paper,  wide  ruled. 

2..  Make  the  pages  small-  i  size  of  foobcip  sheet 

3.  Write  on  one  side  of  the  sheet  only. 

4.  Leave  ample  margin  •jXX  vio\x\\i. 

5.  Number  the  sheets  in  successive  order. 

6.  Write  in  plain,  bold  hand,  disregarding  beauty 

7.  Use  no  abbreviations  not  to  appear  in  print. 

8.  Punctuate  as  it  should  appear  in  print. 

9.  Underscore  once  for  /Ai//a,-lw\a,  small  CAPITALS, 
three  times,  large  CAPITALS. 

lO.AIways  use  caret  when  interlining 
1  1.  Use  special  care  in  writing  proper  names. 
l2.Review  every  word  to  see  if  legible. 
13.0-ive  directions  to  printer  at  top  of  first  page. 
14.  Use  separate  sheet  for  private  tetter  to  editor, 


HaTTisburg,  Pm,Feb.  1, 19— 

:riend  Howard: 

I  reqtet  to  hear  of  your  sud- 
den and  unexpected  heavy  loss,  and  hasten 
to  offer  you,  not  only  my  earnest  syrnpa 
thy,  but  aid  in  whatever  way  I  can  assist 
you.  I  know  your  energy  and  hopefu.l_spir- 
it  too  well  to  believe  you  will  allow  this  -to 
depress-  or  discourage  you.  from  fu-rlher ef- 
fort. 

The  child  learns  to  walk  after  many  falls 
arid  many  of  our  richest  and  most  prosper 
ous  men  have  attained  their  eminence  and 
wealth  only  by  the  experience  resulting fn 
failure. 

I  predict  that  you.  will  build  on  your  ru. 
ins  a.  brilliant  future.  Let  me  know  how 
I  may  serve  you,  for  by  so  doing,  I  shall 
understand  that  you  have  not  ceased  to 
value  my  friendship. 

Sincerely  your  friend, 

Sylvester  Jones. 


Chicag  6,111.,  Sept.  1,19—. 
MRS.  CLARA  Wi  LHAMS, 
1163  MirkttSt.,SanFTancisco,Cal 

Arrived,  safe.  Like  city.  School  full;minijf>im 
theater  coast.  Letter  to-morrow. 

LESTER  KRIN&. 


MR.C.B. ARNO 


\RNOLD,    33  G™lt  Ave.,Feb,3,l9-. 
„„,  S»vr.- 1  return  herewith  the  copy  _  of 
Tennyson  you  so  kindly  loaned  me,  thanking 
you  heartily  for  (he  pleasure  it  has  given  me. 
Sincerely  your  friend,  ^     c 


chiel  itquisiUs  of  >  kutmess 
IMn  are  clearness,  conciseness 
and  e»pMcitness.  There  should 
othrnq  defictJve.suprrflu- 
?u-*-OT  arnbiquous.  In  reply- 
'tr>3  to  *  I'tter  tike  up  the 
different  items  and  answer 

hern  iTi  w*  MTI*  °T<fer " lhe\i 

Rr^ 1T*  contained  therein.  The  corre- 
*  spondenl  should  be  familiar  with  the 
wants  o*  hli  customer  and  the  details  of 
the  business  he  -represents.  It  is  i  point  of  ver- 
L)  great  importance  that  til  orders  given  be 
clear  and  explicit.  Every  letter  should  speak, 
as  it  were,  tor  itself,  and  give  all  the  necessa- 
ry particulars  of  the  transaction  to  which  it 
rears. 


Peru,  Ind.,  Nov.  1,19- 

MtaftvCoNWAY.loqan  <  Co., 

671  Market  St.,  Chicago. 
^«nV\cn\ew.-  Please  forward  to  my  address, 
by  express,  the  following: 

I  copy  Spurqeon's  S«rmon» 1fc2.00 

I    ••     Webster's  Academic  Dictionary  ..     2.50 

I    ••     Pilqrim's  Prooress 1. 25 

I    »    The  Golden  Dawn 3.50 

I    »•    SouJ'sSynonumes 2.00 


For  which  I  enclose  inoncij  order. 
Verij  respectful  1  4, 


ille,*;^  VIM  1,19- 
MESSRS.  BHOWH*  HOWARD, 

NewYork. 

Vc<^\tTMX\-.-Pleise  send  rrw.by  eJfpr«s,the 
following: 

2Uw«Kr%MMttM  ......  *7.00 

3  doz.  Napkins  ............     9.00 

l2uds.Cai;co,wh;tew;thpinl<«ot(25c)    3.00% 
12  "  ••        Wue     »        3.00 

I  fine  UdM's  htm-stltched  HindkerchM.      1  .00 

4  piirsUnlij's  Cotton  HosetSOc).  .  .  .     2.00 

1k  25.00 
Colkct  on  delivery. 

VOUTS  truly. 

j.K.  AflMSTRONO. 

3.       StNWk-TO  Kt\»-Wrtt*. 

ept.9,19-. 


Detroit,  Mich. 

Please  send  me  by  eipress,C.O.D., 


one  all  wool  suit,  for  boy  ten  gem  of  a^e,  to  cost 
about  Ten  or  Twelve  Dollars,  also  an  overtoil  t  he. 
cost  of  which  is  about  Nine  Dollars.  Please  en- 
close rules  for  self-measurement  with  pool  and 
oblioe. 

Yours,  ek., 

Jay  M.  Montic  horKs. 


Kokomo,  l-nd.,Miy  10,19— 

&€O.H.  Taylor,  Esq. 

Indianapolis,  hid. 

^W  Sv\-.-  Pleas*  deliver  to  lh«  bearer,  with 
bill  of  cost,  the  following: 
30  Ibs.  Granulated  Sugar, 
10  Ibs-Enqlish  Breakfast  Tea, 
3  I  bs.  Java  Coffee,  roasted,  not  ground, 
2  boxes  Ivory  Soap, 
6  gals.  Maple  Sirup, 
I  bbl.  Flour,  "Drifted  Snow." 
Chirqe  in  acct.,and  oblige, 
Yours,  etc. 

S.T.WlNFIELDER. 


Fruilville,0.,0ct.l3,l9— . 

Cincinnati,  0. 

_ -mctv.-Yoin  favor  of  the  8th  inst. 

received.  I  hav«  todau  shipped  to  your  con- 
siqrrment Three  Hundred  Barrels  of  Apples, 
(Rhode  Island  Greens),  by  the  C.C.CX  I.  R.H.,  due 
in  your  city,  at  Uie'rr  depot,  on  the  15th  inst. 
Please  take  them  in  charge  and  sejl  to  the 
best  advantage,  holding  proceeds  subject  to 
my  order. 

Advise  me  upon  receipt  of  fruit. 
I  am  yours,  etc. 

Charles  Teele. 


Chico,Cil.,Nov.l,l9—  . 

San  Frincisco.Cal. 

c>\v.-  By  retum  wail,  please  send 
the  following  pieces  of  music;  money  order, 
covering  cost,  is  herewith  enclosed. 
Falling  Leaves,  by  E.C.BHW.  .  .  .  .*0.40 
Eirly  violets,  ten  short  pieces,  by 
Goodrich,  published  by  John.  D. 
Smith,  eachlSc.,  2.50 

Bugle  Sonq,  by  Humtn  Lloud  .  .  .       .50  th 


Your  earliest  attention  will  greatly  obliqe, 
Yours  truly, 

Stephen  Burnley. 


A.R.BENTON,Esa. 

Chicago,  III. 

^tw^AT-.-  I  have  a  large  quantitu  of  fin* 
apples  that- 1  would  like  to  place  hi  the  hands 
of  a  good  Cornmission  Merchant  in  your  c'lly. 
Would  you  be  kind  enough  to  give  my  ad- 


dress to  SOTTM  qood  party,  directing  them 
to  report  preterit  staU  of  the  market,  and 
idvice  what  expense  attends  the  hauJnui  of 
the  fruit  after  arrival? 

I  am.  etc., 

Martin  C-Cheaneal. 


Rome,  G-i,Ja.n.  10,19— : 
MESSRS. Wilton <€  Whisler, 

Atlanta,  G-a. 

x,  vftX\rw«x\-.-  I  have  recently  leased  »  store 
in  this  place,  which  I  am  at  presenr  fitting 
u.f  and  stocking  with  a  fine  selection  of" 
Fancy  Groceries.  Please  oblige  me  with  your 
price  list  and  best  terms. 

I  am  respectfully  yours, 

JOSEPH  ARNOLD. 


JOSEPH  ARNOLD,  Esa., 

Rome.Ga. 

^t,»Svx'.-  Yours  of  the  lOtK  inst.  rectiyed. 
We  enclose  price  list  with  terms  mnked  agahst 
the  several  lines.  We  believe  you  can  make 
a  satisjactori)  selection  frorn  oirr  stock,  and 
would  like  for  you  to  examine  it  if  you  can 
find  it  convenient  to  do  so.  If  not,  we  shall 
endeavor  to  fill  any  order  with  which  you. 
may  favor  us,  agreeable  with  instructions. 
We  shall  require  Bank  Draft  on  N.Y.,.foT  the.  a- 
mount  of  the  order,  or  good  reference. 
We  are  respectfully, 

WaltoniWhisler. 


OesMoine$,la.,Ja.n.l,i»-. 
MR.GEO.R.HOUSER, 

Clinton,  la. 

^tvx "art-.- You  will  oblige  rne  by  slating 
that  if  Mr.  Hemy  Roads,  of -the  firm  of.  W. 
C.Krrng4Co.,  of  your  city,  is  known  to 
you,  aru)  deserving  of  credit. 
VOUTS  very  truly, 
Seym  our  Bros. 


110 


E^BUSINESSLEnERS00^" 

<-»e-*seS5i<*i>--  f>  —»;•*•*• 


xv-  Grand  Forla,N.O,Ftl>.  1,19-. 

MESSRS.MERRILL,  SMITH  i  Co., 

St.  Piul,  Minn. 

^rtrt\X\i"v<«ri[V.-  Having  established  a  business 
here  which  is  rapidly  increasing,  we  »re  desir- 
ous of  opening  an  account  with  MOUT  house- 
We  should  be  hippy  to  receive  from  you.  a. 
list  of  your  goods,  with  IJOUT  terms  to  the 
trade,  and  enclose  our  own  terms  for  set- 
lie-merit. 

Should  you  feel  willing  to  make  an  arrange- 
went  with  us,.Mr.  C  has.  M  linger,  of  your' 
city,  will  qive  you.  any  hiformiiiwi  desired 
with  regard  to  the  condition  of  our  affairs. 
Hoping  to  hear  from  you  soon,  we  are, 
Respectfully, 

JONES  ^Cirleton. 
VX.     ^R»\a  "W  \OTOfcO\\Vfc. 

St.Paul,Minn.,Feb.4,l9-. 
MESSRS.  JONES*  Carleton, 

Grand  Forks,  N.D. 

iVwrw\«w.-i  Your  favor  of  the  1st  inst.  re- 
ceived. We  should  be  pleased  to  open  an  ac- 
count with  you.  upon  your  usual  terms  of 
settlement,  and  enclose  you.  the  desired  list 
with  terms  for  the  trade. 

Any  order  with  which  you  may  favor  us 
will  be  promptly  filled,  arid,  we  feel  quite  con 
fideTit,to  your  satisfaction. 
-  We  are,  gentlemen, 

Very  truly  yours, 

MERRILL,  SMITH  4  Co 


To  OUR  PATRONS  AND  FRIENDS: 

We  cordially  xnd  specially  invite  the  "atten- 
tion of  our  patrons  and  friends  to  our  new  dis- 
play of(Y£w  s\»X,«.\Vf!\v<»  s^t£\ft\\u).Wt  hive 
met  with  such  liberal  encouragement  during  the 
past  season,  and  oitr  efforts  to  meet  the  public 
demand  have  received  such  generous  support, 
we  W  doubly  assured  OUT  present  stock  will 
prove  equally  inviting,  and  fully  as  desirable 
an  exhibit  as.  any  vie.  have  heretofore  made. 


Augusta,Me.,Dec.l5,l3- 
BENJAMIN  SMITH,ES«L. 
Concord,  N.H. 

tVnv~Wf  have,  for  several  days  past,been 
looking  for  a  remittance  from  you,  covering 
LJOUT  May  account,  and  as  the  necessity  of  meet- 
ing our  own  engagements  punctually  is  ever 
before  us,  we  are  obliged  to  remind  you  that 
prompt  payments  are  requisite  and  indispen- 
sible  to  the  credit  system. 

We  are  yours,etc., 

ALDEN*  MORTON. 


Concord,  N.H,Oec2f,l9-. 

MESSRS.  ALDEN  t  Morton, 
Augusta,  Me. 

WETOir.—  Wfe  regret  extremely  -OUT  delay  in 
meeting  promptly  the  payment  o(  Maij  bills,  and 
can  only  excuse  ourselves  on  the  ground  of  bu- 
siness depression  and  subsequent  difficulty  in 
making.  col  lections.  I  herewith  enclose,  in  part 
payment  of  account  named,  bank  draft  on  N.Y. 


for  Two  Hundred  Ool 
place  to  OU.T  credit.  Th«  b 
by  the  3  1st  inst. 

We  remain  yours,  etc., 


ltiTs«*200),  which  pltase 
bilatjc/^shall  try  to  ronit 


was  adopted  for  use  in  our  Public  Schools. 

"Eclectic  History  of  the  U.S.','  adopted  i  yew 

UQ,  is  giving  the  best  of  satisfaction. 

Yours  respectfully, 

Byron  Sinclair, 


Sa-n  Francisco,Cil.,ApTil  6,19—  . 
MESSRS.  PERKINS,  JONES*  Co, 
Tacoma,  Wash. 

w.-  According  to  your  onjer  of  the 
3rd  inst.wehive  shipped  you.  this  day,  perStenn 
er  State  of  Oregon, 

200  bbls.Flour(DTiftedSnow). 
15  bbls.  Sweet  Potatoes, 
12  bbls.  Apples,  (All  marked  P.J.4C.) 
Trusting  that  these  wUI  prove  as  satisfactory 
as  those  heretofore  sent,  and  bring  as  good   a 
price,  we  are, 

Yours  respectfully, 

&REENE,TOBIN  4  Co. 

rt. 


St.Louis,Mo^  June  19,  19  —  . 

S.RS.MlLLER<eVANBuSKIRK, 

Springfield.III. 

\\iw«w.-  We  take  pleasure  in  enclosing 
you  today's  market  quotations.  You  will  notice 
the  sharp  advance  in  provisions  and  other 
lines.  The  -prospects  are  thlt  pork  will  touch 
$22  before  2.6th  inst.j  other  pork  products  are 
advancing  in  same,  proportion,  dried  fruits  and 
canned  goods  are  also  rapidly  advancing,  and 
we  look  for  very  material  advances  betore  long; 
sugars,  suraps,  coffees,  and  teas  are  a  shade  lower; 
We  would  advise  you.  to  order  provisions, 
dried  fruits,  and  canned  goods  now,  if  gou  want 
any,  as  we  think  it  a  very  favorable  time  to 
urchase.  Our  Mr.  Newkirk  will  call  on  you. 
he  latter  part  of  'this  week,  and  we  will  be 
pleased  to  have  you  favor  him  with  471  order. 
We  remain, 

YouTstTuly, 

LiTTLE-eWebb. 


•x\. 

Jef  fersonvi  I  le,  bid.,  Oct.Z5J9" 
M  ESSRS.  MarsH,  WELSH  4  ft).. 
New  York.' 

fc«x\\\r«\c><\-.- Yours  of  the  I5lh  inst.wi£h  Ac- 
count si\es  100  bbls.  apples  receievEd.The'siies 
were  satisfactory,  and  I  am  glad  were  so  prompt 
ly  rendered,  as  It  enables  me  to  prepare  another 
shipment,  and,  I  trust,  secure  the  favorable  TMT- 
ket  you  report.  I  shall  try  to  hive  them  in  read- 
iness for  shipment  next  Wednesday, 30th  hist. 
I  will  make  drafts  against  proceeds, but  will 
notify  you  hereafter.  •» 

I  am,  gentlemen,  yours, jelc., 

CHAS.FOX. 


G-alveston,Tex.,July7,l9— 
MESSRS.  FmNEY,Co8uRN<Co., 
New  Orleans,  La. 

SVtv.—  Upon  examining  the  bill  accom- 
panying your  last  lot  of  goods,  I  find  I  am  charg- 
ed with  six  dozen  pairs  of  cotton  hose  which 
I  neither  ordered  nor  received.  I  enclose  the 
bill  and  a  copy  of  the  invoice  of  goods,  that 
the  error  may  be  corrected.  I  am,  gentlemen, 
Yours  very  respectfully, 

IRA  DUNN. 


Montgomery,  All.,  A  05.  4,19—  . 
MR.S.T.FER&USON, 
\>iw<i\v. 

I  hive  waited  patiently 
for  your  convenience  in  the  paument  of  rent 
for  the  house  you  are  at  present  occupying. 
As,  however,  you  have  been  my  tenant  for 
thrzc  months  without  meeting  any  of  the 
payments,  which  were  to  be  made  monthly,  I 
feel  obliged  to  remind  you  of  the  fact  thlt. 
there  are  £75  due  me. 

Trusting  that  you  will  give  the  matter  im- 
mediate atteritipn,  I  am, 

Yours  truly, 

AMBROSE  Coohe. 


A.B.CuOE,Esq.,        &Teeley,Col.,Nov.lO,l9-. 

Agent  American  8ookCo,N.Y. 
^tj.T  "ivx-.-  At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Ed- 
ucation of  this  city, "Harvey's  English  GramnurV 


NewYork,Oct.l5,l9— . 

,ARSH*WELSH<KCo.,XCPt  K^COVCVX-. 

'CHAS.FOX,  Jefferso7ivi)le,|-nd. 


IOObblsApples,@*2.75.... 
PAID 

Freight  NYCRR  

^5.00 
I8.0C 
13.75 

*27S.OO 
106.75 

Cormnission,5  per  cent.... 
Net  pocads  to  your  credit 

*l  68.25 

^  •  Atlanta,  (nd.,  Miy  14,  1  9  — 

R.S.WEBSTER, 

Boise-City,  Idaho. 

^Mx^jvr.—  E-nte-rtlini-ng  MI  idea.  ofiTrnnt- 
grating  to  Idaho  City,  and  there  conducting  i 
business  similar  to  your  own,  I  talte  the  JID- 
erty  of  an  old  friend  in  asking  your  .opinion 
on  that  location  for  the  trade,  and  shall  grate- 
fully acknowledge  any  infomiition  you.  CITI 
give  me  as  to  the  business  being  done  hi  thit 
section  at  the  present  time.  - 

Will  you.  also-  obi  ige  me  with  your  views 
as  to  the  expediency  ot  a,  further  considera- 
tion of  this  subject. 

I  am  sincerely  yours, 

Clinton  Porter-. 


'  Phoenix,  Ariz.,Nov.293  19—  . 

MR.  SHELLY  TICHENOR, 

4-96  Broad  way,  N.Y. 

^Mx"3w.—  Please  find  enclosed  money  order 
for  One  Dollar(*I.OO)  for  which  send  to  mi)  ad- 
dress The  New  Era  for  19—. 
Yours,  etc., 

CONflAOSCHOFISLO. 


Jacksonville,Fla.,May  10^9—. 
MESSRS.  FAiRCHiLD,G-ooD<SCon 

Cincinnati,  0. 

^rc<^\iT<\«\'.-lt  is  with  some  feeling  of  regret 
thit  we  announce  to  our  friends  the  relin- 
quishment  of  our  interest  .in.  this  business  with 
the  expiration  of  next  month;  Oar  stock  mil  pern 
i  ses  wi  II  at  that  time  (June  27th)  be  transfer™!  toMesse 
Pope  <Cp.,  whom  we  cheerfully  present  to  ipurnotice, 
arid  feel  it  our  duty  to  recommend  them  for  a  con- 
tinuance of  your  confidence.  The  members 
Yours  truly, 


Ill 


BUsi  KESS  LETTERS.  ]£ 


OFFERING  GOODS. -We  take  the  lib- 
erty of  enclosing  a  few  samples  of 
White  Taffetas,  which  we  have  Just 
rtcttved  per  Steamer  Hamburg.  They 
•  arc  in  patterns  of  about  16  yards,  fu.ll 

£wid»h  24  inches,  at  *  1.75  per  yard 
Should  you  need  any  of  them,  now 
or  at  a  future  time,  we  shall  be  hap 
Py  to  receive  your  order. 

GOODS  SHIPPED  ojf  JOINT  Ace 

In  accord  with  our  agreement,  we 
have  forwarded  to  you.  *hii  day,  per 
Merchants'  Dispatch,  Three.  Hundred 
Barrels  Drifted  Snow  Flour,  Invoice 
and  B.  of  L.  inclosed,  to  be  sold  for 
£our  Joint  account.  One-half  the  in- 
voice hu  been  charged  to  your  account 

Hoping  that  this  adventure  will 
prove  so  profitable  as  to  lead  to  others, 


favor  of  lOth  inst.  .covering  state 

ment  of  account,  is  at  hand,  and  up- 

on examination  we  find  it  correct. 

Enclosed  find  our  check  on  Third 

.jNatio-nal  Bank  of  this  city  for  Fif- 

rtttm  Hundred  and  Seventy  Dollars, 

:n  payment  of  Bills  of 

May  10  .......  *550.00 

t,     IT  .......    400.00 

,.    33  .......    620.QQ 

*I370.00 
Please  acknowledge  receipt  ,ndoWi 


e  have  the  pleasure  to  acknowl- 
edge the  receipt  of  your  esteemed  fa- 
vor 15th  inst.,  containing  your 
check  on  Third.  National  Bank  of 
your  city  for  Fifteen  Hundred  an< 
,,-Seventy  Dollars  (**I570.00),  which 
•mm  have  placed  to  your  credit  in  set 
tlement  of  your  account. 

Please  accept  our  thanks,  and,  re 
questing  the  favor  of  your  future 
orders,  we  nmiain, 

ANOTH.EH  FoKM..- 

Rtceived  from  Messrs.  L.O.Morse 
k  Co.,  Seven  Hundred  and  Ten  f^ 
Dollars  on  account. 

•  7IO&.  M.A.RUPE  VCo. 

Above  please  find  receipt  for  your 
remittance  of  the  11th  inst.,  for 
which  we  are  obliged.  Requesting 
UOUT  future  patronage,  we  remain, 

FFERING  ^  SPECIAL  LOT.  -Having 

a  taroe  quantity  of  machinery,  cut 
l«riy,  hardware,  and  other  material 
left  after  our  fire  on  the  29th  ult., 
we  desire  to  close  them  out  to  a  reli- 
able firm,  and  therefore  give  you  the 
privilege  of  a  first  bid  on  them.  A  % 
w«  cannot  engage  to  hold  them  fot 
you  after  the  20  inst.,  if  it  could 
pjbe  arranged,  it  would  be  advisable  for 
you  to  either  come  in  person,  or  to 
send  some  one  to  era-mine  and  make 
an  offer  for  the  goods  before  the  a- 
bove  date,  •*  we  desire  to  commence 
rebuilding  at  an  early  date. 


OF  GOODS.- it  has 

been  rny  invariable  course  to  act 
with  integrity  and  honor,  since 
I  first  ante/red  into  business  trans- 
actions with  you-.  Mai;  I  -not  ex 
pect  the  same  conduct  in  return 
Until  lately,  indeed,  I  had  no  reas 
on  /or  complaining;  but  the  goads 
I  received  on  the  17th  inst.,  a  1*9 
those  just  delivered,  are  so  infer! 
•or  in  quality  that  I  hesitate  to  of 
mfer  them  to  any  of  my  customers 
Since  lean  have  much  better  val- 
ue elsewhere,  and  I  do  not  sell  job 
foods  on  any  account,  I  am  reluct 
antly  obliged  to  advise  you  that. 


unless  you  can  send  -me  others 
in  their  stead.  I  must  withdraw 
my  correspondence  altogether. Hi 
the  meantime, both  lots  arc  laid 
aside  awaiting  your  orders..  An 
immediate  answer  will  oblige 

ADVlSlK»  OFSH.IPM.ElfT.-  En 
closed  please  find  B.  of  L.  and  In 
voice  of  Glassware,  amounting 
to  *n5iH,  forwarded  per  B. 61.0. 
R.Y. ,  as  per  your  order  of  the  2d 
inst.  The  goods  are  shipped  in 
•good  condition,  and  we  havetak- 

nen  care  to  select  the  most  attract 
ivc  styles  of  the  class  you  mention 
Should  anything  prove  unsatis- 
factory, we  will  be  obliged  if  you 
will  notify  us  promptly. 

ENCLOSING  DHA.FTFOHACCEP 

TA.NCE.-We  enclose  our  draft 
;on  you  for  your  acceptance,  af- 
>ter  which,  please  let  us  have  byre 
turn  mail,  and  oblige 
k> M. PLAIN  1 1/6  OP  DELAY- On 
the  10th  of  November  I  sen*, 
you  an  urgent  letter,  ordering  in 
haste  the  inclosed  list  of  articles, 
which  Have  not  as  yet  been  receiv- 
ed; nor  have  I  been  advised  as  to 
the  cause  of  the  delay.  I  have  been 
greatly  annoyed  because  of  the  ne 
cesiity  of  purchasing  in  the  mar- 
|ket  from  time  to  time  of  such  ar 
'tides  in  the  list  as  I  needed,  at  ad 
vanced  figures,  which  were  sold 
at  cost  rather. than  disappoint. my 
customers.  This  treatment  be-in  ^ 
unusual  from  you,  I  desire  an  ex 
planation.  If  the  goods  are  not  re 
ceived  by -the  30th  inst.,  you  will 
please  consider  the  order  cancelled. 
REPLY  TO  AB  OV  E .  -  We  are  hi  re 
ceipt  of  your  favor  of  the  20th  inst: 
and  beg  to  reply  that  this  is  the 
first  intimation  we  have  received 
touching  your  order  of  Nov.  10th. 
Your  letter  of  that  date  has  nev- 
er reached  us,  and  has  doubtless 
miscarried.  We  are  indeed  sorry 
that  you  have  been  put  to  so  much 
trouble  and  expense.  Our  custom 
*>isto/ill  all  orders  immediately 
upon  receipt  thereof,  as  you.  know 
from  experience.  We  have theref»re 
to-day  shipped  the  order  in  fall  at 
the  very  lowest  prices, as  per  in- 
closed invoice,  and  hope  that  the 
goods  will  reach  you  before  the 
30th  inst.,  and  prove  satisfactory. 
With  much  respect,  we  are, 
lECOMMEI^Dirto  A.  SUCCESS- 
OR.-The  firm  of  Henry, Scott 


!t.Co.  having  retired  from  bus 
ness,  and  transferred  their  stock 
and  premises  to  A.S.BIocke  ic  Co. 
these  gentlemen  will  hereafter  r* 
ceive  your  correspondence.  Haying 
entire  confidence  in  J>he  strict 
business  capacity  and  integrity 
of  the  new  firm,  we  are  induce! 
_-tu  believe  that  all  transactions 
"with  them  will  con  tribute  great 
ly  to  your  advantage.  Asking  for 
them  the  same  generous  treat 
ment  accorded  to  ourselves  from 
your  house,  we  remain, 
GOODS  COKSIGI^ED  TO  BE  SOLD 
OKCOM.MJSSIOK.  Vour  favor 
of  the  5th  inst.  is  at  hand.  As  per 
agreement,  we  enclose  you  B.ofL 
and  Invoice  of  10  bbls.  Mess  Pork, 
2  bbls.  Lard,  and  4-0  firkins  of 
Butter,  shipped  this  day  per  L.E. 
fc.  W.  R.Y.,to  be  sold  for  our  ac- 


count. Ou.r  request  is  that  you 
do  not  sell  for  less  than  Invoice 
0  price,  and  if  you  dispose  of  this 
'"'lot  satisfactorily^  you  may  rest 
assured  of  receiving  further  con 
signments  from  us.  We  have 
drawn  on  you  at  15  days'sight, 
through  Marion  National  Bank 
for  Eight  Hundred  Dollars.  Await 
ing  your  advices,  and  hoping  soon 
to  hear  from  you,  we  are 

ACKNOWLEDGING  RECEIPT  OF 

CoKsiGfTrw|Et4T.-We  have  your 
favor  of  the  10th  inst.  giving 
notice  of  -the  shipment  of  150 
bbls.  Apples  per  N.P.  R.R.We  are 
pleased  to  state  that  the  fruit 
^arrived  in  good  order,  and  is  now 
"in  store.  Several  barrels  which  luv 
been  opened  prove  the  quality  and 
packing  satisfactory.  We  will  for- 
ward account  of  sales  as  soon  as 
closed  out.  We  remain, 

A  Fif)*)  TO  TH.EIH  SALESMAN- 

We  are  in  receipt  of  yours  of 
the  24th  inst.  It  is  not  our  de- 
sire to  be  harsh  with  Thompson 
but  you  can  press  him, and  hint 
at  legal  proceedings,  as  no  depen- 
dence can  be  placed  upon  his  prem- 
ises. Your  success  so  far  is  very 
j  gratify  ing  to'us.Clemmons  tt 
*  Walker  have  intimated  that  they 
desire  to  reopen  accounts  with 
us,  but  we  have  not  yet  replied; 
find  out  their  standing  and  re- 
sponsibility and  report.  Inform 
us  by  telegram  of  your  arrival 
in  St.  Louis. 

REMINDING  OF  IKOE;BTEDN<SS. 

We  herewith  take  liberty  to  re- 
mind you  of  your  indebtedness 
to  us.  As  the  account  has  been 
standing  since  Sept.  12, 19..., we 
.think  that  we  have  been'eirceed- 
^ingly  lenient,  and  would  be  pleas- 
ed if  a  check  could  be  sent  for  the 
amount  (*77.25),  and  thus  en- 
able us  to  close  our  books.  Please 
let  us  hear  from  you. 
IECLlKlK&TO  SHIP  Otf  CREDIT. 
We  would  like  very  much  to  ship 
.you  goods,  but  under  the  circum- 
•i stances  must  decline  to  do  so,  as 
*we  cannot  afford  to  advance  mon- 
ey to  purchase  cash  goods. The  mon 


112 


ey  market  here  is  very  tight,  and  we 
are  unable  to  get  the  accommodation 
from  oitr  banks  sufficient  for  our  re- 
quirements. In  future  all  cash  goods 
•must  be  paid  for  as  soon  as  shipped,  as 
we  cannot  give  time  on  them,  t  he 
margin  being  so  small. 
SVlSpEffSIOff 7OF  PARENTS.-  Ow- 
ing to  causes  beyond  our  control,  we 
are  compelled  to  in/orm  you-  -t  hat 
we  are  obliged  to  suspend  payments. 
A  thorough  examination  convin- 
ces us  of  the  impossibility  of  sirnnount 
ing  pur  difficulties.  We  are  now  bal- 
^ancing  our  books,  and  will  send  you 
*a  statement  of  our  affairs  when  they 
have  been  completed.  Until  this  is 
done  we  ask  a  suspension  oi  judgment, 
again  assuring  you  that  our  embar- 
rassments arise  solely  in  consequence 
of  occurrences  over  which  we  had  no 


itfc  ACCOUNT  SALES.-  we 

nave  the  pleasure  of  sending  you  en- 
closed Account  Sales  of  Butter  and 
Pork  shipped  us  on  the  3d  ins*.  The 
Net  Proceeds,  *I3I6.  75,  due  per  av- 
•  eraoti  September  17th,  we  Have 
Jpiaced  to  the  credi-t  of  your  accou-nt; 
the  result,  we  hope,  will  be  satisfactory. 
We  shall  be  pleased  to  receive  further 
consign  merits  from  you,  and  will  en- 
deavor to  dispose  of  -them  on  the  most 
advantageous  terms. 

I  rifau  i  HY  FOH  BA.OGA.GE.-  on  the 

lOth  inst.  I  left  Indianapolis  on  the 
9  A.M.  train,  V\«.  L.E.&.W.  R.R.,and 
arrived  in  this  city  at  9.30  P.M.  yes- 
terday. As  customary,  I  gave  -my  bao- 
gage  check,  No.  196,  to  the  Express 
Agent  on  the  train,  taking  his  re- 
ceipt therefor.  He  has  just  returned 
nth«  check  tome,  saying  that  -my  bag- 
.4-9  age  had  not  arrived.  The  trunk  is 
a  large  sole-leather  one,  canvas  cov- 
ered, and  having  the  initials"M.S., 
Chicago,"  on  both  ends.  Please  dis- 
patch a  "tracer"  without  delay, 
and  when  heard  /row,  notify  me 
at  the  above  address. 


. 

It  is  with  undisguised  vexation  that 
I  am  compelled  to  acknowledge  the  de- 
lay in  payment  of  your  account,  but 
I  assure  you  it  is  unavoidable,  as  well 
as  quite  impossible  for  me  to  settle 
at  present,  by  any  means  at  toy  com- 
mand, nor  can  I  do  so  before  the  ex- 
p  i  rate  on  of  60  days,  at  least,  from 
.jjdate.  As  your  letter  is  pressing,  may 
a\  suggest  a  negotiable  promissory  note 
from  -me  'or  that  time.  Humiliating 
as  this  proposition  is  to  me,  rest  as- 
sured that  it  has  been  forced  upon 
me  through  circumstances  beyond 
my  foresight  or  control,  and  is  now 
made  with  a  due  sense  of  my  respon- 


PURCHASES--  Allow  ime  to  trespas 
upon  you.r  kindness  by  request  ing 
you  to  make  a  few  purchases  /or 
mc.  Please  find  enclosed  Forty  Pol- 


lari,  and  a  memorandum  of  what 
I  want.  MM  urgent  duties, combin- 
ed with  leaving  an  invalid  -mother 
in  the  care  of  servants,  which  re- 
quire my  personal  attention,  is 
my  excuse  for  troubling  you. 

Yours  of  recent  date,  inquiring 
for  market_prices  of  poultry,  is  at 
hand.  We  give  you  the  following 
figures,  which  we  trust  will  be 
satisfactory  :  Live  chickens, IX  to 
I3c.  for  choice  hens;  roosters,  8 
to  9;  spring  chickens  *  1/15  to*3.00 
per  doz.,  for  small  to  good  si.ze; 
large  chickens,  464  to  $65.  Live 

^turkeys,  19  to  20c.  per  Ib.- out- 
side /or  fine  hen  turkeys.  Live 
ducks,  *3  to  #3.50  per  doz.,with 
choice  large  at  *4;  by  the  Jb.  10 
to  I2c.  Live  geese  very  dull  at*  6 
per  doz.,  for  full  feathered,  and 
*64  /or  plucked.  The  market  is 
likely  to  advance, and  these  pri- 
ces are  subject  to  change. 
LHHOf\  l(*  INVOICE. -We  call 
your  attention  to  an  error  in 
the  extension  of  items  in  your 
last  invoice,  by  which  we  are  chang- 
ed *79.I5  more  than  the  cor- 
rect amount.  Please  correct  the 
same,  and  oblige, 
IEPLY  TO  ABOVE.-Uponexa-m 
ination  we  /ind  the  amoitnt  charg- 
ed in  your  a.cco\*A\V  correct, and  be- 
lieve the  error  must  have  occur- 
•red  in  copying  items  from  the  Itt- 

o voice  Book.  We  enclose  a  correct 
invoice,  and  beg  yourjndulgence 
for  any  seeming  negligence. 

AjBVisi(sr&  FIECE.IPT  OF  INVOICE. 

We  have  your/avo-r  of  13th  in- 
stant, inclosing  Invoice  and  Bill 
of  Lading.  The  goods  are  all  that 
we  desired  ;  and  for  your  prompt- 
ness and  care  in  filling  our  order, 
.accept  our  thanks.  Enclosed  find 
j;!n  payment  Draft  on  New  York, 
at  sight,  for  4kl575%o.  Please  ac- 
knowledge receipt  per  return  mail, 

SOLICITING  CoftfsiGff  iviEKts.  - 

We  have  your  favor  of  29th  ult. 
in  which  you  ask  the  mkt. rep't 
on  potatoes,  also  expenses  attend- 
ing them,  to  which  we  reply  — 
Bur  banks  and  Early  Rose  are 
offered  at  from  45  to  60_  cts.  per 
bushel.  Our  commission  is  five 
per  cent,  on  sales;  the  usual  charg- 
•  es  for  Carting  from  boat  to  store, 
J^and  Labor  hire  in  store, amount- 
ing  to  two  cents  per  bushel,  are 
additional.  We  should  be  pleased  to 
hear  fro-m  you  further,  and  will 
try  to  make  satisfactory  sales 
should  you  entrust  us  with  your 
shipments. 


IK^Ulfft  AjSTOSTAJNDI(lfG.-Up 

on  application  of  Mr.T.A.  Rush, 
of  Worden,  Hicks  SuCo.,  of  Fort 
Wayne,  to  enter  into  business 
relations  with  us,  he  suggests 
that  we  apply  to  you  for  in/pr- 
,;mation  concerning  the  standing 
nand  responsibility  of  his  firm. A-ny 
knowledge  you  may  possess  regard- 
ing them  commercially,  will  be 
thankfully  received;  at  the  same 


timo  we  beg  to  assure  you  that  what 
ever  communication  you  ma.y  be 
pleased  to  transmit  will  be  used 
in  confidence.  We  are, gentlemen, 

your  request  of  June  2.4th, we  for- 
ward you  to-day  by  sample  post,  a 
full  line  of  samples  of  Torchon  and 
Valenciennes  lace  at  various  pri- 
ces. Should  you-  conclude  to  order 
any  of  these  goods,  please  return 
us  the  samples  of  the  styles  you 
*wish,  and,  if  possible, select  at  least 
">two  samples  of  each  style,  so  that 
we  may  send  one  should  the  other 
be  out  of  stock.  Our  styles  of  par- 
ticular patterns  of  laces  are  some- 
times exhausted,  in  which  case  we 
are  careful  to  substitute  other  pat- 
terns for  the  ones  selected. 

We  are  in  receipt  of  your  favor 
of  the  29th  u-lt.  We  are  under 
the  necessity  of  declining  to /ill 
•  your  order  upon  the  terms  pro- 

^posed  by  you.  Upon  receipt  of 
9500,  we  will  ship  the  goods, with 
the  understanding  that  the  bal- 
ance will  be  paid  within  60 days 
from  the.  date  of  shipment.  Hoping 
that  these  terms  will  be  satis/ac- 
tor y,  we  are 

JHA.NGE;  OP  FIRM--  Having  de- 
cided upon  and  formulated  term* 
of  agreement,  permit  us  to  com- 
municate to  you  an  alteration 
which  we  propose  making  in  DIM- 
CO  partnership  on  the  1st  of  June 
ensuing.  At  that  date\our  Mr. 
P.M.  Wo  I  ford  will  retire,  and 
the  business  of  the  establishment 
thence/orward  will  be  carried  on 

,-by  the  remaining  partners,  under 

mthe/irm  of  Wilson, Hinklei.Co.Re 
questing  the  continuance  of  your 
favor  and  support,  and  assuring  you 
that  there  will  -neither  be  a  dimi- 
nution of  our  means,  nor  a  re- 
reJaration  of  our  endeavors  to  con- 
duct the  extensive  affairs  of  the 
firm  on  the  usual  scale,  we  subscribe 
ourselves, 

HEAL  ESTATE;  iKeftJIFtY- **  vari- 
ous times  I  have  heard  much  said 
in  praise  of  your  beautiful  city,es- 
pecially  concerning  railroad  facili- 
ties, and  church  and  school  advan- 
tages, and  have  concluded  to  -make 
your  town  my  permanent  place 
of  abode;  provided  I  can  locate  my- 
self suitably,  inasmuch  as  I  have 

-a  family  to  educate,  and  the  vari- 

"ous  lines  of  railway  radiating  from 
your  city  will  afford  me  the  desir- 
ed accommodations  in  my  travel- 
ing agency.  I  write  at  present  to 
learn  your  best  terms  for  a  resi- 
dence containing  not  less  than 
eight  rooms,  with  about  one  acre 
of  land  attached,  and  situated  -not 
more  than  one  mile,  from  the  post 
office.  An  early  answer  will  oblige, 

SOLICITING  fcMPLOXNlEJfT.-  HaV 
ing  learnei*  through  the  kindness 
of  a  friend  that  you  were  in  want 
.of  an  assistant  in  your  store,  l-'re- 

rjspectfully  offer  my  services,  believ- 
ing myself  fully  competent  to  per- 
form the  duties  required.  My  type- 


•V—  T~*tiKfr--.  £* 

his  drafts  at  five  days  sight  m  our- 
selves. All  drafts  so  negotiated  should 
be  indorted  on  this  credit,  which  will 
continue  in  force  until  May  1,19... 
Requesting  for  Mr.  King  your  best 
attention,  we  have  the  honor  to 

your  company   on  the  31st  inst. 
for  transniission  to  Mr.  A.S.Cole, 
of  Wheeling,  W.Va.,  have  failed 

«~*$TB\JSIt/ESS  L^TTE^S.    llH" 

«f           iiJMftLi"         -y* 

case  the  same  does  no*  reach  him 
by  the  30  Ih  inst.,  we  shall  for- 

siderable,  and  can  five  satisfactory  and 
unquestionable  references.  Should  you 
be  favorably  impressed  with  my  appli- 
cation, 1  shall  be  happy  to  call  upon  you 
tt  any  time  you  may  please  to  appoint. 
An  early  answer  will  tnuch  oblige. 
A,DVlSlpG  OFSECl»R.ITX.-WeaTein 
receipt  of  your  draft,  accepted  by  the 
J.  Dewing  Co.,  for  SSI550.00,  made 
payable  on  July   10th,  next,  to  be  held 
by  as  as  collateral  security  for  the 

/VNOTrtEr\FORJVl.-Be  kM«NMft 

to  credit  Mr.  C.N.Wilson  for  such 
selections  as  he  may  make,  to  an  a 
mount  not  exceeding  Five  Hundred 
Dollars  (*500),for  three  months. 
Should  Mr.  Wilson  neglect  to  set- 
tle at  the  proper  time,  1  will  become 
^responsible  for  the  payment  of  the 
<osame.  Please  inform  me  of  t_he 
amount  for  which  you  give  h  rrn 
credit,  with  the  date  when  it  be 

2  responsible  for  cost  of  articles 
and  all  damage  resulting  from 
delay.  Hoping  that  your  inqui- 
ries may  lead  to  a  discovery  of 
their  whereabouts  before  the 
above  mentioned  date,  1  am, 
ORDERING-  GOODS.  -Please  for- 
ward to  me?,  on  -receipt  of  this, 
per  American  Express,  C.  0.0.  ,  or 
draw  on  me,  as  you  way  prefer, 

by  Henry  Vineyard,  dated  May  21st, 
last,  on  Merrill,  Ford  L  Co.,  of  West- 
field,  which  now  lies  under  protest 
•for  non-acceptance,  in  the  hands  of 
KKendrick  Bros.,  of  WestfieM.and  we 
hereby  engage  to  return  said  draft 
or  its  value  in  cash,  upon  receiving 
advice  of  the  payment  of  the  above  bill 
of  exchange  for  91320.00,  or  if  not 
paid,  such  part  of  the  said  sum  of  the 
«*  1550.  00  as  may  exceed  the  amount 
of  the  said  bill  with  re-exchange  and 
charges  thereon. 

fcKJtfe  IKFOr\r*\/vnoK--Wiii  uou 

have  the  kindness  to  five  -me  some  in- 
formation in  regard  to  ladies'  suitings, 
flannels  and  sackings.  1  wish  to  add 
an  assortment  of  these  goods  to  my 
stock,  and  want  to  learn  more  about 
them.  1  have  but  recently  opened 
da  store  in  this  place,  and  must  confess 
*that  1  have  had  but  little  experience 
in  the  dry  goods  business,  and  there- 
fore, aniy  information  you  can  give 
me  will  be  considered  a  favor,  and 
may  result  in  an  order. 
EMBARRASSMENT  OF  A  Fl  Hh\.- 
••  We  are  under  the  painful  neces- 
sity of  informing  you,  that,  after 
balancing  our  books,  we  find  so  con- 
siderable a  deficiency,  owing  to  a  se- 
ries of  misfortunes  during  the  past 
/our  months,  that  we  are  induced 
to  submit  our  a/fairs  to  the  inspec- 
tion of  our  principal  creditors.  After 
a  full  investigation,  these  gentle-men 
have  consented  to  appoint  assignees 
for  the  liquidation  of  our  outstanding 
debts,  the  sile  of  our  property,  and  the 
-due  distribution  of  the  proceeds   a- 
°mon<jst  our  creditors,  in  proportion 

mediate  notice,  in  default  of  pay- 

RjTqJLJ^STlKG-  TEfWS.-Believ- 
ing  1  can  sell  your  gcods  to  ad- 
vantage, and  Having  but  recent- 
ly started  busineis  in  this  place, 
1  will  be  obliged  if  you  will  send 
me  your  price  list  and  best  terms. 
•It  is  my  purpose  to  buy  chiefly 
tofor  cash  ,  but  may  want  to.  buy 
on  time  occasionally.  1  have  had 
considerable  dealings  with  Mesm. 
Maxwell  &.  Co.,  of  your  city,  and 
you.  may  call  upon  -them  for  ref- 

L^TTlfri  OF  Gb/VIAptY.-™'* 

will  be  handed  you  by  Marion  B. 
Reynolds,  who  visits  your  city 
to  purchase  his  fall  and  winter 
^stock  of  dry  goods.  We  hereby 
coguarantsc  payment  of  any  cred- 
it that  he:  may  ask.  Notify  u.» 
promptly,  in  the  event  of  any 

REpt-Y  TO  DE^ND  fOf(  RftHEtfr. 
It  is  with  undisguised  vexation 
that  1  find  circumstances  such  as 
to  prevent  my  complying  with 
your  request  for  a  remittance. 
Tightness  in  the  money  market 
and  stagnation  in  business  have 
alone  prevented  me  from  being 
•as  prornpt  as  usual.  However,  as 
ptrade  has  improved  lately,  and 
as  there  is  even  prospect  of  a  busy 
Season,  1  must  ask  your  indulgence 
for  a  short  time,  when  1  wijl  sure 
ly  close  my  account.  Convinced 
of  your  reliance  upon  my  probity 
and  honor,  1  am, 

TR;;\NSIV\ITTIC<&  ^ccoltftCtaiHEtfr 
We  are  in  receipt  of  your  va.1 
ued  favor  of  the  27th  u.lt.,  ac- 
companied by  my  account  current. 

•    3  doi   Napkins  9.00 

<»     4  pairs  Lady'sSilk  Hose./..  JMO. 
*  27.00 
1  hope  you.  will  send  those  of 
best  quality,  and  should  the  goods 
be  satisfactory,  1  expect  to  g  i  ve 
you  additional  orders  soon. 

F\EeOJE-STiHo  HEtf«VwA!LoF.NoT<.- 

Mu  promissory  note  will  be  due 
on  »he  14th  inst.,  but  1  regret  to 
say  that,  owing  to  circumstances 
beyond  my  control,  1  fear  that 
1  shall  not  be  able  to  meet  it.  May 
1  therefore  request  that  you  will 
ogrant  me  the  indulgence  of  ashort 
-renewal  of  (three,  months),  when 
1  doubt  not  of  my  means  to  take 
it  up.  Vour  compliance  with  this 
wish  will  confer  an  obligation 

DE&lj  frffe  TO  LeKo  r^off  E\.- 

Therols  no_  one  whom  1  would 
be  more  willing  to  oblige  in  any 
way  than  yourself;  hut,  unhappi- 
ly, 1  am  at  present  so  driven  for 
funds  that  I  am  compelled  to  bor- 
j  row  in  order  to  meet  my  own  ob- 
rligations.  Under  *he  circumstan- 
ces 1  know  you  will  take  the  will 
for  the  deed,  and,  hoping  you  -may 
•meet  with  help  elsewhere,  1  am, 
SoLlClTirfG   4  t.O/\N.-  Owing 
to  a  disappointment  in  the  re- 
ceipt of  some  money  due  me,  1 
am  exposed  to  a.  terrfporary  emt«r 
rassment.  The  sum  which^ould 
extricate  me  from  this  painful 
difficulty  is  not  large,  as  O  
would  be  amply  sufficient.  Hav- 
ing an  aversion  to  professional 
.lenders,  1  prefer  soliciting  the  aid 
?of  a  friend.  Can  you  grant  me, 
then,  the  accommodation  of  the 
above  sum,  without  in  any  way 
intrenching  on  your  own  conven 
ience?  If  you  cart,  you  may  de- 
pend upon  it  being  reimbursed 
with  strict  punctuality  by  the 
1st  of  June,  next.  A  speedy  reply 
to  this  request  will  greatly  oblige, 

iffcLosijfo  W  IKsT/vlJLMENT. 

1  herewith  enclose  the  first  half 
of  a  twenty  dollar  note,  as  an  in- 

t  ate.  We  indulge  a  hop*  that  you.  Mill 
not  object  to  this  arrangement,  but 

ees,  Messrs.  A.  B.  Lambert  and  Oeorge 
Kring,  with  ar  abstract  of  your  ac- 
count current,  for  the  purpose  of  hav 
ing  it  compared  with  our  books  in 
order  that  the  correct  balance  may 
be  ascertained. 
L^TT^F\  OF  CREDIT      We  be«  per- 

ult., which  having  been  examin- 
ed and  found  to  be  correct,  the 
balance  in  your  favor,*m5.50 
rjhas  been  passed  to  a  new  account 
loin  conformity.  Inclosed  please 
find  your  account  current,  with 

mission  to  introduce  to  you  Mr.  A. 

ance  in  my_  favor,  «ti5  15.  10,  which 

pened  a  credit  for  two  thousand  dol- 
.laro(*2000)  .  We  h  a  ve  to  request  you 
gthat  you  will  furnish  him  with  what 
ever  funds  he  may  require  to  iha  a- 
vailabk  extent  of  this  credit  against 
*>Mi*ri'.  t,  >_,  -„<-„.,.  •  

rect,  you  will  please  pass  to  my 
.credit  under  date  of   1st  inst. 

Loss  OF  GOODS  B\  EXPRESS.  - 

*•  \  beg  to  inform  you  that  two 
packages  of  value,  delivered   to 

much  regret  that  1  am  unable 
m'to  send  the  remainder,  but  hope 
'"that  1  shall  be  able  to  do  so  at  an 
early  date,  as  1  am  expecting  to 
receive  some  money  in  a  few  days. 

114 


Account,  ireply  to  last 12 

Account,  requesting  settlement  of.  14 

Account,  reply  to  las* IS 

Account  Sales 21 

Account  Sales, reply  to  last. ....,22 
Account  Sales, enclosing... ......44 

Advising  o-f  Shipments, 33 

Agency,  soliciting..... 84 

Baggage,  lost-' 45 

Business  Location. .....23 

Change  o/Fi-rtti.... ............. 56 

Character,  inquiry  as -to. ......82 

Character, -replies  to  last.. .....83 

Clerkship,  seeding 81 

Complain*  of  Error  iti  Bill 18 

Co-mpjaining  of  G-oods 33 

Consignment  of  Goods 38 

Consignment,  receipt  of.. ....  .39 

Consignments,  sol  icitmg 52 

Cred  if,  letters  of... 62,63 

Death  o/Par#«er « 85 

Declining  to  Ship  on  Credit. ...42 

Delay, complaining  o(. 35 

Del  ay,  reply  to  last 36 

Demand  for  Payment, reply 66 

Draff,  /or  acceptance 34 

Em  barrassmen  t  of  F  irm  • 61 

Employment,  soliciting 58 

Extension  of  Time 46 

Forwarding  &oods 16 

G-uaraw  t  y ,  letter  of. 65 

Information,  asking  for 60 

In  stall  -went,  enclosing 73 

Inquiry  concerning  Shipment  ..6 

Invoice,  error  in 49 

In  voice, -reply  to  last SO 

In  voice,  receipt  of.. , 51 

Lending  Money 71,72 

Loss  of  froods  by  Express .-.68 

Notes  for  Collection 78 

Offer -to  Buu,decli-Ming......55 

Offering  froods 26 

Official  Letter. 20 

Opening  Announcement. .'...13 

Order  for  Books I 

Orders  for  Dry  Goods 2,69 

Order  to  a.  Clothier. 3 

Order  to  a  G-rocer 4 

Order  to  a.  Music  Dealer. 5 

Payment  of  Ren* 19 

Pay-meti*, pressing  -request  ....75 
Payment,  remind  ing_  of. . . .'. . . .  .41 
Poultry, -market  price  of  ......48 

P-rlce  List, -requesting..,. C 

Price  List,  reply  to  last S 

Provisions  and  Groceries.......  H 

Publishing  Houre .74- 

Real  Estate  Inquiry .„- 57 

Recommending  Successor. .25,37 

Remittance,  enclosing 28 

Remittance,  receipt  of..,. 29,30 

Renewal  of  Note 7(1 

Requesting  to.  make  Purchase .  ..47 

Responsi  bi  I  ity ,  inquiry  as  to 10 

Responsibility,  favorable  reply  ...71 
Responsibility,  unfavorable  reply  .76 

Sales-man, 'firm  to... .40 

Samples,  forwarding 54 

Security,  advising  of .55 

Ship-Hietit  of  Apples 1 

Shipment,  joint  account'...... 2T1 

Situation,  soliciting.. 8C 

Special  Lot,  offer  of ...31 

Standing,  inquiry  as  to 52 

Subscription  to  Periodical 24 

Suspension  of  Payment .43 

Terms,  requesting W 

Terms,  enclosing .........TS 


To  OP£N  AN  AccoUKTV/irH  A.  P\JB 

LISTING-  HobSE.-ln  as  mucft  as  our 
business  is  rapidly  on  the  increase,  vye 
are  desirous  of  opening  an  account  with 
your  house,  and  would  be  obliged  by  your 
_ transmitting  us  a  trade  list  of  your  pub- 
^lications,  as  well  as  some  of  your  gen- 
reral  catalogues.  Our  usual  terms  of 
settlement  with  other  houses  are  as 
follows:\«xaVe  VWwV  If  these  terms 
are  agreeable  to  your  house, the  favor 
of  an  immediate  attention  to  our  re- 
quest will  oblige, 

p  HESS  i  tic-  HE^UI^ST  MR,  PA\HEKT.- 

Being  greatly  disappointed  in  the  re- 
ceipt o_f  sums  due  on  account,  we 
herewith  enclose  statement  of  ac- 
count to  date,  showing  a  balance  of 
Five  Hundred  and  Fifteen  Dollars 
($>5I5.00)  in  our  favor,  which  you. 
will  see  averages  between  30  and  90 
ndays.  As  we  have  large  payments  to 
f-meet  by  the  30th  inst.,  we  are  under 


ly  to  have.  If,  therefore,  you  should 
hear  of  any  situation  or  employ-men!: 
which  you  consider  likely  to  suit -me, 
either  in  niy  own  business, that 

o  (  a. — ,  or  In  an  y  other  in  which 

lean  make  myself  useful, your  rec- 
ontmendatioTi  would  greatly  oblige-, 
and  be  of  material  service  to, 
S  E- E  K.I  KG  A,  CLEKKSHI  p-~  Perceiv- 
ing by_  your  advertisement, acopy 
of  which  is  shown  above, that  you- 
are  in  want  of  a  clerk,  I  beg  to  en- 
close testimonials ,  and  venture  to 
hope  that  from  my  previous  expe- 
rience in  the  line  of  business  which 
Jyou.  pursue,  I  should  be  ofsotneu.se 
om  your  establishment.  My  habits 
of  life  are  such  as  to  assure  regular- 
ity in  the  discharge  of  my  duties, 
and  I  can  only  assure  you-  that, 
should  you  honor  me  with  yo_ur 
confidence,  I  shall  spare  no  pains 
to  acquit  myself  to  your  satisfac 
tion.  I  remain,  gentlemen, 
1  K^V  I KY  A?  TO  fcH^fl^CTER.  - 
_  Will  you.  pardon  our  requestfor 
information  concern I-ny  the  char- 
acter' and  commercial  standing  of 
,;Lewis  J.  Bozell,  of  your  place?  Is 
tohe  personally  known  to  you.  as 
wo-rthy  of  credit  ?  As  he  propos- 
es to  make  large  purchases,  an 
immediate  reply  will  greatly  oblige, 
REPLIES  TO  ABOVE 


necessity  of  urging  greater  prompt- 
ness on  your  part  in  waking -retni-Watice, 
and  we  trust^  you-  can  favor  us  with  a 

settlement  In  fulf,  or  the  greaterpart 

,  of  the  acct.  by  the  above  date.  We  have  yours  of 
UNFAVORABLE  REPLY  ASTOFESPO*  the  19th  itist.  I  tire- 
Si  BILITY.— We  are- in  -receipt  of  your  ply  we  can  sag  that 
favor  of  the  30  ult.  It  is  with  regret  from  several  years' 
•that  we  cannot  give  you  any  satisfac-  acquaintance  and 
Story  information  relative  to  the  par-  business  dealing 
ties  about  whom  you  inquire.  Our  "with  Mr.  Bozell,that 
^opinion  of  them  is  unfavorable.  -»  ""he  is  one  whom  we 
-A.VOFIABLE  HEPL\.—  Replying  to  highly  esteem,  and 
Uo.ur  favor  of  the  3rd  !nst.,wehave  isworthy  of  any 
t.o  say  that  the  firm  of  Walton  &.  -  credit  he  way  at 
Wh.isler,  is  in  fi>st  rate  standing,  any  ti-me  ask  of 
.and  in  our  opinion  will  assume  no  _you 
'Indebtedness  for  which  they -are  -not 
amply  responsible.  We  have  fu.ll  con- 
fidence in  bot.h  their  solvency  and 

$cto'sir/G  KOTE!S  FOR.  Coll<cTioK. 

Enclosed  find  for  collection. 

Note  of  F.Meek.du*  Feb.  6/9,  $710.00 

*  ».4        S.  Lod  i ,   .1 1 ,,  '  7/10,  •  550.00  ± 
If  paid,  please  remit  draft  for  proceeds. 


•reply  to  yours  of  thellth  inst., we 
enclose  price  lists  and  our  customary 
discounts.^  The  market  at  present  is 
quite  active,  and.  prices  have  an  up- 
ward tendency.  Any  order  with  which 
you  may  favor  Us  we  will  take  p_ai-ns 
"to  fill  at  the  lowest  market  prices. 
We  have  called  upon  your  references, 
and  will  send  you  anything  which 
you  may  wish  to  order  on  credit. on 
our  regular  terms. 
QLtCltlN*  A.SlTl)A.T!OK.-When 
leaving  here  on  the  7th  of  May, you 
were  kind  enough  to  promise  t  hat, 
should  it  be  in  your  power  to  forward 
my  interests  in  any  manner,  you 
swould  feel  a  pleasure  in  doing  so.  My 
*former  employer  having  Sold  his 
business,  I  am  left  without  a  situa- 
tion; as  his  successor  has  sufficient 
assistance  for  all  the  work  he  is  like- 


In  reply  to  yours 
of  the  19th  itist.,  I 
can  only  say  that, 
frotii  the  slight  _ac- 
quaintance  with 
the  party  to  whom 
you  refer, receiv- 
ed from  general 
reports,  I  should 
hesitate  to  extend 
him  c-redit  with- 
out some  other 
name  as  security 


G  A.N  AGENCY- -Having 
established  myself  here  as  a  deal- 
er In  goods  similar  to  yours,  and 
having  superior  facilities  forha-nd- 
ling  your  goods,  I  am  induced  to 
apply  for  an  agency  in  this  city, 
.believing  that  my  abilities  can  be 
'exerted  to  the  advantage  of  your 
'company.  I  am  prepared  toftmish 
satisfactory  references  and  security 
of  undoubted  character.  Requesting 
the  favor  of  an  early  reply,  I  atn, 

DEATH  OF  /^ PiwrctEH.-!*  ;| 

with  deep  sorrow  and  regret  that 
we  are  c.alled  upon  to  announce  the 
sudden  death  of  our  respected  priti 
cipal,  Mr.  Charles  Reed.  The  event 
occasions  a  change  in  the  firm, 
but  will  cause  no  decrease  of  cap- 
ital. The  business  will  becond^uct- 
«ed  on  the  same  general  principles 
as  heretofore,  and  we  trust  to  the 
usual  satisfaction  of  our  correspon 
dents.  We  beg  to  solicit  a  continu 
ance  of  your  esteemed  correspondence 
assuring  you  .our  undivided  attention. 

IHDEXTO  BUSINESS  UTT^HS. 

Account  Current,  transmitting  . .  67 
Account,  proposing  to  open  .....  II 


115 


onfan  is  bold- woman  Is  beautiful.  Man  Is 
Wt  courageous— woman  is  timid.  Man  labors 
£*=•  rn  tht  field-woman,at  home.  Man  talks 
persuade— woman,  to  please.  Man  has  a  dar- 

._j  heart— woman,  a  tender  and  loving  one. 

4an  has  power— woman,  taiU<  Man  hat  justice 
-woman, mercy.  Man  ha»  strength- woman, •— 


»  I  1.64. 
•»  12.60 
3.04 

3.44 
4.00 
4.36 
4.72 
5.07 


90    »' 


5.29 


7.06 
25.01 
?l.38 

38.80 
49.95 
59.77 
75.81 

9&40 


. 

5.36116.56 
5.44  127.59 
5.49  132.46 


5.52 


5.3;'  '.-6.C- 
5.?2  131.27 
5.29  127. 


140.42 


127.54 


1.62 
2.56 
3.00 
3.38 

a.oj 

4.26 
4..60 
4,92 

5  i  ^ 
5.13 

5rl6 

3.18 


FACTS  AffOf/T    T//£-  000K 

?he  average  chest  measurement  of  adult  male 
Is  36  inches;  drawing  strength  between  the 
hands,  75  Ibs. 
The  skeleton  is  one  inch  (hotter  than 
the  measurement  of  the  living  pcrson.and  has 
a  weight  of  about  14  Ibs.,  there  being  240  bones,  is 
,lovt  The  body  contains  about  28  Ibs.  of  blood,ibout  ig 
2  Ibs.  of  which  pass  through  the  heartateach 
beat.  The  blood  passes  through  the  lungs  and 
is  revivified  by  the  O»LJ<J«TI  of  the  air  as  bright 
red  blood,  after  which  it  goes  by  the  subdivis- 
ions of  the  arteries  to  every  minute  portion  ol 
the  body,  and  returns, laden  with  impurities  as 
6.42  dark  venus  blood,  through  the  veins  to  the  start 

28^67 
35.29 
47.10 
56.57 
72.65 
89.04 
104.34- 
112.55 
115.30 
119.82  t 


jTrtm  birth  to  complete  development  i  man  hv 
if  entases  20  limes  hi  weight.  An  infant  h»v- 
V  i™  a  weight  of  Tibs,  at  birth, increases 
to  a  wiight  of 'about  21  Its.  at  it*  end  of  the 
f  rrst  i/m  Afterward  the  growth  proceeds  hi  a 
geometrical  ratio  up  to  the  age  of  12,  when  the 
weight  has  somewhat  mort  than  doubled.  Contin- 
uing from  12  to  18  theratio  of  (ncreise  remains 
about  constant,  after  which  the  growth  proceed* 
men-  stowlif.  At  an  egual  age  man  is  heavierthan 
woman.  Man  attaint  his  maximum  weight  at  a- 
bout  the  age  of  40;  woman  at  the  age  of  50, 
MarTj  average  weight  is  140  Ibs.j  womanVI24i 
At  60  a  man  begins  to  lose  his  weight, and  at  80 
he  hat  lost  about  13  Ibj.,  hit  statute  Wing  dimin- 
ished nearly  3  indwt.  The  average  weight  of  both 
mes  in  old  age  is  what  ft  was  at  the  age  of  19. 
On  tn  average  about  two  yeart  of  «ickness  is  ex- 
prrienced  by  every  person  before  attaining  the 
age  of  70,  mikina  an  airrage  of  10  days  per 
annum  for  the  sicrnm  of  human  life.  At  about 
the  age  of  36  a  lean  man  usually  becomes  f  altrr. 
and  a  fat  man  leaiwr.  From  the  a«  of  43  toSO, 
the  appetite  weaken*,  the  complenion  fadu,  the 
muscles  become  flabby,  sleep  is  more  or  less  Im- 
perfect, and  the  spirit  Is  drooping.  After  the  age 
of  SO  there  is  a  renewed  vigor  until  about  the 
,  when  a  timiln  change  takes  place 


ing  point— the  heart. 
The 


heait  is  i  little  larger  than  the  fist,  con 
sists  of  four  cavities— two  auricles  and  two  ven 
tn'cles-and  weighs  about  10  ounces. 

The  lungs  consist  of  about  174  million  sacsor 
cells  at  the  end  of  minute  tubes  that  unite  toform 
larger  tubes,  and  these  form  the  two  bronchiil  tuba 
which  unite  in  the  windpipe,  opening  into  the 
mouth  and  nose. .About  one  gallon  of  ait  Is  taken 
into  the  lungs  at  each  breath,  the  purpose  being 
_._  to  oxygenate  the  blood. 

5.18  121.81  The  stomach  lies  beneath  the  lungs,  near  KM  cm 
5.04 123.86  ler  of  the  body,  and  is  a  sac  of  a  capacity  of  about 
4.97  1 19.76  a  pint  (may  bedfetended  so  as  to  contain  a  quart  or 
4.97  113.60  motel,  in  which  the  food  is  changed  by  the  digest- 
4-.94  108.80  ive  juices  and  ferments. 
4.94108.80  The  liver  lies  to  the  right  and  beneath  the  stom 
ach.  Its  weight  Is  from  4  to  5  Ibs.,  and  its  office 
is  to  change  the  starch  of  the  food  into  sugjr,secitte 
bile,  and  otherwise  aid  in  digestion. 

The  spleen  lies  to  the  left  of  the  stoitiach,is  about 
the  size  of  the  fi»t,  weighs  from  5  to7oi.,and  is 
supposed  to  exert  an  Important  effect  upoti  the 
blood. 

Tht  mttsUflti-the  large  about  8ft.  in  length, 
and  the  small  abuut  25  ft.- aid  in  the  digestion 
of  the  food,  and  absorb  its  nutrient  gualities  into 
the  lacteals  and  the  blood. 

The  two  kidneijt  weigh  about  4ioz.;  about 
1000  01.  of  blood  passes  through  them  in  an  houn 
and  txj  them  the  waste  fluid  portions  of  the 
blood  are  strained  out. 

The  skin  also  carries  off  the  waste  fluids  of 
the  body.  The  area  of  the  surface  of  the  bodu  is  a- 
bout  2300  fq.in.,  and  contains  about  7million 
pores,  each  about  i  of  an  inch  long,  making  a 
total  length  of  nearly  28  miles  of  pores. 

The  Mncrat  Is  an  elongated  and  narrow  oron 
situated  crosswise  In  tht  abdr  ' 


lomlnal  cavity,  just 

bchrnd  the  lower  border  of  the  stomach.  It  !erreta  old 
a  fluid  that  aids  in  digestion. 

The  miMhs  an  attached  to  the  different  farts 
of  the  skeleton  hi  siuh  a  way  js  to  control  lljnove- 
tnmtj.  Theij  ire  competed  of  great  numbers  of  mi- 
croscopic fibres,  running  parallel,  and  united  into 
bundles  of  from  100  to  200  etch,  which  are  again 
and  again  united  into  larger  bund  lev  There  m  u.p  0 
waid  of  500  distinct  muscles  in  the  human  body. 


Of 


he  delicacy  as  to  men  I:  ion  ing  the  age  o 

women  is  not  a.  modem  sensitiveness. 

Although  great  numbers  of  women  are. 

•mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament,  there  is 
but  one  —  Sarah,  AbTahirrt's  wife—  whose  age 
recorded.  An  amusing  way  of  iscettaining  the 
_e  of  any  person  is  found  in  the  subjoined  tible 
Request  the  person  whose  age-  is  d«$iTed,totell 
in  which  column  or  columns  her  age  is  contam 
ed,  and  add  together  the  figures  at  the  top  of  the 
columns  in  which  her  age  is  found,  arid  the  se 
cret  is  discovered.  Thus,  suppose  her  ige  to  be  17, 
you.  will  find  that  number  i-n  the  first  and 
fifth  columns}  add  the  first  figures  of  these  two 
columns. 


ES^  BM  carefully  noting  the  order  of  thenuM 
ben  in  the  above  table,  you  will  see  how  to  en 
tend  it  so  as  to  ascertain  the  ages  of  persons 
.pward  of  63  years. 

Among  women  who  have  attained  extreme 
old  ages  miy  t*  mentioned  Mrs.Keithe,  ofNwntian, 
ing.,  who  reached  the  age  of  133  years,  and  left 
three  daughters  whose  ages  were  respectively  I II, 
110,  and  f09;  Eleanor  Spicer,  of  Accomac.Va.,121; 
vlis.&anier,  5cottsvill«.N.Y..  I04j  Mrs.Thonas, 
Vorristown,  Pa.,  102:  Jane  Scrimshaw,  of  England, 
27:  Mrs.  Carter,  Walthjm,  fng.,  1 01:  Countess  of 
Esmond,  140;  Miss  Hatkdl,  W.Gtoueatei;Mas,89l 
More  women  live  to  be  old  than  men. 


MAff/PMGf  AGf  W  ff/ffffff/W 


tn  Austria,  14  years  fo'  both  sexes.  &erman 
thr  man  at  18,  the  woman  at  14.  Belgium,1.!* 
man  at  18,  the  woman  at  15.  Spain,  the.  man 
it  14,  the  woman  at  12.  France,  the  man  al 
18,  the  woman  at  15.  Greece,  the  man  at  I4,the 
woman  at  12.  Hungary— Catholics,  the  man  at 
4-, tht  woman  at  12:  Prolestanls,the  man  i 
.8,  thf  woman  at  15.  Portugal,fhe  man  at  14 
the  woman  at  12.  Ru.ssia,th,e  man  al  I8,the 
woman  at  16.  Saxony,  the  man  at  18,  the  wo- 
man it  16.  Switzerland,  the  man  at  14, the  wo- 
mav  at  12.  Turkey,  al  puberty. 


»;  f 


«a>ubject  the  body  of  a  person  weighing  154 
SlLpounds,  to  the  process.chemical  analysis, 
BaBa-nd  then  set  down  the  results  in  the 
*"^usual  way.  It  would  read  as  follows: 
\\js.      ox. 

Oxygen Ill        0 

Hydrogen J4       0 

Cirbon 21 


Nitrogen. 

Phosphorus 

Calcium 

Sulphur ,. 

Fluorine 

Chlorine 

Sodi  urn 

Iron 


Potassium 0 

Magnesium.  ........    0 

Silicon 0 


0 
0 
0 

190 
0 

219 
0 

47 

116 

100 

200 

12 

2 


Cf/V  T£/VA  ft/A  XV  S. 
•S.DW  women  live  lo  W  old  lhan  men,  but 
IB  more  men  live  to  be  extremely  old  than 
SJ  women,  Minled  persons  live  longerlhan 
-"-  single.  Dr.  Rush  stalesthal  he  never  met 
bul  one  person  over  80  years  of  age  who  had 
never  been  married. 

Mailer,  who  has  collected  the  largest  number 
of  instances  respecting  the  age  of  man,  found 
the  ^dative   duration  of  life  lo  be  in  the  fol- 
lowing  proportion:   Of  men   who  lived  from 
100  to  110  years,  the  instances  have  b«n  1000; 
from  110  to  120,  there  have  been  60;  from 
..  120  to  130,  there  have  been  29:  from  130  to 
it  140,  there  have  been  15;  from  140 to  150, there 
1  have  been  6;  and  as  high  a«l69,  there  has 
been  I  instance.  ( Patriarchs  excepted  from  above). 
The  following  proportion,  including  both 
sexes,  is  from  Hufeland:   From  TOO  tollO,the 
instances  have  been  1310;  from  1 10  to  f20,the 
instances  have  been277;  from,  I20to  130, the 
instances  hav«  been  84-;  <rom  I30to  I40,the 
in  stances  tiaye  been  26;  from  I40to  I50,the 
instances  have  been     7;  from  I50tol60,the 
instances  nave  been     3;  from  I60lol70,the 
instances  have  been     2;fTorn  notol0^"" 
instances  have  been      3. 

Ea-ston  in  his  Humtn  longevity,  mentions 
the  following  old' men-  St.  Patrick,  122;  At 
til  la,  124:  Lywarch  Herv,  150;  St.  Coemgene,OO; 
Pi.astus,  120;' Lewis  Co-nato,  1 04;  St.  Anthony, 
105;  Alex.  Stephens,  108;  Donald  Cameron,  130: 
Dr.BTOughridge,  1 12;  Peter  McDonald,  109-h's 
father,  116,  and  his  grandmother.  1 07,  Thom- 
as Winslow,  146:  Mr.  Oobson,  133;  Andrew  Vi- 
dal,  124;  John  Weeks,  1 14. 

Perhaps  the  most  authenticated  instann 
of  long  life  is  that  of  Thomas  Parr,  »vho  was 
born  in  Shropshire, Eng.,  in  14-83  and  died  at 
London  in  1635,  at  the  age  of  152  year*. 


Total 154        0 

A/ASS  A/V£> 


0 
0/~ 


'he  human  brain  is  larger  and  heavier  than  the 
^ brain  of  any  other  animal,  except  the  larger 
wnales  and  the  elephant.  Considerable  variations 
i»ist  in  the  size  and  weight  of  the  human  brain 
in  the  different  races  of  mankind,  also  in  individ- 
uals of  the  same  race  and  in  the  two  sewj-Th  e 
heaviest  brains  occur  in  the  white  races,  the  av 
erage  weight  of  the  adult  male  brain  being  from 
49  to  50  oz.,  and  of  the  adult  female  44  to45 
oz.;  so  that  the  brain  of  a  man  is  on  an  average 
0  per  cent,  heavier  than  that  of  a  woman,  the 
difference  being  a  fundamental  sejual  distinc- 
tion. The  average  weight  of  th_e  brain  in  the  new 
y  born  mak  infant  is  11.67 oz.;  in  the  female  on- 
y  10  oz.  The  brain  continues  lo  increase  in  weight 
UTiti  I  the  IMS  from  25  to  40. 

The  brains  of  many  distinguished  men  have 
>een  weighed:  the  brain  of  Cuvier  weighed  64ioL 
of  Dr.  Abercrombie,  63  oz.;  of  Prof. &oodsrr.57ioi.; 
of  Spurzhelm,  55o;.;  of  Sir  J.Y. Simpson,54oi^of 


or  opuTzneirn,  o  jcu.,  or  SIT  j.  i.  oimpson,  j**-oz^of 
Agassiz,  53.4oi.;  and  of  Dr.  Chalmers,  53oz. 

The  chemical  composition  of  the  brain  is  as 
ollows:  Water,  75i  per  cent.;  Albuminous  mat- 


a  iiiyri  i/iam  wcitjnv  arm   yrtii  I  ncciiect-u-ai    ca- 

>acit«  are  not  necessarily  correlated  with ucholhrt 
t  seems  certain, however,  that  if  the  brain  weight 
alls  below  30oz.,it  is  invariably  associated  wilh 
diocy  or  imbecility.  The  idiot  tore's  brain  was 
only  I0oz.and  Sgrs.  in  weight,  an  that  of  the 
diot  Marshall  weighed  only  8ioz. 


85,the  6f 


OS;  10  j 


Vomen  married  at  25,  live,  on  an  average, 
four  years  longer  than  unmarried  ones. 7r 
•married  women  live  to  45,  for  52  unmarriei 
Among  married  men,  41  attain  45,forl8u.r> 
married.  At  60,  there  are  48  married  men  to 
II  unmarried.  At  80.  the  numbers  are  9  mar 
ried  for  3  unmarried. 

APPfAWMCf  Of  THf  TffTM 

fhe  TEMPORARY  SET  appear  as  follows: 
Seventh  month,  the  middle  front. 
Seventh  to  tenth  month,  the  side  front. 
Twelfth  to  fourteenth  month,  the  front  grinders. 
Fourleenth  to  twentieth  month,  the  canine. 
Eighteenth  to  thirty-sixth  month, tne  back  grinders, 

?  The  PERMANENT  SET: 

Six  and  a  half  years,  the  first  grinders. 
Seventh  year,   the  middle   front. 
Eighth  year,  the  two  side  front. 
Ninth  year,  the  first  false  grinders. 
Tenth  year,  the  back  false  qrinders. 
Eleventh  to  twelfth  year,  the  cinint  teeth. 
Twelfth  to  thirteenth  year,  the  second  grinders. 
Seventeenth  to  twenty-first  year,  the  wisdom  teeth. 

HVMA/V   STfl£~/VG-TH. 

lit  n  average  man  can  lift  with  both  hand: 
/«%236  Ibs.;  he  can  support  on  his  shoulders  did  th 
"    330  Ibs.;  his  strength  is  the  greatest  in 
raising  a  weight  when  his  weight  is  to  that  a 
his  load  as  4  is  to  3. 

t  hat  been  proved  by  experiment  that  av- 
erage wen  with  5ft.  stature  and  12,6  IDS.  in 
welaht,  can  lift  vertically  156  Ibs.  8  inches:  217 
Ibs.  1.2  inches.  Others  with  6.1  ft.  stature  and 
183  Ibs.  in  weight,  can  lift  ISSIbs.  13  inches, 
and  217  Ibs.  6mches.  By  varied  experiments  the 
mean  human  strength  is  determined  at  30 Its., 
with  a  velocity  of  2.3ft.  per  second. 


f  women  between  SO  and  56  yeirs  or  aa, 
statistics  show  that  less  th»n  3  in  a  thous 
and  have  a  chance  to  marry;  between  4-5  and 
50,  less  thin  4-  in  every  thousand;  between 
4J)  and  45  years  of  age,  about  25  in  every 
thousand;  between  35  and  4-0  years  of  age, 
ess  than  38  in  every  thousand:  between  30 
and  35  years  of  age,  about  155  n  entry  thous- 
and; between  25  and  30  years  of  aqe,  ISO  in 
every  thousand;  between  20  and  25  years  of 
age,  520  in  every  thousand;  and  between 
15  and  20  years  of  age,  M-5  in  ewnj  thousand. 

'S  yOUff  MAMfP 


i  H  use  of  the  subjoined  table,  uou.  mil 
ascertain  the.  na.mt  of  any  ptTson,o,T  of 
any  place,  provided  the  Tules  below  the. 
table  are  strictly  observed. 


A  B  D  H  P  fl4rT 

C  C  1  ft  I5o 

E  F  F  J  R  16  p 

&  G  G  K  S  Hq 

1  J  L  L  T  IBr 

K  K  MM  U  19s 

M  N  N  N  V  lOt 

0  0  0  0  W  21  a 

Q  R  T  X  X  22  v 

S  S  U  Y  Y  23 

U  V  V  Z  Z  24 

W  W  W  .-  -  25  y 

Y  Z  fell] 

Have  the  person  whose  name  you.  wish  t 
Know,  inform  you.  in  which  ol  the  upright  col 
umnsof  capitals  the  tirst  litter  of  the  rrame  oc- 
curs. If  il  is  found  in  but  one  column,  it  is  the  lop 
iftter;  if  it  occurs  in  mow  than  one  column,  it  is 
found  by  adding  Ihe  alphabetical  numbers  of  the  to 
letters  of  the  columns  in  which  it  is  to  In  found,  tit 
sum  bring  the  number  of  the  letter  sought.  Thus 
by  taking  one  letter  at  a  time,  the  whole  name  may 
be  spelled  out.  Take  the  \nattjammut  example 

is  found  in  two  columns  beginning  with  B  and  H. 

<hich  are  the  second  and  eighth  letters  of  the  al- 
phabet; their  sum  is  ten,  and  the  tenth  letter  is  J, 
the  letter  sought.  The  nert  letter  is  in  but  onenhumi, 
:he  tirst,  standing  at  the  head.  N  is  in  the  columns 
headed  by  B,  D  and  H,  which  are  the  second, hurlli  and 
eighth  letters  of  the  alphabet;  added,  they  give  the 
fourteenth,  or  N,  and  so  on. 

The  UK  of  this  table  will  ociU  no  little  curios 
among  those  unacquainted  with  the  explanation. 

MfWAT  TH£/ff  ff£ST. 

Prom  an  analysis  of  the  lives  o(  a  thousand,  rep 
resentative  men  in  all  the  great  branches  o 
the  human  family,  the  discovery  is  mult  that 
\<nt  gotten  (trade  is  between  the  ago  of  40  and  50 
\\n6Hzen  between  20  and  30;  and  Ihe  iroir  be 
ivveen  50  and  60.  The  superiority  of  youth  am 
middle  ate  over  old  age  in  original  work  appear;  a! 
the  greater  when  we  consider  the  fact  that  aJI  pos 
tionj  of  honor  and  prestige  are  in  the  hands  of 
the  old.  Reputation  ii  mainly  confined  to  the  ok 
Men  are  not  widely  known  until  long  after  they 
dave  done  their  work  that  gives  them  their  fame. 
Portraits  of  great  men  are  delusions;  statuts  are 
lies!  They  are  laken  when  men  have  btcotnt tnwwa 
which, on  the  average,  is  at  least  25 years  tiler  thei 
did  the  work  which  gave  them  their  farm.  Orijina 
work  requires  enthusiasm.  If  all  the  original  work 
done  by  men  under45  were  annihilated,  ttm 
would  be  reduced  to  barbarism.  Men  are  at  thei 
best  at  that  time  when  enthusiarm  and  e*per 
ence  ar«  almost  eVenlu  balanced. This  perioc 
of  course  varies  according  to  the  circumstances 
and  acquirements  of  the  individual,  but  is,  on 
an  average,  from  the  thirty-eighth  to  the  fort 
eth  y*ir.  After  this  period  has  passed,  the  Ian 
is  that  experience  increases  with  each  addition* 
year,  but  enthusiasm  correspondingly  demises. 


117 


A 

.  DICTIONARY 
L  _  OF  DATES. 


ABACUS.-Arithtncticalfrainewith 
Sliding  balls.  Firstused.by  aticient 
C-reeUs, Romans, and Chinese.  Ab- 
bey.—Monastery  (of  men  or  women 
First  bounded  in  Fra-ncc  tti  360;  iti 
Er^land,  560.  Aberration  of  Liqht.- 
Discovered  by  James  Bradley  in  1727. 
Abraham,  Era.  of.-Conrmenced 
Oct.l,20j6  B.C. Used  by  Fuse bi us. 
Abyssinian  E;ra.- Commenced 
Aug. 29,5493  B.C.(O.S;). Acade- 
mies.-From  >toaefew/a,a  shaded 
9rove  without;  the  walls  of  Ath- 
ens, where  Plato  first  taupht  phi- 
losophy, 378  B.C.Acccnts.-First 
introduced  in  the  Greek  language, 
264  B.C.,  by  Aristophanes. Accor- 
dion. -Invented  at  Vienna  by  Da- 
mian,  about  1 829. Acids. -Nitric 
and  sulphuric  acids  were  known 
by  G-eber  in  the  8th  century. 

ACOUSTICS. -Science  of  sound.  This 
science  was  explained  by  Pythago- 
ras  about  500_  B.Ci  Acrostic. -'A 
kind  of  poem,  invented  by  OptaJ- 
ianu.3  in  *he  4^h  century.  Acti- 
-noitict«r.-A  heat-mcasuref  o/ 
the  solar  rays,  invented  by  Her- 
schel  about  l825.Ac*re«»es. -Un- 
known to  the  ancients.  First  per- 
formed in  England  abouf  1656. 
Acts, in  dramatic  poetry.-First 
employed  by  the  Romans.  Adam 
and  Eve. Era  of. -Same  as  Mun- 
dane (Usher)  ETa.commericiTio 
4004  B.C.  Admiral  .-A  title  first 
adopted  in  England  about  1300. 
Adulteration,  of  Food.-Fir«* 
prohibited  in  England  in  1267. 
Adultery. -Punished  with  death  by 
the  law  of  Moces,  1490  B.C. 


ADVERTISEMENTS  in  Newspapers. 
—These -first  appeared  aboutl&47, 
and  became  9eneral  in  England 
in  the  ISt'h  centu.ry.Etii9ttia.-Sam- 
son's  riddle,  about  1141  B.C., is  the 
first  on  record. ALo I ia-M  Harp. -Its 
invention  is  ascribed  to  Kircfier,in 
1650. /Colitia. -Reed  wind-instru- 
-metit,in vented  by  Wheatstone in 
1829. feop's  Fables.- Written 
about  600  B.C.  A9ricn.l*M.i'e.- 
Cain,  who  was  born  4003  B.C.. 
was  the  f  irst  "tiller  of  the  yYoivni:' 
Agricultural  Societies. -Institut- 
ed in  1723.  Air  or  Atmosphere. - 
Plsodonius  calculated  its  heiqhi: 
to  be  800  stadia (-4854  feet) 73 B.C. 
Galileo  discovered  its  pressure  to 
be  about  15  pound*  per  sqare  inch 
in  1564. Priestly  ascertained  its 
composition  to  be  about 77 parts 
•nitrogen,  21  oxuqen,  and  £1  parts 
other  -matter,  in  1774. 

AIR-BALLOONS. -Invented by  a 
Jesuit, named  G-usmactin  1729. 
Air-Brakes,  for  railway  cars.-ln 
vented  by  Westing  house,  1871. Air- 
Guns. -In vented  by  G-uhr,  of  Nu- 
retnbur9, 165$.  Air-Pipe.  -Invent- 
ed by  Mr.Sutton, of  London,  1756. 
Air-Pump. -Invented  byGnericke 
of  Magdeburg,  ISSO.Air-Telejraph 
A  speakinq  tube,  invented  by  Ou- 
a*tari,-l870.  Alcohol. -Pure  spir- 
it of  wine  or  hydrated .alcohol,  js 
said  to  have  been  obtained  by  dis- 
tillation, biy  A  bucasis,  in  the  12th 
century. Ala. -First  known  as 
a  beverage, 404  B.C.  Aloratider, 
Era  o/.-Dated  from  the  death  of  Al- 
exander the  G-reat,  Nov.  12,323  B.C. 


ALEXANDRIAN  ERA  .-Commenced 

Au0. 29,5502.  B.C.  Algebra.- Dio- 
phantus,said  to  be  the  i-nvcntor 
wrote  upon  it  probably  between  th 
3d  and  the 5th  centuries.  It  was  in 
general  use  in  1590.  Alkaline  Met 
als.- Discovered  by  Davy,  1807.  Al- 
•manacs.-The  Egyptians  cowput 
ed  time  by  instruments,  and  the 
Alexandrians  had  log  calendars.The 
first  calendar  written  in  Englan/ 
was  John  Spmer's  in  1380.  Alms 
houses. -First  one  founded  in  Eno 
land,  by  Van  Dun,  1577.  Al  phabe* 
Athotes,son  of  Menes.is  said  to 
have  been  the  author  of  hieroglyph 
ics, 2122  B.C.  Cadmus  is  said  to 
have  brought  the  Phoenician  let 
tersl  15  in  number)  into  Greece,a 
bout  1493  B.C.  Alww.-Asalt.firs 
discovered  at  Roccha,in  Syria, abou. 
1300. 

ALUMINIUM. -A  metal ditcovere 
by  Maragraff,  1754.. In  !827,W6hle 
proved  it  to  be  a  distinct  rnetal.Atn 
ber.-A  carbonaceous  mineral,  of 
great  repute  many  centuries  be 
fore  the  Christian  era..  Ammonia 
Volatile  alkali,  discovered  by  Priest 
ley,  1174.  A-mphitheatres.-Fi'rst 
constructed  by  Curio, 76  B.C.,  am 
by  Julius  Caesar,  46  B.C. Awiylcne 
Colorless, mobile  liquid, -first  pro- 
cured by  Balard,of  Paris,  1 844. An 
aesthcsia.-Loss  of -feeling  by  in 
haling  a  vapor,  discovered  !n!84> 
Anafowiy.-Erasistratus  and  He 
rophilus  first  di'ssected  thehurman 
body,  about  300  B.C.  Anchors.-  In 
vented  by  the  Tuscans.  Second  fluke 
added  by  Anacharsis,  592  B.C. 


118 


ANEMOMETER. -Measurer  o(  the 
velocity  of  the  wind.  Invented  bw 
Wolfius,  1709. Anilinc,~0i ly  alka- 
line body.  Discovered  by  Unverdorbeti, 
1826. Animal  Ma9nc*isMi. -Intro- 
duced by  fatherHehl,a  Jesuit,atVi- 
enna,abou.tl774.A-mm.i*:ies  or 
Pensions. -Introduced  in  England 
abom;  1512,  Anthe-ms. -Introduc- 
ed into  church  service,  386.  Anti- 
mony. -White, brittle  -metal,  used 
to  blackeri  t^te  eyes  and  .face,  8S4 
B.C.  A-H-tioch  .Era  o/.-Cornmenc- 
ed  Sept.  I,  5492  B.C.  Used  by  ear- 
ly Christian  writers.  Antipodes.- 
Plato  was  the.  first:  to  think  o f 
the  existence  of  such,  388  B.C. 
A-Hvil.-First  saw-maker's  was 
brought  to  America,  1819. 

APPLES.  -Cu-ltivated  by  the  Rowans, 
and,  probably,  introduced  by  thetn 
into  England.  From  England  into 
America  by  the  early  colonists. The 
crab  is  indigenous  to  Atnerica.ApTi- 
cof.-Native  of  Asia.  First  planted 
in  England  about  !540.Aqueduct.- 
First  Roman  constructed  by  Appi- 
us  Claudius,  3 12  B.C. Arch. -Ap- 
peared in  early  Egyptian  and  As- 
syrian architecture.  A-fchcry.- 
Practiced  by  ancient  Thracians, 
Cretans,  Parthians,  and  Numid- 
iarrs. Archimedes  Screw  .-Spiral 
pump.  Invented  by  ArcHimedes, 
267  B.C.Areottieter.-lnstru.Tne-nt 
to  measure  density  and  specif  ic  prav- 
itu  of  fluids.  Described  bM  Baim«?,l768. 

ARGAND  LAMPS. -Wick  or  gas 
burners  giving  circular  flame.  In- 
vented by  Ar9and,ofG-eneva,l782. 
Arithn-ietic.-Said  to  have  been 
introduced  from  Egypt  into  Greece 
by  Thales,about  600  B.C.  Oldest; 
treatise,  by  Euclid,  300  B.C. Arme- 
nian Era  .-Used  by  Armenians. 
Commenced  Jujy  9,552.  Arms. - 
Clubs  were  the  first  weapons; then 
followed  the  mace,  battle-axe, pike, 
spear,  javelin, sword  and  dagger, 
bows  and  arrows.  See  atit/ partic- 
ular weapon  in  its  prope r  order. 
Ar-my.-Ninus  and  Se-miram  is 
had  armies  anioM-ri-ting  to  near- 
ly two  millions  of  fighting  -men, 
0.017  B.C. 

ARQUEBUS. -Introduced  about 
H520;  supplanted  by  matchlock  in 
1567.  Flint  lock  and  musket  in- 
vented, 1630.  Arsenic.  -Steel-pray 
brittle  mineral, known  to  ancients. 
Chemical  nature  investigated   by 
Brandt,  1733. Arson. -Punished  by 
death  by  Sa*cms. Artesian  Wells.- 
Known  to  ancients,  and  to  Chi- 
nese at  very  early  date. Artillery. 
Heavy  missiles,  as  cannon.  First 
contrived  by  Schwartz, !330.Awn 
deli  an  Marbles. -At  Oxford,  con- 
taining chronology  from  1582. 
to  355  B.C.  Sculptured, 264  B.C. 
Asbestos. -Fossil  stone, u-n consum- 
able, by  fire,  -wade  into  cloth, 74-  B.C., 
by  the  Egyptians. 


I  A.  D.CHRISTIAN  ERA  BEGINS. 


CEN.YR.  CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 

1800 

1700 

1600  ^%  \5e4X\\  od  OVwev 

1500 

1400 

1300  "\5^ 

1200  Vat 

1100 

1000 

900 

800 

700 


500 

400 

1300 

,200 

<IOO 

0 

100 

,200 

300 

4-00 

500 

600 

700 

800 

900 

1000 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

1500 

1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2100 

aaoo 

S300 
2400 
2500 
2600 
2700 
2800 
MOO 
3000 
3100 
3200 
3300 
3400 
3500 
3600 
3700 
3800 
3900 
4000 


\  \eW\\x,  i\\ 


"VI  ^>w\'\4\ce,%\/y 


YV  ^• 
10.  V;\a 


4  THE  CREATION. 


ASCENSION,  Era  of.-Conimenced 
Nov.  12, 295.  Asphalt.  -Bituw  in- 
ous substance.  Used  for  building 
purposes  in  ancient  Babylon.  As- 
say of  C-old  and  Silver.-Originat- 
ed  with  the  bishop  of  Salisbu.ru, 
about  1 125. Astrotiomy. -Earl- 
iest observations  made  at  Babylon, 
2234  B.C.Asylu-ms.-Cadnius  is 
said  to  have  built  one  at  Thebes, 
1490  B.C.  Jews  bull);  them,  145  I 
B.C.  AtlatiticCable. -First  plan 
-made  in  June,  1845.  First  attempt 
to  lay  it,  Aug.  5, 1857.  Successfully 
laid  in  1858,  with  message  Au?.5. 
Ceased  to  work, Sept. 4.  Again  suc- 
cessfully laid,  1866. Atmosphere. 
See  Air.  AtottiS.-Democritus^was 
the  first  to  write  on  their  e  x  f  s  t  - 
ence,  about  400  B.C.  Atwood's 
Machine. -For  provin9  the  laws 
of  accelerated  motion  by  fallin9 
weights.  Invented  byG-eo.Atwood, 
1784: 

AUCTION. -This  kind  of  sale  was 
known  to  the  Romans, 400  B.C. 
Augustan  Era. -Began  Feb. 14,27 
B.C.  Automatic  Circuit  Break- 
er.-Used  in  telegraphy.  Invented 
by  Cray,  1 876.  Automatic  Valve 
G-ear. -For  steam  engine.  Invent- 
ed by  Patten,  1713.  Axe,  Wedge, 
Lever,  and  various  tools  in  cow 
•mon  use. -Said  to  have  been  in- 
vented by  Daedalus,  of  Athens, 
about  1240  B.C. 

BABEL, Tower  of.-Built  by  No- 
ah's posterity,  2247  B.C. Baccha- 
nalian G-an-ies. -Arose  in  Egypt. 
Brought  into  Greece,  1415  B.C.Bach- 
clors.- Taxed  by  Romans,  and 
obliged  to  marry  .Taved  in  Eng- 
land, 1695  tonoe.Backoattirnon.- 
Invented  by  Palamedes,l2J4B.C. 
Bagpipe. -Known  to  a/ncient  Ro- 
mans and  G-rceks. Bail. -Allowed 
in  England  prior  to  lOSff.Baize.- 
Coarse  woolen  cloth.  Introduced 
into  England  from  Holland, 1660. 
Ballads. -Said  to  have  been  intro- 
duced into  England  by  Adhelme, 
about  700.  Balloons. -Principle 
of  construction  formed  by  Albert 
of  Savony  in  the  14th  century.The 
first  ascent  in  a  fire(heated  air) 
balloon  was  made  by  J.  and  S.  Mont- 
golf  ier,  June  5, 1783.  First  ascent 
in  hydrogen  balloon,  Au?. 27,1783. 

BALLOT. -Secret  voting  by  ballot 
was  practiced  by  the  ancient  Ro- 
mans, and  &reeks.  Banishment.- 
A  punishment  common  in  ancient 
times.  Ba-Mks.-Firstestablishcd 
in  Italy  by  the  Lombards,  808  B.C.; 
Bank  of  Venice,  1171:  Bank  of 
Englatid,  1694;  Bank  of  North 
America.,  1781.  Banners. -Com- 
mon to  all  nations.  Jews  had 
them,  149 1  B.C. Barbers. -Lived 
in  ancient&reece  and  R on-i e. 
BariM/ni. --First  reeoonized  as  an 
earth  distinct  from  hmebyScheele, 
1774;  as  a  metal,  by  Davy,  1808. 


119 


-! --&CDICTIONARV  OF  GATES. 


BAROMETERS.-Torricelli  -made 
the  first  batxjmeter.about  1643. 
Whasl  barometers  invented, 1 668; 
phosphoric,  1675;  pendant,  1695; 
ma-r*ne,  1700.  Barracks. -Became 
numerous  in  England, about  1789. 
Barristers  (lawyers). -Said  to  have 
been  first  appointed  by  Edward  I. 
about  1291.  Bassoon. -wooden  doub- 
le-raed  wind  instrument, said  to 
have  been  invented  by  Afranio, 
about  1520.  Bastile. -French  cas- 
tle,built  by  Charles  V.,  1369. Pulled 
down  by  rnob,  1789.  Bathometer.- 
For  measuring  depth  of  water.  I  n  - 
vented  by  Siemens,  186 1. Batten'*? 
Rant. -Invented  by  Artemon.a  lac- 
edaemonian,  about  450  B.C. 

BATTLE- AXE. -Weapon  used  by  the 
Celts.  Used  at  the  battle  of  Bannock- 
burn,  1314.  Bayonet. -Invented  at 
Bayonne.in  France, about  1670.  Ba- 
zaars.-Were  known  in  the  East 
as  early  as  the  8th  century. Beads. - 
St.  Augustine  mentions  them, 366. 
Beam  and  Scales. -Used  iri England, 
1309.  Beatis,  Black  and  While.-Us- 
ed  by  ancient  Greeks  and_ Romans 
for  voting.  Beards. -Egyptians  did 
not  wear  them;  the  Assyrians  did. 
Jews  forbidden  to  mar  their  beards, 
1490  B.C.  Bed.- Ancients  first  slept 
on  skins,  afterwards  on  loose  rush- 
es, heather,  or  straw.  Romans  were 
first  to  use  feathers.  Air-cushion 
used,  218,  and  air-beds,  1550. 

BEES. -The economy  of  bees  was  ad- 
mired in  the  earliest  aaes.Eumelus, 
of  Corinth,  wrote  a  poem  on  bees, 
741  B.C.  Beheading. -Introduced 
into  England,  1066,  by  William  the 
Conqueror.  Bellows. -Said  to  have 
been  invented  by  An  ach  arsis,  about 
569  B.C.  Belly. -Used  by  the  ancient 
Jews,  Greeks,  and  Romans.  First 
known  in  France,  550.  Used  in 
churches  by  order  of  pope  John  IX., 
about  900,  as  a  defence  a9ainstthun- 
der  and  lightning.  Benefice. -Cler- 
ical benefices  originated  in  the 
12th  century.  Benevolences. -Forc- 
ed loans.  Claimed  by  the  Anglo-Sax- 
on sovereigns  in  the  6th  ccntur  M. 

BESSEMER  STEEL'.-lnven»ed,l856, 
by  H.  Bessemer,  by  passing  cold  air 
through  liquid  iron. Btble.,-The Old 
Testamenf.written  by  various  in- 
spired writers,  is  said  to  have  been 
collected  and  arranged  by  Ezra  be- 
tween 4S8  and  450  B.C.Bible  Dic- 
tionaries. -Calmet's,  published  in 
1723,  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable, 
Bible  "Societies.-  The  Society  for  pro 
moting  Christian  Knowledge, or^an 
ized,  1698  ;  Society  for  Propagating 
the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  1701 
American  Bible  Society, 1817. Bicy- 
cle.-See  Velocipedes.  Bigamy. -The 
Romans  branded  the  infamous  pai* 
»y  with  amark;  punished  by  death 
in  England, about  1250. Billiards. - 
Said  to  have  been  invented  by  Hen- 
rigu*  Devigne,  about  1571. 


arkable  3000 


CEN.YR.CHRONOLOGY. 

1  900  "\ft  TSfoX1*  KwKvirovu)  VW.IK  .V 

1  800  Vl%i&«NMafc'\MM&  MWfkttUi 

1700  <&\V\%V\3\«\>«\\\<mV«oVe  o\0t. 

1600  A%V«*xY>»w-^w*V\<iV\Vt»t\>eq\w 

1500  W  C.\\\\Vt»\\m»y%ou,Xvv^if*Y\c6,. 

1400  *^l> 

1300 

1200  %\  ^ 

1100 

1000 

900 

800 

700 


O  4  B.C.  BIRTH  OF  CHRIST. 

1  00 


BILLS  OF  EXCHANGE. -Invented 

by  the  Jews,  II  SO ;  used  in  E inland, 
|307.Bi-narv  Ari*h-mel;ic.-Cou.nt- 
ing  by  twos,  for  evpeditiously  ascer- 
taining the  proper*y  of  numbers, 
and  constructing  tables.  Invent- 
ed by  Leibnitz,  about  1703.  Bino- 
mial Root. -l^i  Al9«bra,  aterni 
first  used  by  Recorda,  about  1550. 
8ir*hs.-The  births  of  chi  Idren 
were  taxed  in  England,  1695, 
and  again,  l783.Bis-HiiUh.-Rec- 
ooniied  by  Aoricola  as  adintinct 
metal,  1529.  Black  Death. -Raped 
in  Italy,  1340. Black  Friday, -In 
England,  May  1 1. 186S.  Black  Let- 
ters (Gothic). -Etnployed  in  the 
first  printed  books, about  1450. 

BLACK  MONDAY.-Easter  Mon- 
day, April  13, 1360.  Blank  Verse.- 
See  Verse.  Blankets. -Said  to  have 
been  first  made  in  Eoland  byThos. 
Blanket,  1340.  Blasphemy. -Pun- 
ished with  death,  1491  B.C.Bleach- 
1119. -Known  in  ancjent  Egypt, 
Syria,  and  India. Blind  Asylum. 
Firs*  established  by  Valentine 
Hati.u,at  Paris,  1784. Blisters. - 
Made  from  ca-ntharides,  u-sed 
by  Hippocrates, 460  B.C. Block- 
ade.-First  introduced  by  -the 
Dutch,  about  1584.  Blocks. -In 
ship  Tigging,  witch  improved 
by  Waiver  Taylor,  abou.*  1781. 

BLOOD. -Circulation  throuohthe 
Jungs, known  to  Serve tus,aSDan 
ish  physician,  1553.  Positive  dis- 
covery made  by  Harvey,  I  f>  1 9 . 
Blowiti9  Machines. -In  iron 
works,  erected  by  Mr.  Smeaton, 
in  England,  1760. Blow-pipe. - 
Supposed  to  Have  been  invented 
by  the  Egyptians,  about  1200  B.C. 
Oxy  hydro  gen  blow-pipe  invent 
edby  Mr.  Ha^re,  l802.BlM.e,Pru-s- 
siati. -First  wade  in  Berlin,  1704, 
Boats,  Flat-bottomed. -First  us- 
ed in  England, abou<£  1070. Boil- 
ers, Tubular. -First  tnade  in 
'Black ley,  1764.  Boil  1*19. —  D  r. 
Hoohe,  about  I683,ascertained 
•that  liquids  were  not  increased 
in  hea-c-  after  beginning  to  boi  I. 

BOMBS. -Said  to  have  been  invent 
ed  at  Venlo,  1495. Bones. -Art  of 
softening,  discovered,  about  1688, 
and  used  in  cutlery  nianu/acto- 
rjes;'ust  afterward. Bone-eef - 
tino. -First  scientifically  prac- 
ticed, 1620.  Books. -Origi-n  ally 
made  of  boards,  or  the  iriner 
bark  of  trees;  then  of  skins  or 
parchment.  Papyrus  adopted  in 
Egypt. Books  with  leaves  of  ve  I- 
I  u  m  were  invented  by  Attains 
king  of  Pergamus, about  I9_8  B.C., 
at  which  time  books  were  in  vol- 
umes or  rolls.  The  first  printed 
.  boo  ks  ( s«e  Printing)  were  print- 
ed on- one  side  only, the  leaves 
being  pasted  back  to  back. The 
first  bound  book  is  said  to  have 
been  made  about  650. 


120 


BOOK-BINDING-.-Oaken  boards  were 
used  from  650  to  about  1100;  vel 
vet,  about:  1350;  vel  I  urn  int-rodur 
cd  about  IS  10:  leather  introduce) 
about  1520;  cloth  binding  came 
into  use  about  1830.  Book-Keep- 
ing.-John  G-owghe's. published 
1543,  is  the  earliest.  Book-sellers. 
A*  first -migratory  like  hawkers 
afterwards  had  booths  or  stalls 
at  the  corners  of  streets  or  i  -M 
•markets.  First  book-seller's  cata- 
logue, 1595.  Boots. -Invented  in 
907  B.C.  Boot  Blacks. -C awe  Into 
vogue,  1750.  Boot-sole  Sewitip  Ma 
cHine. -Invented,  1858,  by  Blake 
Borax. -Known  to  ancients.  Its 
chemical  nature  discovered, 1732 
by  G-eoffrew. 
BOTANY.- Aristotle  is  considered 
the  founder  of  the  science, about 
347  B.C.  Bottles. -Anciently  they 
were  -made  of  leather.  Made  o  f 
9 lass  by  Romans, 79  A.D.Boxiti? 
or  Prize-Fighting.  First  practiced 
by  the  ancient  Romans.  Brace- 
lets.-Worn  by  ancients;  those 
of  pearls  and  gold,  by  Rowan  ladies. 
Brandy  .-First  manufactured  in 
France, about  1350. Brass.- Know> 
to  ancients,  and  frequently  men- 
tioned  in  Bible.  Bread. -Said  to 
have  been  first-made  from  wheat 
1998  B.C.,  by  the  Chinese;  first  wade 
with  uea=t  by  the  English,  about 
1650. 

BREAST-PLATE.-Worn  by  Jewish 
high  priests,  1491  B.C.Goliath  was 
armed  with  a  coat  of  tnail,  1063  B.C. 
Breeches. -Among  ancient:  Greeks, 
worn  only  by  slaves;  worn  by  Da- 
cians  and  Part hians; -worn  in  It- 
aly, 50  B.C.BreecMoaders.-Many 
tried  and  abandoned  since  about 
1590.  Successfully  manufactured 
since  1850.  Brewers. -Traced  to  E- 
oyp^t;  known  to  Anglo-Savons.CSO. 
Bribery. -Samuel's  sons  guilty  of 
it,  1112  B.C.  Bricks.-Known  and 
used  i-n  Babylon,  Egypt, Greece,and 
Ro-me.  Made  in  England  by  Rowans, 
44  A.D.  Brick  machine  invented 
by.Cooke  and  Cunningham,  1839. 
Bridges. -Af  first  made  of"  wood.  In 
China,  ancient  stone  bridges  exist. 
Xerxes'  bridge  of  boats  across  the. 
Hellespont,  480  B.C. First  largeiron 
bridge  in  England,  1777. Chain  sus- 
pension bridge,  1 825. Tubular  sus 
pension  bridge,  I84S. 
ROCADE. -Variegated  silken  fab- 
ric,-originally  made  bu  the  Chinese; 
made  in  France,  1757. Bromine. - 
Poisonous  volatile  liquid  elerrtent.diV 
covered  by  M.Ballard,  1826. Bronze. 
Known  to  ancients.  Bucklers. - 
Used  in  single  com  bat,  said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Proetus  and  Acri- 
cius  of  Argos, about  1370  B.C.  Buck- 
les.-Worn  instead  of  shoe-strings, 
I630;became  fashionable  and  ev- 
pensive  soon  afterward. 


CEN.YR.CHRONOLOGY. 

1900  " 

1800 

1700 

1600 

ISOO 

1400  \\ 

1300 

1100  fi  "tevVvw  ,fe(rtviv*«v\) , 
1000  '•»-—»      --•      • 

300 
800 
700 
600 
'500 
400 
300 


«IOO 

o 

=  100 
200 
|200 
400 
1500 
'600 
700 
800 
900 
1000 
1100 
1200 
1300 
1400 
1500 
1600 
1700 
1800 
1900 
2000 
2100 
2200 
2300 

2500 
2600 
2700 
2800 
2900 
3000 
3100 
3200 
1300 
1400 
3500 
3600 
1700 
800 
900 
000 


33  A.  D-CRUCI  Fl  XION  OP  CHRIST. 


10  \V<ea. 


\>W5  \-H\V\C\\V). 


W  XV 


BULUETS.-Madaof  stone,  1514;  of 
iron,  1550;  of  Jead.aOer  1600. Bull 
ioti,  Assaying  of  .-Introduced, 1354. 
Burials. -Abraham  buried  Sarah 
at  Machpelah,  I860  B.C.;  the  ^ir«t 
Christian  burial  place  said  to  have 
been  instituted,  596";  vaults  first 
erected  in  England,  !075.Bu.rtiiti9 
Alive.-Practiced  by  ancient  Ro- 
mans, Jews, and  other  nations, 
and  countenanced  by  bulls  of  the 
pope. Burning  the  Dead. -Practic- 
ed by  the  Greeks  and  Romans;  if 
was  general,  (225  B.C.Burniti9 
Glasses. -Archimedes, by  their 
aid,  is  said  fo  have  burned  a  fleet 
in  the  harbor  of  Syracuse, 2. 14  B.C. 

BURYING- ALIVE. -In  Boeotta,Cre 
on  ordered  Anfcipone  to  be  buried 
alive,  1225  B.C.  Romans  practiced 
it  for  certain  offenses.  Bushel. - 
Ordered  to  contain  eight  gallons 
of  wheat,  1520 ;  Winchester  bush- 
el adopted,  l697.Busts.-Lu/slstra- 
tus  was  the  invcnterof  moulds, 
from  which  he  cast  wax  figures, 
328  B.C.  First  made  of  plaster  of 
paris  from  the  face  by  Verroch i , 
about  1466*.  Butter. -Used  by  Ro- 
mans and&reeks  asamedicine 
only;  used,about  300  A. D., in  the 
place  of  oil  for  lamps. Oleomar- 
gerine  was  invented  by  Moririe's, 
in  Paris,  1869.  Buttons. -First 
manufactured  in EnplanJ, about  1500. 

CABLES. -Machine  (or  maki^them, 
invented,  1792. Cable  Railway,  Un- 
derground.-Invented  byHallidie, 
of  San  Francisco,  1871. Cabs. -Intro- 
duced into  London,  1823. Cadtni- 
um. -Metal,  discovered  by  Strome- 
ut-r  and  Hermann,  1818.  Caesars, 
Era  of  (Spanish  Era). -Reckoned 
from  Jan.  I,  38  B.C.  Caesium.- A 
rare  metal, discovered  by  Bunsen, 
1 861. CftleiinM.- Metallic  base  of 
linie.^discow.red  by  Davy,  1808. Cal- 
culatiti9  Machines. -To  avoid  mak- 
ing errors  in  computations.  Pas- 
cal invented  one  about  1(550. Cal- 
endar.-Roman  calendar, divid- 
ing the  i^ear  into  ten  months, 
comprising  304  days,  introduced 
by  Romulus,  738  B.C.;  NumaPom- 
pilius  added  two  months,7l3  B.C.; 
Julius  Caesar  fixed  the  solar  yea  r 
at  365x4  days, every  fourth  year 
being  leap-year, 45  B.C.*,  PopeC-rcg 
on;  ordained,  1582,  t^at  every 
fourth  year,evcept  centesimal  years 
not  exactly  divisible  by400,6hould 
be  a  leap-year. 

JALICO. -Cotton  cloth, -named from 
Calicut,  India, 'and  first  brought  from 
the  East,  1631.  Calico-printing  and 

the  Dutch  loom  engine  first  used 
in  England,  1676. Caliper Compass. 
To  measure  bore  of  cannon ,  s  ni  a  1 1 
arms, etc.,  invented  at  Nuremberg, 
1540.  Cal!  Yupa. -Hindoo  era  oUhe 
Deluge,  which  commenced  with 
3101  B.C. 


121 


pe 
lo 


CALOMEL.  -First  prepared  byBejuJti 
l608.Caloti»pe  Process.  -By  which 
neoaiivc  phonographs  are  produce< 
on  paper,  invented  by  H.F.Talbot,  a 
bout  l&40.Cattibric.-First  •made 
at  Cambrav  ;  worn  in  England  as 
a  luvuru.  1580.  Camera  Lucid  a.  - 
Invented  bu  Dr.  Hooke,  about  1674 
Camera  Obscura.-  In  vented  by 
Baptista  Porta,  1515.  Camp.  -The 
first  camp  was  that  of  the  Hebrews 
1490  B.C.  Ca-wals.-First  English 
navigable  canal  finished,  1134;  irn 
e-rial  canal  in  China,  2000  -m  i  les 
ong,  commenced  about  1250.  Can 
dies.-  C  t  tallow,  took  the,  place  of 
fatted  splinters  about  1300. 
CANDLESTICKS.  -Bezaleel  -made  one 
of  void  for  the  tabernacle,  1491  B.C..; 
first  used  in  England,959.  Canni- 
baJs  .-Mentioned  by  Homer  and  He 
rodotus;  Columbus  found  them  in 
*  he  West  Indies,  l493.Catiwott.-ln 
vented,  1330;  first  cast  in  England, 
l543.Ca-ntharide6.-Venomous  bee 
tlee,  employed  to  raise  blisters  as 
early  as  50  B.C.Caoutchoucflndia 
Rubber).-0bserved  in  Hayti,l493, 
by  Columbus;  introduced  intoEu 
rope  from  America,  about  1735 
Capillary  Attraction.  -Rising  of 
fluids  in  very  small  tubes,  as  the  sap 
in  plants,  said  to.  have  been  (Irs 
observed  by  Aggiunti  of  Pisa.abou 
1120. 

CAPITAL  PUNISHMENT.-Ordaiti- 
ed  (or  murder,  2348  B.C.  Caps 
and  Hats.  -Came  into  901  era  I 
use,  about  I450.  Capstan  .-To  wot  k 
ship*'  anchors,  said  to  have  been 
rn  vented,  about  I690,  by  Saw  14.  el 
Morland.  Car.  -Invention  ascrib 
edto  Erich  thoni  us  of  Athens,  I486 
B.C.;  covered  cars  used  by  Romans 
Carbolic  Acid.-  Obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  pit-coal,  by  Lau,rent 
1846-7.  Carbon.  -Shown  to  be  dis- 
tinct element  bu  Lavoisier,  1788 
Carbonic  Acid  &as.  -Liquefied  by 
atmospheric,  pressure,  1823,  by  Far 
aday.Cardit*9.  -English  patent 
1748.  Cards,  Playing.  -Origin  of 
oame  uncertain;  brought  to  Vi- 
terbo,  Italy,  1379;  illuminated  for 
Charles  VI.  of  France,l392. 
ARPETS.-Used  in  East  in  ancient 


times;  introduced  into  France  about  -jsnn 
l600.Carriaoe$.iErichthonius  of 
Athens  is  said  to  Have  produced  the 
first  chariot  about  I486  B.C.;  intro- 
duced into  England,  1555. Carrots  - 
Brought  from  Holland  to  England, 
about  1510.  Cast -iron  Mill-work. - 
Introduced  into  England  1752. Cast 
Steel.-  Krupp's  patent,  1851.  C  at. 
Domestic  cat  supposed  to  be  deriv- 
ed from  the  European  wild  ca*i 
sold  for  hiah  prices  during  the  mid- 
dle ages.  Catacombs. -Early  depos- 
itories of  the  dead;  built  in  Eoypt 
before  1200  B.C.;  early  Christians 
•met  at  Rome  in  the  catacomb*  for 
worship.  


.  CHRONOLOGY. 


"VJ  V%- 


87  B.C  .  OCTAVIUS  EMPEROR  OF  ROME. 


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CATAPULTAi.- Mi  I itary  engines  fo 
throwing  stones,  darts  and  arrow 
invented  by  Oionysius,  399  B.C.Cat 
echisms.-Said  to  have  been  firs) 
compiled  about  800.  Caucus. -Pr 
vate  political  meeting,  first  men 
tioned  by  John  Adams,  1763. Caul 
i/lower.-Brought  from  Cyprus  to 
England, about  1 603. Caustic,  i_n 
Painting. -Burning  colors  into  iv 
ry  or  wood,  invented  bu&ausias 
of  Sicyon, about  335  B.C.Caval 
ry.-l/sed  by  Canaa-rtites  in  war 
1450  B.C.;  Persians  Had  10,000  horse 
at  Marathon, 490  B.C. Cavendish 
Experiment. -Described  by  Henry 
Cavendish,  1798,  for  determin  ing 
the  mean  density  of  the  earth. 
CELERY.-lntroduced  into  England 
1704.  Celibacy. -Preached  by  St.  An 
thoriy  in  Egypt  about  305;  reject 
ed  in  the  council  of  Nice, 325. Cel 
Theory. -Propounded  by  ScHwann 
1 839.  Cement  ( Roman).  -Parker's 
patent,  1796.  Census. -Israelites 
numbered  by  Moses,  1490  B.C.;  by 
David,  1017  B.C.',  Phalereus  took  a 
census  of  Attica, 317  B.C.;  law  en- 
acted by  Tulliws, 566  B.C. Century 
Computing  time  by  centuries  com 
menced  from  the  incarnation  of 
Christ,  and  first  adopted  in  chro- 
nology in  France. 
CEREMONIES,  Master  of.-Off  ice 
instituted  i-n  England,  1603. Ceres.- 
Planet,  discovered  by  Piaizi,  Jan.  I, 
1 80 1. Cerium.- Rare  metal,  discover- 
ed  by  Klaproth,  1803. Chain  Bridg- 
es.-Oldest  in  world  in  China;  first 
in  England  built  1818-25. ChainCa 
blcs.-Used  by  theVeneti,  57  B.C.; 
came  into  use  in  English  navy,  1812 
Chain  Pumps. -First  used  in  1787 
on  the  British  frigate  /7<?ra.Chaiti 
Sho^.-lnvented  by  the  Dutch  admi 
ral,DeWitt,  1666.  Ch  an  ting  the 
Psalms. -Adopted  by  Ambrose  from 
•the  pagan  ceremonies  of  the  Romans, 
about  350.  Charcoal  Air-Filters. - 
Devised  by  Dr.  Ste-nhouse,F.R.S.,l853. 
Chariots. -First  made  by  Erich- 
thonius,  about  I486  B.C.;  chariot 
-racing  was  a  favorite  Greek  evercise 
OHARTERS.-First  granted  to  cor- 
oorate  towns  by  Henry  I.  in  1 132. 
Charts  atidMaps.-Anavimander 
of  Miletus  is  said  to  have  been  the 
inventor  of  geographical  and  ce- 
lestial charts, about  570  B.C.Chas- 
sepo-t  Ri/le. -Modified  needle  gun, 
and  breech-loader,  invented  by  Al- 
phonse  Chassepot,  !863.Checkers.- 
See  Draughts. Cheese.- Mentioned 
by  Aristotle, about  350  B.C.;English 
said  to  have  learned' cheese-waking 
from  the  Romans  about  I  A.D. 
Chemistry  .-As  an  art  it  is  very 
ancient;  as  a  science  it  originat- 
ed about  1600;  introduced  by  the 
Moors  into  Spain,  about  1150. Cher- 
ry.-Brought  -from  Pontus  to  Rome, 
about  70  B.C. ;  first  planted  in  Brit- 
ain,about  100  A.D, 


122 


CHESS. -A  game  attributed  to  Pala- 
•tnedes,680  B.C. Chilled  Shot. -Capt. 
Palliser,  by  experiment,  1864,  show- 
ed -that  iron  shot  cast  in  cold  iron 
-mould?  instead  o(  hot  sand, equals 
steel.  Chimes  on  Bel  Is. -In  vented 
at  Alvest.1487.  Chimneys. -First 
introduced  into  England,  about 
12.00,  previous  to  which  chafing- 
dishes  (portable  grates)  were  used. 
China  Ware. -Made  at  Dnesden,Sajr- 
ony,  1706;  in  England,  !752.Chiv- 
alry  .-Arose  out  of  the  feudal  s  y  s - 
tew,about  775.  Chloral  Hydrate.- 
Compound  of  chlorine  and  alcohol, 
producing  deep  sleep.  Discovered  by 
Liebi9,)83  Urepprted  to  the  French 
Academy  o'f  Sciences  by  Liebreich, 
Aug.  16,1869. 

CHLORINE. -&as  first  obtained  by 
Scheele,l774;  Davy  proved  it  to  be 
an  element,  1810.  Chloro-for-fti.- 
Discovered  by  Souberan,  1831;  first 
applied  as  an  anaesthetic  by  Doc- 
tor Simpson,  1847.  Chlorozotie.- 
Disinfectant,  introduced,l873.Choc- 
olate.-lntroduced  into  Europe 
from  Menrico  and  Brazil,  about 
1520.  Choir. -First  introduced  in 
to  the  churches  of  England, 677. 
Chorus-Sin9i'n9. -Practiced  at  Ath- 
ens, 508  B.C.  Christian  Era. -Com- 
menced Jan.  I,  I  _A.D.  Invented  by  v 
amonk,  Dionysius  Exi^uus  orDe- 
nys  le  Petit,  abou*  53X. 

CHRISTIANITY.-Thename.&hristian 
was  first  given  to  the  disciples  of 
Christ  at  Antioch,in  Syria, 43. 
Christmas-Day. -Said  to  have  been 
first  kept, 98 ;  ordered  to  be  held 
as  a  solemn  feast,  by  p_opeTelespho- 
•ms,  about  137.  Chrottiiti-m.- Rare 
metal,  discovered  by  Vauquelin,l797. 
Ch-rotno-LI-thography  .-See  Print- 
ing in  Colors.  Chronicles. -Earliest 
are  those  of  the  Jews,  Chinese,  and 
Hindoos.  Chronology  .-ArratigeTtieiit 
and  exhibition  of  the  events  of  his- 
tory in  the  order  of  their  success- 
ion.(.See  central  cojumns).  Blair's 
Chronology,  compiled  in  1753,  is 
one  of  the  earliest.Chrottotneter.- 
See  Clocks  a.ndMar-rifOTtls-r/me/'iece. 

CHRONOSCOPE.-ForitieasM.rifl9  small 
intervals  of  titne.  Invented  by  Wheat- 
stone,  I840.  Cider.-Called  wine  when 
firsi;  made  in  England, about  I284.C!- 
gar Ship. -Steam  yacht, designed  by 
Mr.Wman,  I866.  Cinchona.-Bark 
from  the  cinchona  tree,having  the 
property  of  curing  fevers. (Called  al- 
so Jesuit's  Bark).  Said  to  have  been 
discovered  by  a  Jesuit,  about  I535. 
Cinmattion. -Species  of  laurel, mer 
tioned  among  the  perfumes  of  the 
sanctuary,  1491  B.C.  Found  in  Amer- 
ican forests  by  don  III loa, 1736  .  C  i- 
pher.-Secret  manner  of  writing, 
said  to  have  been  first  used  by  Jul- 
ius Caesar,  about  60  B.C.  Circle, 
Ratio  of  Diameter  to  Circumference. 
-Archimedes, 221  B.C., pave  it  asTto 
22;  La$my,  1719, 1  to  3  and  122  deci-mals. 


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..CHRONOLOGY. 


)  .co\.\i5>. 


CIRCULATING  LlBRARIES.-Common 

ir.  the  tniddle  aaes. Circulation  of 
Bl  ood.  -  See  Blood.  Circumcision .  - 
Instituted  1897  B.C.Circuninavija 
tors. -Magellan  was  the  first  in 
1519.  See  list  elsewhere  in  this  book. 
Circus. -Eight  or  ten  at  Rome,a- 
bout  600  B.C. Clarendon  Press. 
A*  Ovford,  erected  by  sir  John  Van- 
brugh,  1711-13.  Clarion.-  At  first 
a  trumpet,  said  to  have  been  invent 
ed  by  the' Moors  in  Spain, about  800. 
Clario-H8t:-Reed  wind  instrument, 
said  to  have  been  invented  bi/  Den- 
rier  of  Nurew burg, about  ISSO.CIav- 
ichord.-Keyed'Stringed  instriiment, 
jn  use  first  about  1520.  Clear- 
ing House. -First in  Londoti,l775. 
"LEPSYORA. -Water  clock,  introd.uc 
cd  at  Rome,  about  158  B.C.,byScip- 
' 


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periods  in  a  man's  H-fe  (multiples 
of  7  or  9),  in  which  it  is  affirmed 
notable  alterations  in  the  health 
and  constitution  of  a  person  hap- 
pen, and  ex-pose  him  to  imminent 
dangers. The  grand  climacteric  is 
63,  7  and  9 -ranking  next.  Refer- 
red to  by  Htppocrates,383  B.C.CIock 
-See  Clepsydra..  Clocks  said  to  have 
been  found  by  Caesar  on  invading 
Britain,  55  B.C.  Earliest  complete 
clock  said  to  have  been  made  by 
aSaracen  mechanic, about  1368; 
pendulum  clock  invented  by  Huy- 
ghens,  1657. 

CLOTH. -See  Ca.l!co  and  WootenCloih. 
Clouds. -Classified  as  at  present  by 
Mr-.tuke  Howard,  1803. Clubs.  - 
At  first  consisted  of  a  small  num- 
ber of  persons  of  kindred  tastes 
and  pursuits.  One o-f  the  earliest 
was  that  established  by  Shakspeare, 
Raleigh, and  others,  about-  I  6 00. 
Coaches. -First  used  in  England 
about  l553.Coal.-Firstdn.9  for 
fuel  in  England,  l234.Cpbalf.-A 
rare  mineral,  first  distinguished 
as  a  metal  by  Brandt,  1733.  Cock- 
Fighting. -Practiced  by  the  Greeks 
introduced  into  Eng-land  by  the 
Romans,  about  60  A.D.  Codes.-AI 
frenus  Varus  first  collected  theRo 
man  laws  about  66  B.C.S&e  ^atvs. 

COD-LIVER  OIL. -First  recofnmend 
ed  as  a  remedy  for  ctironic  rheum 
atism  by  Dr.  Percival,  1782. Coffee. 
Introduced)  from  Mocha,  Arabia, 
into  Holland,  about  1616,  and  the 
tree  was  taken  to  the  West  Indies 
1726.  Co// i-ns.-Cedar  coffins  were 
used  for  the  Athenian  heroes  ;  of 
marble  and  stone,by  the  Romans 
Alexander  is  said  to  have  been  bu.r!e< 
in  one  of  gold;  glass  coffins  have 
been  found  in  England;  air-tight 
metallic  coffins  first  made,  186 1. 
Coin. -Homer  speaks  of  brass  imm 
ey,  1184  B.C.  The  invention  of  coin 
is  ascribed  to  the  Lydians,  whose 
•money  was  of  gold  and  silver.  Both 
were  coined  by  Pheidon,  86X  B.C. 
fold  first  corned  in  England,  1087. 


123 


JOINING. -At  first  the  motal  was 
placed  between  two  steel  dies, and 
struck-  by  a  hammer;  first  coin- 
ing-mill invented,  1553, by AntVme 
Brucher.  Collar. -Very  ancictit  or- 
nament;  Gauls  wore  torques(col- 
lars)  361  B.C.Oolleae*. -University 
education  preceded  the  erectjoh 
of  colleges,  which  w«re  rnunifi- 
cent  foundations  to  relieve  Hie 
students  frorn  the  expense  of  liv- 
ing in  lodging-houses  or  at  inns; 
academic  or  collegiate  degrees 
said  to  have  been  /irsfc  conferred 
at  the  university  o(  Paris,  I  14-0. 
Colon .-(:)  The  colon  and  period 
were  adopted  by  Thrasymachus  a- 
bout  373  B.C.;  the  colon  and  semi- 
colon first  used  in  English  litera- 
ture inthe  16th  century. 

COLONIES. -Those of  the  Phoeni- 
cians zjjid  Greeks  arc  the  first  re- 
corded .X/oloi'.-Hu'yghenSj  about 
1618)  showed  tfiat, according  to 
the  undulatory  theory,  color  is 
to  light  what  pitch  is  to  sound. 
Cowib*. -Found  in  Pompeii  sev- 
eraj  centuries  B. C. Comedy  .-Tha- 
lia is  the  muse  o(  lyric  poetry  and 
comedy. Susarion  and  Oolon  per- 
formJd  the  first  comedy  at  Athens, 

'56a  B.C.Coniftts.-The -firs*  dis- 
covered and  accurately  described 
was  by  Nieephoru-s,l337;  two  laroe 
comets  were  seen  at  the  birth  of 
Mithridates,  135  B.C., visible  for 
seventy-two  days. 

COMMERCE. -Flourished  a-monoHie 
ancient  Egyptians,  Phoenicians, and 
Arabians;  Tyre  a  center  o(  com- 
merc«,588  B. C. Common  Schools. - 
Ancient  Sparta  and  Athens  were 
the  .first  to  establish  and  maintain 
public  free  schools;  established  in 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut 
fvorn  1642.  to  1643.  Communion.- 
Ordinance  of  the  Lord's  supper,  es- 
tablished by  theSavior,33A.D.;  in- 
troduced in  the  west, under  pope 
Urban  II.,  1 096.  Compass. Mariner' 
-Known  to  Chinese,  1115  B.C.;  in- 
troduced into  Europe  by  Marco 
Polo.  1260.  Competitive  Exan.i- 
nations. -Introduced  fiTst,l810 

COMPOSING  MACHINES.-For  set- 
ting type.  First  invented  by  James 
Young,  and  used  on  the  London"Fam 
ily  Herald,"  Dec. H,  184-2. Concerti- 
na.-Musical  instrument,  i-n vent- 
ed by  Wheatstone,  about  !825.Con 
o«rts. -First  held  in  London, 1672. 
Conchology  .-Science  of  shells. Men 
tioned  by  Aristotle  and  Pliny;  re- 
duced to  a  system  by  Major,  I  615. 
Concordance  of  Bible. -First  one 
published  by  St.Caro,l2'W;Crude«'s 
first  published  in  London,  1737. Con- 
duits.-First  built  in  London,  1285. 
Con  ferences,  Ecclesiastica  I .-  One 
held  at  instance  of  kina  James  I., 
Jan.  14-16, 1604.  Congelation,  Arti- 
ficial. -Produced  by  use  of  chemic- 
alt  by  Walker.  1183. 


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A^  COPPER. 


V  1900 


CONGRESS. -First  European  con 
gress  was  that  of  Miinster,  1643-8; 
/irst  American  congress  assembled 
Sept.  5, 1174. Conic  Sec*io«s.-Prob 
ably  known  to. Oreeks,about400  B.C.; 
earliest  treatise  written  by  Aristae 
us,  about  330  B.C. Conquest,  Era 
of  .-In  Enoland,  commenced  Oct. 
14, 1066.  Constantinople,  Era  of.- 
eemitrieiicedSept.1,5508  B.C.Con 
stellations.- First  mentioned, a- 
bout  1530  B.C.  Cotivewts.-Said  to 
have  been  first  founded,270.Cook- 
ery. -Connected  only  with  civilized 
I  ife.  Animals  first  granted  as  food 
to  Noah, 2348  B.C. ;  Abraham  cook 
ed  a  calf,  1 898  B.C.  Cooperage.- An 
art  practiced  by  Romans  100  B.C. 
OPPER.-One  of  the  six  primitive 
metals,  said  to  have  been/irstdis- 
covered  in  Cyprus.  Mentioned  by 
Ezra,  451  B.C.  Copper  CenU.-First 
coined  .in  New  Haven,  1687-Copper- 
as. -Mineral, said  to  have  been 
first  produced  in  England  bu  deVos, 
1587.  Copyinp  Machines. -For  let- 
ters,etc.,  invented  by  Jarnes  Watt, 
1778;  Wedgwood's  "manifold  wri- 
ter," patented,  1 806. Copyright.  - 
First  mentioned  in  England,  1556"; 
first  law  passed  by  U.S. Congress,  173 1. 
Cork  Tree. -Known  to  ancient  Egup 
tians;  introduced  into  England,l690. 
Corn  .-Said  to  have  been  cultivated 
by  Ceres,  2409  B.C.;  Indian  corn 
found  in  America  by  Columbus,  1492. 

CORRELLATION  of  Forces,Theo- 
ry  of  .-Announced  by  W.R.G-rove, 
1842. Cotton. -Cotton  cloth  is 
•mentioned  by  Herodotus, 450  B.C.; 
used  in  Arabia,  627.  Cotton  Gin. - 
Invented  by  Eli  Whitney,  1193. Cou- 
riers. -Xenophon  attributes  the 
first  to  Cyrus, about  550  B.C.;  co-m- 
-mon  among  the  Persians,  5  10  B.C. 
Courts  of  Justice  .-Instituted  at 
Athens,  1 507  B.C.;  by  Moses,l4SI  B.C. 
Cra.-nes.-The  engines  of  Archime- 
des were  the  first,  invented  about 
22.0  B.C.Craneolo9yrSee /%««>/- 
ogy.  Cra-Mk.-Pickard's  patent,  1780 
Crape. -Said  to  have  been  made  by 
Ste.  Badour.^ueen  of  France, 680. 
Crayons. -Colored  pencils, 4<nown 
in  France  about  I4O2. 

CREASOTE.- Discovered  by  Reichen- 
bach,abo.ut  1833.  Creatine. -Chem- 
ical principle  of  flesh,  discovered  by 
Chevreul,  !835.Creatio-M  of  the. 
VVorld.- Date  given  by  the  English 
Bible,  and  by.  Usher,  Blair, and  sev- 
eral others,  is  4004  B.C. Cremation. 
—See  Bur-nmy  the  Dead. Creosote. 
-Bethell's  patent,  !838.Cricket.- 
Ancient  English  game  of  the  14th 
century.  Crinoline .-  H  oop-skirt 
for  a  lady's  dress,  invented  about 
I5SO. Croquet. -A  game  common 
since  about  1850. Cross. -Signing 
with  the  cross  was  first  practiced 
about  110.  Crosses  introduced  in- 
to churches,  about  431;  set  up  on 
Steeples,  about  568. 


124 


CROWN. -Worn  by  Saul,.l056  B.C.;. 
Tarquin  the  Elder  was  thefirst  Ro-  -  - 
wan  to  wear  a  crown,  615  B.C.Cru- 
cifixion.-Mode  of  exceiufo-n  37710119 
Assyrians,  Egyptians,  Persians,Ca-r- 
thagitiiatis,  Greeks, and  RojnaTis.Ari- 
arathes  was  crucified,  322  B.C.,  and 
Jesus  Christ,  April  3,33  A.D.Cryo- 
Jite.-GrecnIand  mineral, employed 
in  procuring  alu-rniniuiTi,l855.Crjip- 
topraph.-For  writing  in  cipher,  in- 
vented by  Wheatstone,  l868.Cn.bi*. 
-Measure  u-sed  by  Noah  in  measur- 
ing the  ark, -2.448  B. C. Cucumber  s.- 
Mentioned  by  Virgil, 40  B.C.;  in- 
troduced into  England,.  1538. 

3ULVERIN.-A  kind  of  cannon,in- 
troduced  into  England,  !534.Citne- 
ifortti  Inscriptions. -Wedge-shaped 
characters,  in  use  (or  writing.SO.OO 
B.C. Cupping. -Mode  of  blnod-leUiny, 
described  by  Hippocrates, 4 1 3  B.C. 
Curfew  Bell. -Revived  or  introduc- 
ed Into  England  by  William  I., 1068. 
Cutnbal.- Musical  instru.;me-nt,said 
by  Xenophon  to  have  been  invented 
by  CMbele_,and  used  in  her  feasts,  1580 
B.C.  Cynics. -Sect  o(  philosopheT$,fou.nd- 
ed  by  Antisthenes,  about- 396  B.C. 
Da9u-erreotypes. -Invented  by  Da- 
guerre,  1838.  Dal  ton! stn. -Color- 
blindness. About  60  person's  out 
o(  1000  are  color-blind.  Spectacles 
to  remedy  the  defect,  invented  by 
d.C.  Maxwell,  1859. 

JAMASK  Linens  and  Silks.-First 
madeat  Damascus;  introduced 
mto  England,  1571.  Dattcl«9.-Ea- 
sebius  ascribes  its  invention  to  the 
Cu.retestl534  B.C.  Daric.- Persian 
gold  coin,  issued  by  Darius  about 
538  B.C.Darwitiisttt.-Theory  re 
lating  to  the  development  of  spe- 
cies, published  by  C.Darwin,  1859. 
Davy  Lamp. -Mining  safety  latnp, 
invented  by  Davy,  l8l5.Davyu.tti.- 
Metal  discovered  by  Sergfu-sKern, 
1877. Deacons. -Began  with  the 


Apostles, about  5 3. Deal  and  Dumb.  'BOO 
-  Pedro  de  Pome  made  the  first  at- 
tempt to  systematically  instruct  the 
deaf  and  dunYb,  about  !570.Death.- 
Ordained  as  the  punishment  for 
tnurder,2348  B.C. 
DEDICATION  .-Of  the  Jewish  taber 
nacle,  1490  B.C.;  of  the  tetnpleJ004 
B.C.;  of  the  second  temple,  515  B.C. 
Deeds. -In  land  conveyances, used 
in  Eric/land, 933. Degrees, -Eratos- 
thenes attempted  to  detertn  ine 
the  length  of  a  geographical  degree 
about250  B.C. For  collegiate  de- 
grees sat'  Col/eyes. Delft.- Earthen- 
ware, invented  in  Holland  about 
1310.  Delude. -Said  to  have  occur- 
red 2348  B.C.Detiariws.-A  silver 
coin  amon^  *he  Romans,  first 
coined  about  269  B.C.  Derricks. 
Structures  for  lifting  heavy  loads, 
invented  by  A.D. Bishop,abou.t  1855. 
Dcw.-Theory  'respecting  its  for- 
mation was  published  in  a  book 
by  Dr.  Wells,  18 14. 


CHRONOLOGY. 


1900 
1800 
1700 
1600 
1500 
1400 
1300 
1200 
1100 
1000 

900 

800 

700 

600 
'500 
..400 

:300 

,200 
<IOO 

O  36  A.D.  CONVERSION  OF  ST.PAUL. 

'100 

'200 


T400 
,500 
600 
700 
800 
900 
1000 
1100 
1200 
1300 
1400 
1500 
1600 
1700 


10,  "\vyx 


1900 
2000 
2100 
2200 
2300 
2400 
2500 
2600 
2700 
2800 
2900 
3000 
3100 
3200 
3300 
3400 
3500 
3600 
3700 
3800 
3900 
4000 


\w\wa\  oi  XVn^VV^oi  XVe, 


)IADEM.  Buid  or  fillet  worn  in- 
stead of  a  crown.  Aurelian  was  the 
first  Rowan  emperot  to  wear  a 
diadem, 272.  Dials. -The  sun-dial 
of  Ahaz  is  mentioned 7 13  B.C.  Anax- 
amander  i  nvented  one  550  B.C.  Di- 
alysis.-Method  of  chemical  anal- 
i»sis, discovered  by  Thos.Gfahani.1861. 
Dia:Ma9netism. -Magnetic  prop- 
erties of  various  bodies  behaving 
differently  from  iron.  Law  discov- 
ered by  Faraday,  1845.  Diamonds. 
-Known  and  used, 1491  B.C.;  first 
Cutand  polished  by  a_ticient  C  h  i- 
nese;  and  practiced  in  Europe,W89. 
Diattiotid  Drills. -Invented  by  Les 
chof,  1864. 

DICE. -Invention  ascribed  toPala 
medes,  1244  B.C.Dichrooscope.- 
Optical  apparatus,  invented  by  Do 
vc  of  Be-rlin,l860.  Dictiotia.ry.- 
A  Chinese  dictiotiaty  containing  ! 
about  40,000  characters  w_as  pub-l 
lished  1100  B.C.;  oldest  Latin  die-  j 
tionary  published  about  SO  B.C.;; 
Samuel  Johnson's  orcat  English  j 
dictionary, H55.  Didift*iiu.tti.-  A 
j-are  nietal,d!scovered  by  Mosandcr, 
1841.  Digest. -Collection  of  laws, 
first  prepared  bw  Alfrenus  Varus, 
66  B.C. Dibits. -The  figures  1,2,3, 
etc.,  known  to  the  Arabiansabou.li 
900.  Diocletian  Era.-Commenc-  i 
ed  Au.q.29,284. 

DIOPTRIC  SYSTEM. -Arrangement 
of  lenses  for  condensing  light  in. 
lighthouses,  devised  by  Fr£snel,l8l9.i 
Diphtheria.-  So  named  by  Breton- 
neau  of  Tours,  1820. Dipping  Nee-' 
die. -Invented  by  Norman,  I  580.  | 
Dispensaries. -To  supply  t he  poo >    ! 
with  medical  advice  atid  medicine,! 
first  established  in  London,  1770. 
Dissolving  Views.  -Invented  t>v 
H.L.Childe,who  d.ied  in  I8744a9ed 
92.  Dis*af/.  Spinning  wheel,  was 
used  1015  B.C.Distillatioti.-Flm  i 
introduced  into  Europe  by  »he Moors 
about  IISO.Diwi-Hj  Bell. -First 
mentioned  by  Aristotle ,  a  bou  t 
325  B.C.;  used  in  Europe  about 
1509. 

DIVINING  ROD. -Believed  to  have 
the  piopeity  of  indicating  the  po 
sitioti  o(  minerals  and  springsof 
water,  prominently  brought  to 
notice  by  Dt.  H.  Mayo,  ISSI.Divoree. 
-Permitted  by  the  law  o(  Moses, 
1451  B.C.;  forbidden  bi.<  Chnst, ex- 
cept for  unchastity.DoflS.-Mefi- 
tioned  by  Moses,  1431  B.C.  Dollar. 
Spanish  dollars  were  first  com- 
ed,!797;  Arnerioan  silverdolla>s 
were  first  coined  at  Philadelphia, 
1794.  Dominoes. -C-a>ne  invent- 
ed in  France, about  l790.Doowt's- 
Dau  Book. -Containing  surveys  of 
English  lands ,1086. Dower. -Gifts 
of  a  husband  to  a  Wife,  ment  iontd 
in  time  of  Jacob,  1732  B.C.  Drafts 
or  Checks. -Came  into  general 
use  in  England  and  the  United 
States,  about  1855. 


125 


DRAINAGE. -Of  lands,  practiced  in 
England  prior  to  1621;  drain  pipes, 
or  tiles,  were  first  introduced.1843. 
Drama. ;Both  tragedy  and  comedy 
b«aan  with  the  Greeks,  about  562 
B.C.  Draughts,  or  Checkers.-Play- 
ed  in  Egypt  prior  *o  2100  B.C.;  in- 
troduced into  Europe  a  bout  1550. 
Drea-ms. -Mentioned  in  the  Bible, 
1715  B.C.  Dredging. -Practiced  ex 
tentively  since  1868,  in  ascertain- 
ing th«  depth  of  the  ocean.  Drill- 
ing Machines. -In  agriculture, for 
sowing  grain,  known  *inc«  about 
1700.  Drinking  Fountains. -Enet 
ed  in  various  cities  since  about 
1850. 

DROWN  I  NO,  »s  a  Putiishrne«.-\fe« 
practiced  by  the  Britons  prior  to 
4-50  B.C.  Dru-m. -Used  by  the  an- 
cient Romans  andp  Egyptians;  in- 
troduced into  Spain  by  theMoors, 
HI3.  Drunirnond,  or  Lime  Light. 
-Invented  by  Thos. Druwmond  in 
1826.  Produced  by  (he  combustion 
o  /  oxygen  and  hydrogen, orcar- 
buretted  hydrogen  on  a  l!rnesu.r- 
>.\cc.  Dualin. -A  powerful  explo- 
sive, invented  by  Carl  Dittnar,  a 
Pruss ian, abo u.t  1 870. DuckitipStool, 
or  Cucking  Stool.- First  used  about 
1745.  Duelling .-  Originated  among 
the  ancient  Celts;  first  formal  du- 
el in  England  occurred  in  1096. 

DUPLEX  TELEG-RAPHY. -Transmis- 
sion of  two  messages  a*  the  same 
tittie  in  opposite  directions  over 
a  single  wire,  first  accomplished 
by  Dr.Gintl,  an  Austrian,  l853.Dye 
1*19. -Said  to  have  originated  with 
the  Turians,  about  1 500  B.C.  DV- 
namite.-An  explosive  invented  by 
A.  Nobel,  about  1868.  Ear-rings.- 
Worn  by  Jacob's  family,  1732  B.C. 
Earth-closet  System. -Invented  by 
Moule,  l867.Earthenware.-See/W- 
ten/.  Earthquakes. -Anaxagoras, 
435  B.C.,  supposed  they  were  produc- 
ed by  subterranean  clouds  burst- 
ing into  lightning,  which  shook 
thewaults  that  confined  them; 

,  first  one  recorded,  1605  B.C.Easter. 
-Instituted  about  68  A,.D. 

EBONITE  .-Vulcanized  india  rubber, 
patented  by  C.G-oodyear,l839. Eclips- 
es. -Thefirst  one  recorded  happen- 
ed March  19,721  B.C.;  i*  was  lunar, 
and  was  accurately  observed  at 
Baby  Ion.  Egyptian  Era. -Commenc- 
ed Feb.  28, 747  B.C.  Same  as  era  of 
Nebonassar.E!<Jo9raph.-Same  as 
Pan  t  agraph .  ClectricBaJloon.-  Ex- 
perimental trips  made,  1 883.  Elec- 
tric C*ndk. -In vented  by  Jabloch- 
koff,  1876.  Electric  Car.-  Electric 
railway  opened  near  Berlin,  I88L 
Electric  Light. -First  practical  ap- 
plication of  electricity  to  the  pro- 
duction of  good  artificial  light 
was  made  by  Faraday,  I83l,thou?h 
Davy  produced  electric  light  with 
carbon  points,  1807;  oreat  bnprove- 
ments  made  since  1876. 


CHRONOLOGY. 


IS  ^«.ir% 
\%  ^o\vt 
70  A.  D.TITUS  DESTROYS  JERUSALEM. 


W  "O^VNO  XV\e.\\^V\ 


"56  ^4 


^  AVt  OOXS^VkV.O-A  OX  XOYV^MkiS  . 


\t  oi  t^a>. 

Tft  VVXXV  OX  CiWtMWV  ,SW\  0*  Vl\0«  . 


ELECTRIC  LOOM.-lnvented  by.M. 
Bonelli.of  Tur'm,  1854.  Electric 
Clock. -Invented  bu  Wheat  stone, 
184-0.  Electric  Machm«s.-Many 
dif/erent  ones  have  been  invent- 
ed by  G-u-ericke,  Newton.  Boyle, 
and  others,  since  1647.  Electric 
Pett.-ln vented  by  Edison  in  1877. 
Electric  Safety  Lamp. -Invented 
by  Dumas  and  Benoi V,  1862.. Elec- 
tric Telegraph.  -Transmission  of 
electricity  by  an  insulated  wire 
shown  by  Watson  an4  others? 
174-7, since  when  numerous  tel- 
egraphic arrangements  have  been 
made;  first  telegraphic  line  in 
the  United  States,  1844. 

ELECTROCUTION  .-Infliction  of 
death  as  a  punishment,  legalized 
and  practiced  in  the  State  of  New 
York, 1890.  Electroline. -Discov- 
ered by  Marx,  1 889.  Electro-Mag- 
netisiti.- Discovered  by  Oersted, 
1820.  Electrometer  and  Electro- 
scope.-The  former  invented  bu 
Lane,  1767,  and  the  latter  by  Boh- 
nenberger,  18X0.  Electro-Titi*,- 
An  engraving  process, invent- 
ed by  Palmer,  1841.  Electrotype. 
-Fjrst  successful  experiments  in 
this  art  were  made  by^penser 
of  England,  and  Jacob!  of  Russia, 
1837.  Embalrnitig.  -Practiced 
by  the^gyptians  in  the  mostan- 
cient  times;  Israel  was  embalm- 
ed, 1689  B.C. 

EMISSION  OF  LIGHT, Theory  of.- 
Supposes  that  individual  particles 
pass  from  the  luminous  body  to 
the  eue,  advocated  by  Newton,about 
l6T2.Ernpaleimcrit.-Mode  of  exe- 
cuting critninals, -first  practiced 
by  the  ancient  Romans. Einperor. 
-Augustus  Caesar  was  the  f  irst.Ro- 
man  emperor,  27  B.C. Enameling 
-Practiced  by  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians, Chinese,  and  Bomeotherna 
tions;  practiced  in  England  in  the 
time  of  the  Saxons. Eficaustic. -A 
kind  of  painting,  or  enartielitig 
bu  -fire,  known  to  Praxi-tclcs, 
about  360  B.C. 

ENCYCLOP/e.DIA.-A  name  first 
given  toa  work  by  Abulpharagi- 
us  in  the  13th  century.Etidosmo 
sis.-  Passage  of  gases  or  vapors 
through  animal  membranes, dis- 
covered by  Dutroohet,about  1826. 
Etigme.-First  Cornish,  1812. En- 
ginccritig, Civi I. -Became  irn- 
portant,  about  1750.  Engravinp, 
-On  signett,  is  mentioned  1491 
B.C.;  on  metal,  invented  1423;  on 
copper,  1511;  on  wood, about  1400: 
on  glass,  1199;  on  steel, about  1815. 
Emtottiology . -Science  of  in- 
sects. Ray's  was  the  first  work 
on  this  subject,  1105. Envelopes. 
For  letters  are  mentioned  in  1726 
by  Swift;  came  into  general  use, 
about  1840.  Epic  Poems. -The 
tllliad"and"0dyssey,"'by  Homer, 
about  900  8.C.,arc  the  first. 


126 


EPICUREAN  PHILOSOPHY.- 

that^he  greatest  pood  consists  in  peace 
of  mind  sprinoin9  from  virtue,  f frst 
taught  by  Epicurus, near  Athens.a 
bout  300  B.C.  E pig-raws. -Derive  their 
origin  from  inscriptions  placed  on  an 
cient  tombs.  Epiphany .-  Instituted 
about  813.  Epistles, or  Letters. -The 
earliest  known  letter  is  that  sent 
to  Joab  by  David  by  the  hands  of" Uri- 
ah, about  1035  B.C.  Epitaphs. -Were 
inscribed  on  tombs  by  the  ancient 
EpyPtians,  Jews,  C-reeks, and  Romans. 
ERAS.-See  the  following  m  their  a! 
phabetic  order 


Abraham,  Era  of 
Alexandrian  Era. 
Antioch,  Era  of 
Armenian  Era 
Ascension,  Era.  of- 
Augusta*  Era 
Caesars,  Era  of 
Christian  Era 

Conquest,  Era  of          r       w. 

CotistaTttmople,Era.of  Persian  Era 


Diocletian,  Era  of 
G-recian  Mundane  Eta 
Greci»tt,srSyfD-Maced'Ti 
Independence,  DecU'ti 


Jewish  Era 
Juljan  Period 
Julian  Year 

Maccabees,  Era  of 
Metonic  Cycle 
Mohammedan  Era 
Mundane  Era 
Nabonassar,  Era  of 
Olympiads, Era  of 


Rowan  Era 
Seleucidae.Eraof 
Sidonian  Era 
Spanish  Era 


Jerusalem,  Era  of  Tyre,  Era  of 
Erbium. -Metal  discovered  byM 
der,l843.  Ericsson's  Caloric  En- 
gine,.-Of  which  heat  is  the  motive 
power,  invented,  1853. 
ETCHING. -On  copper  with  aquafor- 
tis was  introduced  in  1512.  Ether,  - 
Known  to  earliest  chemists ;  nitric 
ether  was  discovered  by  Kitnkel,l68l; 
first  used  in  surgical  operations,)844. 
Ethriolopy.  -Relations  of  the  differ- 
ent divisions  of  mankind  to  each  oth 
er.The  study  of  this  subject  in  a  sci- 
entific -man-ner  began  a  bo  ut  1825. 
Etkyl.-A  colorless  oas,first obtain- 
ed iri  a -free  state  by  Frankland,l849. 
Euoiettieter.- To  ascertain  the  puri- 
ty of  atmospheric  air,  invented  b  y 
Priestly,  17  72 .  E  unuchs .-  First  -men 
tioned  by  the  Egyptians  and  Assyr- 
ians, about  3<0(  B.C.Evcn  I'-MQ 
Schools. -For  adults, first  Intro- 
duced about  1811,  in  Fnp land.  Ev- 
olution Theory. -Has  been  -much 
discussed  since  1877. 

EXAM  I  NATIONS.- In  ci ..._, 

required  since  about  1855;  in  teach- 
ing,since  about  1838.  Exchange. - 
Formerly  called  Bourse,  existed  at 
Ronie,  4-93  B.C.  Exciso. -System  of 
duties,  established  in  En9land,  164-3. 
Exhibitions. -The  first  industri- 
al exhibition  was  held  in  France, 
at  the  suggestion  of  Marquis  d'Avize, 
1798;  first  international  exhibi- 
tion, or  world's  fair,  was  held  a*  Lon- 
don, 1851,  at  the  suggestion  of  Prince 
Al  bert.  Exodus.  -Departure  of  the  Is- 
raelites from  Egypt,  1491  B.C.Explo- 
Sives.-  See  Dyrtatn/'te,  ffua/irre,  0-lu- 


CEN. 

1900 
1800 
1700 
1600 
1500 
1400 
1300 
WOO 
MOO 
1000 
900 
800 
700 
1600 
!  500 
UflO 
1300 
*200 
<IOO 
O 
100 
'200 
300 
400 
500 
600 
700 
800 
900 
1000 
1100 
1200 
1300 
1400 
1500 
1600 
I70Q 
1800 
1900 
2000 
2100 
2200 

jyjl  service,  2300 
0400 
2500 
2600 
2700 
280« 
2900 
„  3000 
^'3100 
WOO 
3300 
3400 
3500 
3500 
3700 
3800 
3900 


Express. -rirst  American  was  ope. 
attd  between  New  York  *nd  Boston,  1831. 


CHRONOLOGY. 


OXfcY  X\\&  V\\QV«Tv  ViOY\i . 

40  A .  D.  CHRISTIANS  FIRST  SO  CALLED 


1^  \)5,Ti\o%\V*Tv8,i  VsrCxsW  i  Si  i  cm 


va^t  ot  \v>os, 


«\\  «i  vtva-n  . 


FABLES.- Jothajri's  -noted  fable  of  the 
trees,  about  (209  B.C.,  is  the  oldest  ex- 
tant. Fairs  and  Wakes. -Of  A«9lo- 
Sanron  origin;  instituted  in  Italy.a- 
bout  500,  and  in  E  no  I  and,  a  bout  886. 
Falconry, or  Hawkin9. -In  Enoland, 
is  traced  to  the  rei9n  of  king  Ethel- 
bert.the  Saxon  mo-March, 858. Fall- 
ing Stars.  -Se«  Meteors.  False  Hair.- 
Firs*  introduced  into  En^landfrofn 
France, !572.Fatniti«s. -The  firs* 
recorded  is  that  of  seven  years  in 
F.gi/pt,  beginning  1708  B.C.  Fa-MS.- 
Were  first  devised  by  the  harlots  in 
Italy.priorto  166  B.C. 

PARCE. -Short  comic  drama, first 
written  about  1667.  Farthin9.-An 
En9lish  coin,  firs*  made  by  kin^ 
John,  about J200.  Fasts. -Observed 
by  most  nations  ^rom  the  remot- 
est antiquity;  Moses  lasted  40 days 
and  ni9hts,  1491  B.C. Feasts  and 
Festivals. -Those  of  the  Passove-r, 
Pentecss*,  Trumpets,  and  Taberna- 
cles, were  instituted  1490  B.C.Feno- 
ing.-Was  introduced  into  England 
^rom  France  prior  *o  l285.Fewala 
Suffrage. -First  be^an  to  bea9itated 
_about  1 867.  Fermentation  .-Stud- 
ied analytically  in  1810  by  Ga.y-Lu.s- 
sac,  who  termed  it  one  of  the  most 
mysterious  processes  in  nature. 
Fictions. -See  Romances.  Fictions 
in  law  were  invented  by  the  law- 
yers, about  IOOS. 

FUTURES  .-See  Digits.  Files  .-Were  in 
use  about  1093  B.C.;  manufactured 
from  machinery  since  about  1855. 
Filters.-First  recorded  patent  for' 
a  filter  is  dated  1675.  Fire-Anmhi- 
later.- First  chemical  en9ine made 
about  l849.Fire-Att»is.-FiTsti»ian 
u/actured  in  Italy,  1364.  See  Artille- 
ry, Cannon,  Cfiassepot,  Hawitier.lxn 
caster, Needle  G-U.U,  and  f/stok.firt- 
Dattip  Indicator. -Invented  by  O-.F. 
An  sell,  1865.  Fire-Detector  and  A- 
larm. -Invented  by  Prof.&reehi  in 
1873.  Fire-Etijhtes.-Safd  to  h  ave 
been  first  invented  byCtcsibiuS, 
250  B.C.  Fire-Escapes. -First  pat- 
ents were  granted  to  David  Marie, 
1768,  and  Joachim  Sttiith,  1773. 

FIREMAN'S  RESPIRATOR.-One 
invented  by  Or.  Tyndal 1, 1 870. Fire- 
Ships.  -Used  by  the  RhodiansJ  90 
B.C.  Fire -Works.- Said  to  have  been 
made  by  the  Chinese  in  remote  a«es; 
manufactured  in  Italy,  about  1360. 
Flap. -Was  first  made  in  its  present 
form  in  Spain, about  550;  ftrstAwer 
ic&n  f  lag  was  unfurled  over  the  camp 
at  Cambridpe,  Jan.  1, 1776.  Flaoeoletr 
Patented  by  W-m.Bainbridaa,t8()3.FI«i 
twI.-See  Woolvn.  Flax.  -Man  ufactur- 
ed  in  E?y  pt  in  remote  a$w,  and  car- 
ried thence  to  Tyre  about  588  B.C. 
Fli«s.-Pla9ueof  flies  in Eoypf,  1491 
B.C.  Floating  Oooks.-Firtt  tntro- 
duced,l7!6.FI099iti9. -Practiced  as 
a  punis(tr«en#,limited  to  40 stripes, 
1451  B.C.  Flood,  Noah 'S.-2348B.C 
lasted  for  forty  days. 


127 


LCRIN.-A  9<>td  coin  first  -made  at 
Florence, about  1250. Fluorescence 
-The  absorption  ot  tlu~  c(i,-inic,»lsolit 
•rays  by  certain  substances, and  emit 
ting  them  after  dark,  discovered  by 
Pro?. Stokes,  l852.Fluotitie.-&as 
fious  element,  first  obtained  by  Priest 
ley,  a  bo  u.-t  1777.  Flute. -Known  be 
fore  580  BC.FIitxiojis.- Branch  o 
higher  mathematics,  invented  by 
Newton,  1665.  Ply  1119  Machines. 
Archytas  it  said  to  have  made  a  fly 
ing  dove, about  400  B.C.;jn  1843 
Mr.  HensoTi  invented  a  flying  ma 
chine,  but  it  did  not  serve  a  practi 
cal  purpose. 

FOCIMETER. -Invented  by  Claude* 
1849.  Fo9  Signals. -Much  attention 
MMftwm  to  them  in  I862.fforoerv 
of  Deeds. -Was  severely  pw-n  ished 
1562. Forks. -Used  in  Europe  firit 
about  l250:iritToduced  into  Eng- 
land, 1608.  Formic  Acid.- Ac  id  of 
ants,  produced  artificially  bl)  Pe- 
louze,  1831.  Fortifications. -First 
used  in  the  protection  of  cities  by 
the  ancient  Phoenicians;  thepres 
en-tniode  introduced  about  1 5 00 
Fortune  Tel  I  ing. -Is  traced  to  the. 
early  astrologers,  prior  to  1000  B.C. 
Foundling  Hospitals.-Established 
atMilan,ltaly,787;  in  London, 1739; 
in  New  York.  1868.  Fouti*aitis.-The 
fountain  of  Hero  of  Alexandria  is 
the  first  recorded,  and  was  invent 
ed  about  ISO  B.C. 

POU.riERISM.-A  social  system  de- 
vised by  Charles  Fourier, who  died 
in_l831.  Frame. -A  French  coin,first 
coined,  1195.  FreettiasotirM. -Traced 
by  sortie  to  the  building  of  Solomon's 
temple,  a  bout  1000  B.C.;  introduced 
at  Boston,  1733.  Free  TVade.-Advocat 
ed  by  Adam  Smith  in  his"Wealth  of 
Nations, "1776;  adopted  in  England, 
1846.  French  Herri.- In  vented  a- 
bout  1800.  Fresco  Paint  1*19.— An 
art  known  to  ancient  Egyptians; 
first  practiced  in  Italy  atPisa,!390. 
Frozen  Carcasses.-By  Harrison's 
method,  first  sent  to  England  from 
Australia,  1 873. Fuchsia. -An  Amer- 
ican plant  named  after  the  G-erman 
botanist  Leonard  Fuchs, about  1542. 
FUMIGATION.-Acron, a  physician 
o<  Agnqentum,  is  said  to  have  first 
caused  aromatics  to  be  thrown  in- 
to great  fires  to  purify  the  air,and 
stop  a  plague  at  Athcns,about473 
B.C.Futterals.-David  lamented  o- 
ver  Saul  and  Jonathan,  1056  B.C.; 
Solon  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
to  pronounce  a  funeral  oration  in 
&reece,580  B.C. FM,rs. -Worn  by 
Henry  I.  of  England, about  1 125. 
Galleys.  -With  three  rows  of  oars, 
triremci ,  were  invented  by  the  Co- 
rinthians,786  B.C. Gallium. -Very 
rare  metal,  discovered  by  Boisbau- 
dran.by  weans  of  the  spectroscope, 
about  1 875,  and  reported  to  the 
French  academy  of  sciences. Galvanic 
Motor.-invented  by  Sturgeon,  1833. 


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63  B.C.  CATILINE'S  CONSPIRACY  AT  ROME 

OS>  %R 
01  ?*\ 
CO.  ^s,' 


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GALVANIC  BATTERY.-First  manu- 
factured by  Volta,  1800.  Galvan  ism- 
Investigations  first  made ,  and  results 
announced  by  Galvani,n9l.  Gam- 
boga. -Medicine  and  pigment, first 
brought  from  India  bu  the  Dutch, 
about  1600.  C-attiu^. -Scale  of -mu- 
sical intervals,  mentioned  by&uido 
Aretinot Tuscan  monk, about  1025. 
G-ardenmo.-The  first  garden  was 
that  of  Eden,  4004  B.C.,  from  which 
time  gardemn?  has  been  carried 
on.  Gar-fotte. -Spanish  i-nstrintient 
foe  strangling  criminals, used  prior 
to472.G-asi  First  evolved -fro-in 
coal  by  Clayton,  1739;  See  Natu- 
ral Gas. 

GAS  LI&HTS.-First  used  bg  Mr. Mur- 
doch in  Cornwall,  Eng.,  1792;  first 
introduced  into  the  United  States 
at  Boston,  1 822. Gas  Me*er.-lnvent- 
edby  Mr.  Cleoji,  1815. Ga*es.-  First 
mentioned  by  Abraham,  1892  B.C. 
Catling  Gun. -Revolving  battery 
gun,  invented  by  Richard  J.O-atl ing, 
ISffl.G-aitjes,!)!  railways. -Much 
discussion  relative  to  the^rojc/and 
the  narrow  gau^e,  about  1833 .62119- 
Ittg. -The  measurement  of  casks,ves 
sets, etc.,  regulated  by  English  law, 
1352. Gauntlet.  -Iron  glove,  intro- 
duced about  l225.0-auie.-A  kind 
of  fabric,  introduced  from  Italy, 
about  I698.&ems.-Rubies%sapphires, 
etc.,  were  worn  by  the  ancietits  pri- 
or to  1520  B.C. 

IrENERALS.-Montmorcncy  was 
the  first  general  of  the  French  ar- 
mies, 1203;  U.S.G-rant  was  the 
first  general  of  the  armies  of  the 
United  States,  1 866. (Previously call- 
ed CoTnTnattder-/rt-Cti!ef).Q-e,r\&  D'- 
Armes.  -The  king's  horse-guards, 
and  subsequently  also  his  pardes- 
du-corps,  known  in  l226.Geti*le- 
•mati.-A  term  first  given  to  the 
well-descended,  about  1430. Geog- 
raphy.-The  first  geographical 
records  are  in  the  Pentateuch;  the 
earth  was  represented. as  surroun- 
ded by  the  sea, about  1000  B.C.  Hi p- 
parchus  attempted  to  reduce  .geog- 
raphy to  a  mathematical  basis, 135 
B.C.  See  Maps  and  Charts. 

(rEOLOGY.-Said  to  have  been  s*ud; 
ied  systematically  by  the  Chinese  pri- 
or to  the  Christian  era,  and  also 
occupied  the  attention  of  some  of 
the  ancient  Roman  and  Arabic  writ- 
prs. Geometry. rl  nvention  ascrib 
ed  to  the  Egyptians;  Thales  intro- 
duced it  into  frreece, about  £00  B.C.; 
conic  sections  introduced,390  B.C., 
by  Plato.;  Euclid's  elements  corn- 
pi  led,  a  bout  300  B.C.  Germ  Theory 
of  Diseases. -Was  held  in  the  middle 
apes,  but  contagious  organises  were 
not  discovered  till  1875-8, by  Profs. 
Lister,  Tyndall,  and  others. Giants. - 
First  mentioned  about  2468  B.C. 
Sec  Giants  under  Weights  and MeiS- 
u res.  The  battle  of  Mariatiano,  15(5,  ij 
termed  the**battle  .of  the  Giants." 


128 


GlLDING.-On  wood  formed  par*  of 
the  decoration  of  the  Jewish  tabem* 
cle,  1490  B.C.;  practiced  at  Rome,  145 
B.C.;  with  gold  leaf, first  introduced 
by  Margaritone^  1273. Gin. -Ardent 
spirit, -duty  laid  upon  it,l735.G.fr«- 
ger.-Cultivatedin  East  Indies  arid 
China  from  ti-me-  iimttemori&l;  In- 
troduced into  the.  West  Indies  since 
the  discovery  of  America,.  Gladiators.- 
First  exhibited  a*  the  funerals  of 
*he  Rowans,2.63.B.C.&lass.-Noth- 
in9  is  known  with  certainty  asto 
(He  invention  of  glass;  the  oldest 
Egyptian  specimens  are  traced  to 
about  1500  B.C.;  plate-glass  -first 
made,  1673;  window  glass  first 
wade  in  England,  1557. 

GLOBE. -The  globular  form  of  the 
earth, and  the -five  zones  as -now 
known,  were,  taught  bw  Thales  of 
Miletus, about  640  B.  C.  Globes,  Ar- 
tif ieial.-Reprfcsenting  the  natural 
and  political  divisions  of  tKe  earth's 
surface,  are  said  to  have  bean  invent- 
ed by  Anaximander,about  580  B.C.; 
celestial  globes  were,  made  by  the 
Arabs,  122  5.  G-lovcs.-LeatherjIoves 
are  of  ancient  celebrity;  in  the-mid- 
dle  ages  the  giving  ofaglove^as  us- 
ed in  land  conveyances. GlM.cmu.in.- 
Thc  oxide  ofthisme^al  was  discov- 
ered by  Vanquelin,  i798.Glu.*en.- 
An  ingrediento-f  grain, discovered 
by  Beccaria., about  1775. 

GLYCERINE. -Discovered  by  Scheele, 
about  1779.  Glyoxyline. -Explosive, 
invented  by  F.A.Abel,l867.Godfath- 
crs  and  G-odmothers,orSponsors.-The 
Jews  are  said  to  have  had  them  at  cir- 
cumcision, which  was  instituted 
1898  B.C. Gold. -First -mentioned, 
4004  B.C.;  first  coine_d  in  Europe, 
1320 ;  discovered  in  California,  I  847; 
in  Australia, 1851. Golden  Number.  - 
Cycle  of  19  years,  9aid  to  have  been  in 
vented  by  Meton  of  Athens, 432  B.C. 
Good  Templars. -First  supreme  lodoe 
organised  at  Syracuse,  N.V.,  I852.GO- 
ril  la. -Powerful  ape^aid^o  have  been 
first  described  by  the  navigator  Hanno, 
about  400  B.C. 

GOTHIC  ARCHlTECTURE.-Pointed 
arch  and  style,  began  about  800,and 
spread  over  Europe. Grace  at  Meat.- 
Before  partaking  of  meat,  the  ancient 
G-reeks  offered  a  choice  part  of  it  to 
their  gods.  The  short  prayer  before 
a  meal  is  in  conformity  to  Christ's 
example. Grammarians. -A  society  of 
gra-mmarians  was  formed  at  Rome, 


grammar,  1795.  Grammar  Schools.- 

One  was  established  at  Glasgow  prior 
to  1500;  first  in  the  United  States, 
about  1 54 1-3. Granaries. -Found  by 
Joseph  in  Egypt,  1715  B.C.  Grand  Ju- 
ries.-Outgrowth  of  common  trials 
by  jury,  which  are  claimed  to  have 
been  first  established  by  Alfred,  88ff. 
GrapBS.-lntrodu.ced  into  England,  1176. 


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^5  Va\\  oil 

16  ^vu%l;va.\'«\>ia.^a^  ^o^  We,  Vk\vws. 


50  A.D.  LONDON  FOUNDED  BY  ROMANS. 


V  \vc\t\. 


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o4  <b«,xV\  •axe.  - 


GRAPHITE. -Mineral  carbon  called 
4/ac/f  /end, used  in  making  lead  pen- 
cils, which  are  first -mentioned  by 
Gesner,  1565.  G-raphophone.  -Inven- 
ted by  &.  and  C.  Bell,  and  C.S.  Tainter, 
!888.Graphoscope.-Optical  instru- 
ment, invented  by  C.J.  Rowsell,  1871. 
Graphotype.-  Process  for  obtaining 
blocks  for  surface-printing,  invented 
by  Hitchcock,  l860.Grafes.-ln  use 
before  the  introduction  of  chimneys, 
about  1300.  Gravitation .  -Was  no- 
ticed bu  the  ancient  G-reeks,  and 
also  by  Seneca, who  spoke  of  the 
moon  attracting  the  water,zibout 
38;  the  universal-law  of  gravita- 
tion discovered  by  Newton,  1670. 

GRECIAN  MUNDANEEaA.-Com- 
menced  Sept.  I,  5538  B.C.  Grecian, 
orSyro-Macedonian  Era. -Commenc- 
ed Sep*.  1, 312  B.C.G-reek  Pire.-An 
evp_losive  and  combustible  compo- 
sition, known  about  GTO.Grecn- 
backs. -United  States  government 
notes,  first  issued,  1862. G-regori- 
ati  Calendar.- Adopted  Cct.15,1582. 
Gre*ttaGrwtt.-As  applied  to  run- 
away-marriages, dates  from  1760. 
Grist  Mills.-First  cotistructed  in 
Ireland, 2.I4-. Groa*.-E-nglish  sil- 
ver coin  prior  to  1351. Grocers. - 
Known  in  England  before  I  3  6*3. 
Grog. -Mixture  of  rum  andwater, 
known  since  1745. 

GUANO.-Excrement  of  sea-birds 
used  for  manure,  mentioned  by 
Herrera,  1601.  Guards.  -The  c  us  - 
torn  of  having  guards  to  protect 
one's  person  is  said  to  have  bee'ti 
introduced  by  Saitl,  l093B.C.Guer- 
n'lla.  Warfare. -Originated  in  the 
Peninsular  war,  l808-l4-.Gu.ide- 
Books.-For  travelers,  first  appear- 
ed in  England,  I.T76.  Gailds.-Mittu- 
al  benefit  associations, originated 
vyith  the  Savons, about  700. Guillo- 
tine.-Ins!  ru-tnent  for  executing 
the  death  sentence,  supposed  to 
have  been  invented  bit  Dr.J.I.Cuil- 
lotin,  about  1789. Gu-itieas. -Eng- 
lish gold  coins, first  made,  1 663. 

GUITAR. -A  similarly  constructed 
instrument  was  used  by  the  Egyp- 
tians about  1500  8. C.Gu.tts. -Inven- 
ted about  1330;  used  by  MOOTS,  1344; 
in  the  battle  of  Crecy,l346;  first 
brass  guns,  1635. Gutt  Cotton. -A 
highly  explosive  substance, inven- 
ted by  Prof.Schonbein  of  Basel, 
1 846.  Gunpowder.-  Invention 
attributed  to  Schwarti,  although 
there  is  ground  for  believing  i  t 
was  known  by  tKe  Chinese  ajwut 
30  A.  D.  Gutter's  Chain. -Invented 
by  Edmund  G-unter,  1606.  G-u-tta 
Pcrcha. -Introduced  into  England 
by  Montoowery  and  Almeida, 1843; 
discoveries  by.G-oodi^earjISBff.Girtn- 
•nasiu.-m.-0riginated  with  ancient 
Greeks.  Gypsies. -First  appeared 
in  Europe  about  1 400. Gyroscope. - 
Rotating  wheel,  invented  DM  Fes 
sel  of  Cologne,  1852. 


129 


HABEAS  CORPUS.-DatMitstnwf.un 
d&tioti  iti  the  G-rest  C  harter  (  Ma9tia 
Charts),  1^15.  Hackney  Coaches .  - 
Firs*  used  in  London,  1 625.  Hair  .-It 
was  the  custom  o(  the  Jews  to  wear 
long  hair  and  to  not  shave,  but  the 
Romans  shaved;  the, Savons  and 
Danes  wore  long  hair,  and.did  not 
shave.  Hair  Powder. -Came  into  use, 
1590.  Halls. -Were  principaj  apart- 
ments in  mediaeval  -mansions. Hal- 
lelujah and  A-men.- Expressions  in- 
troduced by  Hag«ai,the  prophet,520 
B.C.Haridkerchie/s.-First  used 
in  England,  about  1558, as  pres- 
ents from  younjj  ladies  to  gentle- 
men, to  be  worn  in  their  hats. 

HANDS,  IMPOSITION  OF. -First  per- 
formed by  Moses  in  setting  apart 
his  successor  Joshua,  1452  B.C.Hang- 
i-H9.-Said  to  have  been  first  inflicted 
upon  'WTn.Marise,a<p'rrate,l24l.  Har- 
monium.-Keyed  instruments  im- 
i  lar  to  the  accordion,  invented,  1810, 
bu  M.C-renifc.  Harness. -For  horses, 
probably  invented  bw  Erichthoni- 
us  of  Athens,  a  bout  1487  B.C. Harp. - 
Invented  bu  Jubil,  3815  B.C.  Harp- 
sichord. -Bach  and  Ha-wd&J  com- 
posed for  this  instrument,  about 
1700.  H*rris*ti's  Titm-pieee.— An 
eight-day  clock, striking  the  hours, 
and  indicating  the  day  ofthewotith, 
was  made  by  Harrison  at  London  iti 
1715,  and  it  was  still  running,  1871. 

HARROWS. -Among  the  earliest  im 
plements  of  agriculture,  is  repre- 
sented on  many  ancient  sculptures. 
Hats.-  First  made  by  a  Swiss  at  Pa- 
ris, 1404;  high-crowned  hats  were 
first  worn  about  1550;  silk  hats  be- 
gan to  supersede  beaver  about  1820. 
Hawkers  and  Peddlers.-Were  first 
licensed,  1698.  Heat.- Its  phenome- 
na began  to  be  carefully  studied  a- 
kout  1757.  H«9ira,Era  of. -Same  as 
Mohammedan  era.Heltometer.  - 
For  measuring  the  diameters  of  the 
heavenly  bodies,  invented  by  Savary, 
1743. Helioscope. -Solar  telescope,in- 
vented  by  Scheiner,  l625.Hel!ostat. 
-Jnstrumew*  to  make  a  sunbeam  sta- 
tionary, invented  by  s'&ravesande, 
about  1719. 

HELMETS. -Protective  armor  for 
the  head,  used  by  the  ancients  pri- 
or to  810  B.C.  Hemp  and  Flax.- 
First  cultivated  in  England  about 
1532. Heraldry. -As  an  art,  is  ascrib- 
ed first  to  Charlemagne,  about  800; 
and  next  to  Frederick  Barbarossa,  a- 
bout  IIS2.Hermi9-Pishery.-Was 
largely  engaged  in  by  the  English  and 
Scotch  asearli^as  800.  Hera-miter. 
"The  most  ancient  form  of  Oreek  verse, 
used  by  Homer, about  900  B.C.Hiero- 
glyphics.- Picture-writing, said  to 
have  been  invented  by  Athotes,21 12 
B.C.  High-pressure  Engine. -Invent 
ed  by  Leupold,l727.Highwaus.-Se& 
ftoads. H itidoo  Era. -Commenced 
3101  B.C. Hippodrome. -Creek  race- 
track, know  about  1000  B.C. 


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\\\  \VsN\i  tYv^. 


X6  A  .0.  JOHN  THE  BAPTIST  BEGINS  HIS  MINISTRY. 


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HOLY  WATER. -Said  to  have  been 
used  in  churches  as  early  as  I20A.D. 
Home  Missionary  Society.—  First 
founded,  1819.  Homicide. -Was  tried 
at  Athens  by  the  Areopagites,l507 
B.C. Homoeopathy. -A  hypothesis 
promulgated  by  Dr.  Hahnemann, 
1796;  introduced  into  the  United 
States,  1815.  Honey-Moon. -Arose 
from  drinking  diluted  honey  for 
30  days  (a  moon's  age) -after -war- 
riage,ampn9  the  Teu-tons,  who 
are  mentioned  as  early  as  320  B.  C. 
Hoops. -See  Crinoline.  Hops  .-Used 
in  England,  1425;  were  cultivated 
by  ancient  Romans.  Horti. -Musi- 
cal instrument,  the  date  of  whose 
invention  is  lost  in  ant  iquitg,but 
ic  thought  to  be,ne>rt+o  the  reed, 
the  earliest  wind  instrument. 

HORSE. -Probably  first  domesticat- 
ed by  ancient  Egyptians;  Solomon 
had  40,000  stalls  of  horses  for  his 
chariots,  and  12,000  horsemen,  1014 
B.C.  Horse-Racitip. -First  practic- 
ed by  ancient  G-recks,  prior  to  1000 
B.C. Horseshoes. -Of  the  kind  now 
ktiown,vs/ere  not  in  general  u-se 
t!  1 1  about  800.  Horticulture.-^?  e 
Gan/en/?;^.  Hospitals. -One  bui It 
at  Jerusalem,  II 12,  capable  of- re- 
ceiving 2.000  guests. Ho*  Blast.  - 
Neilson  obtained  a  p_atentfor,l8!l8. 
Hour.-The  day  is  said  to  have  been 
first  divided  jnto  hours,293  B.C., 
when  Papirius  Cursor  erected  a 
sun-dial  in  the  temple  of  ftumnus 
at  Rome. 

HOUR  CLASSES. -Invented  in  Alex- 
andria, 240.  Howitzer. -G-erman 
piece  of  ordnance,  came  into  use 
about  172.5.  Humane  Society. ;Cne 
formed  in  London, H74. Multeity. 
-Nimrod  was  a  mighty  hu-nter, 
2218  B.C.  Hydraulic  Press.-ln.Ven- 
ted  by  Pascal,  1649. Hydraulic  Ram.- 
Invented  by  Montoolfier, about 
1800.  Hydrochloric  Acid  .-Com- 
pound of  chlorine  and  hydrogen, 
discovered  by  Dr. Priestly,  1712. Hy- 
drogen.-First  obtained  asa  gas 
by  Paracelsus,  about  !500;Caven- 
dish  proved  itto  be  an  elementary 
body,  1766. 

H  YDROGRAPHY.-Oescription  of  the 
surface  waters  of  the  earth.  First 
sea  chart  said  to  have  been  made  by 
Henry  the  Navigator,  about  1550. 
Hydrpttieter.-For -mfasurittg  the 
specific  gravity  of  liquids, first -men- 
tioned about  400.  Hydropathy.  -Cold- 
water  treatment  or  diseases, prac- 
ticed by  Hippocrates,  about430  B.C. 
Hydrostatics. -Pressure  of  liquids, 
probably  first  studied  in  the  Alex- 
andrian school, about 300  B.C. Hy- 
9romctcr.-For  measuring  the 
moist u-re  in  the  atmosphere,  in- 
vented by  Saussitre., about  1790. 
Hymns. -The  song  of  Moses, 1491 
B.C.,  is  the  most  ancient;  the 
Psalms  date  from  about  1066 
B.C.  to  about  444  B.C. 


130 


HYPNOTISM. -Term  given  buMr.Braid 
1 843,  to  a  sleep-like  condition, produc 
ed  in  a  person  btj  steadily  firing  h  is 
•mind  on  one  object.Hypsometer.  - 
Therrnome-trical  barometer  for  meas- 
uring altitudes,  invented  by  Wol  las- 
ton,  1817.  Iambic  Verse. -First  writ- 
ten about  700  B.C.,  by  Archilochus. 
Ice. -Discovered  to  be  lighter  than 
water,  1597,  byC-alileo;  first  pro- 
duced artificially,  1783,  by  Mr.Walker; 
first  ice  machine  patented  byMr.Har 
rison,l857.  Iconoclasts. -Image- 
breakers,  controversy  introduced 
into  the  churches,  about  300;  much 
loss  of  life,  about  72.6.  Idols.-ldola- 
trous  worship  introduced  by  Ninus 
king  of  Assyria,  2059  B.C. 

ILLUMINATED  BOOKS. -The u^, 

of  ornaments,  drawings,  portraits, 
etc.,  to  enrich  books  and  mam scripts 
is  of  great  antiquity .  Varro  wrote  the 
lives  of  700  Romans, using  70  por- 
traits, about.70  B.C.IImenium.- 
An  alleged  metal,  discovered  by  Herr 
mann,  about  1 847.  Impeachment.  - 
First  one  recorded  in  England,  1388. 
Impressment  of  Seamen  .-A  practice 
known  in  ancient  times.  Incendi- 
aries.-Punished  with  death  by  the 
Saxons  and  G-oths^.  Incest. -Cohab- 
itation and  marriage  between  near 
relatives,  forbidden  by  the  Jewish  law, 
1490  B.C.  , 

INCH. -39. 13959  of  the  length  of  the 
seconds  pendulum  in  the  latitude  of 
London, vibrating  in  vacuo  at  -the 
sea  level,  at  the  temperature  of  62." 
Fahr.,  was  defined  ty  act  of  parlia 
ment,  1824.  Income  Tax. -First  lev- 
ied in  England,  1512.  Independence 
Era  of  Declaration. -Commenced  Ju 
ly  4, 1776.  India  Rubber. -See Caou- 
tchouc.  Indiction,  Era  of. -Com- 
menced Jan.),  3  13.  Indigo.- Sup- 
posed to  have  been  known  about 
50  A.D.;  -first  mentioned  iri  English 
statutes,  1581. Indium. -Metal  dis- 
covered by  Reich  and  Ritcher,in Sax- 
ony, 1863.  Induction  of  Electric  Cur- 
rents.-Discovered  by  Faraday, about 
1831.  Indulgences. -Moderation  of 
ecclesiastical  punishme-nt,coimnenc- 
ed  by  Leo  III. .about  800. 
NOUSTRIAL  EXHIBITIONS.-See 
Exhibitions.  Infallibility  .-The  dog- 
ma of  papal  infallibility  was  promul- 
gated, 1 870.  Infanticide.  -In  ancient 
times,  was  very  prevalent  in  barbarous 
countries.  Infirmaries. -For  the 
sick  and  indigent,  first  founded  by 
the  emperor  Jul  ian ,  about  362. In  - 
fluenza(  la  grippe). -Appears  to 
have  been  known  about  I550.  In- 


,  . 

•fwsoria  lAnimalcules).-Leeuweri- 
hoek's  remarkable  microscopical  dis- 
coveries were  made  at  Leyden,  1 696. 
Ink.- The  ancients  had  inks  of  va- 
rious colors  besides  black,  as  red, 
gold,  silver,  and  purple;  invisible  , 
or  sympathetic  ink,  was  known 
before  1653.  Ittns.-Known  in  an- 
cient  Rome,  and  regulated  by  law. 


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INOCULATION. -For  small  pox,  in- 
troduced from  Turkey  into  Englatid 
by  Lady  Montagu, ITIS^accwe  in- 
tjcculation  discovered  by  OrJennar, 
1796.  Inquests.-  Held Jn  England 
as  early  as  325.  Irtqu-isitio-M.-For 
punishing  heresy  and  spiritual  of- 
fenses,established  buTheodosiits, 
382. Insolvency. -First  insolvency 
act  passed  by  Parlianient,l649.lii- 
surance.-  On  ships  and  merchan- 
dise, said  to  have  been  first  c  o-n- 
trived  by  Claudius,43 A. D.;in gen- 
eral use  in  Itajy,  1/94;  first  fire- 
insurance  office  in  America  was 
at  Boston,  I72^4;  first  life  hisu.r- 
ance  at  London, 1772;  first  in  Amer- 
ica at  Philadelphia,  1812 ;  firs*  -ma- 
rine insurance  in  England,  1538} 
first  fn  A-merica,l71l. 

INTEREST. -For  use  of  money,  was 
first  legalized  in  England, 1623.  Io- 
dine.-Discovered  by  DeCourtois  of 
Paris,  1812..  Iridiu-m.-Rare  metal, 
discovered  bu  Tennant,  1804. Iron  .- 
Found  on  Mt.  Ida  by  the  Dactyles, 
1432  B.C.;  wrou-ght  by  Tubal-Cain, 
3875  B.C.;  Bessemer's/irst patent, 
1856^  first  patent  for  iron  smeltinj, 
1620.  Ironclads. -War-ships  whose 
sides  are  protected  by  armor-plates, 
were  first  made  by  the  French, 1854. 
Irrigation  .-Was  practiced  in  Asia 
and  in  Egypt  from  the  most  remote 
ages  of  the  world. 

ISTHMIAN  GAMES.-1nstjtiitedat 
the  isthmus  of  Corinth  by  Sisyphus, 
about  1406  B.C.  Ivory. -Brought to 
Solomon  (torn  Tarshish,  about 992 
B.C.  Jacobus. -G-o Id  coin  made  in 
England,  1603-2.5. Jacqaard  Loom. 
-For  figu-red  fabrics,  invented  by  J. 
M.JacquarJ  of  Lyons,  1801. Janis- 
sarles.-lnfantryjnthe.  Tu-rkish. 
army  j first  organized  by  Orcan,a- 
boiit  1330.  Jeru.sale.ni,  Era  of. De - 
struction.-CommencesSept.  1, 69 
A.  D.  Jewelry. -Received  by  Rebek- 
ah  as  amarriage  gift, 1357  B.C. Jew- 
ish Era..-Commcnced  Oct.1,3761 
B.C.  Jockey  Clubs. -Instituted  in 
England,  about  1740.  John  Doe  and 
Richard  Roe. -Names  as  ^standing 
pjedges  for  the  prosecution  of  suits, 
first  used  about  12.85. 

JOINT  STOCK  COMPANlES.-Have 
been  organized  extensively  since 
1825.  Jubilees. -The  Jews  were 
comrrianded,l49l  B.C.,  to  celebrate 
a  jubilee  every  fifty  years. Judges. 
-Ruled  over  Israelites  from  1402. 
B.C.  to  1 095  B.C.  Julian  Period.  - 
Invented  bu  Joseph  Scaljger^about 
1583,  to  avoid  ambiguities  inchro- 
nological  dates,  commences  Jan, 
1,4713  B.C.  Julian  Year,Era  of.- 
Commenced  Jan.  1,45  B.C.Juno.- 
Planet  discovered  by  M.  Harding, 
of  Bremen,  Sept.  1, 1 804.  Jupiter. - 
Said  to  have  been  known  as  a  plan- 
et to  the  Chaldeans, 3,000  B.C.  Ju-ries, 
Trial  by. -Most  authorities  ascribe 
their  institution  to  A U  red, about  836. 


131 


JUSTICES  o»  the  Peace. -First  nomi- 
nated by  William  I. ,1076. Ju.tt.-Ex 
tensive  l«y  cultivated  since  1830,  for 
making  gutitiyclot  !i,etc.  Kaleido- 
scope.-Optical  instmment.invent 
ed  by  David  Brewster,l8l6.  Kainp 
tulicon. -Substance  used  for  f  loor 
1119,  patented  by  Galloway, l943.Ker- 
os«tie. -First  used  /or  illurrn'natirig 
purposes,  I826.  Keys. -The  invention 
is  ascribed  to  Theodore  of  Samos,a- 
bout  730  B.C.  Kjtider-Cartcn. -Sys- 
tem of  education  devised  by  p-roe 
bel,  I837.  Kitip.-Nimrod  is  said  to 
have  been  thef  irstfounderofaking- 
doni^AS  B.C.  Kitio'iEvil.-Scrofu- 
la, supposed, about  1058, to  be  cur- 
ed biy  the  king's  touch. 

KISSING.  -Was  a -mode  of  salutation, 
1760  B.C.;  was  common  among  the 
ancient  G-reeks.  Kncelin9. -Order- 
ed by  Paul, at  the  narne  of  Jesus, 64 
A.O.  K flights. -The  institution  of 
Roman  kniahts  is  ascribed  to  Rom- 
ulus,about  750  B.C.;  knighthood  was 
first  conferred  in  England  about  800. 
Knights  of  Pythias. -Firs*  organiz- 
ed in  Washin9ton,  D.C.,  Feb.!9,ia64. 
K-ni*titi9.-Said  to  have  been  invent 
e  tin  Spain,  about  l550.Kn:ttin9 
Maehi-we,  or  Frame. -Invented  by 


First  made  and  used  in  England,  f 
about  1 5 60. Koch's  Tuberculosis 
Cure. -Firs*  announced,  1890. 

KORAN. -The  Mohammedan  Bible, 
written  about  610,  by  Mohammed. 
Kntpp's  Cast  Steel  Factory.-At  Es- 
sen, Rhenish  Prussia,  established 
1810.  Labyrinths.  The  first  said 
to  have  been  constructed  in  t  he 
island  of  Crete,  by  Daedalus,  about 
1210  B.C.  Lace. -Very  delicate  teytu/re, 
made  in  France,  1330;  produced  by 
-machinery,  1768$  a  lace  frame  pat- 
ented by  Heathcote,l809.LacteaJs. 
Absorbtnt  vessels  connected  with 
digestion, discovered  by  Asellius  of 
Cremona,  1622.  La-Hips. -The earth- 
en Lamp  of  Ep!ctetus,about50A.D., 
is  the  first  -mentioned;  lamps  with 
horn  sides  invented  by  Alfred, about 
875;  London  strcctsfirst  lighted 
with  oil-lamp^-1681,  and  with  gas- 
lamps,  1 814. 

LAMPS,SAFETY.-Foruseiiitnines, 
invented  by  Davy,  1 815.  Language. 
-Many  are  of  opinion  that, origi- 
nally, language  was  revealed  from 
heaven,  while  others  claim  it  was 
th«  invention  of  man. (Query. -If  a. 
number  of  children  are  kept  entire- 
ly isolated  from  all  others  from  birth, 
so  far  as  hearing  any  spoken  language  3200 
is  concerned,  bu-t  are  allowed  to  asso-  3300 
ciat«  with  one  another,  and  use  the   3400 

common  utensils  of  ordinary  life,  3500 
will  they  develop  an  articulate  Ian-  3600 
guaga  ?);  There  wac  but  one  language  3700 
in  the  world  until  after  2247  B.C.  3800 

Lanterns. -Said  to  have  been  invent-  3900 
ed  by  AUred  the  Great,  about  890.  |40M 


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LANTHANIUM.-Rare  metal, discov- 
ered by  Mosander,  1839.  Lari^-Hqo- 
scope. -Instrument  for  view-irig 
the  larynx,  first  said  to  have  been 
constructed  by  Dr.  Avery  of  Lon- 
don, 1846.  Lathe. -Said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Talus, about  1240 
B.C.  Latitude. -First  determined  by 
Hipparchus  of  Nice, about  162  B.C. 
Laudanum. -Preparation  of  opi- 
um, first  employed  about  1630. 
Law. -The  Jewish  law  was  given 
by  God,  and  promulgated  by  Moses, 
14-9)  B.C.; the  laws  of  Phoroneus, 
1807  B.C.,  were  the  first  Attic  laws; 
Spartan  laws  by  LycuT9us,844 
B.C.;  Solon's  Athenian  laws, 594- 
B.C.;  Roman  laws  of  Serviusful- 
lius,566  B.C. 

LEAD.-A  rnetal  known  prior  to 
1491  B.C.:  discovered  in  England 
at  the  Clydesdale -mine, 1513;  lead- 
en pipes  for  conveying  water  Mere 
first  used  about  l236.Seeera/>/r/fe. 
Leagues. -The  first  -mentioned  is 
that  of  the  four  kings  against  the 
five,  1913  B.C.(£ew..W.).Leap-Year.- 
Originated  with  the  astronomers 
of  Julius  Caesar,  4-5  B.C. Learning 
and  the  Arts. -Flourished  among  the 
Greeks,  under  Pisistratus,  537  B.C., 
and  under  Pcricles,444B.C.Leas«.- 
A  form  of  conveyance,  invented  by 
Serjeant  Moore, about  !535:Leath- 
er. -Was  used  by  the  ancients  be- 
fore 1487  B.C.;  a  leather  cloth  was 
invented  by  theCrocketts  of  New- 
ark, N.J.,  1849. 

LEG-ION. -Corps  of  soldiers  in  the  Ro- 
man armies,  first  formed  by  Rornu- 
I us, about  720  B.C.  Letts. -Used  to 
modify  vision,  invented  by  Jansen, 
in  Holland, for  his  microscope, 1530. 
Leti*.-  Forty  daws  fas_t  be/ore  Eas- 
ter, said  to  have  been  instituted  by 
pope  Teles  phorus,  1 30.  Leprosy.-  A 
skin  disease,  first  described,  1490 
B.C.  Letters. Said  to  have  been  in- 
vented by  Memnon  of  EgMpt,ak«u4 
1822  B.C.  See  Alphabet  and  Epistles. 
Sealed  letters  issued  by  the  kings 
of  France  since  about  1670.  Let- 
tuce.-Introduced  into  Enyland 
from  Flanders  about  1520. 

LEXICON. -See  ff/ctipnary.ltyfo-n 
Jar.-For  accuinulating  electrici- 
ty, invented  by  Kleist  of  Leyden, 
1745.  Li  bel  .-Was  a  capital  offense 
buthe  Roman  laws,449  B.C. Libra- 
ries.-First  public  library  known  to 
have  existed  was  founded  at  Athens 
bu  Pisistratus,  about  540  B.C.; the 
first  private  library  was  Aristotle's, 
334  B.C.:  Alexandrian  library  of 
400,000~47~B.C.;  oldest  American 
library  is  that  of  Harvard  College, 
1638.  Licences. -For  levying  mon 
ey,  first  introduced  by  Richard  I. 
about  1 190.  Li-fe  Boat. -First  pat- 
ented by  Lukin,  1785;  life-preser- 
vers made  by  Capt.  Manby,  and 
brought  into  use,  1808. 


133 


LIGHT. -The  law  o*  re  fraction  discov- 
ered by  Snellius,  about  1624;  Us  ve- 
locity discovered  to  be  about  200,000 
mile;  per  second,  by  Reaumur,  about 
1667. Lighthouse. -First  one  erect- 
ed at  Pharos,  near  Alexandria,  550 
fee*  high,  about  2-85  B.C.Lijhttiiflji 
Rods.-First  set  up  for  the  protection 
of  buildinas,  by  Benjamin  Franklin, 
about  1752.  Lily. -Native  of  Persia, 
Syria,  and  Italy,  introduced  i-ntoEttg- 
land  bet-ore  1460.  Lime-Light. -See 
Drummond  Li'oht.  Li-tieti. -Pharaoh 
arraued  Joseph  in  vestures  of  fitie  lin- 
en, 1716  B.C. ;  co-wpany  of  linen  weav- 
ers established  i-n  London, !3<>8.Lil1- 
•iiaea-H  System  of  Botany. -Array- 
ed bu  Linnaeus,  aSwede,  1725-30. 

LITANIES. -Saul  to  have  been  first 
used  in  processions, about  400. Lith- 
ium.- Lightest  of  tne  wetals,  dis- 
covered by  Arfwedso-p,aSwede,  1817. 
Litho-fracteu-r.-An  explosive  mate- 
rial, invented  by  Engels.of  Cploone, 
about'  1 869.  Lithographic  Printing 
-Sajd  to  have  been  invented  by  Sen- 
ne-felder,  about  1796. Lithotomy. - 
Surgical  operation  of  cutting  for 
the  stone,  said  to  have  been  first 
performed  by  Ammoniu-s,  abou-t 
140  B.C.  Liturgies. -The  Creek  atid 
Rowan  liturgies  are  the  oldest,  hav- 
ing been  committed  to  writjttg  du-r- 
ing  the  4th  and  5th  cent-u-ries.Load 
stone. -See  Maymtis-rn.  Locks.-  Us- 
ed by  the  ancient  Egyptians,  Ro- 

.  wans,  and  Greeks. 

LOCOMOTIVES.-  Fi  rst  suggested  by 
Oliver  Evans, an  American,  1781; 
Cartwright's  patent,  1185;  first 
built  in  America,  1830.  Locusts. - 
One  af MM  plagues  of  Egypt,l49IB.C. 
Lojarithws. -Invented  bu  Napier 
of  Merchjston ,  abou-t  1 6 14.  Log  ic.- 
First  eminent  work  on  this  sub 
jeot  is. by  Aristotle,  about  330 B.C. 
1.09- Line. -First  used  in  navi9ation, 
about  1510.  Lo9ooraph. -Instrument 
to  represent  the  vibratory  -motions 
of  the  air-waves  of  speech,  inven-ted 
by  W.H.  Bar  low,  about  l874.Lpnp.ev- 
ity. -Methuselah  wlio  attained 
the  greatest  age,  died  at  the  age 
of  369,  3349  B.C.  Long itude.-Firsi 
determined  by  Hipparchus,atNice, 
who  fixed  the  first  degree  in  the  Ca- 
naries, 162  B.C. 

LOOM,.  -The,  art  of  weaving  is  coe 
val  with  civilization,  yet  the  great- 
est improvement  in  the  loom  was 
wade  by  Cartwrigh*,  1787. Lord's 
Dav.-Su.nday,  or  tJie  first  day  of 
the  week,  in  contradistinction  to 
the  Jewish  Sabbath, or  the  seventh 
day  of  the  week,  was -first  observed 
about  60  A.D.Lo*s.:The  casting 
of  lots  was  employed  in  the  divis- 
ion of  the  land  of  Canaan,  about- 
1444  B.C.  Lotteries. -Said  to  have 
originated  in  Florence,  about  1539. 
Love  Feasts, or  Agapae. -Institu- 
ted in  memory  of  the  last  time  that 
Christ  dte  with  his  disciples. Lucifer 
Matches. -First  used  about  1834;  fric- 
tion-matches  invented  by  Walker,  1829. 


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^  ^wi«\iormN*Y\Vvw)\YV  vvsa. 


^\  "\\\«,VCvv\&oo  en's.  C.OKW«VB\\C*O. 


LYCEUM. -The  first  was  in  Attica., 
where  Aristotle  taught,  342  B.C. 
Lymphatics.- A bsor ben  t  vessels  con- 
nected with  digestion,^  iscovered  a- 
bou-t  I650,  by  Rudbek  jti  Sweden. 
Lynch  Law. -Infliction  of  puiiish- 
went  withoitt  the  sanction  of  law, 
so  called  from  a  farmg-r  inVir9itjia, 
about  1700.  Lyre. -In  its  pri-mitive 
form,  is  said  to  have  been  invented 
by  thef irst  Egyptian  Hermes,,  and 
four  strings  were  ad<ied,niakftn)sev- 
en,  by  Terpander,  673  B.C.  Macadam- 
ized Roads. -Invented  by  John  Macad- 
am, l8l9.Maccabees,Era  of.-Gom- 
wmced  Nov.  24, 166.  Mace.-Vteap- 
on  used  by  cavalry  of  most  ancient 
-nations.  Machines.  -See  Mechanics. 

M  AGAIINES.-Atf  irst  a  miscel- 
laneous periodical,  were  first  pub- 
lished about  l73l.Ma9i.-At  first 
fire  worshippers,  afterwards  all 
learned  men. Zoroaster, king  of 
Bactria,re/ormed  the  sect  about 
550  B.C.  Magic  Laiiterti.-l*s  inven- 
tion is  ascribed  to  Roger  Bacon,  a- 
bout  126*0, also  to  Kircher,  about 
1665. MaonaCharta. -Signed  by 
Kino  John,  June  IS.iaiS.Mapnesi 
u/m. -Metal  first  obtained  by  Davy, 
l808.Ma9ttetisiM.-The  attractive 
power  of  loadstone  or  magnet  was 
Known  by  the  C-reeks  before  1000  B.C. 
Dip  of  the  needle  diseovered,J57S, 
by  Norman  of  London.  Artificial 
mayrtets  made  by  Knight,  I74ff. 
Variation  of  the.  compass  observed 
DM  Bond,  1668. 

MAGNIFYING-  GLASSES.—  Pi  rst 

made  in  England, by  Roger  Bacon, 
1260.  Map-nolia. -Introduced  in- 
to England  from  N.  America,j688 
Mail-Coaches.-  Introd  ucedtinto 
England,  1184;  introduced  into 
the  United  States, about  1770,  by 
B.  Franklin. Mal*.-Barley  prepar 
ed  for  brewing,  a  duty  laid  upon 
it, 1667.  Matipanese.-lts  distinct- 
ive character  was  proved  by  Pott, 
1 740.  Ma-nonteter.-For  measuring 
the  rarity  of  gases,  said  to  have  been 
made  by  G-u-ericke,  about  1660. Maps 
-Invented  by  Anavimander, aboul 
600  B.C.;  introduced  into  England 
about  1489. 

MARBLE. -First  sculptured  and  pol 
ished  bw  Dincepus  and  ScMllis  of  Crete 
about  568  B.C.  Marble  Paper  was 
invented  bu  a.frerman  of  the  17th 
century.  Mariner's  Co-Hipass.-See 
Compass.  Mark.-SiJver  coin  of  va 
rious  northern  nations;  was  use< 
as  atnoney  of  account  before  1 1 84 
M arriage  Otfts.-  First  conferrec 
at  the  marriage  of  Rebekah,  in 
the  form  of  jewelry,  1857  B.C. 
Mars. -A  planet  known  to  the  an 
cients;  spots  on  its  surf  ace  firs* 
observed  by  Fontana,l636.  Mar 
-tyrs. -Stephen  was  the  first  Chris 
tian  martyr,37  A.D.Masks.-Saic 
to  have  been  invented  by  Poppaea 
wife  of  Nero,_abou,t  60  A. D.  Mas 
querades.-F;rst  became  fash  ion 
able,about  1340. 


133 


____ 

1  5  72,  uoo 


MASS.-bi  the  Roman  Catholic  church, 
tint  celebrated  in  Latin,  about  394. 
Matches.-Sec  Lucifer.  Materialism. 
-Doctrine  that  the  soul  is.-theresu.il 
of  a  particular  organization  o(  mat- 
ter i»i  the  body,  and  is  loosely  applied 
to  the  system  of  Epicurus,  about  3  10 
B.C.  Mathematics.  -Sec  /fr/'Mw^/e 
arid  Algebra..  Matins.  -Morning  ser- 
vice or  prayers  in  the  Roman  Cat  ho- 
lie  church,  were  Held  A  14.9.  2.4-,  1  5  72, 
Mausoleum.  -At  Halicarnassus,oiie 
of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  ancient 
world,  erected  350  B.C.  Mauve.  - 
A  dye  produced  by  Dr.  S  ten  house 
from  lichens,  1848.  Mea*.-Flesh 
of  animals  ordained  as  -food,  2.348 
B.C.  ;  extract  of  meat  was  made-  by 
Lie  big,  1  847. 

MECHANICS.  -The  invention  of 
the  simple  -mechanical  powers  has 
been  -ascribed  to  heathen  deities; 
Aristotle  writes  on  mechanics,  a- 
bout  320  B.C.;  Archimedes,  whodled 
2.12.  B.C.,  laid  the  foundation  of  -rna- 
•ny  of  those  inventions  which  have 
been  the  boast  of  subsequent  ages. 
See  any  particular  invention  in  its 
proper  order.  Medals.  -Were  issued 
from  the  -mint  of  ancient  Rome, 
also  by  the  Lydians,  about  800  B.C.; 
modern  medals  began  about  1453 
in  Germany.  Medicinal  Siniples.- 
First  introduced  into  Europe,  from 
the  East,  1200.  Medicine.  -Pythag- 
oras endeavored  to  explain  the  phi- 
losophy of  disease  and  the  action  of 
•medicine,  about  529  B.C.:  Hippo- 
crates, the  father  of  medicine.  was 
born  about  460  B.C.  Sec  Physic. 

M  ED  I  U  M  .  -See  Sorntuathm,  Mclo- 
dcoti.-Musicial  instrument,inven- 
ted  by  Carhart,  of  Duchess  county, 
N.  Y.  .  1  836.  Melodrawa.-Originat- 
ed  with  Thos.Holc.rofi:,  1793.  Mem- 
ory. -See  Mnemonics.MetisuTatioii. 
-The  chief  advancement  in  men- 
suration, as  the  properties  of  con- 
ic sections,  the  ratio  of  spheres,sph« 
roids,etc.,  was  made  and  discover- 
ed bw  Archimedes,  who  was  born 
187  B.C.Mercator'sCharts.-Said 
to  have  been  constructed  by  Gerard 
Mercator,  about  1  556.  Mercury.  - 
The  planet  nearest  the  sun,  was 
known  to  the  ancients.  See  Quicksilver. 

MESMERISM.-  Induction  ofanab- 
•normal  state  of  the  nervous  sys 
tern,  the  doctrine  of  which  was  pu 
lished  by  F.A.Mesmer,aG-ernian 
physician,  1766.  Metals.-Tubal-Cain 
is  mentioned  as  an  instructor  of  ev- 
ery artificer  in  brass  and  iron, 
3875  B.C.;  Moses  speaks  of  the  sev- 
en metals,  about  1500  B.C.;  Virjil 
speaks  of  the  melting  of  Steel  a- 
bout  30  B.C.  Metaphysics.—  The 
science  of  abstract  reason  ing,  orig- 
inated with  Aristotle,  about  300 
B.C.  ;  -modern  metaphysics  arose  in 
•the  15th  century.  Metempsychosis. 
-Transmigration  of  souls,  the  doc- 
trine of  which  originated  with  Py- 
thagoras, about  528  B.C.  It  is  also 
ascribed  to  the  Egyptians. 


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CHRONOLOGY. 


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1 1 00  'iV^'i  C>Vi\\VN'o.-Y  Vv\  V 
1000 
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700 

600   tfi  >H*x  N>tVNe.«.\0?CLX<.A3. 

|500 
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300 
.200 
100 

O  66  A.D.WAR  OF  THE  JEWS  BEGINS 
100 


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oil  ttt 


METEOROGRAPH.-Apparatus  for 
registering  the  various  atmospheric 
changes, invented  by  Seocbiof  Rome, 
about  1867.  Meteorology.  -Science 
treating  of  atmospheric  phenom- 
ena., has  been  written  on  exten- 
sively since  aboutJSOO;  sto-.-rn- 
tvarninps  were  first  issued  in 
Holland,  I860;  </*//{/  weathercharts 
were  first  issued,  1 872.. Meteors. 
-Shooting  stars,  fire-balls,  aero- 
lites, etc.,  were  described  oy  Hal- 
ley,  Wallis, and  others, about  1630; 
the  periodicity  of  star  showers_a- 
bout  the  10th  of  August,  was  dis- 
covered by  %uetelet,  !836.Metoti- 
ic  Cycle. -Period  of  19  years, atthe 
end  of  which  the  changes  of  the 
moon  fall  on  the  same  days,  cor- 
rected bn  Calippus.  about  330  B.C. 

METRIC  SYSTEM. -Of  weights  and 
measures  in  France,  was  complet- 
ed in  1799,  and  legalized  in  1801;  le- 
galized in  the  United  States  in  186?. 
Metrottottic.-To  regulate  time  in 
the  performance  of -music,  invented 
hy  Maelzel,  1812.. Metiotinto. -Kind 
of  engraving  on  copper,  discovered 
by  Von  Siegen,  l643.Michaettnas.- 
Feas)f  of  St.  Michael, said ^ to  have 
been  instituted  in  487. Micrometer. 
-Astronomical  instrument  used  to 
measure  any  small  distances,  was 
invented-  by  Wm.G-ascoigne,about 
1640.  Microphone. -for  rendering 
weak  sounds  audible,  invented  by 
Wheatstone,  1827. 

MlCROSCOPES.-Said  to  have  been 
invented  bu  Jansen,in  Holland,  a- 
bout  1590.  Micro-Tasi-meter.—  To 
measure  infinitesimal  pressure, in 
vented  by  T.  A.  Edisori,  1878. Midwife 
ry.-A  mong  the  ancient  Egyptians 
and  Jews,  women  were  the  only 
practitioners ;  Hippocrates  .is  styl- 
ed thefather  of -Miidwifery,inG-reece 
•460  B.C.  Milk,  Condensed. -A  pro- 
cess vor  producing,  invented  by 
Mr.  Borden,near  New  York,  1849 
Milky  Way. -In  the  heavens,  was 
taught  by  Democritus  to  consist  of 
stars,  about  42.8  B.C. Mills. -Moses 
forbade  millstones  to  be  taken  in 
pledge,  1471  B.C.;  hand-mills  were 
-  used  by  the  Britons  before  55  B.C. 

v\««M)A.  MlNING-.-Has  been  practiced  from 
the  .remotest  times;  gold,  si!ver,an< 
iron  are  mentioned  as  being  mine< 
as  early  as  1520  B.C.;  tin  is  said  to 
have  been  mined  in  Britain  before 
1100  B.C.Minif  Rifle.- Invented  in 
France  by  M.Minie, about  I833,and 
Surpassed  all  preceding  it.  Min{.- 
Mints  for  coinmg  -money  existed 
among  the  ancient  Lydians ,  before 
861  B.C.^  mints  were  established  in 
England  in  Anglo-Savon  times:  firs 
in  the  United  States  at  Philadelphia 
I79a_.  Minus. -See  /Viis-Mirrors.- 
Of  silver,  were  introduced  by  Praxi 
teles,328  B.C.;  mirrors  or.  looking 
glasses  first  made  at  Venice  about 
1300;  in  England,  !673.Mi*rc.-The 
cleft  cap  or  mitre  was  worn  by  the 
Jewish  high-priest,  1491  B.C. 


134 


MNEMONICS. -Artificial  memory, 
was  introduced  bySimonides  the 
younger, 477  B.C.',  various  systems 
have  been  published  since  1600. Mod- 
els.-The  firs*  were  figures  of  I  i  v- 
ing.persons,  and  Oibutades.,  t  he 
Corinthian,  is  the  reputed  invent- 
or  of  those  in  clay. Mohammedan 
Era.. -  Commenced  July  16,  622. 
Molybdenum. -Whitish,  brittle, 
almost  infusible  metal,  discovered 
by  Scheele,  1118.  Mon  as-Very  .-See 
Abbey.  Mottey. -Mentioned  as  a 
tnediu.ru  of  commerce,  I860  B.C. 
Sec  Coin.  Money-order  Of  f  ice.- 
Established  in  England,  1792. Mon- 
itorial System.- 1  ti  education,  in 
which  pupils  are  employed  as  teach- 
ers, used  by  Dr.  Bell  at  Madras  in 
I795,  and  about  the  same  time  i  t 
was  adopted  in  London. 

MONOPOLIES.- Were  so  numer- 
ous in  En9land  about;  I60l-Z,that 
•many  were  abolished  by  Uw.Mottt 
Blanc. -In  Switzerland,  the  summit 
was  first  reached  by  Saussu.ro,  Auo. 
2,1787.  Moon. -Its  opacity, and 
the  true  causes  of  eclipses  were 
taught  by  Thales,  640  B.C.;  maps 
of  it  were  made  by  Hevelius,l647. 
Moral  Philosophy. -The  science  of 
ethics.  Socrates^about  430  B.C., 
is  re9arded  as  the  father  of  ancient, 
and  Grotius,abouH623, the  fath- 
er of  modern  moral  philosophy. 
Mor-monistn. -Founded  by  Joseph 
Srnith,about  1823. 

MORPHIA  .-Alkaloid, discovered 
in  opium  by  Sertiirner,  1803.  Mor- 
tality Tables.- The  Northampton 
tables  were  compiled  by  Dr.  Price, 
(or  1735-80;  and  the  Carlisle  ta- 
bles, by  Dr.  Hatlsham^or  1180-87. 
Mortars.- Short  ouns  for  throw- 
ing bombs,  used  at  Naples,  1435, 
and  in  England,  1543.  Mosaic 
Work. -Of  Asiatic  origin,  and 
is  probably  -referred  to  in  Esther? 
ch.  i.  6,  about  519  B.C.;  attained 
great  excellence  in  G-reece,  300 
B.C. Mowers  and  Reapers. -First 
•made  in  the.  Un  ited  States,  I845.-50. 
Mi*le.— Spinning  machine,  in- 
vented by  Samuel  Cro/mpton,  1779. 
Murder. -Capital punishment  or- 
dained for,  2348  B.C. 

MURIATIC  ACID. -Consisting  of 
chlorine  and  hydrogen,  obtained 
from  conimon  salt,  a  -process  f  01- 
condensing  it  patented  by  Ww.G-os- 
5396, 1836. Museum. -Originally  a 
flu-arter  of  the  palace  of  Alexandria, 
its  foundation  being  attributed  to 
Ptolemy  Philadelphia, who  placed 
his  library  here  about  280  B.C.  MU/ 
sic. -Jubads  mentioned  as  the  fath- 
er of  all  such  as  handle  the  -ha-r  p 
and  the.  organ, 3875  B.C.;  voca.1 
choruses  of  njen  first  mentioned, 
556  B.C.;  musica.1  notes  as  at  pres- 
ent used  were  perfected  in  l338.(See 
Ga.mu.t}.  The  musical 'pitch  was  set- 
tled in  France,  1859.  The  Tonic  sol- 
fa.  Bystern,  using  the  letters  d,r,  tn, 
etc., for  tto,  ra.,  w/,etc.,  were  invente 
by  Miss  Plover  of  Norwich,  about  1847. 


CHRONOLOGY. 


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09  A.D.  BATTLE  OF  TEUTOBURG. 


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\4USKET.-A  fire-arm  succeeding  the 
arquebus, about,  IS2l.Muslin.-Cot- 
ton  cloth,  of  oriental  origin,  -first 
made  in  England,  abou*!670.Myp- 
graphioti. -Apparatus  for  determin- 
ing: the.  velocity  of  the  nervous  cur- 
rent, invented  by  Hc!mholtz,l850 
Mytholopy .-Tradi l  ions  respecting 
the  gods  of  any  people, supposed 
to  have  been  introduced  among  the 
Egyptians,  about  1521  B.C.Naboms- 
sar.  Era  of.-Commenced  Feb.26, 
747  B.C. Naphtha. -A  clear,  com- 
bustible rock  oil,  known  to  the 
ancient  Greeks. Napier's  Bones. - 
Method  of  computing  by  means  of 
marked  pieces  of  ivory,  discovered 
about  1616. 

NATURAL  GAS  .-Has  been  known  and 
used  to  some  evtent  in  China  for 
centuries;  known  in  the  Uti  ited 
States  for  many  ye_ars  previous  to 
1884,  since  which  time  it  has  been 
extensively  explored. Natural  His- 
tory.-Was  studied  by  Solomon, 1014 
B.C.Jby  Aristotle, 384  B.C. Natural 
Philosophy. -Studied  byThalcs,a- 
bout  600  B.C.;  by  Pythagoras, 590 
B.C.  Natitraliiation. -Making  a 
foreigner  a  citiicn  of  any  country, 
first  law  passed  in  England,  1437. 
Nature  Pritttiti9. -Impressing  ob- 
jects, such  as  plants, mosses,feath 
ers, etc.,  into  plates  of  metal,  arid 
afterwards  taking  casts  or  copies 
for  printing  from,  introduced  bu 
Kniphoff  of  Erfurt,  about  1140. 

NAVIGATION. -Began  with  the 
Egyptians  and  Phoenicians;  first, 
navigation  laws  enacted  by  the  Rho- 
dians,9!6  B.C.;  first  in  England, a 
bout  1 194. Nebular  Hypothesis. - 
Supposing  the  universe  to  have 
been  formed  out  of  shapeless  mass- 
es of  nebulae,  was  put  forth  bu  Sir 
Wm.Herschel,  ISII.Needles.-Mod- 
ern  needles  were  first  made,  1545. 
Needle-fruit. -Invented  bij  J.N.  Drei; 
se  of  Soernmerda, about  1827. Neme- 
an Games. -Celebrated  atNetneain 
Achaia,  before  1226  B.C.Nephoscope. 
For  measuring  the  velocity  of  clouds, 
invented  by  Karl  Braun^aboutlSSS. 
Neptune. -A  primary  planet,first 
discovered  by  Or.&alle  atBerlin,Sep 
23,1846. 

NEPTUNIUM. -New  metal,  dis- 
covered in  tannalitc, buR.Herrtnatin, 
1 877JMews  papers.-  The  Honiati  Ac- 
ta.  Dlur-na.  were  issued, it  is  said, 
691; B.C.;  theGazetta  was  publish- 
ed in  Venice,  about  1536;  first 
real  newspaper  jn  England  was 
the  Public  /wte///0«wcer,esi:ablish- 
ed  by.  Roger  V  Estrange,  1663;  first 
continuously  published  in  Amer 
ica  was  the  Boston  News  Letter* 
1702.  New  Style. -Reckoning  time 
according  to  trie  present  calendar, 
the  old  stule  calendar  having1  been 
rectified  bu  Pope&regory  XIII, 1582 
by  calling  the  5th  of  Oct.  the  15th; 
it  was  adopted  in  England,  1752.,  by 
calling  the  3rd  of  Sept.  the  14th. 
Newtonian  Philosophy. -Respecting 
gravitation,etc.,  bt<6ir  Isaac  Newton,l687 


135 


NEW  YEAR'S  DAY.- Jan.  I,  713  B.C 
was  -made  the  firs*  day  of  the  year, 
but  fufisfquftitly  various  other  dates 
were  used.  Late  in  the  16th  century 
Jan.  I  was  universally  adopted  as 
N.Y.  D.  Nickal.-White  metal,  dis 
covered  by  Comtadr,  !75I.Nihilists.- 
Ultra.-reformcrs,  became  known 
in  Russia,  1872. Niobium. -A  rare 
metal,  discovered  by  Hatehett,  1801. 
Nitre. -See  Sn/tpeten  Nitric  Acid, 
(Aqua.  Fortis).-Compound  of  nitro- 
«en  and  oxygen,  firtt  obtained  by 
Raymond  Lullu,  about  1287.  Nitro 
Q«ti.- Elementary  «as,  discovered  by 
Rutherford,  abou*  ml. 
N  ITRO-OLYCeRINE. -Intensely  ex- 
plosive amber-like  fluid,  discovered  by 
5obre.ro,  1847.  Nobi  I  i*y, Titles  of.- 
Origirtated  with  thcaticictitfroths, 
who  first  bejan  to  attract  attention 
about  350  B.C.  Normal  Schools. - 
For  the  instruction  of  teacher«,first 
established  at  Paris,  Oct.  3  0 ,  17  94. 
Notaries.  Public. -Said  to  have  been 
first  appointed  by  the  primitive  fath- 
er* of  the  Christian  church  in   <^ve 
1st  century. Novels. -First  writ- 
ten about  400  A.  0. Numismatics. 
-Science  of  coins  and  .medals,  first 
wotk  in  England  published  on  this 
subject,  by  Evelyn,  1697. Nunnery.' 
The  first  founded  is  said  *o  have 
been  that  to  which  the  sister  of 
St.  Anthony  retired  at  the  close 
of  the  3rd  century. 
DATHS.- Were  taken  by  Abraham, 
I892.B..C.;  authorized,  149  I  B  .C.; 
administered  in  judicial  proceed- 
ings by  Savons  in  England,  about 
600;.  administered  to  judges,  1344. 
Obelisk. -The  first  mentioned  in 
history  is  that  of  Raineses,kin9  of 
Egupt,  about  I485  B.C.  Observato- 
ries.- The  first  is  said  to  have  been 
erected  on  -the  top  of  the  temple  of 
Balus  at  Babylon. abou-t  2134  B.C.; 
one  was  erectet  by  Ptolemy  Soter 
at  Alexandria,, about  300  B.C.;  Im- 
perial at  Paris,  1667  ',  Royal  atGreen 
wich,!67S;  National  at  Washington, 
1845.  Odd  Fellows.-Fir'.i  lodge  iri 
the  United  States  established  at 
Baltimore,  Apr!  1 26, 1819.  Ode*.-Are 
very  ancient.  Anachreon's  were 
composed  about  532.  B.C., and  Pin- 
dar's from  498  to 44  6  B.C. 
ODONTOLOOY.-Science  of  the  teeth, 
may  be  said  to  have  really  begun  with 
the  researches  of  Richard  Owen,  a- 
bout  1839.  091^96*.  Delude  of.-Said 
*o  have  occurred  1164  B.C.  Ohm's 
Law.-For  determining  the  quan- 
tity of  th«  electro-motive  force  of 
the  Voltaic  battery,  was  publish- 
ed in  1827. Oil. -Used  forburnino 
in  lamps,  about  1921  B.C.  Old  Tes- 
ta-men*.-Finished  about430  B.C.; 
translated  mtoG-reek  by  Aqu-fla, 
128.  Olef  iant  &*s.-Comb'itiation  of 
hydroorn  and  carbon, formed  arti- 
ficially by  Berthelot,  1867. Oleo- 
•maryArmc. -Invented  (869. Olives. 
-Their cultivation  wastauoht  bu 
Cecrops  at  Athens,  1556. B.C. 


CHRONOLOGY. 


O  49  B.C.  CA1SAR  PROCLAIMED  DICTATOR 
100 

1(200 

300 

400 


OLYMPIADS. -Era  of  the  frreeUs, 
commenced  Julg  1,776  B.C.OIyrn- 
picG-atnes.-Said  to  have  been  in- 
stituted in  hoiior  of  Jupiter  by 
the  Idae!  Dactyl!,  1453  B.C. Omens. 
-Amphictyon  was  the  first  who 
is  recorded  as  having  drawn  pro9- 
tio9tic4ations  from  ornens,  1497  B.C 
Otnni buses. -The  original  idea 
of  such  conveyances  is  ascribed 
to  Pascal,  about  1662;  first  made 
in  Paris,  1828;  in  London,  1829; 
in  New,  York,  1830. Otmiritietcr.- 
Surveym?  apparatus,  invented 
by  EcUhold  of  &er-many, about 
1869.  Operas. -Said  to  have  been 
first  corn  posed  by  Adam  de  la  Hale, 
aTrouvere,  who  was  born,  1 240,. 

OPHTHALMOSCOPE. -Apparatus 
for  inspecting  the  interior  of  t  he 
eye,  invented  by  Helm holtz, about 
I8SI.  Opju/m..-Known  to  the  a-n- 
cients,  it  bein9  mentiorted'bM  Ho- 
mer, about  900  B.C. Optics. -A  sci- 
ence studied  by  the  G-reeks  before 
400  B.C.  Optic  Nerves.- Said  to  have 
been  discovered  by  Varole  of  60)09- 
na, about  IS38.Optimisrri.-Doc- 
trine^hat  everything  which  hap- 
pens Is  for  the  best,  its  germ  be- 
ing found  in  Plato,  428  B.C.  Ora- 
cles. -Revelations  -made  by  ftod  to 
man, mentioned, Exod.  XXV.  18- 
22,1491  B.C.  Oranges. -The  sweet, 
or  China  orange,  was  first  Intro- 
duced into  Europe  from  China  by 
the  Portu9uese,  1547.  Oratorio. - 
Kind>  of  sacred  musical  drama,  its 
origin  being  ascribed  to  St.  Philip 
Neri,  about  1550. 

ORDINATION. -Of  ministers  in- 
to the  Christian  chuTcKbegan  with 
Christ  and  his  apostles.  Organs  .- 
Their  invention  is  attributed  to  Ar- 
chimedes, about  220  B.C.;  used 
in  thechu.rch.es  of  theG-reek  Em- 
pire, 65  A. 0.;  in  England  , about 
951 ;  played  at  a  distance  by  e  lee- 
trie  connection,  1868. Ortiithol- 
ooy  .-Science  treating  of  birds. Lin- 
naeus divided  birds  into  si*  orders, 
1735.  Orphan  Houses.-First  erect- 
ed by  the  emperor  Trajan,  about 
75  A. 0. Orrery. -Planetary  appara 
tus  to  i  1 1  ustrate  the  motions  o  f 
the  heavenly  bodies, supposed  to  have 

.been  invented  about458B.C. 

OSCILLATING  ENGINE. -in vented 

by  Witty,  1813.  Osmium.  -Metal, 
discovered  by  Ten-nan  t,  1803.  Os- 
trich.-Native  of  A/Tiea,weri- 
tioned  in  Job  XXXIX.  14, 1520  B.C. 
Ounce. -Sixteenth  part  of  t  He 
pound  avoirdupois, and  twelfth 
part  of  the  pound  troy,  its  precise 
weight  having  been  fixed  by  Hen- 
ry III.,  1233. OvsTseert.- For  the 
poor,  were  appointed  in  England, 
1 69 1..D  xal ic  Acid .- Process  for  o b- 
taming  it  was  patented  byDr.Dale, 
1862.  Oxygen.-  Discovered  in  1774 
by  Priestly,  OysferS.-  In  Britain, 
are  mentioned  by  Juvenal,  1 00  A.O. 
Ozone. -Was  discovered  by  Schb'n- 
bei-n  of  Basel,  1840. 


PACIFIC  CABLE.- From  San  Fran- 
cisco *o  Hawaiian  Islands,  propos- 
ed 1891.  Padlocks. -Said  to  have  been 
invented  by  BeecHer  at  Nuremberg, 
1540,  but  are  mentioned  as  early 
as  l39l.Pa9ans.-The  heath<m,first 
so  called,  about  33 1.  Painting.- Os 
yman.dyas  of  Egypt  caused  his 
exploits  to  be  represented  in  paint- 
ing, 2100  B.C.  Palaeontology.— A 
branch  of  oeology,  a  science  found- 
ed in  the  19th  century,  by  Cuvier, 
Mantell,  Agassii,  Owen, Forbes,and 
Blainvtlle.  Palladium. -Rare  met- 
al,discovered  by  Dr.Wallaston,l803. 
Pallas. -Planet,  discovered  by  01- 
bers  at  Bremen,  1802.  Paint  Sun- 
day.-Observed  since  33  A.  D. 

PAMPHLETS. -First  made- *heir 
appearance  about  J525.  Panora- 
mas.-Birds' e.ye  views  painted  round 
the  wall  of  acircular  building,  in- 
vented by  Robert  Barker, about 
1788.  Pantapraph.  -Instrument 
for  copying,  reducing,  or  enlarg- 
ino  plans, etc.,  invented  bw  Chris- 
topher Schemer,  about  1603-Patita- 
leon.- Musical  instrument, invent- 
ed by  Pantalepn  Hebenstreit,about 
1735.  Pantheism. -Doctrine of  "ev- 
erything is  C-od,and  God  is  one,"was 
especially  taught  by  Xenophanes,who 
died  500  B.C.  Pantomimes. -Rep- 
resentations by  gestures  and  atti- 
tudes, were  introduced  on  the  Ro- 
man stage  bu  Py lades  and  8ai-hi.il- 
lus,  22  B.C. 

PAPAL  INFALLIBILITY.- A  dogma 
promulgated  at  the  general  council 
at  Rome.,  July  18,  1810.  Paper.-  In- 
vented in  China, HO  B.C.;  made 
of  cotton,  1000;  of  linen  raps,  13 19; 
introduced  into  England, 1588;  the 
first  white  paper,  !690.PaperHano- 
ings.-Stamped  paper. for  this  pur- 
pose was  first  made  in  Spain  and 
Holland  about  1555. Paper Mill.- 
Invented  by  Whatman,  1770.  Pa- 
per Moneu.-  First  used  in  Amer- 
ica, 1740.  Parachu-tes.- First  con- 
structed and  used  by  Blanchard,ll85. 
Para/fin..- A.  substance  resembling 
spermaceti,  first  produced  by  distil- 
lation of  coal,  by  Reichenbach,[830 
Parasols. -Were  used  by  the  ancient 
Egyptians;  came  into  general  use 
about  1820. 

PARCHMENT.- Invented  for  writ- 
ing books  by  Attalus  of  Pergamus, 
about  887  B.C. Pardons. -Were first 
proclaimed  at  cororiations.by  Ed- 
ward III.,  1327.  Parishes. -Their  boiin 
darie.s  first  fired  in  England  by  Ho- 
norius,S36.  Parkesine. -Substance  3000 
composed  of  gun-cotton,  obtained  3100 
from  various  vegetable  bodies, and  3200 
oil, invented  by  Ale*. Parks  of  Bir-  3300 
mingham, about  !862.Parks.-Werc  3400 
attached  to  villas  by.  ancient  Romans.  3500 
Parricide. -Such  acrime  not  being  3600 
thought.possible,  there  was  no  law  3700 
against  it  at  either  ancient  Athens  3800 
or  Rome.  The  first  mentioned  is  3900 
that  of  L.Ostius, who  killed  his  dnnn 
father.about  172  B.C. 


CEN. 

1900 
1800 
1700 

1600 
1500 
1400 
1300 
1200 
1100 
1000 
900 
800 
TOO 
600 
^500 
400 
§300 
200 

°IOO 
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1300 
'400 
500 
600 
TOO 
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900 
1000 
1100 
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1300 
1400 
1500 
1600 
1700 
1800 
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MOO 
2500 
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2900 


CHRONOLOGY. 


W  'ba.xowi  "ivxyrnvvV  Xot\vart\e/w\»<y<\e,  . 


^  \>v,  KVWVG. 
i  &o\i\<w\  V\. 
«  con\-n\ei(\oe%. 
42  A.  D.  PETER  IMPRISONED  BYACRIPPA 


ot  if 


v&XC!  towe'\t\XoVxX\c».. 


'ARTHEON.-Temple  at  Athens.ded- 
icated  to  Mine-cva,  erected  about 
44ZB.C.  Passion  Week.  -The  week 
preceding  Easter,  so  called  since 
the  Reformation.  Passover.  -Most 
solemn  festival  of  the  Jews,  insti- 
tuted 1491  B.C.  Patatifcs.-  First 
granted  in  England,  1344;  first 
in  America,  1790.  Pavcttieti*s.- 
The  CaTthaqinians(Carthage 
founded  1233  B.C.)  are  said  to  have 
been  the  first  to  pave  their  sheets 

•with  stones:  London  was  first 
paved  about  1533:  Paris,  1  1  86. 
Paw-n  broking.-  Practiced  by  Ro- 
man emperors  in  lending  money 
upon  land;  borrowing  money  on 
deposited  pledges  is  traced  to  Peru- 
gia, Italy,  about  1462. 

PEACHES.  -Said  to  have  been  ititro 
duced  into  England  from  Persia,  a 
bout  1562.  Pearls.  -Mentioned  in 
Job  xxviii.  18,  1520  B.C.Pedlars. 
First  licensed  in  England,l698.  Pe- 
dometer  and  Odometer".—  For 
measuring  the  distancetravers- 
ed  by  a  walker  or  carriage,  the  lat 
ter  was  used  in  the  15th  century, 
and  the  former  first  patented,  1783 
PendM.lM.rnS.-  Origin  traced  to 
Galileo's  observation  of_thevibra 
tions  of  a  hanging  lampinachurch 
at  Pisa;  the  isochronous  property 
applied  to  clocks  by  &alileo,about 
1639.  PctiTiy.  -The  first  silver 
coin  made  in  England,  and  was 
current  amon<>  the  Anglo-Saxons 
Penny  Posfcase.-  First  introduced 
in  Enoland,  1839. 
ENS.-G^M.ills  In  use  previous  to 
1803;  steel  pens  first  wade  by  Mr. 
Wise  of  England,  1803,  and  great- 
ly improved  by  Mr.&illott  of  Bir- 
mingham, 182.2.  Pctisiotis.-ftra^t 
ed  in  England  before  1700;  first  in 
America,  1776.  Pentameter  Verse. 
First  used  about  the  7th  cen.  B.C. 
Pe-nta*euch.-First  five  books  of  the 
Bible,  probably  written  about  1452 
B.C.Pcntecost.-Solemn  festival  of 
the  Jews,  instituted 


per.-Was  used  as  a  medicine  by  the 
G-reeks,  500  B.C.Pepsiti.  -Organic  sub 
stance,  found  by  Schwamm  i  ;i  gas 
trie  juice,  and  evperimented  on  by 
M.BIondlot,  1843.  Percussion  Caps 
First  used  between  1820  and  1830 

PERFUMERY.-Used  !490B.C;itbe 
came  fashionable  in  England  aboul 
1  550.  Perjury.  -The  ancient  Greeks 
punished  it  by  marks  of  infamy 
and  the_  Romans  by  throwing  from 
a  precipjce.  Perpetual  Motion.-  Oe 
clared  impossible  by  Sir  Isaac  New 
ton,  and  affirmed  by  the  academy 
of  sciences  at  Paris,  1775.  Persian 

.  Era  of  Yezdegird.-  Commenced 
June  16,  632.  Perspective.  -In  draw 
ing,  was  known  to  the  a-mients, 
but  seems  to  have  been  a  lost  art 
until  revived  by  Durer,  Del  Borgo, 
and  Bramantino,  about  1440.  Pcr- 
i*ke  or  Wig.  -The  ancients  used 
false  hair,  but  the  present  wig  was 
first  worn  in  Italy  about  1620. 


137 


PERUVIAN 

uits'  Bark, from  the  cinchona  . ._ 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  cincho 
n&  and  quinine,  discpvered.inPeru 
about  1535  by  a  Jesuiv.Pessitnistn. 
The  doctrine  that  everything  which 
happens  is  for  the  worst,  has  been 
brought  out  as  a  philosophical  sys- 
tem since  1819, but  was  taught  in 
many  ancient  writings. Pestalox 
n'an  System  of  Education. -Oevis 
ed  by  John  Henry^Pestaloizi,  who 
was  born  in  Switzerland,  174$, 
and  died,  1817.  Petard. -I nstru 
ni«nt  used  for  blowing  up  gates, 
barriers, «tc.,  invented  by  the  Hu 
auenots,  about  1579. 
PETITIONS. -Of  the  time  of  Edward 
I.,  1239,  are  cxrtant.  Petroleum. - 
Discovered  in  the  bituminous  coal 
regions  of  N.W.  Pennsylvania,  1859. 
Pews. -Were  used  in  churches  in 
London,  1453.  Phalanx.  -Consist 
<d  of  8000  men  in  a  square  battal 
ion,  that  of  Philip  of  Macedon  be 
ing  formed  about  360  B.C.Pharttia 
cy. -Knowledge  of  the  chemical  and 
medicinal  properties  of  drugs;  a  so- 
ciety was  formed  in  England  !ri 
1841.  Pharos. -Of  Ptolemy  Philadel 
phus  of  Alexandria^  one  of  the  eev 
en  wonders  of  the  world, complet 
ed  about  283  B.C.Phctiophthalrno 
scope. -For  investigating  the  move 
me-nts  of  the  eye-ball,  invented  by 
Ponders  of  Utrecht, about  1870. 
PHILIPPICS.-Orationsof  Demosthe 
nes  against  Philip  II.  of  Macedon, 
352-341  B.C.Philology.-Scierice  at 
language,  much  studied  during  the 
19th  century.  Philosophical  Lamp 
-Constructed  by  Johann  Wolfgano 
Dobereiner  about  1823.  Philoso- 
phy.-Pythagoras  first  adopted 
the  name  of  philosopher  about 
528  B.C.  Phoneidoscope.-For  ob 
serving  the  color-figures  of  liquid 
films  under  the  action  of  sonorous 
vibrations,  invented  by  S«dky  Tay- 
lor, 1877.  Phonograph. -For  imi- 
tating vocal  sounds  of  speech,  pro 
jectad  by  Mr.  Creed,  1747;  patent 
ed  by  Mr.  Fenby,  1863;  new  one 
by  Mr.  Edison,l877.  Phonography 
Suggested  by  Franklin,l768;  in- 
vented bu  Isaac  Pitman,  1837. 
PHONOSCOPE. -For  testin9*he 
quality  of  musical  strings,  invent 
ed  by  M.  Koenig,  about  1862.  Phos- 
phorus.-Discovered  by  Brandt  of 
Hamburg,  1667,  who  procured  it 
from  urine.  Phosphor-Bronze. - 
Alloy  of  copper,  tin, and  phospho- 
rus, invented  bit  Montefiore-levi 
and  Kunzel.of  Belgium, !867.Pho- 
to-Enyraviti9.-The  principle  dis- 
covered by  Niepce  in  the  early  pau 
of  the  19th  century;  some  methods 
for  half-tone  engravings  were  pat- 
ented by  Fo*  Talbot,  1852  and  1858 
Photography. ;Theactionof  light 
on  chloride  of  silver  was  known  as 
early  as  the  16th  century;  studied 
by  Scheele,  1771 ;  by  Wcdgetvood,  1805; 
Dag*erre,f824;  Talbot,  1839. 


CEN.YR  CHRONOLOGY. 

1900 

1800 

1700  "W  VV^OMY*'*  iv^Keyvbav  ,  Oc.X  .W  . 

1600 


1\  ^\ 


WOO 

1300 

I200 

IIOO 

1  000 

900 

800 

700 

600 

'500 

400 

300 

.200 

^100  .. 

*  O  61  A.  D.ST.PAUL  IMPRISONED  AT  ROME 

1  00  W  V\\XV\  o\  i\v\'\\n.*  G«,«,*\  ,  VvVj  VX. 

;200  W  ^OYftUftt  &e4«-aXe^  •j.X\V'<as\'»r\ft\\e 


400 
w500 
1600 
700 
800 
900 
1000 
IIOO 
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1500 
1600 
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1800 
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2300 
2400 
2500 
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2800 
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3000 
3100 
3200 
3300 
3400 
3500 


«X(yA  o*  Oq^e)e,l=.\)e.o,'\\\'b. 


W  ^\ywas.X\) 


3700 
3800 
3900 


PHOTOMETER. -Light  measurer, 
invented  by  Dr.  Ritchie,  1825. Phre- 
nology.-Study  of  the  evternal  form 
of  the  Human  scull,  as  indicative  of 
-mental  powers  and  -moral  qualities, 
first  propounded  by  Dr.Oall,  a  C-e  r- 
man  physician, bor-n_!n  1758.  Phys- 
ic.-Theory  or  practice  •^•n>«af- 
ci-ue,  appears  to  have  been  first 
practiced  by  the  Eo.yptian  priests 
See  Medicine.  Physics. -Natural 
philosophy,  among  the  first  who 
gave  especial  attention  to  the  sub- 
ject, are  Thales,  about  600  B.C.,  Py- 
thagoras, 590,  and  Aristotle  and 
Plato,  350  6.  C.  Physiognomy  .- 
Study  of  the  dispositions  frorn 
the  features  of  the  face,  the  ori- 
gin of  the  science  is  attributed  to 
Aristotle, about 350  B.C. 

PHYSIOLOGY.-Science  whjch  treats 
of  the  organs  of  living  bodies  and 
their  functions.  The  work  of  Miil- 
ler(born  1801)  is  one  of  the  earliest 
on  the  s_ub;ect.  Piano-forte.— The 
invention  is  attributed  to  Cristo- 
falli,ati  Italian,  J.C.Schrb ter,a&er- 
rnan,  and  Marius,aFrenchman,ear- 
ly  in  the  18th  century.  Pigeons. - 
Employed  as  carriers  by  the  ancients. 
Hirtiu-s  and  Brutus  corresponded 
by  means  of  pigeons  at  the  siege  of 
Modena, about  40  B.C.Pilarittia- 

Ses.  -Began  with  that  of  the  empress 
elena  to  Jerusalem, 326.  Pillo- 
ry.-Frame  used  for  the  i}-if  fic- 
tion of  punishrnenfc,usedasear- 
ly  as  I25ff. 

PlNS.-Mentioned  first  jn  an  Eng- 
lish statute,  1483,  and  first  wade, 
1543;  first  made  by  machinery  in 
America,  1832. Pipes. -Of  lead.for 
conveying  water,  first  made  in 
1544.  See  Tobacco  Pipes.  Piracyv 
Was  severely  suppfessed^y,  the 
Romans  before  67  B.C. Piscicul- 
ture.-First  laws  enacted  for  the 
protection  of  fisheries  were  enact- 
ed in  England,  1284.  Pistols.- The 
smallest  fire-arms,  said  to  have 
been  invented  at  Pistoia  in  Italy; 
first  used  by  English  cavalry,  1544. 
Pitch  and  Tar. -First  made  from 
pit  coal  at  Bristol,  1779. Plagues.- 
Those  of  Egypt  were  149)  B.C.;  the 
first  recorded  general  plague  in 
all  parts  of  the  world  occurred 
767  B.C. 

PLANETS.- Jupiter,  IVlars,etc.,s«« 
eachn'n  its  alphabetic  order.  Plan- 
etarium.-See  Orrery.  Platonic 
Philosophy. -That  founded  by  Pla- 
to, and  noted  for  comprehensive- 
ness, 409  to  347  B.C.PIatiiwteter.- 
For  measuring  the  area  of  any 
figure  by  the  passage  of  a  tracer 
round  about  its  perjmeter,  i  n- 
vented  bMAmslerin  England 
about  1872. Planing  Machine. - 
One  for  wood  was  invented  by 
Bra-mah,  about  1802,  and  one  for 
iron,  by  Clement,  1825. Plaster  of 
f art*. -Fjrst  found  near  Paris. Cast- 
ing with  it  from  the  face  was  first 
discovered  by  Verrochio,  about  I486. 


138 


PLATING-.- Art  of  covering  baser  met- 
als with  a  thin  coatof  silver, tiickel, 
etc.,  said  to  have,  been  invented  by 
a  Birmingham  spur-maker;  elec- 
tro-depositing was  first  success- 
fully done  by  Mr.  Spencer  in  Eng- 
land, and  Pro/.  Jacob!  in  Russia, 
1831-8. Platinum. -Heaviest  of.all 
the  metals. (See  Specific Grav/'tt/ 
underweights  and  Measures).  It 
was  -found  in  South  America  by 
the  Spaniards, and  was  unknown 
in  Europe  be-fore  1741.  Plays.— 
First  acted  at  Rome,  240  B.C.  Plead- 
I-H9S. -Originated  with  Clpthaire,a- 
bout  616.  Plows. -Mentioned  in 
De.ut,  x-xii.  10,  1451  B.C. 

PLUMS. -The  finer  varieties  Intro- 
duced into  Er^land  from  Italy  and 
Flanders  abou*  l522.Plu-nibaoo.- 
See  Graphite.  Plus  (+)  .an  d  M  i- 
iiifs(— ). -Their  invention  is  at- 
tributed to  eitter  Christopher  Ru- 
dolph, about  1522.,  or  to  Michael 
Stifelius,  about  1 5 44. Pneumatic 
Despatch. -For  conveying  letters 
and  parcels  through  tubes  by  means 
of  atmospheric  pressure  and  a  vac- 
uum,-first  used  in  London,  1861. 
Pneumatic  Loom. -In.which  corn- 
pressed  air  is  the  motive  power,  in- 
vented by  Mr.  Harrison  about- 
1864.  Pneumatics. -Science  tieat- 
ing  of  the  mechanical  properties 
of  air  and  gases.  See  Air.  Poc*- 
Laureate . - C h au-cer  assumed  this 
title  about  1389. 

rOETRY.-The  song  of  Moses  onthe 
delivery  of  the  .Israelites,  1491  B.C., 
is  the  most  ancient  poetry  extant. 
Poisoning. -A  conspiracy  was  fortn 
ed  by  a  number  of  Roman  ladies 
who  poisoned  their  husbartds,33l 
B.C.,  and  170  of  them  were  executed 
Polar  Clock. 7By  which  time  is  meas- 
u.red  by  polarized  light,  invented, 
by  Wheatstone,  about  1849.  Polari- 
zation of  Light. -Discovered  b  y 
Huyghens,  abqut«l692.Pole  Star.- 
jn  the  constellation  Ursa  Minor-., 
its  discovery  is  ascribed  bytheChi- 
nese  to  their  empe-ror,  Hong-t!,who 
flourished  about  1970  B.C. Pol  ice.- 
The  London  police  grew  out  of  the 
London  watch,  instituted  about 
1253. 

POLITICAL  ECONOMY.-A  science, 

dating,  in  England  from  the  publi- 
cation of  Adam  Smith's  "Wealth 
of  Nations,  H76.Politician-.-The 
term  was  first  used  in  France  about 
l569.Poll-Tax.-EYisted  awptig  the 
ancient-  Romans;  first  levied  in 
England,  1380. Polo. -Came  of  ball 
termed  hockey  played  on  horseback, 
became  popular  ab,out  1872. Polyg- 
amy.-Practiced  by  Lamech,3874 
B.C.;  was  permitted  among  most 
of  the  early  nations.  Polytechnic 
Institutions. -First  was  opened 
at  Paris,  1794.  Pompey's  Pillar. - 
Famous  column  standing  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Alexandria,  said 
to  have  been  erected  by  Publius, pre- 
fect of'Egypt,  about  296  A.D. 


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*ONTIFFS. -Highest  Roman  sacer- 
dotal order, established  by  IMuma 
Pornpilius, about  690  B.C.Popc.- 
The  title  was  first  adopted  by  Hy- 
pinus,  l33.Popliri.-Elegant  si  IK 
and  worsted  fabric,  made  iti  Franc* 
before  I693.  Porcelaitt.- Formed 
of  earth  kaolin,  was  made  in  Chi- 
na in  the  2nd  century  after  Christ. 
Por#er.-A  beverage  first  so  called 
in  London  abou-t  I730. Positive 
Philosophy. -Set  forth  byAu9uste 
Comte,an  eminent  mathemati- 
cian, born  about  I79S.  Pps*s.- 
Said  to  have  originated  with  Cyrus, 
who  erected  post-houses  throu9h 
out  Persia,  about  550  B.C. 

POST-OFFICES. -First  establish- 
ed between  Vienna  and  Brussels, 
I5l6;evisted  in  England,  I635; 
first  in  America,  1 7^0  ;  postage- 
stamps  introduced  in  England, 
I840;  in  America,  I847.  Potas- 
sium.-A  metal  discovered  by 
Davu,l807.Po*ato8S.-Native  of 
Chili  and  Peru,  first  introduced 
into  England,  (565.  PoMcry  .- 
The  manufacture  of  earthenware 
e*iste'd  among  the  Jews  asan  hon 
orable  occupation  before  I300  B.C. 
Pou.nd.-A  weight,/>on</us,which 
existed  among  the  ancient  Rowans 
Praetorian  Guards. -instituted  by 
the  emperor  Augustus,  13  B.C. 

PFWE.TORS. -Roman,  magistrates 
One  was  appointed  in  365  B.C.;  a 
second,  252  B.C.  Prayers.-KTWeri 
began  men  to  call  upon  trie-name 
of  the  Lord  "  (Gen.  iv.  26),  387  5 
B.C. Precedence. -Established  in 
very  early  ages,  and  was  amongs 
the  laws  of  Justinian,  527-9  A.D. 
Pries*. -In  G-en.  xiv.  IS,  Welch rz.- 
adek,king  of  Salem,  is  called" priest 
of  the  most  high  God, "  I9I3  B.C. 
Printer. -A  book  socalleo^frorn 
the  Romish  book  of  devotions, for- 
merly set  forth  as  the  first  book 
children  should  /read  in  schools; 
primers  were  printed  in  I  535. 
Prini09et«i*u.re,  Right  of. -A  su 
periority  that  the  f  irst-Borti  has 
over  his  brethren, a usa?e brought 
down  from  the  earliest  patriarch 
al  ages. 

PRINTING. -Block  printing  invent; 
ed  by  the  Chinese,  about  533  A.D. 
movable  type  said  to  have  been  in 
vented  in  the  10th  century, also 
by  Faust  afM.enti,  1440  ;  -f  irst 
book  printed  in  America  at  Me* 
ico,  1535;  first  p/ress  in  the  United 
States  at  Cambridge,  1639;  acylin 
der  press  patented  by  Nicholson, 
1790;  Adam's  press,  1830  ;  Hoe 
press,  1847}  printing  in  colors 
was  begttn  in  1455.  Prisoners- 
of  War.-  Enslaved  by  ancient  na 
tions;  f  irst.exchanged  in  the  13th 
century.  Privateers. -Licensed  pri 
vate  ships  in  time  of  war,  the  prai 
tice  being  said  to  have  originatec 
with  Edward  I.,  about  1295. Pri- 
vy Council. -The  first  is  said  to 
have  been  instituted  by  Alfred,  895 


139 


PROBABILITY, THEORY  op.-orig 

inaud  by  Pascal, and  taken  up  by 
Fertnat,  in  theircorrespondence, 
1654.  Proba*« Court.- Establish- 
ed in  Etidland,  1857.  Profiles. - 
The  first  recorded  profile  taken 
was  that  of  Antigonus,who,hav- 
itio  but  one  cue,  his  likeness  was 
so  taken, 330  B.C.  Promissory 
Notes. -Regulated  and  allowed  to 
be  assignable,  1705.  Propelling 
Wheels. -Invented  by  Volturius, 
l-i"; .  Prophets.- An  order  insti- 
tuted, or  at  least  reformed,  buSaw- 
uel,who  was  born  about  1137 
B.C.,  though  Abraham  is  spoken 
of  as  a  prophet,  1396  B.C. 

PROTEIN. -The  basis  of  albumen, 
fibrin, and  casei-n,  the  term  being 
first  used  bu  Mulder,  about  1844. 
Protestants. -First  so  called  at 
the  diet  of  Spires  in  C-er-many, 
April  19, 1529.  Proverbs.-Those 
of  Solomon  are  dated  about  1000 
B.C. Proxies,  Voting  ,by.-Ati ancient 
practice  in  the  English  par  I  la- 
ment, was  regulated  by  law,a 
bout  1630.  Prussic  Acid.  -Discov- 
ered by  Oiesbach,l709.Psalms.- 
Those  of  David  were  collected  by 
Solomon, about  1000  B.C. Pseudo- 
scope. -A  reversed  stereoscope,  in- 
vented by  Wheatstone,|8S2.Psy- 
cltrottie*«r.-For;measuring  the 
amount  of  elastic  vapors  in  the 
atmosphere,  invented  bii&uy 
Lussac,who  died,  1850. 

PTOLEMAIC  SYSTEM.-By  Clau- 
dius Ptolemy  of  Egypt,  about  140 
A.D.,  supposes  the  earth  to  be  fix- 
ed in  the  centre  of  the  universe, 
and  that  the  sun, -moon,  and 
stars  move  -Pound  once  in  twen 
ty-four  hours.  The  Pythagorian 
System  (500  B.C.),  fixing  the  sun 
as  the  centre,  was  revived  i  n 
1530  by  Copernicus,  and  subse- 
quently demonstrated  by  Kepler 
(I6l9),and  Newton (1687). Public 
Schools. -See  Common  Schoob.ful- 
ley.-Said  to  have  been  invented 
byArchytas  of  Tarentutn, about 
400  B.C. 

PULMAN  CARS. -The  palace  cars 
were  patented  in  1864,  and  the 
vestibuled,  1887.  Pumps. -The  in- 
vention is  ascribed  to  Danaus,at 
Lindus,  1485  B.C., and  subsequent 
ly  toCtesibius  of  Alexandria, about 
224  B.C.  Punctuation. -The  peri- 
od (.)  is  the  most  ancient;  the 
colon  ('.)  was  introduced  about 
1485.;  the  comma  (,),  152.1;  the 
semicolon  (;),  1570;  the  interro- 
gation!?) ,  asterisk  (•),  and  paren 
theses (),  l387.Puppe**.-Of  which 
the  eyes, arms, etc.,  were  moved 
bu  strings,  were  used  by  the  an- 
cjents  before  444,6.0.  Purga- 
tive*.- For  evacuating  the  intes- 
tines, are  ascribed  to  Actuarius, 
a  Greek  physician,  1245. 


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CHRONOLOGY. 


"VX  tV« 


XT. 


94  A.D.8T.  JOHN  BANISHED  TO  FATMOS. 


YX 


o4  VCxrvioo  tx 


URGATORY.-Ooctrineof  the  Ro- 
man Catholics  tha.t  there  is  a. 
middle  place  between  heaveti  and 
hell,  known  since  about  250  A. D. 
Pitri/ication.- After  child  birth, 
ordained  by  the  Jewish  law  i  n 
1430  B.C.  Purple. -Mixed  tin9e 
of  blue  and  scarlet,  discovered 
at  Tyre  before  1490  B.C.  Pyra- 
mids of  Egypt. -They  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  commenced 
about  1500  B.C.  The  o  txatest  is 
said  to  have  been  erected  bw  Che- 
ops, 1082.  B.C.Pyrolo*er.-Fire- 
extinguisher  for  use  in  ships  , 
invented  by  Dr.  Paton,  about 
1 875.  Pyroitie.*cr.  -Thermometer 
for  measuring  the  heat  offurna- 
ces,  described  by  Muschenbroek. 
I73I. 

PYROPHONE.-A  singing-flamed 
musical  instrument, invented  by 
Frederic  Kastner  of  Paris,  abou-t 
1 873.  Pythagorean  Philosophy. 
-By  Pythagoras, about  555  B.C. 
He  taught  the  doctrine  of  the 
transmigration  of  souls,  forbid 
the  eating  of  f  lech, and,  beans.in 
vented  the  multiplication  table, 
improved  geometry ,  and  tau-pht 
the  present  system  of  astronomy. 
Pythian  Oan-ies. -Instituted  in 
honor  of  A  polio,  near  the  tem- 
ple of  Delphi, about  12.63  B.C.  — 
G(.u.ackcry  .-Quack  medicines 
were  taxed  in  1,783. flU*adrarit. 
-Mathematical  instrument,  in- 
troduced about  2.30  B.C. 

QUADRIULE.-A  dance, wade  pop- 
ular about  1810,  Q^uadruplex 
Telegraphy. -Four  messa9cs  a- 
long  one  wire,  perfected  in  1876 
by  Prescott,  Smith.and  Edison. 
€l.uakers.-A  sect  founded  about 
1646,  in  England,  by  G-eorge  Fox. 
Quarantine. -First  observed  at 
Venice  about  I  I27.^uatei-tiion. 
-Important  mathematical  tneth 
od  or  calculus,  invented  by  Sir 
Ww.  Hamilton.about  [84-3.  H  is 
"Lectures  on  Quaternions" was 
published  in  1853.  C^ucen. -The 
first  woman  invested  with  sov- 
ereign authority  was  Sewiratnis, 
queen  of  Assyria,  2017  B.C. 

QUICKSILVER. -in its  liquid 

State, mercury.  Theophrastu-s, 
aboutSOO  B.C.,  mentions  it  as 
a  derivative  of  cinnabar.  Its  use 
jn  refining  silver  was  discovered 
in  1540.  G^uills. -Said  to  have 
been  first  used  for  pens, about 
553.  Quince.  -Introduced,  from 
Austria  before  1573.  Quinine. 
-An  alkaloid  much  used  in  med 
icine,  discovered  in  1 820, by  Pel- 
letier  and  Caventou.,C(ui-MqM.a- 
gesittia  Sunday.-Said  to  have 
been  first  appointed  buG-regory 
the  Oreat,  about  600.  C^u-oitS.- 
A  game  said  to  have  originated  with 
the  G-reeks,  about  1453  B.C. 


140 


RACES. -Horse-races  were  atnong 
the  favorite  aamcs  of  ancient  C-reece. 
Known  in  England  before  1130. 
Rack.-Engine  of  torture, -for  ex- 
tracting a  con  Session  from  crim- 
inals, used  in  south  Europe  in 
the  1st  and  2nd  centurt'es. Radi- 
ation of  Heal. -First  began  to  re- 
ceive attention  by  Sir  John  Leslie 
and  Count  Rumford,  about  1802. 
Radiometer.- Instrument  which 
-rapidly  revolves  in  a  vacuum, un- 
der the  influence  o(  light,  invent- 
ed by  Wm.Crookes,  1 873.  Ragged 
Schools. -Free  schools  (or  outcast 
destitute  ragged  children.  One  was 
opened  by  John  Pounds  of  Ports- 
mouth, Eng.,  about  1838. 

RAILWAYS.7Shoyt roads  were 
constructed  in  Newcastle,  E-ng., 
by  Mr.  Beaumont,  1602;  an  iron 
railway  near^Sheffield,  Eng.,  1776; 
firs*  in  America  was  the  Baltimore, 
and  Ohio,  1828.  Railway  Break. - 
Invented  by  Achard,  1868.  Rain- 
bow.-Mentioned  as  the  token 
of  the_ covenant  with  Noah,2348 
B.C.;  its  theory  developed  by  Kep- 
ler,! 611.  Ransowe's  Artificial 
Stone. -Invented  by  Fred.Ransoiw 
184-8.  Rape. -Punished  with  death 
by  the  ancient  Jews, froths,  an  d 
Rowans.  Rationalism.  -Doctrine 
that- there  is  no  divine  revelation, 
and  that  there  is  no  othernieans 
of  acquiring  knowledge  but  b_y  CY- 
perience  and  reason. One  of  its 
leading  advocates  was_  Reirna.ru.  s 
of  Ham  burg, who  died  in  1768. 

REAPING  MACHINES. -One  was 
invented  by  Rev.  Patrick  Bell  irt 
England,  1 826.  See  Mowers.  Rec- 
iprocity Treaties. -One  was  made 
between  Oreat  Britain  and  the 
United  States,  I8S4.  Recitative. 
Species  of  singing  used  in  operas, 
said  to  have  been  first  employed 
at  Rome,  about"  1600.  Reforma- 
tion, The. -Bt^an  in  France  about 
1177;  in  England,  1360;  in  Bohe- 
mia, I40S;  in  Italy,  149  8;  in  Ger- 
many, 1511  ;  in  Switzerland,  1519; 
jn  Denmark,  1521;  in  Prussia,/527: 
in  Sweden,  1 530;  in  Ireland,  1535. 

REFORMATORY  SCHOOLS.- For 
juvenile  offenders,  first  establish- 
ed at  Mettray,  France,  1839.  Re- 
fraction of  Light. -Its  law  dis- 
covered by  Snellius,  abottt  1624. 
Regan's  Motor. -Automatic  car 
•motor,  invented  by  Daniel  S.Re- 
gan of  San  Francisco,  1893. Renais- 
sance.-Tertti  applied  to  the  revi- 
val of  the  clastic  style  of  art  in 
the  15th  and  16th  centuries,  un- 
der the  patronage  of  the  Medici 
and  other s.  Rents. -Said  to  have 
been  first  made  payable  in  tnott 
ey,  instead  of  in  kind, about  I  OS. 
Repeating  Firearms. -Invented 
by  Barlow,  1670. 


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.  CHRONOLOGY. 


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"VI  Va 


75  A.D.  COLISEUM  AT  ROME  FOUNDED. 


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a\  -w«a.x  V 


o  i  «,  t»\-a.T\  . 


REPUBLICS. -Those  of  ancient  (rreece, 
the  first  being  established  about  1044 
B.C.,  were  the  first.  Resonator.  - 
For  facilitating  the  analysis   o  f 
compound  words,  invented   b  y 
A.B.Bach,  l879.Respirator.-See 
Fireman.  Reverend. -Title  giv- 
en to  the  clergy  since  about  1650. 
Reviews.-  The  Journal  desSc&vans, 
by  Denis  deSalo,  first  published  Jan. 
5, 1665,  is  considered  the  parent  of 
critical  journals. Revivals, Relig- 
ious.—Arose  in  the  United  States 
in  1657.  Revolvers. -Firearms 
with  revolving  cylinders, first 
appeared  in  England  about  1600. 
Rhetoric.— First  taught  in  Latin 
at  Rome,  by  Phocius  0-allu.s,  a- 
bout  87  B.C. 

RHODIUM  .-Rare  metal,  d  iscov- 
ered  in  platinum  ore,  by  Dr.Wal- 
laston,  1804.  Rhubarb. -A  plant 
first  cultivated  for  its  stalks  to  be 
used  as  food,  by  Mr.  Myall  in  Eng- 
land, a.bout  1 820.  Ribbon  Looms. - 
Their  invention  is  claimed  by  both 
the  Swiss  and  theO-ermans,  in 
the  16th  century. Rice.  —  First 
introduced  into  the  United  States, 
in  South  Carolina,  about  1690.  Ri- 
•fU.-Firstu.sed  in  European  ar- 
mies during  the  17th  centu-ry. 
Rinos.-Used  by  Egyptians  before 
1715  B.C.  Rinks  for  Roller  Skates. 
-First  opened  in  Enaland,about 
1865. 

ROAD  STEAMERS.-The  question 
of  steam  traction  on  common  roads 
is  considered  to  have  been  solved  in 
1868,  by  R.W.Tho.tnpson.of  Edin- 
bitrg,  adding  india-rubber  to  the 
tires  of  the  wheels  of  locomotives. 
Roasting  Alive. -An  early  case 
is  that  of  Bocchoris,kbio.of  Eoyj>t, 
by  order  of  Sabacon  of  Ethiopia, 
737  B.C.  Rocket*. -Implements  of 
war,  invented  by  Wm.  Congreve, 
about  1603.  Rogation  W«ek.-The 
week  in  which  Holy  Thursday  or 
Ascension  Day  occurs,  observed 
since  the  3rd  century.  Roll  ing- 
Mills. -In  metal  manu-factories, 
were  in  use  in  England  in  the 
17th  centurw. 

ROLLER  SKATES. -Patented  bu 

Mr.  Plimpton, an  American,  1865. 
Roman  Era {A.U.CO. -Commenc- 
ed April  24,753  B.C.,  Romances.- 
The  first  work  of  this  species  of 
writing  was  written  by  Hcliodorus, 
a  bishop  of  Tricca.in  Thessalij,  a-, 
bout  398  A.D.  Rope-making  Ma- 
chine.-One  was  patented  by  Rich- 
ard March,  1784.  Rosary. -A  series 
of  IS  large  and  ISO  small  beads, 
invented  by  Dominic  de&uiman. 
about  laoa.RosettaStone.-Con- 
taining  inscriptions  of  three  an- 
cient languages, serving  as  a  k  c  y 
to  the  translation  of  hieroglyphics, 
discovered  at  RoseUa,  Egypt,  1199. 


141 


RUBIDIUM. -Alkaline  we*al, discov- 
ers d  *>y  Bunsen, about  1 86 1.  Rudder.  - 
Patented  by  Luwiley,  l862.Ruffles.- 
Becfftna  fashionable  about  1510. Rul- 
ing Machines. -For  ruling  paper, 
invented  by  an  ingenious  Dutchman, 
•resident  in  London,  1782. Rutheni- 
um.-Rare  metal,  discovered  by  M. 
Claus,  1845.  Sabbath. -Ordained 
by  Cod, 4004  B.C.See  Lord's  Pay. 
Sabbath  Schools. -The  first  "Sab 
bath  School "  was  founded  bu  Lud- 
wiji  Hacker  between  1740  and  1147, 
at  Ephrata,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.; 
the  schools  were  broken  up  bn  the 
battle  of  the  Brandy  wine  in  Mil. 
Sunday  Schools  were  instituted 
in  England  bu  Robert  Raikes  in 
or  about  1782. 

SABBATICAL  YEAR. -instituted 

by  the  Jews,  1491  B.C.Sacchariw- 
•*«r.-For  determining  the  amount 
of  sugar  in  solutions,  used  bySoleil, 
1847,  in  Paris.  Sacri/ice. -Offer- 
ed to  C-od  by  Abel,  3875  B.C.  Sacri- 
fices to  the aods  were  introduced 
into&reece  bu  Phoroneus,king 
of  Ar9os,  1773  B.C.Saddles.-Not 
used  by  the  ancients;  appear  to 
have  been  first  used  about  385 
A.  D.;  side-saddles -first  used  by 
wornen, about  1380,  previous  to 
which  they  rode  astride.  Saddu- 
ces. -Jewish  sect,  said  *o  have  been 
founded  buSadoc, about  100  B.C. 

SAFETY  LAMP.-Foruseinnimes, 
invented  bu  Sir  Humphry  Davy, 
1 8 15.  Sailcloth. -First  made  in  En- 
gland, l590.Sal*.-One  of  thcearl- 
test  salt  mines  worked  is  -tKat 
of  Wielitzka,  Poland,  opened  about 
1200;  wade  from  sea-water  in  the 
U.S.  durin9  the  colonial  period.Salt- 
petre.- Compound  of  nitric  acid 
and  potash,  its  analysis  detnonstra 
ted  by  Boyle  about  162.5. Sandals. - 
See  Shoes.  Sand-Blast.- For  cuttitio 
Stone  or  hard  metal  by  a  jetof^uarti 
sand  impelled  by  compressed  air  or 
steam,  in  vented  by  B.C.Tilghman 
of  Philadelphia,  about  ISTI.Satihe- 
drrni.-  Ancient  Jewish  council  of 
the  highest  jurisdiction,  said  to 
have  been  established  by  Moses, 
1430  B.C. 

SANSKRIT.-Lanouage  of  the  Brah- 
mins of  India, spoken  about  1000 
B.C. Sapphire. -Precious  stone  of 
«.n  azure  color,  and  transparent, 
known  to  the  ancients  before  1*31 
B.C.  Satire. -Made  its  appearance 
at  Rome  about  116  B.C. Saturn. 
One  of  Hie  planets,was  known 
to  the  ancients;  belts  discovered 
by  Huygheni,  1659.  Savings' 
Banks. -First  instituted  at  Ham- 
bur9, 1778;  first  in  the  U.S.atPhil- 
adelphi&,IBI6.  Saw. -Said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Daedalus  dur  1-119 
the  mythological  period  of  Greece. 
Saw  Mills.-  First  erected  in  Madei- 
ra,  H-20;  in  England,  1663. 


CEN. 

1900 
1800 
1700 
1600 
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1400 
1300 
1200 
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600 
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400 
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CHRONOLOGY. 


43  B.C.  ASSASSINATION  OF  CICERO 


olOO 
,200 


400 

(500  03.  <&w 

GOO 

700 

SCO 

900 
1000 
1100 
1200 
1300 
1400 
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ISOO 
1700  "ilVv 
1800 
1900 
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JUOO 
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2400 
2500 
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2700 
2800 
2900 
3000 
3100 
3200 
3300 
3400 
3500 
3600 
3700 
3800 


VY«v  ol  Vb 


ot  ^- 


ecf.  3900 
4600 


SCALES. -Invented  by  Phidon,  889 
B.C. Scarlet. -A  dye  or  color  known 
in  the  East  in  the  earliest  a^es. 
Sceptics. -Sect  of  philosophers  fait- 
ded  by  Pyrrho,  about  334  B.C. Scep- 
tre.-An  emblem  of  royalty, first 
assumed  byTarquin  the  elder  at 
Rome, about  468  B.C. Schoolmen, 
or  Scholastic  Philosophy. -Began 
in  the  schools  founded  by  Charle- 
ma9ne,800-l4.  Screw.-Knowrj 
to  the  ancient  C-reeks.See/lrcA/- 
medesScrvw.  Screw-Propeller.  - 
For  moving  a  vessel  t-hrou9hthe 
water;  the  principle  was  shown 
by  Hookc.,1681. 

SCULPTURE. -Said  tohavebepun 
with  the  0-reeks, and  more  proba- 
bly with  the  Egyptians.  The  tab- 
ernacle built  in  the  wilderness, 
1491  B.C.,  is  an  early  instance. 
Scythe. -Used  for  mowi^; used 
by  ancient;  Romans- Seals  or  Sig- 
nets.-Engraved  gems  were  used 
as  such  by  the  ancient^gyptians, 
Jews,  G- reeks, and  Assyrians, before 
900  B.C.  Sedan  Chairs. -Were  first; 
used  in  England,  1581. Seismom- 
eter. -For  measuring  the  violence 
of  earthquake  shocks;  one  is  de- 
scribed by  Robert  Mallet,  1858. 
Selenium. -Orayish-white  elemen- 
tary substance,  discovered  by  Bcr- 
zelius,  1817.  Selcucides,  Era  of  the. 
-Said  to  begin  Sept.  I,  312  B.C. 
EPTUA&INT.-A  translation  of  the 
Old  Testament  from  Hebrew  into 
Greek, made  277  B.C.Sevwa9C.-A 
test  -made  for,  b'y-Heisch,  1810.  Sew- 
ers.-The  chief  of  the  celebrated  sew- 
ers at  Rome,  Cloaca.  Maxima,  is  said 
to  have  been  constructed  about 
588  B.C.Sewinp  Machines.- It 
is  said  that  Thos. Saint  patented 
one  for  boots  atid  shoes,  in  Eng> 
land,  1790.  The  first  really  pracH» 
cal  sewing  machine  was  the  in- 
vention of  Ellas  Howe  of  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  about  1841.  Sex- 
tant.-An  instrument  used  like 
a  quadrant,  invented  by  Tyoho 
Brahe,  at  Augsbur9, 15SO. 

SHAWLS.-Of  oriental  ori9*in,  in- 
troduced into  Paris,  1801;  first 
manufactured  at  Norwich,  17 84. 
Sheep. -Abel, the  brother  of  Cain 
who  was  born  4003  B.C.,  was  a 
keeper  of  sheep;  exported  from 
England  into  Spain,  !467.Shil- 
(1119. -A  coin,  when  wade  in  An- 
glo-Sa*on  times  was  valued  at  a- 
bout  fivepence;  reduced  to  four- 
pence  about  960.  Ship-building.- 
The  first  ship  was  brought  from 
Egypt  t/> 0-reece, by  Oanaus,  1485 
B.C.;  first  double-decked  ship 
was  built  bu  the  Tyrians,786  B.C. 
Shirts. -Said  to  have  been  first 
generally  worn  in  the  west  of 
Europe, about  725;  woplenshirts 
were  commonly  worn  in  England 
until  about  1253. 


142 


SHOES.-Coveringsfor  the  feet, 
whether  sandals  or  shoes,  were 
used  by  the  -most  ancient  nations; 
shoemaking  was  a  distinct  trade 
at  Thebes,  1495  S.C.Shorthand.- 
This  art  is  said  to  have  beeti  prac- 
ticed by  the  Romans,  100  B.C. The 
introduction  of  Isaac  Pit-man's 
system,  1 837,  -marks  a.  new  era- 
in  the  art.  Shot.  -Various  missiles, 
as  stone, bolts, etc., were  u.sed, 
1483;  chain, grape,  and  canis- 
ter shot  were  invented  soon  af- 
terward. Sickles  .-For  cutting 
grain,  used  .by  ancient  Chinese, 
Jews,  Egyptians, etc. 

SlOONIAN  ERA. -Commenced 
Oct.  1, 110  B.C. Signboards. -Us- 
ed by  ancient  Greeks  and  Rowans. 
Silicon. -Non-metalliceletnent, 
the  mode  of  procuring  it.be  in  4 
discovered  by  Berzelius  in  1823. 
Silk. -Said  to  have -been  known 
to  the  Chinese,  2600  B.C.Silver. 
-A  metal  known  before  2000  B.C. 
Skates,  Roller. -Said  to  have 
been  first  used  in  Paris,  1849. 
Slavery. -First  introduced  into 
the  United  States,  1620;  abolish- 
ed, 1863.  Sleeping  Cars.- First  in- 
troduced into  En  gland,  1 873;  into 
the  U.S.,  1858.  Sling. -A  weapon 
used  before  1406  B.C. 

SMELTING-. -A  process  patented 
by  Botfield,  1 828.  Soap. -Said  to 
have  been  invented  by  the  Gauls 
before  100  B.C.Sodiit-ni.-Metal, 
first  obtained  by  Davy,l807.Solar 
System. -As  now  accepted, taught 
by  Pythagoras, about  523  B.C.Span- 
ish Era  .-Commenced  Jan.),  98. 
Speaking  Trumpets. -One  is  said 
to  have  been  used  by  Alexander, 
335  B.C.  Spectacles. -Supposed  to 
have  been  invented  by  Alexander 
deSpina  of  Florence, about  1285. 
Spectrum,  Solar.  -First  explain- 
ed by  Newton,  1704.  Spelling- 
Bees. -To  test  the  proficiency  .in 
correct  spelling, originated  in 
the  U.S.  during  the  colonial 
times  subsequent  to  1650. 

SPHERES. -The celestial  and  ter- 
restn.al  spheres  are  said  .to  have 
been  invented  by  Ana>fimander, 
552  B.C.;  armillary  sphere  by 
Eratpsth.enes,  about  225  B.C.; 
planitariurn  bu  Archimedes  be- 
fore  2 12  B.C.  Spinet. -A  keyed 
instrument,  used  in  the  17th 
century. Spinning. -Areas,  king 
of  Arcadia,  taught  his  subjects 
theart,  about  1500  B.C.Spimiina 
Wheel. -l.nvented.at  Brunswick, 
1530;  spinning  jenny  invented 
by  Hargreayes,l767. Spiri-tu-al- 
istn.-Manifestations,rappings, 
etc.,  said  to  have  begun  in  Amer- 
jca  about  1848, and  introduced 
into  England,  1 851. Stage  Coach- 
es. -Were  used  in  Europe  before 
1785. 


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aioo 

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CHRONOLOGY. 


"\1  \V\\\t\V  ^CKWCvOtXOYVotCi 

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84  A.  D.  GREAT  FIRE  IN  ROME-ED'S. 


KvwtaX*  ca\\e^ 


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STARS. -Supposed  to  Have  been 
classed  into  constellations  about 
J200  B.C. Stationers. -Dealers 
in  books  and  papers;  a  company 
was  formed  in  London  lojii)  .be- 
fore  the  fnvention  of  printing. 
Statues. -Phidias,  whose  statue  of 
Jupiter  passed  for  one  of  the  won- 
ders of  the  world,  was  the  great- 
est statue  among  the  an  c  ients, 
440  B.C.  Steam-Carriage. -For 
ordinary  roads,  invented  by  the 
earl  of  Caithness, about  l860.Ste.atn- 
Engine. -Hero  of  Alexandria  is 
said  to  have  invented  the  AEolo- 
pile.whichpossesses  the  proper- 
ties of  the  steam-engine,  about 
250  B.C.;  the  steam-engine  boi.l- 
er  was  invented  by  the  Marquis 
of  Worcester,  1663;  the  inven- 
tion perfected  bu  Jas. Watt,  1773. 
STEAM-BOAT.-De  Jouffroij  made 
a  trial  with  his  steam-boat  in  1776; 
Fulton's  steam-boat  on  theSeine, 
1803;  on  the  Hudson,  !807.Steam- 
Hammer.- Patented  by  Nasmuth, 
1842. Steam-Mill. -First  built, 
1785. Steam-Plow. -Patented  by 
G-.Callaway  and  R.A.Purkes,l849. 
Steam -Ram. -For  naval  warfare, 
invented  by  Nasmyth,  I836.5team- 
Ship.-First  iron  one,  1 830. Steam- 
Titg.-First  built  by  Hull.in  1736. 
Steamer. -First  to  cross  the  At- 
lantic, 1819. 

STEARINE.-Thatpart  of  fats 
and  oils  which  is  solid  atconrmon 
temperature,  its  nature  first 
made  known  by  Chcvreul,  1823. 
Steel. -Compound  of  iron  and 
carbon,  has  been  fabricated  from 
the  earliest  times;  first  Bessemer 
steel,  1856.  Steel  Pens. -"Iron  pens" 
are  mentioned  buChamberlayne  in 
1685;  steel  pens  began  to  come  in 
to  general  use  about  1820,  b  u,t 
were  made  long  before.  S-teel- 
yard. -Weighing  instrument, us- 
ed by  the  Romans  before  3IS  B.C. 
Stenography  .-Stv  Short-hand. 
Stereochromy  .-Mode  of  paintiii9 

invented  by  Von  Fuchs, about  1850. 

.VvbWtyjSTEREOMETER.-For  gauging 
vessels, invented  about  1350.  Ste- 
reoscope.-Optical  instrument,  in- 
vented by  Wtieatstpne,  about  1833. 
Stereotype. -For  printing,  said  to 
have  been  invented  by  Wm.G-ed  of 
Ed  in  burgh,a.bout  1730.  Stethoscope. 
-For  ascertaining  the  action  of 
the  heart,  invented  by  Laennec  of 
Paris,about  l8l6.S*irmps.-First 
used  in  the  5th  century.  Stock- 
ings.-Silk  stockings  were  first 
made  about  1547,  and  cotton, 
about  1589.,  when  the  stocking 
frame  was  invented;  cottonstock- 
ings  were  first  made  by  hand  in 
1730. Stocks. -For  punishing  offend 
ers,used  in  England  before  1350;  in 
commerce,  originated  at  Venice, 
about  1173. 


143 


TOICS. -Disciples  of  the  philosopher 
Zeno,  about  290  B.C. Storm  Wat ti- 
ittos.-First  issued  in  Holland,  I860. 
Stove*. -Those  of  the  ancients  con- 
cealed, the  fire ;  tubes  were  also 
used  in  the  middle  of  the  room, 
with  a  hole  in  the  roof  for  the 
smoke  to  escape.  Street  Railways. 
-First  opened  in  New  York  a-nd 
London,  about  I860.  Strikes.* 
First  one  among  the  tailors  of 
London,  183.4.  Strontium. -Met- 
al,first  obtained  by  Davy  in  1808. 
Strychnia. -Poisonous  vegetable 
alkaloid, discovered  by  Pellet ler  and 
Caventou,  1818.  Stucco  Work.  - 
Was  known  to  the  ancients,  par- 
ticularly by  the  Romans, who  ex- 
celled in  it. 

SUEZ  CANAL. -The  caliph  Omar, 
about  640,  opposed  cutting  the 
isthmus.  The  canal  was  commen- 
ced in  1858,  and  completed  1869. 
Sugar. -Madein  East  lndies,325 
B.C.  Sugar  Cane.- First  cultivat- 
ed in  the  U.S. ,1151;  first  sugar 
mill,  1158.  Suicides. -The  first  in- 
stances recorded  are  those  of  Sam- 
son, about  1120  B.C.,  and  Saul,  a- 
bout  1055  B.C.  Sulphur.- Known 
from  the  earliest  times.  Sunday. 
-Appointed  to  be  observed  in  32.1. 
Sunday  Schools. -'x.v.SttbathSc/iat/s 
Sun  Dials. -See  0/a/s. Surgery.  — 
First  made  a  separate  study  in 
the  aoeof  Htppocrates,about4IOB.C. 

SURNAMES. -Introduced into  En- 
gland by  *he  Normans, and  adopt- 
ed, by  the.nobility,aboutllOO. Sur- 
plices. -First  worn  by  the  Jewish 
priests,  and  said  to  have  been  first 
used  in  churches inthc  4th  century, 
Suspension  Bridges. -Very  ancient 
in  China;  first  one  opened  in  En- 
gland, 1845;  one  at  Niagara  Falls, 
1 852-5. Swords. -Were  formed  of 
iron  taken  from  a  mountain  by 
the  Chinese,  1819  B.C.Tabernacla. 
'Constructed  by  Divine  direction, 
1491  B.C. Talking  Machities.  - 
One  was  exhibited  at  London, a- 
bout  1815,  that  pronounced  sever 
al  sentences  with  tolerable  distinct- 
ness; one  invented  by  Prof.  Faber 
of  Vienna, 1870. 

TALMUD. -The  ancient  Jewish  un- 
written or  oral  law,  its  origin  be- 
ing coeval  with  the  return  from 
the  Babylonish  captivity, 5368. C. 
Tatrtiiti9.-0f  leather  from  batk. 
Its  invention  reaches  beyond  the 
dawn  of  history.  Tant alum .  -  A 
rare  metal,  discovered  by  Hatchett 
1 80 1..  Tapestry  .-An  art  of  weaving 
having  originated  amonotheSar 
acem  about  800.  Tar. -First  made 
from  pit-coal, about  l78I.Tari/f.- 
A  protective  tariff  was  adopted  in 
the  U.S.,  1828.  Tartaric  Acid. -Said 
to  have  been  discovered  by  Scheele, 
about  1110;  a  new  discovery  was 
made  by  Licbig,  1859. 


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"aoo 
(IN 
(  o 
'tot 

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MOD 
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4*00 


CHRONOLOGY. 

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'ASIMETER.-See  Micro-ttsiimm 
Tavertis.-Are  traced  to  the  13th 
century.  Taxes /-Were  levied  by  So- 
lon, the  first  Athetiian  legislator, 
540B.C.Tee*o*aler.-An  abstain- 
er from  fermented  liquors,  orip- 
inated  with  Richard  Turner  of 


Preston, about  •  «„.,.  .-.,., .-r...- 
-First  operated  in  England  i  n 
1835;  first  in  America,  between 
Washington  and  Baltimore,  1844; 
first  submarine  between  Dover 
and  Calais,  l85I.Telcttie*eoro- 
oraphs. -First  exhibited  at  Pa- 
ris, ISSl.Telcphotie.-Sounds 
have  been  conyeyed.overdistend- 
ed  wires  at  various  times  since 
1667;  a  short-distance  telephone 
inventad  by  Wheatstone,l82l;an 
articujating  telephone  by  Bell, 
1876. 

TELESCOPES. -Their  principle 
was  described  by  Roger  Bacon,  a- 
bout  1250;  invented  by  Lippe-r- 
hey  arid  Jansen, about  1608. 
Tellurium. -Rare  metal,  discov- 
ered by  Muller  of  Reic  hen  stein, 
l782.Telodyttatnic  Transmitter 
-An  arrangement  of  water-wheels 
invented  by  M. Hi-pi,  about  I860 
Temperance  Societies. -The  first 
was  organized  in  Saritoga  cou-n 
ty,N.YM  l808.Tettiples.-Firsf 
erected  by  the  Egyptians  to  their 
gods;  temple  of  Jerusalem  built 
by  Solomon,  1012  B.C. 
TENNIS. -A  game  fashionable  in 
.  France  before  1660.  Terbium  .-A 
'  metal  sometimes  found  with  yt- 
rium,  which  see.Tcstatmtit.-The 
•revised  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment was  published  in  ISSl.Thal 
liutn.  -Metal,  discovered  .by  Win 
C  rookes,  1861.  Thanksgivings .  - 
A  special  national  one  was  offer 
ed  in  England  for  the  defeat  of 
*he  Spanish  Armada,Sept.  8,1588 
first  observed  in  America,  1621 
and  on  special  occasions  unti  I 
under  Pres.  Lincoln  in  1863, th. 
regular  observance  of  a  nationa 
thanksgiving  began. 
THEATRES.-  That  of  Bacchus 
at  Athens, 420  B.C.,  is  said  to 
be  the  first.  Theocracy  .-Govern 
ment  by  God,  existed  among  the 
Jews  or  Israelites  till  Saul  was 
rnade  king, about  1095  B.C.Thcr 
tnottieter. -In  vented  by  Galileo 
before  1597;  Fahrenheit's  inven 
ted  about  n26.Thermophone.-A 
instrument  for  the  production 
of  sonorous  vibrations,  itivenJ 
ed  by  Wiesendanger,  about  I87( 
Thimbles. -Said  to  Have  been 
u.sed  by  several  ancient  nations 
and  to  be  found  in  the  ruins  of 
Herculaneum. Thoracic  Duct. 
First  discovered  by,  Eustachius 
about  1563. Thorium. -A  very 
rare  metal,  d  iscovered  by  Berz 
lius,  1818. 


144 


THREAD. -Firs* -made a*  Paisley, 
naa^Thrcshmg  Machities.-The 
flail  is  the  only  instrument  for- 
merly used, except  the  tribulum 
used  by  the  Romans;  the  firs* 
•machine  attempted  in  modern 
times  was  invented  by  Menzies 
of  Edinburgh, about  !732.Thatnb- 
Screw.-lnstrument  used  iti  the 
first  stages  of  torture  iti  -the Span- 
ish Inquisition, which  wasestab 
I  ishe-d, 382. Tides. -Homer  speiks 
of  them, about  875  B.C.;  Posido- 
niits  accounts  for  them  from 
the  -motion  of  the  moon,  about 
79  B.C.  Tiles. -Said  to  have  been 
first  wade  in  England,  1X46. 

TlN.-A  -metal  mined  jn  Eti9latid 
before  1 100  B.C. Titanium. -Rare 
metal, discovered  by  &re9or,p9l. 
Tithas. -Commanded  to  begiven 
to  the  tribe  of  Levi,  1490  B.C.;  giv- 
en by  Abraham  to  Melchisedek, 
1913  B.C.  Tobacco. -Native  of  A- 
-merica,  introduced  into  Europe, 
about  156.5.  Tobacco  pipes  are 
said  to  have  been  used  in  Europe 
•for  smoking  herbs  long  before 
the  introduction  of  tobacco; first 
•made of  clay, about  1575. Tolls. - 
First  paid  by  vessels  passing  the 
Stade  on  the  Elbe,  IIOS.TonoMi- 
eter.-For  tuning  instru.tnetits.Jti 
vented  by  Scheibler  o*  Crefeld, 
about  1834. 

TORPEDOES. -Explosive  shells 
for  placing  ^rider  ships, said  to 
have  been  invented  014  0.  Bush- 
nell,an  American,  1777.  To  wers.- 
That  of  Babel  is  the  first  record- 
ed, built  in  the  plains  of  Shinar. 
2247  B.C.',  Tower  of  the  Winds 
atAthens,  550  B.C. Traction  En- 
pittas. -Sec  ffoa.dSteamers.Jrzg- 
edy.  -First  acted  at  Athens  by 
Thespis, about  535  B.C.Trajan's 
Column. -In  Rome, erected  bit 
the  Roman  senate,  and  people  in 
114. Train  Cars. -Run  in  Glasgow, 
1 87 7.  Translation  to  Heaven. - 
Enoch  atthe  age  of  365,3017  B.C.; 
the  prophet  El.ijahjSSe.  B.C.Tread- 
Mill.-For  prison  discipline, in- 
vented by  Sir  Wtn.Cu.bit,  who  was 
born,  1785,  died,  1861. 
rRIALS. -Alfred  the  &reat  is  said 
to  have  begun  trial  by  jury,  about 
890,  but  there  is  good  evidence  of 
such  trials  before  his  time.Trioo- 
•HOttietru. -Invented  by  theGreek 
astronomers  of  Alexandria. Triti- 
ity  Sunday  .-The  Sunday  follow- 
ing Whitsunday, or  the  8th  Sunday 
after  Eastar,  observed  since  828. 
Triremes. -Galleys  with  three 
banks  of  oars,  said  to  have  been 
invented  by  the  Corinthiatis,784 
B.C.  Troy  Weight.  First  adopted 
at  Troycs,  France,  about  1095. 
Tm-Hipe*.- Its  invention  is  a- 
scribed  to  both  the  Egyptians  and 
Tyt-rhc-nians,  before  1000  B.C. 


CEN. 

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YR.CHRONOLO&Y. 

\i  >8fo  VWlV^fctO?*  WXVlMy  OW 

1A  AVve,  eywoXrfcV(fr'v\v  C>V\\ 


\'o4  \va\\)  Noec^-wb. 


8  B.C.  AUGUSTUS  CORRECTS  THE  CALENDAR 


,\%  \i\C\\V 


\<b  Vi 


TRUSS. -A  transverse  spring  truss 
for  ru.ptu.res  was  patented  bw  Rob- 
ert Brand,  177 1.  Tubular  Bridges. - 
The  Britannia  Tubular  Bridge  was 
constructed  iti  1 846-50. TUileries.- 
The  imperial  palace  of  France, com- 
menoed,  1564.  Tungsten.- Brit  He 
metal,  first  obtained  by  Luuart, 
l78(j.TM.Tinagc  and  Poundage. - 
Were  the  origin  of  "customs"  in 
England, first  levied  about  1346. 
Tu.titicls.-For  drainage  are  an- 
cient; a  rail  way  tunnel  was  con- 
structed at  Liverpool,  1829.  TM. r- 
keys  and  G-w-inea  Fowls. -First  in- 
troduced into  Europe, about  I5_'23. 
Turkeys  are  native  of  America, 
and  guineas  of  Africa. 

TURNPIKES. -First  constructed 
in  England,  !663.Type-Cornpos- 
itij  Machines. -See  ComposinyMa.- 
chi-nes.  Ty  pe-Fou-nditig .  -6-u.ten- 
berg  invented  cu-t  metal  type,  a- 
bout  1452;  first  typecast  in  Eng- 
land, !720.Type-Wri*ers.-  0;ne 
constructed  for  the  blind  iti 
1855,  by  M.Fou-cault  of  France; 
several  were  invented  by  Wheat- 
stone,  who  died  in  1875;  the  Rem- 
ington was  invented  about  1873. 
Tyre.  Era  of. -Commenced  Oct. 
19, 125  B.C.  Uttibrcllas.-First  us- 
ed in  England,  about  1778. Utidu- 
latoty  Theory  of  Light. -Sup pos- 
es a  progressive  wave-like  motion 
between  the  eye  and  the  lumitious 
body,  said  to  have  been  firsts  ug- 
gested  by  F.&ritnaldi, about  1665. 

UNIFORMS. -Military  uniforms 
were  first  itsed  in  France  "in  a 
regular  manner, '/a bout  1668. 
Union  Jack. -Original  flag  of  En- 
gland, was  incorporated  with^the 
banner  of  Scotland,  1606. United 
Kingdom. -The  British  realm  was 
so  called  Jan.  I,  1801.  United  States 
o/Awerica. -First  so  called  by  the 
colonial  congress, Monday, Scp.9. 
1776.  Otiiwcrsal  Suffrage  .-Was 
adopted  by  the  French  in  their 
constitution  of  1791.  Universi- 
ties.-The  most  ancient  in  Eu- 
rope are:  Cambridge, 635;  Paris, 
792;  Oxford,  879;  Bologna,  1116. 
The  oldest  in  America  are:  H  ar- 
vard,  1638;  William  and  Mary, 
1693;  Yale,  1701. 

UNIVERSITY  BOAT  RACES.-Began 
with  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  1829. 
Uranium. -Brittle  grey  metal,dis- 
coyered  by  Klaproth,  1789,  in  the 
mineral  pitch-blende.  Uranus 
-A  planet  with  eight  satellites, 
discovered  by  William  Herschel, 
March  13, 1781.  Usury. -W  as 
permitted  from  a  stranger  to 
the  Jews,  but  forbidden  from  their 
brethren,  1491  B.C.  Utilitarian- 
ism.-Philosophy  which  proposes 
the  attainment  of  the  greatest 
happiness  to  the  greatest  number, 
ascribed  to  Priestley,  died  1804. 


145 


VACCINATION. -D iscovered  b«  Dr. LCIy  VQ 
Ed ward  Jenner.about  1798.  Vac-   \yfc 


uum. -.Patented  by  6entham,l79S. 
Valentine's  Day.-  Feb.  14, estab- 
lished in  honor  of  Valentine, who 
is  said  to  have  been  a  bishop,  and 
suffered  martyrdom  about  2,7 1. 
Vanadium. -Metal,  discovered 
by  Sefstrom,  1830.  Vandals. -A 
G-cr  manic  race,  attacked  the  Ro- 
man empire  in  the  3rd  century. 
Variable  Stars.-Said  to  have  been 
first  observed  in  a  small  star  of 
Cetus, by  Daniel  Fabricius,  Aug. 
13,  1536.  Vatican. -At  Rome,  be- 
came the  residence  of  the  pope 

.   in  1377. 

VEDAS. -Sacred  bgoks  of  the  Hin- 
doos, probably  written  about  1000 
B.C.  Velocipedes. -One  was  invent- 
ed by  Blanchard  of  France, alwut 
1779;  under  various  names,  as 
bicycles,  tricycles, etc., these  m  a- 
chines  have  been  made, and  came 
into  general  use  among  wheelmen 
about  1861.  Velvet. -Mentioned  by 
Joinvi  He,  1272;  previous  to  1685 
its  -manufacture  was  confined  to 
Italian  cities.  Ventilator s.-ln ven- 
ted, by  Dr.  Hales, about  1741.  Ven- 
triloquism.-Speaking  so  that  the 
voice  appears  to  come  from  adif- 
ferent  place  from  that  of  utterance, 
was  first  described  about  712  B.C. 
Venus. -A planet  known  to  the 
ancients. 

VESPERS, Sicilian. -A  term  giv- 
en to  the  massacre  of  the  French, 
in  Sicily,  March  30, 1282.  Ves*a.- 
A  planet,  discovered  by  Dr. Others 
of  Bremen,  March  29, 1807.  V«s- 
*als.-Virgin  priestesses,  said  to 
have  been  first  appointed  by  Nu- 
ma,7IO  B.C.  Vesuvius. -By  its  e- 
ruption,the  cities  of  Herculane- 
urn  and  Pompeii, including  more 
than  200.000  inhabitants,  were 
destroyed,  Aug.24,79  A.D.Vice.- 
An  instrument  said  to  have  been 
invented  by  Archytas  of  Tarcntum, 
about  420  .B.C.  Vikings. -Scandi- 
navian chiefs,  Swedes,  Norsemen, 
and  Danes,  of  the  4th  century. 

VINE. -Was  planted  byNoah,2347 
B.C.;  a  colony  of  vine- dressers  set- 
tled in  the  southern  part  of  France, 
about  600  B.C.  Vinegar.- Boaz, a 
rich  citizen  of  Bethlehem,  provi- 
ded vinegar  as  a  beverage  for  his 
reapers,  I3I3D.C.;  the  ancients 
had  several  kinds,  which  they  us- 
ed for  drink.  Viol  and  Violin. -The 
viol.of  the  middle  ages  became  the 
violin,  which  is  mentioned  as 
early  as  1200. Violet  Blue. -Was 
obtained  from  aniline,  1863.  Vir- 
ginals.-A  keyed  instrument,  us- 
ed first  in  the.  16th  century. Vis- 
count.-The  first  viscount  in  Eng- 
land created  by  patent, was  John, 
lord  Beaumont,  created  by  Henry 
VI.,  Feb.  10,  1440. 


1800 
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CHRONOLOGY. 


0  67  A.D.PETER  AND  PAUL  EXECUTED. 


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oa\\ 


VOLTAIC  PILE  or  BATTERY.-WIS 

constructed  bw  Galvarii,  1791, 
but  the  principle  was  discovered 
by  Volta  of  ComojWho  was  born, 
1145.  Vo*in9.7The  Australian 
system  of  voting  was  introduc- 
ed into  the  United  States,  1888. 
Voyages.-  By  order  of  Pharaoh- 
Necho  of  Egypt,  some  Phoenician 
pilots  sailed  around  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  604  B.C.;  first  voy*9e 
around  the  world  by  Magellan, 
1 5  1 9.  Vulcanized  .Rubber. •'Form- 
ed by  combining  India  rub  her 
with  sulphur,  patented  bu.C. 
froodgear,  1839. 

VULG-ATE.-A  term  applied  to  the 
Latin  version  of  the  Bible, author- 
ized by  the  council  of  Trent, 1546, 
and  attributed  to  St.  Jerome, a- 
bout  384.  Wagons. -Were,  rare 
until  about  1800.  Wa9"Hfer- 
ism .7"  Music  of  the  fu-tu-re,"  a 
combination  of  music  and  poet- 
ry, introduced  by  R.Wagner  in 
London,  about  1873.  Waits. -The 
night -minstrels  who  perfor-m  a 
short  time  before  Christmas,  or- 
ganized in  England,  about  1400. 
Wakes. -_Enqlish  equivalents  of 
the  ecclesiastical  Vigils ,  known  be 
fore  1.2.8  5.  Waldenses .-  A  sect  in- 
habiting Cottian  Alps,  founded 
about  1170. 

WALL-PAPER. -First  used  in  Hol- 
land and  Spajn,  at>ou.t  1555. 
Walls. -The  stupendous  wall  in 
China  was  completed, about  298 
B.C.;  one  was  erected  in  Britain 
by  the  Romans, 79  to  85  A.D. Wal- 
nut-Tree.-The  largest  walnut 
tree  on  record  stood  near  Wel- 
wyn, England,  which  was  fell- 
ed in  1627,  it  covering  a  space, 
when  standing,  of  2299  square 
yards. .Black  walnut  was  intro- 
duced into  Europe  from  North 
America  before  l629.WaUx.- 
Introduced  into  England  from 
Germany,  about  ISO.  War.  - 
The  first  one  on  record  is  that 
of  Osymandya.s  of  Egypt,  who 
passed  into  Asia  and  conquered 
Bactria,  aiOO  B.C. 

WAR,&AME  OF.- In  vented  by 
a  civilian  in  Germany, about  1815. 
War-Ships. -Important  improve- 
ments introduced  by  Seppings, 
1814;  first  of  anew  class  o>  screw, 
gun  vessels  used  in  the  Russian 
war,  1854;  first  battle  between 
iron  ships  was  -Wiat  of  -The  Mon- 
itor and  lYIerrimac  in  the  Amer- 
ican Civil  War,  1861-5. Washing 
Machines. -Several  different  ones 
invented  in  the  U.S.,  before  1862. 
Watches. -Said  to  have  been 
first  invented  at  Nu-remberg, 
1477.  Water-Clock.  -Invented  bu 
Nasica  at  Rome,  159  B.C. Water- 
Mills. -For  grinding  corn, invent- 
ed at  Roma,  about  555. 


146 


^M\X.-Used  for  candles  before  the 
12  rh  century.  Weather  Charts, Dai- 
ly. -First  issued  in  1872. Weather- 
Cocks.  -First  mentioned  at  Athens 
50  B.C.  Weaving. -Said  to  be  the 
most  ancient  of  arts.  Wedding  - 
Rings. -Wett  used  by  the  ancients 
Week.  -Space  of  seven  days,  suppos- 
ed to  have  been  first  used  a  mo  no 
t-he  ancient  Jews.  Weights  atid  Meas 
ures. -These  atid  the  stamping  of 
9old  and  sijver  money, are  attrib- 
uted to  Pheidon,  tyrant  of  Argos, 
895  B.C.  Welding. -Of  iron, is  an- 
cient; by  electricity,  suggested  by 
Joule  of  Manchester, En9M  1856: 
of  copper,  discovered  at  Verona, 
Pa.,  by  James  Burns,  1886. 
WELLS. -Were  dug  by  Abraham, 
1892  B. C.  West tnitistcr  Abbey. - 
Said  to  Have  been  founded  by  Seber-t, 
king  o(  Essex,  6 1 1.  Whale-Fishery 
-Said  to  have  been  first  carried 
on  by  the  Norwegians  in  the  9th 
century. Wheat. -The  Chinese 
claim  to  have  cultivated  it  before 
2000  B.C. Whisky. -First  made 
about  the  12th  century. Whis*.- 
Game  at  cards,  became  general 
about  1600. Widows.- The  Jew- 
ish law  required  a  man's  brother 
to  marry  his  widow,  14-90  B.C. 
Wig. -See  Peruke. 
WILD-FIRE.- Invented  bya&reek 
in  663.  Wills  and  Testaments.  - 
Of  high  antiou'ity,  Jacob  having 
made  a  will,  1689  B.C.;  Solon  in- 
troduced them  at  Athens,  578 
B.C.  Witidmills.-Said  to  have 
been  invented  either  by  the  an- 
cient Romans, or  Saracens;  first 
known  in  Spain,  France,  and  G-er- 
many,  !299;-wind  saw-mills  were 
invented  by  a  Dutch-man  in  I  633. 
Witidpws.-  There  were  9lass  win- 
dows in  Pompeii,  79  A.  D.;  glaied 
windows  were  made  fashioria- 
ble  in  some  European  countries,a- 
bout  650;  9  lass  windows  first  us- 
ed m  England,  1177. Wmc.- Noah 
planted  a  vineyard,  and  made 
wine, 2347  B.C.;  said  to  have 
been  made  from  rice  by  the  Chi- 
nese, 1998  B.C. 

VIRE.-The  invention  of  drawing 
wire  is  ascribed  to  Rodolph  o(  Nu- 
remberg, about  !4IO.Wi*ehcraft. 
-Known  among  the  Jews  before 
1491  B.C.Witttesses.-Twoormore 
witnesses  werercqu-ircd  by  the 
laws  of  Moses,  1451  B.C.  Wood- 
cuts.-Are  ancient  i-n  China;  in- 
troduced into  Europe, about  1400. 
Wood-Paper.-lnvented  by  Des- 
grand,  1838.  Woolen  Cloth .- 
Made  by  the  ancients  before  1451 
B.C.  Working  Men's  Organisa- 
tions.-Have  been  numerous  siticc 
the  great  Exhibition  of  ISSI.Wor- 
ship.-Thc.  first  worship  mention- 
ed is  that  of  Abel,  3872  B.C.,  re- 
cordcd  in  the  fourth  chap,  of  0-en. 


CEIM. 
1900 
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CHRONOLOGY. 


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33  A.D.CHRIST  IS  CRUCIFIED 


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ok  \\0  . 


WORSTED.-Spun  wool, invent- 
ed at  ^orsted.Eng., before  1340. 
Writing. -Pictures  are  consider- 
ed to  be  the  first  essay  towards 
writing;  Athotes  is  said  to  have 
thus  written  a  history  of  Egypt, 
2112  B.C. ;  writing  is  said  *o 
have  been  tau-ghi;  to  the  Latins 
bit  Europa,  daughter  of  Agenor,  a 
king  of  Phoenicia,  1494 B.C.;  Cad- 
mus,  the  founder  of  Cadmea,  is 
said  to  have  introduced  the  Phoe- 
nician letters  into  Greece,  14-93  B.C. 
Xy  lotechno9raphica.-A  process 
for  staining  wood  various  colors, 
invented  b^»  A. F.  Brophy, about  1875. 

YACHTS.-Light  vessels  for  pleasure 
or  for  racing,  club  formed  in  Lon- 
don, 1838.  Yard. -Measure  of  3 
feet,  declared  by  Henry  I.  of  Eng- 
land to  be  the  length  of  his  arm, 
about  II  I  5.  Yeast. -A  substance 
causing  fermentation,  discovered 
to  be  a  vegetable  eel  I  or  fungus,  by 
Schwann.,  1836'.  Yellow  Pcvcr.  - 
An  American  pesti  lance, first  wade 
its  appearance  at  Phi  Iadelphia,l699. 
Yellow-Stone  National  Park. -Or- 
ganized by  Congress,  1 872. Yoke. - 
Asa  tMpe  of  servitude,  and  mak- 
ing prisoners  pass  under  it,  was 
practiced  by  the  San-mites  towards 
the  Romans,  321  B.C.  This  dis9race 
was  afterwards  inflicted  by  the 
Romans'  upon  their  vanquished. 

YTTRIUM. -A  rare  metal,  the 
eart(n  Vttn*,  being  discovered 
by  Prof.  Oadolin  of  Sweden,  1794, 
and  the  metal  by  Wb'hler,  1828. 
It  is  of  a  dark  grey  color,  and 
bri-tt.le.Za.-Hzaleetts.-A  sect- 
denying  the  efficacy  of.  water 
baptism, and  claiming  the  neces- 
sity of  being.baptized  with  fire, 
and  the  application  of  a  red-hot 
iron.  The  sect  rose  in  Syria  in  535. 
Zend-Avesta. -Ancient  sacred 
books  of  the  Parsees..The  age  of 
the. books  is  much  disputed,  some 
claiming  that  they  date  from  be- 
fore iaOO  B.C.Zitic.-The  ore  of 
zinc,  calamine  and  spelter,  was 
known  to  the  ancient  Greeks  and 
Chinese. 

ZIRCONIUM. -Metal, obtained  by 
Berzelius,  1 824. Zodiac. -Its  twelve 
signs  were  named  and  located  by 
Anaximander,  about  560  B.C.  The 
G-reeks  and  Arabians  borrowed 
the  zodiac  from  the  Hindoos.The 
zodiacal  light  was  so  named  by 
Cassini,  l683.Zollvareiti.-The 
name. given.to  the Gcr-man  com- 
mercial union,  projected  by  Prus- 
sia, 1818.  Zoology.  -A  science  treat- 
ing of  animal  life,  founded  by  Ar- 
istotle, 322-284  B.C.  Linnaeus, in 
J74I,  divided  the  animal  kingdom 
into  six  clas.ses:  -Mammalia, those 
suckling  their  young;  fives,  birds; 
^OT/»/r/*/a,fro9s,etc.;  Pisces,  fishes; 
/Ttsecta.. insects;  Vermes.  worms. 


147 


AS  OBSERVED  IN  CONGRESS  AND  PUBLIC  BODIES. 


Gesture  No.  I. 


Gesture  No. 2, 


OF  PARLIAMENTARY 

E/mbfacm9  about  th-ree  hu-ndred  points  of  o-rder.  Follow  each  motion  oivcn  in  the 
alphabetic  list  at  the  Ic/t  to  its  respective  references  ^iven  at  the  f  19  ht 


Adjourn,  motion  to  ...._ 

Adj  ourn,  motion  to  fix  time  to  which  to  . . . 

Amend, -motion  *o 

Amendment,  rnotioti  to  amend  an 

Amend  rules,  motion  to 

Appeal,  relating  to  i-ndecoru.ni, etc 

Appeal,  from  speaker's  decision  generally.. 

Call  *o  order .. 

Close  debate,  motion  to 

Commit, -motion  to 

Coin  m  i  t  tpe,  -motion  that  they  do  now  rise . 
Consideration  of  question, objections  to... 

Debate,  wot  ion  to  close 

Debate,  motio-n  to  extend  limit?  on 

Of  bate,  -motion  to  limit 

Fix  time  to  which  *o  adjourn , -motion  to  ... 

l-ndecorum.appeal  -relating  to 

Indecoru-m,  leave  to  continue  speakina  after  .. 

Lie  on  the  table, -motion  that do  ... 

Limit  debate,  motion  to 

Motion,  motion  to  withdraw  a 

Objection  to  consideration  o(  a  question... 

Order,  call  to 

Orders  o/ths  day,  -motion  /or 

Postpone  to  a  certain  time, -motion  to  .... 

Postpone  indefinitely, -motion  to 

Previous  question,  motion  (of 

Priority  of  business,  questions  toufhina  .... 
Privilege,  questions  o( 


Question,  debatable, -motion  to  reconsider... 

Question,  objection  to  consideration  of 

Question,  to  take  up  out  of  its  proper  order . 
Question,  u-n debatable, -motion  to  reconsider. 
Question  whether  sub/ect  shall  be  discussed... 
Questions,  for-ms  in  which  they  may  be  put  ... 
Questions  of  precedence  of  questions  ..... 

Reading  papers 

Reconsider  a  debatable  question-motion  to. 
Reconsider  an  undebatable  question,  motion  to . 

*****  a  question,  motion  to 

Rite,  motion  that  committee  do  now  . ... 

Rules,  motion  to  suspend 

Special  order, -motion  to  make  subject  a 

Substitute,  in  the  nature  of  amendment . . . 

Suspend  rules,  mot  ion  to 

Table,  motion  to  take  fro-m 

Withdraw  a  motion,  motion  to 


1  7  II 

2  7  12 

3  7  12 
3711 
3712 
I  7  II 
3711 

7  II 

7  12 

3  8  12 

7  II 

7  II 

7  12 

7  12 

7  12 

2772 

7  II 

7  II 

7  II 

7  12 

7  II 

7  II 

7  II 

7  II 

47  12 

3811 

7  II 

7  12 

3  7  12 

3811 

7  II 

7  ii 

7  II 

7  II 

610  14 

5  9  13 

7  II 

3811 

7  II 

3  8  12 

7  II 

7  II 

3  7  12 

3  7  12 

7  II 

7  II 

7  II 


16  20  24  28 
15  20  24  28 
15  20  24  28 
15  20  2428 
15  21  2428 
15  20  2429 
IS  20  2429 
1520  2529 
15  21  2428 

15  20  2428 

16  20  24  28 
15  21  2529 
15  21  5428 
15  20  24  28 
15  21  2428 
15  20  24  28 
1520  2429 
IS  20  2428 

17  20  2428 
15  21  24  28 
15  20  2428 
15  21  25  29 
15  20  25  29 
IS  20  2529 
IS  20  24  28 
15  20  24  28 
IS  21  2428 

1520  2428 

15  20  24  28 

16  20  24  30 
15  21  25  29 
15  21  2428 

15  20  24  30 

1521  2529 
19  23  27  32 

18  22  26  31 
15202428 

16  20  24  30 
16  20  2430 

15  20  24  28 

16  20  24  28 
16  21  24  28 
15  21  24  28 

15  20  2428 

16  21   14  28 

17  20  24  28 
IS  20  24  28 


Xvi  VV\\« 


& 


The  question  is  undebatable,  but  sometimes  re- 
marks are  tacitly  allowed. 

.  The  question  is  undebatable  when  anothet  ques 
tion  is  before  the  assembly. 

.  The  question  is  debatable. 

.  Li-mited  debate  is  allowed  on  the  question  on 
ly  on  the  propriety  of  postponement. 

.  Fixing  the  time  to  which  an  adjournment  may 
be  -made,  ranks  /rrs* 

.  A  motion  to  amend,  ranks  eighth. 

.  The  question  does  not  allow  referertce  to  the 
•main  question. 

.  The  question  opens  the  main  question  to  debate 

.  To  adjourn,  when  unqualified, ranks  second. 

.  A  -motion  to  postpone  indefinitely,  ranks  ninth. 

.  The  question  cannot  be  amended. 

,  The  question  -may  be  amended. 

.  A  -motion /or  the  ord_ers  of  the  day,  ranks  third 

.  On  motion  to  strike  out  words:"  Shall  the 
words  stand  part  o(  the  motion,"  unless  a 
majority  sustain  the  words,  they  are  struck  out 

.  The  question  can  be  -reconsidered. 

.  The  questio-n  cannot  be  reconsidered.       [ed 

.  An  affirmative  vote  on  this  question  cannot  b«  reconsider- 

.  A  motion  to  lie  on  the  t?.ble,  ranks  fourth. 

.  On  motion  (or  the  previous  question.^'Shall  the 
•main  question  be  now  put?"  This,  if  carried, 
ends  debate. 

.  A  -majority  su/f/ces  to  deter-mme  the  question. 

.  Two-thirds  vote, unless  special  rules  are  enacted. 

.  A  -motion  for  the  previous  question,  ranks  fifth. 

.  Appealing -from  the  Chair's  decision -."Shall  the  de- 
cision be  sustained  as  the  ruling  of  the  house?'1 
The  chair  is  generally  sustained. 
The  -motion  must  be  seconded. 

.  The  motion  does   not  require  to  be  seconded. 

.  A  -motion  to  postpone  definitely,  ranks  si  nth. 
A  motion  for  Orders.of  the  Day,  if  carried, 
supersedes  intervening  motions. 
The  question  is  not  in  order  when  another  has  thefloer 
The  question  is  in  orde-r  at  any  time. 
The  question  may  be  -moved  and  recorded  when  an 
other  has  the  floor;  not,  however,  putting  aside  the 
business  before  the  assembly.  The  motion  must  be 
made  by  one  who  voted  on  the  prevailing  side,  and 
on  the  same  day  as  the  original  vote  was  taken. 
A  motion  to  commit,  ranks  seven*h  . 
A-n  objection  to  the  question:  "Shall  the  ques- 
tion be  considered  ?"  may  be  made  by  any  mem- 
ber before  debate  Vias  com-menced,  but  not  after 


148 


Gesture  No.  3. 


.  — To  put-off  from  one  day 

i  to  another.  A  -motion  to  adjourti,ex- 
cept  "to  fix  the  tittic  to  which  to  ad- 
journ, "  takes  precedence  of  all  oth- 

i  ers.  I*  is  -neither  debatable,  a-tnend- 
able,  recottsiderable,  nor  has  it  any 

3  subsidiary  motion  applied  to  if. Qual- 
ification in  any  way  changes  its  priv- 
ileged character  to  that  of  any  other 
principal  motion.  When  there  has 
been  any  intervening  business,  a 
ruction  t*o  adjourn  may  be  repeat- 

5  ed.When  a  committee  is  ready  to 
wake  its  report^  instead  of  adjourri- 

e  ing,  a  -motion. is  made  "to  rise."  If 
it  does  not  close  the  session,  any  bus 
iness  interrupted  by  an  adjournment 
is  the  first  in  order  a*  the  next  -meet 
ing.  I/  it  close  the  session, there  be- 
ing -wore  than  one  regular  session 
each  year,  any  unfinished  business  is 
taken  up  first  in  order  at  the.  next 
session;  provided  that  in  a  body  elect 
ed  for  a  definite  time,  the  term  of 
office  of  none  of  its  members  ex- 
pires during  the  period  of  adjourn- 

8  wen*.  If  it  close  the  session, there 
Being  no*  more  than  one  regular 
sessjon  each  year,  and  the  term,  of 
office  of  arty  of  the  off  icers  expires 
be/ore  the  next  regular  session, all 
unfinished  business  is  ended  .When 
it  is  desired  to  close  a  meeting  in 
order  to  prevent. an  assembly  from 
being  kept  in  session  an  unreasona- 
bly long  t.ime,  there  should  be  a 
rule  I  fruiting  the. time  that  the. 
floor  can  be  occupied  by  a-ny  one 
member  at  one  time,  after  the  ex- 
piration of  which,  any  -member  who 
gets  thefloor  should -move"to  ad- 
journ." After  second  ing, the  Chair 
man  instantly  puts  the. question, 
and  if  decided  affirmatively,  he  says, 
"The  motion  is  carried;  this  assem- 
bly stands  adjourned  iVwe.  kXe.,1 '  or 
as  the  case  -H-iay  b4  A*»t* Vv*  viwvtV 
MEpJOrvlEffT.-Any  alteration 
which  is  made  or  proposed  to  be  wade 
itt -a  motion,  bill,  by-laws, etc.,  by  add- 
ing, changing,  substituting  oromiwinj. 

i  A  motion  to  amend  takes  precedence 
of  nothing  except  the  question  it  is 
proposed  to  amend.  It  tan  be  amend 
ed  itself,  but  an  amerfdme-nt  to  an 
amendment  cannot  be  amended. 
It  yields  to  any  subsidiary, incident 


3  a.1,  or  privileged  question.  For  an  a- 
rnendment  to  be  inconsistent  with 
another,  or  to  conflict  witKtheor^- 

t  inal  -motion,  it  must  have  adirect 
bearing  upon  it.  Ati  amend/ment 

motion  is  indivisible,  and  if  lost, an 
other  may  be  made;  (ft)  "*o  a.i&  or 
vv\«.<<>"  certain  words  or  paragraphs; 
(3)"*o  vx\>«fcVt\IAce"  an  other -motion 
on  the  same  subject  for  the  one  pen- 
ding: (A)  "*o  ^tVvVe  ow*"  certain 
words  or  paragraphs.  If  this  -motion 
fail,  it  does  not  preclude  art  amend 
ment,  or  a  motion  "*o  <iXV\V.e.  ou.< 

V\otO'  into  two  or  -more  questions 
so  as  to  secure  a  separate  vote  on 

5  each  point.  When  a  paragraph  it 
once  inserted,  it  cannot  be  struck 
out  or  amended  except  by  adding 
to  it;  also  when  words  are  insert- 
ed in  a  resolution, they  cannot  be 
struck  out,  except  by  a  motion 
to  strike  out  the  paragraph,  or 
such  part  as  shali  make  the  ques- 
tion an  entirely  different  one 
from  that  of  inserting  the  partic- 
ular words.  It  can  be  brought  up 
again  only  by  moving  a  reconsid- 

G  eration.  The  following  motions 
cannot  be  amended:  (I)  to  recon- 
sider; (2)  to  lie  on  the  table;  (3) 
for  the  previous  question:  (4)  to 
adjourn  (if  unqualified) ;  (5)  for 
the  orders  of  the  day;  (6)  to.  post- 
pone indefinitely;(7)  all  incidental 
questions;(8)  an  amendment  of 
an  amendment.  A-M  amendment 
to  a  constitution,  by-laws,  or 
rules  of  order,  requires  a  previ- 
ous notice,  a->id  a  two-thirds 
vote  for  its  adoption.V=e.«-  V\wAes 


fCltfc  THE  VOTE.-  See 

Voting. 

^PPEJ/V1--—  To  ca"  upon  another, 
or  to  the  house, to  decide  a  ques- 
tion controverted,  to  vindicate 
one's  rights,  or  to  corroborate  a 
statement.  If  a  mem  her,  object 
to  the  decision  of  the  presiding  of- 
ficer relative  to  questions  of  order, 
he  says, "I. appeal  from  the  decision 
of  the  Chair,"  when,  if  seconded, 
the  Chairman  says, <{  Shall  the  de- 
cision of  the  Chair  stand  asthejiulp- 
ment  of  the.  assembly  ?  "  I  f  there 
be  a  majority  or  a.tie  vote, the 
decision  of  the  Chair  is  sustained. 
A.-M  appeal  .cannot  be  amended,and 
yields  to  privileged  questions;  when 
relating  to  indecorum,  violation 
of. the  rules  of  speaking,  to  the  pri- 
ority of  business,  or  if  made  dur- 
ing the  pending  of  the  previous 
question,  it  cannot  be  .debated  . 
2  If  debatable  the  presiding  officer 
-may  state  the  reasons  for. his  d.e- 
cis.ion,not  leaving  the  chair  while 
doing  so.  Members  are  allowed  to 
speak  but  once  on  the  question.  A 
vote  on  an  appeal  may  be  recon- 
sidered, but  is  not  in  order  while 
another  appeal  is  pending.  \.  "=«,«. 

Aj»Pl.\.—  To  put.  or  adjust  onetliinj 
to  another;  as,  in  case  a  motion 
can  have.no  subsidiary  motion  1^- 
^\\e&  to  it,  the  fact  is  so  stated;  for 
ex-ample,  a  particular  motion, as 


a  -motion  to  adjourn, cannot  be.  laid 
on  the  table,  postponed,  committed 
or  amended. 

VSS^MBI>t<  —  A  number  of  persons 
collected  together,  usually  for  some 
common  purpose,  as  for  delibera- 
tion,.legislation,  religious  worship, 
or  social  entertainment.  When  us- 
ed iti  the  forms  of  motions,  it  should 
be  replaced  by  the  special  term  used 
to  designate  the  particular  assembly, 
as  society,  convention,  board,  etc. 

A\W^Aji°oVo^S.-Ayes  are  affir- 
mative votes,  and  noes,  negative; 
also  the  same  as  yeas  and  nays. 


V^>e.« 
B/vU. 


LLOT.  —  A  printed  ov  written  tick- 
et usedin  voting.  It  W*s  original- 
ly a  ball  used  for  fecret  voting. 
L/yNK.S>  —  E-wptii  spaces  to  ,befi  II- 
ed  in  with  some  special  writing.Itt 
filling  blanks  the  longest  time  or 
the  largest  sum  proposed  must  be 

i  first  put  to  the  question.  Resolu- 
tions are  sometitnes  conveniently 
amended  by  creating  blanks  by 
moving  .to  strike  out  certainnum 
bers  or  times.  Any  n  umber  of  mem 
bers  may  propose  numbers  to  fill 
a  blank  without  the  formality  of 

3  a  -motion.  I-M  ballotting  blank  votes 
are  not  to  be  counted. 

BOA.HD.—  A  number  of  persons  elect- 
ed or  appointed,  to  si*  in  council  for 
the  -management  or  direction  of 
some  public  or  private  business  or 

i  trust.  For  the  order  of  the  reports 
of  boards  of  trustees,  managers, 
etc.,  see  Order  of  Business,  and 
Quorum. 

BUSINESS.  -Anything  that  demands 
attentionTor  matter  under  con- 
sideration. 1*1  introducing  busi- 
ness, it  is  either  brought  before 
the  assembly  _by  a  motion,  or  .by 
the  presentation  of  .a  communica- 
tion; except  in  receiving  the  re- 
ports of  committees,  or  in  the  1^9- 

a  ular  routine  of  business.  When 
a  motion  for  the  introductiori 
of  business  has  been  seconded,  it 
is  then  stated  by  the  presiding  of- 
ficer, after  which  it  may  be  debat- 
ed; if  the  motion  be  in  writing,  it 
is  handed  to  the  Chairman  ,  and 
read  before  it  is  debated.  Sugges- 
tions or  alterations  may,  howev- 
er, be  made  before  the  que-stion  is 
stated  by  the  Chairman,  the-re-b.y 
savind  much  time,  but  debate  is 

3  not  allowed.  U-Htil  a  motion  has 
been  stated  by  the  Chair,  its.orig- 
inator  may  either  modify  it,  or 
withdraw  it  entirely;  but  not' 
a-fter,  without  the  consent  of  the 
assembly.  The  one  who  seconded 
the  motion  may  withdraw  his 
second  After  the  mover  modifies 
his  motion.  Having  been  stated 
by  the  presiding  off  icer,  a  question 
is  in  the  possession  of  the  assembly 
for  debate;  the  mover  .not  being 
al  lowpd  to  either  -modify  or  with- 
draw if  ,  except  by  consent  of  the 
assembly,  or  by  moving  an  amend 
-- 


ir\i\Y\\s\«.>vi,»7r\ei5 
-.  —  Local  or  restricted  laws 
made  for  application  to  particular 


149 


Gesture  No.  4. 


circumstances.  In  general,  by-laws 
cctitain  all  standing  rules  of  a  soci- 
ety, of  such  importance  that  they 
sfiould  not  be  placed  within  t.He 
power  of  one  meeting  to  modify. 


C A.L1L  O FrHE^HqlisE . -  iVp ar ll a* 
mentary  practice,  a  special  order 
by  the  Speaker  for  each  member  to 
attend  in  his  place.  The  object  is 
to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent 
members,  tt  being  allowable  only  in 
assemblies  having  the  power  to  cow 

a  pel  the  attendance  of  absentees.  I-M 
the  absence  of  a  quorum,  a  small 


to  the  Chairman's  desk,  followed. by 
the  arrested  members,  then  making 
his  return;  (6)  the  presiding  officer 
arraigns  each  arrested  member  sep- 
arately, asking  what  excuse  he  has 
to  offer  for  being  absent  from  the 
sittings  of  the  assembly  without  its 
leave;  (7)  the  -member  states  his 
excuse,  when  a  motion  is  made  for 
his  discharge  from  custody  and  read 
mitted  to  his  seat  either  without 
the  pay-went  of  a  fine, or  after  the 
fine  has  been  paid;  until  which  the 
member  can  neither  vote  nor  be 
recognized  by  the  Chair. 
CALL  TO  OF\D^R.-  The  presiding 
officer  should  enforce  the  orders 
and  rules  of  the  assembly,  without 
delay  or  debate.  Also  each  -member 
noticing  a  violation  of  a  rule,  is 
expected,  to  insist  upon  its  enforce 
ment.  Rising  front  his  seat  and 
addressing  the.presiding  officer.he 
saus,  "Mr.  Chairman,  I  rise  to  a 
point  o-f  order."  l-mmediately 
taking  his  seat,  he  is  requested 
by  the  Chairman  to  state  his  point 
of  order,  which  he  does,  after  which 

2  he  aoai-n  resumes  his  seat.  Upon  de- 
cision of  the  point  by  the  Chair, if" 
no  appeal  be  taken,  the  first  mem- 

3  ber  resumes  his  speech,  tf  his  re- 
marks are  decided  to  be  improper, 
and  any  one  objects,  he  cannot  con 
tinue  speaking  without  a  vote  of 
the  assembly.  I/  it  is  a  case  of  im- 
proper language  used  in  debate,  a 
member  may  say,  "  I  call  the  gen- 
tleman .to  order;  *'  after  which 
the  Chairman  decides  as  before. 


number  (one-fifth  of  the  -members  5  I/. the  Chair  be  unable  to  decide  a 


el«ct  in  Congress)  can  order  a  call 
3  of  the  house.  U-ntil  a  quorum  is 
obtained,  the  members  ordering 
the.  call  should  not  be  permitted  to 
adjourn,  or  to  dispense  with  fur- 
ther proceedings  in  the  call.  A  rule 
should  be  adopted  providing  for  this. 
» l«i  the  absence  of  a  quorum, a  call 
of  the  house  takes  precedence  ofev 
erything. except  the  motion  to  ad- 
journ ;  if  a  quorum  is  present,  a 
motion  for  .a  call  -ranks  withques 
tionsof  privilege,  a  majority  vote 
5  being  required  for  its  adoption. A/- 
ter  a  call  is  ordered,  no  motion  is 
'n  order,  except  one  relating  te  the 


call  itself,  or  a  motion  to  adjourn, 
e  no  recess  being  allowed.  Al  I  proceed- 
ings in  a  call  are  ended  by  adjourn 
- 


may  be  ordered  to  present  their 
excuses  at  an  adjourned  meeting. 
7  The  proceedings  in  a  call  are:|l)the 
clerk  calls  the  roll  of  members  in 
alphabetic  order,  noting  the  absent 
ees;(9)  he  calls  over  again  the 
name*  of  the  absentees,  when  ex 
cuses  majy  be  made;  (3)  the  doors 
are  locked,  that  no  one  may  leave, 
and  an  order  adopted  "That  the 
Sergeant-at-Arms  take  into  custo- 
dy, and  bring  to  the  bar  of  the  House, 
such  of  its  members  a*  are  absent 
without  the  leave  of- the  House;" 
(4-I  a  warrant  is  signed  by  the  pre 
siding  officer,  attested  by  the  clerk 
with  a  list  of  absentees  attached, 
and  given  to  the  Sergeant-at  Arms, 


the  absentees;  (SI  appearing  with 
the  arrested  member*,  he  proceed* 


point  of  order,  he  may  ask  the  a.d- 
vice  o.f  members,  who  respond.  with 
out  rising,  or  he  may  submit  it  to 


the  assembly. 


sides 


-The  person  that  pre- 
a public  or  private  assew 


bly.  For  his  duties, see  Presiding 

.Officer. 

;H/\NG^  OF  VOTE. -For  the  priv- 
ilege of  changing  one's  vote  before 
the  result  is  announced, see  Voting 


See  Motions.  See  also  Privileged, 
Principal,  Subsidiary,  and  Inciden- 
tal Motions. 


,  —An  officer  employed  to 
write  orders,  letters,  dispatches,put> 
lie  and  private  papers, records, and 
transact  other  business  ASM, fac- 


ing, except  in  ca»e  a  quorum  is  pres       

ent,  the  members  already  arrested  COtv\tv\IT.—  To  refer  a  subjec-t  to 


a  committee,  l-n  order  to  secure 
a  more  deliberate  consideration 
of  a  matter,  to  gain  further  in- 
formation upon  it,  or  to  improve 
the  form  in  which  it  is  presented, 
a  motion  is  usually  made  to  refer 
the  subject  to  a  committee.  The 
committee's  report  may  also  be 

a  recommitted.  A  motion  to  com- 
mit takes  precedence  of  the  mo- 
tions to  amend  or  to  indefinitely 
postpone.;  it  also  yields  to  incident' 
al  or  privileged  questions,  to  a  tno 
tion  to  lie  on  the  table,  to  post- 
pone, to  a  certain  day.,  or  for  the 

3  previous  question.  I*  is  debatable, 
and  may  be  amended  by  altering 
the  committee, .or  giving  it. in- 
structions. This  committee  is  to 
be  the  regular  one  whose  duties 
embrace  'the  subject,  if  there-  be 


such;  otherwise  the  motion  should 
be  to  refer  to  a  special  con-imi t-tec, 
whose  character  should  be  named  in 
the  motion;  or. the  nivmber  and 
kind  of  committee  need  not  be 
decided  till  after  it  has  beenvo-te-d 
to  refer  the  subjeft  to  a  committee. 

5  A  part  of  the  subject  may  be  refer 
red  to  a  committee,  or  different 
parts  to  different.committees.  If 
the  committee  be  instructed  as  to 
the  duties  assigned,  such  instruc- 
tions must  be  strictly  followed.  In 
the  absence  of  instructions,  the 
committee  has  full  power  to  report 
in  any  manner  consistent  with  the 
received  forms  of  parliamentary 

s  proceedjngs.  I/  the  motion  does 
-not  designate  the  method  of  ap- 
pointing a. committee,  and  there 
is  no  sta.nding  -rule  on  the  subject, 
the  Chairman  inquires  how  the 
committee  shall  be  appointed, and 
this  is  usually  decided,  informally. 

7  Sometimes  the  Chair  "appoints," 
or  the  committee  is"nominated" 
either  by  the  Chair  or  by  members 
of  the  assembly  (no  mem  ber  nom- 
inating more  than  one),whenthey 
are  voted  upon  togett-ier. \J5ce tow- 

Coiv\IVllTT^E.  — One  or  more  per- 
sons either  appointed  or  elected, 
to  whom  any  matter  or  business 

i  is  referred .  For-  the  method   of 
appointing  a.conimi.ttee,see  last 
part  .of  preceding  article,  also  Res- 
olutions. When  a  committee  is 
properly  selected,  its  action  usual- 

3  ly  decides  that  of  the  assembly.  If 
a  committee  be  intended  for  fc.cV\o-v\ 
it  should.be  small,  and  composed 
of  those  in  /avof  of  the  pro.pos- 
ed  action;  if  for  investigation  or 
deliberation,  itshouldbe.  larger, 
representing  all  parties  in  the  as- 
sembly, that  its  opinion  may  car- 

4-  ry  as  great  weight  as  possible. The 
chairman  o/a  committe  i?  the 
first  member  -named,  and  it  is  his 
duty  to  call  the  committee  togeth- 
er and  preside  at  their  meetings. 
If  for  any  reason  he  /ails  to  call  to- 
gether the  committee,  it  is  their 
duty  to  assemble  At  the  call  of  any 

5  two  of  their  members.  A  quorum 
is  necessary  for  the  committee  to 

6  act.  Papers  referred  to  a  comn-i  it- 
tee  must  not  be  defaced, their  amend- 
ments being  written  on  a  separate 
sheet.  Amendments  to  a  paper  o- 
rio.iriated  by  the  committee, must 
be  incorporated  therein.  In  making 
amendments  each  paragraph   is 
considered  separately,  and  when* 
the  entire,  paper  has  been  thm  con- 
sidered, it  is  open  to  amendments, 
by  striking  out  clauses  or  paragraphs, 
inserting  ne.w  ones,  or  by  substitu- 

7 ting  an  entirely  new  paper.  The 
report  being  adopted,  it  is  written 
ou.t,  commencing  thus:  "  The  com- 
mittee to  which  was  referredV.***** 
•wvaXXeV^beg  leave  to  submit  the  fol- 
lowing report;  "  or  "Your  commit 
tee  appointed  to\^va\e  vrv&vxeA\wou.k! 
respectfully  report  "  etc.  The  report 
closes  thus:"  All  of  which  is  respect 
fully  submitted,"  followed  by  allthe 
members' signatures  who  concurred 
in  the  report,  or  sometimes  only 
that  of  the  chairman,  who  usually 

8  presents  it  to  the  assembly.  If  the 


160 


jkiiyk,  jk. 

ber   may  speak  as  often  and  as  long 
e  as  he  may  get  the  floor.  The   com- 
niittee  can  neither  refer  the  ques- 
tion to  another  committee,  nor  al- 
ter the  text  of  any  resolution  refer- 
red to  it;  b.ut  incase  the  resolution 
originates  in  the  committee,  all 
amendments  arc  incorporated  in 
T  it.  When  the  subject  has  been  du- 
ly considered,  or  an  adjournment 
is  desired,  a  .motion  is  made  that 
"the  committee  rise  and  report," 
etc.    The  motion    being   adopted, 
the  presiding  officer  takes  the  chair, 
and  the  chairman  of.the  commit- 
tee, having  resumed  his  place    in 
the  assembly,  rises  and  inforrtis 
the  Chairman  that  "the  comm  it- 
tee  have  gone  through  the  bust- 

where  it  becomes  -necessary  to  know 
who  are  properly  members  of  Irha  as- 
sembly and  entitled  to  vote,  before 
the  permanent  organization  i*  ef- 
fected, a  temporary  organization  is 
made  by  the  election  of  a  chairman 
and.secretary  v»°  Ve-'m.;  when  the 
chairman  announces,  "The  next 
business  in  order  is  the    appoint- 
ment of  a  committee  on  creden- 
tials, which  is  done  by  some  one 
moving  "That  a  committee  (usu- 
ally of  three)  be  appointed  on  the 
a  credentials  of  members,  l-n  vot- 
ing to  accept  the  report  of  the 
committee,  only  those  reported 
by  the  committee  as  having  prop- 
3  er  credentials  can  vote.  The  com- 
mittee should  also  report  doubtful 

|:| 

Gesture   IM  o.  5. 

he  is  ready  to  make  the  report_when 
the  assembly  is  ready  to  recei  ve 
ait."  The  clerk  makes  a  memo- 
randu-m  of  the  proceedings  for 
the  use  of  the  committee,  but  not 
recording  them  on  the  minutes. 
9  Should  the  committee  .become, 
too  disorderly,  the  presiding  offi- 
cer may  take  the  chair,  and    de- 
10  Clare  the  committee  dissolved.  A 
quorum,  is  the  same  as  that  for 
the  assembly,  and  without  which, 
it  can  only  rise  and  report  the 
fact  to  the  assembly,  which  would 
then  have  to  adjourn. 

ommendations,  which  the  assem 
bly  may  cither  postpone,  adopt,  or 
reject.  \^ae,  0'VO>a-v\'vz.AV\o-*\V 
DEBATE  .  —  Argument   for  and 
against;  as,  the  debates  in  Parlia- 
i  mento-rin  Congress.  Before   a 
subject  is  open  fo-r  debate,  it  -must 
be  brought  before  the  house  by 
a  motion   and  statement  by  the 
a  Chair.  V^>e,e^vL.s\/v\e<i^.  Before  a. 
member  speaks  in  debate,  he  must 
rise  .and  respectfully  address  the 
Chair;  as,  "Mr.  Chairman,  "(or 
President  or  Moderator,  as  the  case 
may  be),  after  which  the  Chair- 

minority  submit  a  report,  it  should 
commence  thus:  "The  undersigned, 
a  -minority  of  the  committee  appoint 
<d,  "  etc.  It  is  usual  .to  allow  the  mi- 
nority to  present  their  -report  after 
that  of  the  majority  has  been  read, 
though  it  cannot  be  acted  upon  nn  ess 
there  be  a  motion  made  to  substi- 
tute it  for  the  report  of  the  commit 
9  tee.  A  motion  to  recommit,  when 
adopted,  revives  a  committee,afte-r 
it  has  been  discharged  following  the 
reading  of  their  report.  They  atedis- 
10  charged  without  a  motion.  A  com- 
mittee (ereept  a  committee  of  the 
whole)  -may  appoint  a  sub-commit 
ii  tee.  When  ready,  to  make  their  re- 
port, a  motion  is  made  for  the  com 

and  carc.ful  thought;  the  result 
of  deliberation,  .or  of  attention 

Coi^STJTbTJOpiL—  The  fundamen- 
tal, organic  law  or  principl.es 
of  government  of  an  organized 

courtesy,  the  member  upon  whose 
•motion  a  subject  is  brought  before 
the  assembly,  is  first  entitled  to 
the  floor.    If  it  be  t-he  report  of  a. 
committee,  the  member  who  pre- 
sents the  report;  he  is  also  enti- 
4  tied  to  close  the  debate,  l/amem 

motion  to  adjourn),  and  that  the 
chairman  (or  some  member  more 
familiar  with  the  report)  make 
nits  report  to  the  assem  bly.  l-ti  case 
Of  disorderly  conduct,  a  committee 
has  no  power  to  punish  its  members, 
but  must  report  the  facts  to  the 
assembly.  \Se*  S*a.jv\6.'\wo,CiOY«\Yv\'\v- 

necessarily,  embodied  in  written 
documents;  also  the  documents 
i  themselves.  When  forming  a  con- 
stitution and  by-laws  for  an  or- 
ganization of  any  kind,  it  would 
be  well  to  procure  copies  of  those 
adopted  by  similar  organizations 
and  make  one  of  these  the  basis. 

mittee,  he  is  invariably  entitled 
5  to  close  the  debate.  With  this  ex- 
ception, no  -mem-ber  can   speak 
-irw>re.tlian  twice  on  the   same 
question  (once  on  questions  of 
order);  nor  longer  than  ten  min- 
utes at  a  time,  without  leave  of 
s  the  assembly.  U-ntil  every  mem- 

cpmmittee  consisting  of  the  en- 
i  tire  assembly.  The  object  of  such 

V  otuns  \\\  vVus  VAawvaX  W\\\  *e,Y>4e 
a  tA  t.  qa^ex-aA  •mo4e\V  Utter    the 
committee  having  charge  of  the 
preparation  of  the  constitution 
and  by-laws  have  finished  their 

110  member  may  speak  a  second 
7  time.  All  remarks  -must  be  con- 
fined to  the  question  before  the 
assembly,  and  all  personalities  or 
reflections  upon  any  one's   mo 

ject  which  is  not  desired  to  refer 
to  a  committee,  as  when  a  s  n.b- 
ject—  matter  Has  not  been  proper- 
ly considered  and  formu  ated  for 

•the^  committee  rise,  and  that  the 
chairman  report  the  constitution 
and  by-laws  to  the  assembly."  If 
this  be  adopted,  the.  constitution 

is  wanted  in  debate,  the  question 
may  be  considered  informally,  or 
if  the  assembly  be  large,  90  into 
3  committee  of  the  whole.  I/  it  be 

ed  to  consider  a  question  at  once, 
a  motion  is  made,  "  That  the  assem 
bly  do  now  resolve  itself  into  a  com 
mittee  of  the  whole,  bo  take  un- 
der consideration,  "  ate.  (See  Com- 
mit, for  its  order  of  precedence). 
3  The  motion  adopted,  *4ie  Chairman 
calls  another  member  *o  the  chair, 
taking  his  place  as  a  member  of  the 
*  committee.  As  the  committee  can- 
not adjourn,  the  only  motions  in 
order  are  to  amend  and  adopt,  and 
that  the  committee  "rise  and  re- 
port; "  ne  ther  can  it  order  the 
5  "yeas  and  nays."  To  close  or  lim- 
it debate,  the  assembly  must  vote 
that  the  debate  in  committee  shall 
cease  at  a  certain  time.  If  there 
be  no  prescribed  limit,  any  mem- 

a brief  -report  is  made,  by  the  com 
3  mittee.  The  constitution  should 
be  made  very  difficult  to  amend, 
a  previous  notice  being  required, 
and  a  two-thirds  or  a  three-fourths 
vote  for  its  adoption.  V^e-c-  ^\)-Va.<*«, 

Co^lVet^TloV--  A  meeting  or 
assembly  of  persons,  as  of  repre- 
sentatives or  delegates,  to.  accom- 
plish some  specif  ic.  o  bject.  V^s-e-  ^%- 

Cl\EDECfTIAjLS.  -Testimonials  to 
show  that  a  person  is  entitled.  to 
credit,  or  has  a  right  to  exercise 
official  power;  as,  a  certificate  that 
one  has  been  elected  a  delegate.  In 
the  organization  of  a  convention 

to  close  it,  it  may  be  done  by  a 
rotwo-thirds  vote.  There  is  a  dis- 
tinction between    debate  and  mak- 
ing suggestions  or  asking  questions, 
and  it  should  always  be  kept  in  view. 
i  For  the  suppression  of  debate  on 
a  subject,  see  Previous.Question. 
12  Al  1  debate  on  a  question  may  be 
closed  by  any  of.  the  follow!  ng 
motions,  which  are  undebatable, 
and,  except  to  lie  on  the  table,  re- 
quires a  two-thirds  vote  for  their 
adoption:  (1)  Ao\\e  ov\  VV\e"\-a,\>\c, 
which,  when  adopted,  puts   the 
question  to  «he  table,  from  which 
it  can  only  be  removed  by  amaior- 
ity  vote.  (S)  AV\c.  V-yeM\ow,«,  CXxvas- 
X\o*v\,  whir.  h,  when  adopted,  cuts 
off  debate  by  bringing  the  assem- 

361 


Gesture  No. 6. 


bly  to  vote  cm  the  pending  question 
only.  If  the  pending  -motion  is  an 
amendment,  or  a  motion  to  com- 
mit, it  also  applies  to  the  question  to 
be  amended  or  committed,  or  to  an 
amendment  of  an  amendment. 
( 3)  K v\  Oy>acV\OK\  Xo  XVe,  Ci»\A\ta.x&V\oY\ 
»k  »  Ok\v«X\oY\  ( on  I  y  when. the  ques- 
tion is  first  introduced),  which,  if 
adopted,  throws  the  subject  out  of 
*he  assembly  for  that  session.  (4-) 
"To  ako^V  -a\\  o\o,et  \\Yn\X\\\o,  &»- 
>oavc  upon  a  special  subject,  or  vo 
cAote  irtaVe  upon  the  subject  at  a 
Stated  time,  when  all  pending  ques- 
tions are  put  to  vote  without  fur- 
ther debate.  These  two  measures 
apply  to  a  pend!tt9  amendment, or 
an.  amendment  to  an  amendment. 
This  beina  voted  upon,  the  original 
question  is  left  open  to  debate  and 
amendment..  _ 

Dl^COr\U»l  1(4  DEBATE. -In  debate 
a  member  must  -not  reflect  upon 
any  act  of  the  assembly,  and  con- 
fine .his  remarks  to  the.  qu-estion 
pending.  He  should  avoid  personal- 
ities, and  when  referring  to  anoth 
cr  -member,  if  possible,  avoid  usin? 
his  name;  instead  referring  to 
hitn  as  "the  member  who  spoke 
last,"  or  as  the  case  may  be;  -nev- 
er in  any  way  arraigning  the  rno- 

3  tives  of  a  member.  The  character 
or  consequences  of  a  measure  may 
be  co-ndemned  in  strong  terms, 
keepin9  in  mind  that  it  is  the  meas- 
ure and  not  the  man,  that  is  the 

3  subject  of  debate.  Always  refer  to 
the  officers  of  the  assembly    b  y 
their  official  titles,  and  whe-n  the 
Chairman  rises  to  speak,  the  -mem- 
ber speaking  must  resume  his  seat 
till  the  Chairman  has  been  heard. 
I-H  object i tig  to  improper  words, 
either  the  -member  otyectirio  or 
the  clerk  sKould  write  them  ou-t, 
*hat  they  may  be  read  to  the  me-m 
ber    who  ic  accused;  in  case   of 
denial,  the  assembly  decides  by  a 
vote  whether  or  -no*  they  are, 
hif  words.  If  he  can-not  justify 
the  ute  of  the  words,  or  refusal 
to  properly  apologize,  it  :*  the  duty 
of  the  assembly  to  ac*.  I/  a  -mem 
ber  be  called  to  order,  he  mutt 


sit  until  the  question  of  order  is 
decided.  If  his  remarks  are  decided. 
to  be  improper,  he  cannot  contin- 
ue speaking,  if  any  one  objec*,w!tH- 
out  (he  consent  of  the  assembly  er- 
pressed  by  a  vote.  Before  the  a« 
si'mbly  proceeds  to.  deliberate  up 
on  a  case,  if  the  disorderly  words 
ba  of  a  personal  nature,  both  par- 
ties to  the  personality  should  re- 
tire, it  being  a  general  rule  that 
when  any  subject  relating  to  one\ 
self  is  under  debate,  he  should   be 
absent.  Unless  the  person  object- 
ing to  the  words  is  involved   ill 
the  case.  He  need  not  -retire. 
^LE;G/\TE.-  One  who  is  »e-nt 
and  empowered  to  act  for  anoth- 
er. Fo.r  the  organization  of  a 
•meeting  of  delegates,  see  Conven- 
tion  and  Organization. 
^ClSlOp.-  The  act  of  settling 
or  determining.  As  a  rule,  it-i 
most  qu-estio-ns  and  elections, 
the  -majority  of  votes  of  those 
who  a-re    presen*     constitutes 
the  will  of  the  body.  A  special  pro- 
vision: is  necessary  in  case  a  -ma- 
jority of  the  whole  -membership 
is.req  uired.  V^8-8  ^  oVwvoA. 

DELIBERATIVE.  ASS^NlBLY.-An 
assembly  having  the  -right  or 
power'  to  deliberate  upon  or  to 
discuss  questions  brought  before 
it.  For  the  rights.  of  such  an  as- 
sembly to  punish  its  membe-rs, 
see  Legal  Rights  of  Assemblies. 

DIVISION.-  In  an  assembly  the 
separation  of  the  -members  into 
t  wo  parties  for  the  purpose  of  vot- 
ing on  opposite  sides  of  a  question. 


. 

separation  of  a  question  into  two 
or  more  questions,  as  the  mover 
may.  specify,  for  the  purpose  of 
getting  a  separate  .vote  on  any  par 

i  ticular  point  or  points.  So-meti-mes 
the  enemies  of  a  measure  seek  to 
amend  i*  in  such  away  as  to  di- 
vide its  friends,  and  thus  defeat 

lit.  To  divide  a  question  is  really 
to  amend  it,  and  subject  to  the 

3  same  rules.  After  a  question  is 
divided,  each  separate  question 
is  a  proper  one  for  the  assembly 
to  act  upon,  even  if  none,  o-f.the 

4  others  were  adopted.  A  -motion 
to  "strike  out  certain  words  arid 
insert  others,"  is  indivisible,it 
being  strictly  one  proposition; 
a  -motion  "to.  corn-mi*  with  in- 
structions, "  is  also  indivisible.be 
cause  if  the  motion  to  cornmit 
should  -fail,  the  motion  to  instruct 
would  be  improper,  since  t  here 
would  be  -no  committee.  \.^>«.e.  fc- 

Wfc  Y\fc'W\«,'*\W 

DUTIES  OF  OFFICERS.  -See  un- 
der the  title  of  each  officer  in  its 
Broper  order. 


.. 

Religious  courts  or  /oru-ms  f  of 
t-hc  -administrat-io-n  of  just  iqe 
among  religious  bodies  or  their 
members.  These  bodies  are  gov- 
erned in  their  deliberations  by 
the  same  rules  of  order  that  are 
used  in  other  deliberative  bodies. 
a  The  presiding  officer  is  designat- 
3  ed  "Moderator."  l»i  case  of  di- 
vision or  other  trouble  among 
the  -members  of  a  local  charch,  the 


Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
has  laid  down  the  broad  principle 
that,  when  a  local  church  is  but  a 
part  of  a  larger  and  more  general 
organization  or  denomination,  the 
court  will  accept  the  decision  of  the 
highest  ecclesiastical  tribunal  to  which 
the  case  has  been  carried  within  that 
general  church  organization  as  f  i- 
rial,and  will  not  inquire  into  the 
justice  or  injustice  of  its  decrees 
as  between  the  parties  before  it. The 
courts  will  recognize  the  highest 
judiciary  recognized  by  any  denom- 
ination. 

j ^CTfyiEfrfT.  -  It  is  a  right  of  ev- 
ery deliberative  assembly  to  deter- 
mine who  may  be  present  during 
its  session,  and  after  deciding,  by  a 
vote  or  by  a  rule,  that  any  person 
shall  not  remain  in  t.he  room,  it 
is  the  duty  of  the  Chairman  to. en- 
force *he  rule  or  order,  employing 
force  if  necessary.  Members  may 
be  detailed  to  remove  the  person, 
but  in  using  harsher  treatment 
than  is  necessary,  the  members 
make,  themselves  liable  to  action. 
XPULSlOpf.—  Summarily  remov- 
ing frgm  membership.  For  the 
expulsion  of  -mem  hers, see  Trial 
of  Members. 

L^CTlOfl.  —  The  act  of  choosing 
a  person  to  fill  an  office,  or  to 
membership  in  a  society.  The  us- 
ual methods  are  by  ballot, uplift- 
ed hands,  or  M\va.  N oca..  For  the 
election  of  off icers,  see  Organiza- 


ADJOURN.-  This  motion  takes 
precedence  of  all  others  .  1 1  is  un- 
debatable  when  another  question 
is  before  the  assembly,  and  is  in 
order  even  after  the  vote  h.as 
been  taken  to  adjourn,  provided 
the  result  of  the  vote  has  not  yet 

i  been  a.nnou-nced.  When  no  other 
.question  is  before  the  assembly, 
it  is  debatable,  standing  as  any  oth- 
er principal  motion,  and  can  be 
amended  by  altering  the  time. 

1  l*s  form  is,  "When  this  assembly 
adjourns,  it  adjourns  to  meet  at 

3  such  a  time.  "  When  it  is  desir- 
ed to  have  an  adjourned  meeting 
of. the  assembly,  it  is  best  to  make 
this  motion  sometime  before  the 
close,  specifying  the  time. 

FLOOR..—  To  obtain  the  floor  in 
order  to  add-re.ss  the  assembly  on 
any  question,  it  is  necessary  that 
the  me.mber  rise  and  address  the 
presiding.off icer  by  his  title;  as, 
"Mr.  Chair-man,"  or  as  the  case 
may  be,  who  will  then  announce 

i  the  member's  name.  When  two 
or  more  persons  rise  to  speak  at 
the  same  time,  the  Chairman  de- 
cides who  is  first  by  calling  the 
name  or  otherwise  indicatin?  the 
person.  If  readiness  of  discern- 
ment and  promptness  of  decis- 
ion on  the  part^of  the  Chair-man 
do  not  enable  him  to  justly  decide 
between  the  two  claimants, an  ap- 
peal to  the  assembly  may  ba  had. 
Having  once  obtained  the  floor,  a 
member  cannot  be  interrupted 
by  calls  for  the.  question ,  or  by  a 
motion  to  adjourn,  or  for  any 
purpose,  with  the  following  ex- 
ceptions: (I)  by  an  objection  to 


152 


Gesture  No. 7. 


the  consideration  of  the  question;(2) 
by  a  call  to  order;  (3)  by  a  call  for 
the  orders  of  the  day;  (4-)  to  have 
entered  on  the  minutes  a  motion, 
to  reconsider;  (5)  by  a. question  of 
privilege  that  requires  im-medi- 
ate  action. \,S«.«.  WVxo&NvcVNo-vv  oi 

FOI\lv\S.— For  forms  of  motions, 
questions,  reports, etc.,  see  the  par- 
ticular subject  in  its  proper  order. 

ber  holding  a  title  or  place. without 
rendering  s.ervice  or  receiving  .re- 
ward. Distinguished  past  presid- 
ing officers,  veteran  members  of 
the  meeting,  persons  who  have 
won  honorable  distinction  in  the 
cause  that  the  meeting  assembles 
to  consider,  and  other  notabili- 
ties whose  presence  will  lend  dig- 
nity to  the  rostrum,  the  Chair-man 
may  appropriately  call  to  the  stand, 
to  occupy  a  seat  beside  him,  all  of 
which  tends  to  give  respectability, 
dign.ity,  and  influence  to  the  pro 
ceedings  of  the  meeting. 
HOUSED  — An  audience  or  assembly 
of  hearers,  as  at  a  lecture,theate% 
societu,  etc.  V:>a«.C>'»X\  oixVve,  \\o\v%e/V 

words  or  expressions  u-nsuitcd,u-ti 
becoming,  or  un fitted  to  ths  c-tV- 
cumstances.  \£«*  ^aco*\vwv  Vw  *"  - 
VaWV 


arising  out  of  other  questions.  In 
consequence  of  their  origin,  they 
take  precedence  of  those  from  which 
they  arise,  and  are  to  be  decided  be- 
fore them.  They  cannot  be  amend- 
ed, and  yield  to  privileged  questions. 
They  cannot  be  debated, except  an 
appeal.  They  are:  (I)  Suspension  of 
*he  rules;  (S)  Objection  to  the  con- 
sideration of  a  question;  (3)  Q^ues- 
tiori  of  order,  or  appeal;  (4)  The-read 
ing  of  papers;  (5)  Leave  to  with- 
draw amotio 


A  postponement  without  setting  a 
day  for  further  co-nsideration.  I/ 
this  question  be  decided  in  the  af- 
firmative, the  motion  cannot  be 
renewed;  if  in  the  negative, it  has 
no  effect,  the  question  being  still' 
in  the  possession  of  the  assembly.  U 


takes  precedence  of  nothing  except 
the  p-rincipal  question, and  yields  to 
incidental,  privileged,  or  subsidiary 
motions, except  to  amend. When  the 
previous  question  is.ordered  while 
this  motion  is  pending,  it  applies  on 
IM  to  it  without  affecting  the  main 
question..!*  opens  to  debate  the  en 
tire  question  it  is  proposed  to  post- 
pone; it  cannot  be  amended, and 
entirely  removes  the  question  from 
before  the  assembly  for  that  ses- 


,--.-, ,--, ,-,--  .  .-Con- 
sideration without  regard,  to  offi- 
cial, conventional,  prescribed,  or 
customary  forms  or.ru  les;as,act- 
ing  as  if  in  the  committee  of  the 
whole.  I-M stead  of  going  into  com 
•mittee  of  the  whole,  especially  in 
small  assemblies,  the  question  nay 
at  first  be  considered  "informally," 
and  afterwards, "formally."  l*i 
informal  actions,  a  member  is 
at  liberty  to  speak  as  often  and 
as  long  each  time  as  oermitted  by 
the  assembly.  Acting  informally 
upon  resolutions,  the  assembly 
can  only  amend  and  adopt  them; 
the  Chairman  announcing, with- 
out a  -motion,  that  "the  assem- 
bly, acting  informally,  has  had 
the  subject  under  consideration, 
and  has  made  certain  amendments, 
which  he  will  report."  The  Chair- 
man's report  to  the  assembly  of 
the  informal  action  should  been- 
te-red  on  the  minutes,  but  the 
memorandum  of  the  proceed- 
ings kept  by  the  clerk  should  not 
be  entered.  It  not  being  necessa 
ry  *o  move  that  the  committee 
rise  at  the  close  of  an  informal 
action,  the  Chairman -retains 
his  seat;  but  the  adoption  of  such 
motions  as  to  commit, to  adjourn, 
the  previous  quest! on,  or  any  mo- 
tion except  to  amend  or  adopt, 
puts  an  end  to  the  informal  con- 
sideration. 

tJTflODlJCTIOK  O ,.--,— 

When  other  than  routine  busi- 
ness,or  order?  of  the  day,  isto.be 
brought  before  the  assembly,  it 
is  introduced  by  amotion, which; 
after  bejng  seconded,  is  stated  by 
the  Chairman.  When,  a  member 
wishes  to  bring  a  subject  before 
the  assembly,  unless  very  simple, 
he  should,  write  it  out  in  the  form 
of  a  motion,  introducing  the  res 
olutien  with  the  word  "Resolved." 
Rising  and  addressing  the  Chair 
man,  he  says,"  I  move  the  adop- 
tion of  the  following  resolution,' 
which  he  reads  and  then  hands 
to  the  Chairman.  After  seconding, 
the  Chairman  says, "It  has  been 
moved  and  seconded  that  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  be  adopted,"  he 
then  reading  the  resolution;  af- 
ter which  the  merits  of  the. res- 
olution are  open  to  discussion. 
At  the  close  of  the  discussion  the 
Chairman  asks, "Are  you  ready 
for  the  question?"  If  no  one  ris- 
es to  speak,  he  says, "The  question 
is  on  the  adoption  of  the  resolution 
which  you  have  heard  read;  as 
ma,ny  as  are  in  favor  of  its  adop- 
tion will  say  aye."  After -theayes 
have  voted,  he  says,"  As  many  as 


are  opposed  to  its  adoption  will  say 
noi"  After  the  vote  has  been  tak 
en,  the  Chairman  announces  the 
result  by  stating  »hat  tha  tno.tion 
is  carried,  or  lost,  as  the  case  may 

|OURNA]L^-The  record  of  daily  pro- 
ceedings, kept  by  the  clerk.  In  legis- 
lative bodies  this  record  is  called  as 
above,  but  in  most  other  assem- 
blies it  is  called  the  vx.mw%e%, which 

L^GAX  RlGHTS.-Those  rights  of 
deliberative  assemblies,  created  by, 
permitted  by,  or  in  conformity  with, 
the  laws  of  the  country.The courts 
recognize  deliberative  bodies  as  hav- 
ing the  inherent  right  to  n-iaUe 
and  enforce  their  own  laws, and 
punish  their  members  for  offens- 
es, the  extreme  penalty  be.m?  ex- 
pulsion. A  permanent  society,  for 
self-protection,  has  a  right  to  give 
public  notice  that  a  person  hasceas 
ed  to  be  a  member  of  that  society. 
Publishing  the  charges  against  the 
expelled  member  gives  him  ground 
for  recovering  damages  from  the 
society  in  a  suit  for  libel,  notwith 
standing  the  truth  of  the  charges. 

.1^  OK  TflE  TA.BLE.— To  postpone 
a  subject  in  such  a  way  that  it  can 
be  taken  up  again  at  any  time, 
or  to  suppress  a  question.when  a 
majority  vote  can  not  be  obtain- 
ed to  take  it  from  the  table  dur- 

i  ing  any  session.  This  motion  is 
not  debatable,  cannot  be  amended, 
can  have  no  subsidiary  motion  ap- 
plied to  it,  nor  can  an  affirmative 
vote  on  it  be  reconsidered. Ittakes 
precedence  of  all.other  subs/diarx 
questions,  and  yield.sto  privflege* 
or  incidental  questions.  It  rewows 
the  subject,  and  everything  that 
adheres  to  it,  from  consideration 
till  the  assembly  vote  to  take.it 
from  the  table,  a/motion  bei-ng 
necessary  to  call  it  before  the  as- 
sembly. The  following  areejtcep- 
tions:  (I)  An  amendment  to  the 
minutes  being  laid  on  the  table, 
the  minutes  are  not  carried  with 
it;  (Jl)  If  a  motion  to  reconsider 
a  question  be  laid  on  the  table,  the 
original  question  is  left  where  it 
was  before  the  reconsideration  wa 
moved;  (3)  If  an  appeal  belaid  on 
the  table,  the  decision  of  the  Chair 
is  sustained,  but  the  original  sub 

3  ject  is  not  tabled.  Whenever  there 
is  no  possibility  of  obtaining  a  ma 
jority  vote  for  taking  up  a  questiot 
during  the  remainder  of  the  session 
the  quickest  way  to  suppress  Vt  is 
to  move.  K  that  the  question  lie  on 
the  table;  "  which, being  undebat 
able,  the  majority  may  instantly 
place  on  the  table,  from  which  it 
can  not- be  taken  without  their  con- 
sent. 

MAlff  G(UE.STtpl4.— A  Main  or 
Principal  Question  or  Motion, isa 
motion  to  bring  before  the  assew 
bly,for  its  consideration,  any  p.ar 

i  ticular  subject.  14!  yields  to  all  in 
cidental,  privileged,  and  subsidiary 
questions,  takes  precedence  of  nor 
ing,  and  cannot  be  -made  when 


any  other  question  Is -before  the 
assembly. V> 


153 


VlAJOHltV--  The  number  by  which 
one  aggregate  exceeds  all  other  ag- 
gregates with  which  it  is  contrasted; 
as,  the  number  by  which  the  votes 
for  a  successful  candidate  exceed 
those  for  all  other  candidates. ^e-e. 


Gesture  No.  8. 


.-An  assemblitia togeth- 
er of  the  members  of  a  deliberative 
body  (or  any  length  of  time,  an  d 
during  which  there  is  -no  separa- 
tion of  the  -members  by  an  adjourn 
•ment.  I/  a  recess  be  taken  (or  on- 
ly a  few  -minutes,  this  does  tiot  ter- 
minate the  "meeting."  I'M  ordina- 
ry practice  a  meeting  is  closed  by 
•moving  simply  "to  adjourn.  V^>«-«> 
J>e**\o\\\.  For  method  o(  conduct 
ing  a  meeting,  see  Assembly,  Con- 
vention, Business,  Introduction  of 
Business,  and  Order  of  Business. 
Efv\8EI\.—  One  of  the  persons 
composing  a.  society,  association 
•tc.    Before  taking  his  seat  as  a 
•member  of  a  permanent  society, 
it  is  usually  required  that  the  per- 
son be  Yvi\t\a.Xe&  by  the  payment 
of  a  certain  fee,  and  making  an 
affirmation  similar  to  the  fol- 
lowing: "I  do  hereby  solemnly  prom 
ise,  that  I  will  observe  and  strictly 
obey  all  the  laws,  rules  and  regula- 
tions set  down,  in  the  Constitu- 
tion of  this  Society;   and  do  furthei 
declare  that  I  entertain  no  ill-will 
toward  any  member,  and  will  en 
deavor  to  promote  the  welfare  of 

3  this  Society."  A  member  is  not 
supposed  to  be  preseit  during  a 
debate  about  himself,  nor  is  he  to 
vote  on  questions  pers.onal  to  him 
self.  During  the  -meetings  of  an 
assembly,  the  members  are  suppos 
ed  to  stand  upon  a  plane  of  enact 
equality.  If  possessed  of  a  high  de- 
gree of  intellectual  culture,  or  gift- 
ed with  fluency  of  speech  and  read- 
iness i-n, debate— the  fact  is  clearly 
fhown  in  the  proceed  ings  of  the 
assembly;  wealth  and  eminence 
in  position  being  lost  sight  of  for 

*  the  time  being.  All  standing  onthe 
same  level,  it  becomes  each  member 
to  exhibit  such  deportment, as  will. 


in  the  highest  degree,  promote  the 
harmony  and  efficacy  of  the  mee,t- 
'" 


S^lfJO^ITV.  —  The  smaller  number, 
as  opposed  to  the  majority.or  larg- 
er,number.  For  the  report  of  the 
minoritu.see  Committee. 

>v\INUT^S.-An  outline  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  a  meeting  or  society. 
\See.  iovnr\\a.V\.  The  minutes  should 
contain,  ll>  A  statement  of  the 
kind  of  meeting,  whether  "regu- 
lar, "  "special."  "adjourned  regu- 
lar,"  or  "adjourned  special;"!*) 
Name  of  the  assembly.;  (3)  Date 
and  place  of  the  meeting,  unless 
the  place  is  always  the  same;  (4) 
A  statement  of  the  fact  of  the  pres- 
ence of  the  regular  chair-man  and 
clerk,  or  in  their  absence  the  names 
of  their  substitutes;  (5)  A  state- 
ment as  to  whether  the  -minutes 
of  the  previous  meeting  were  approv 
ed;(6)  A  record  of  the  proceedings 
of  the  meeting. The  following  form 
illustrates  the  introductory  part: 
"At  a  regular  meeting  of  the  Hi- 
bernian Literary  Society,  held  on 
the  23rd  d,ay  of  November,  19..., 
at  the  Society  Auditorium,  the 
President  iri  the  chair,  the  min- 
utes were  read  by  the  clerk  and  ap 

3  proved."  Iti  the  absence  of  the 
clerk,  insert  after  the  words  "in 
the  chair"  the  follow?ng:"The 

clerk  being  absent, was 

appointed  clerk  v™  *•*»•  The  min- 
utes were  then  read  and  approved." 
In  the  absence  of  the  reading  of 
the  minutes,  say,"  The  reading  of 
the  minutes  was  dispensed  with." 

4  The  minutes  should  be  signed  by 
the  clerk  who  acts  for  that  meet- 
ing, and  when,  they  are  to  be  pub- 
lished, the  presiding  officer  should 

*  also  sign  them.  The  clerk  should 
not  under  any  circumstances 
criticise  in  the  minutes,  either 
favorably  or.otherwise,,anything 
said  or  done  in  the  meeting.  I  -n 
ordinary  society  meetings, the  du- 
ty of  the  clerk  is  mainly  to  record 
what  was  done  by  the  assembly; 
but  if  the  minutes  are  to   be  pub- 
lished, it  is  often  of  far  -more  in- 
terest to  know  what  was  said  by 
the  leading  speakers  than  to  know 
what  routine  business  was  done. 
In  such  cases  the  secretary  should 

T  have  afc  least:  one  assistant. Every 
principal  motion,  whether  adopt- 
ed or  -rejected;  the  results  of  vot- 
ing; and  wheri  voting  by  yeas 
and  nays,  a  list  of  the  names  of 
those  voting  on  each  side, should 
all  be  entered  in  fhe  minutes;al 
so  brief  summaries  of  reports 
that  have  been  agreed  to,  except 
where  it  contains  resolutions, in 
which  case  the  resolutions  should 
be  entered  in  full  as  adopted  by 

•  the  assembly..  The  proceedings 
of  the  committee  of  the  whole, or 
while  acting  informally ,  should 
no*  be  entered  on  the  minutes. 

9  When  the  next  meeting  will  not 
occur  for  a  long  period,  the  min- 
utes should  be  read  and  approved 

to  before  adjournment.  The, clerk 
should  have  in  his  possession  a 
list  of  all  standing  committees , al- 


so such  select  committees  as  are 
in  existence  at  the  time.  Previous 
to  each  meeting, the  clerk  should 
make  out  an  order  of  business 
for  the  M-se  of  the  Chairman, and 
when  a  committee  has  been  ap- 
pointed, he  should  hand  the  names 
of  the  committee, and  all  papers 
referred  t'o  it,  to  the  chairman 
of  *he  committee. V%«e$»c*tx«.tHY 
v\OD^»\ATOa.-An  officer  who 
presides  over  an  assembly,  to  pre- 
serve order,  propose  quest  ions, reg- 
ulate the  proceed  ings,  and  .declare 
the  votes.  The  term  is  p,articular- 
ly  applicable  to  the  chairman  of 
ecclesiastical  assembl ies. VJaftt'**-- 

MOD|FICATIOt|f — Any  particular 
form  or  manner,  or  any  slight 
change  in  form.  After  a  ques- 
tion or  motion  is-  m  ,*h«  posses- 
sion of  the  assembly,  its  mover 
cannot  modify  or  withdraw  it, 
if  any  one  object,  ercept  by  obtain- 
ing leave  from  the  assembly,  or 
by  moving  «tn  amendment.^  to 


-  -  .-  „  I.— A  proposal  or  sugges- 
tion ma.de  at  a  meeting  or  assem- 
bly, looking  to  action  or  progress. 
If  a  proposition  be  made  in  such 
form  that -the  assembly. is  ready 
to  act  upon  it,  the  question  may 
be  put  at  once,  and.  the  result  de- 
termined ;  but  as  it  is  often  de- 
sirable to  dispose  of  itln  some,  oth- 
er way,  for  this  purpose  various 
•motions  have  come  into  u.9e,wliich 
can  be  made  while  a  question  is 
being  considered,  and  for  the  time 
supersede  it. V^o-v  VYve.  oY&e.-r  oi 

•WVH.YV)  oi  Va.»\\-a-w\e.ir\X'a.rx)  V.-roc-ei 

2.  Sec*V  For  the,  details  of  each  mo- 
3  t  ion,  see  it  in  its  proper  order.The 
following  is  a  list  of  mptio-ns,clas- 
sified  according  to  their  object: 
I.  ?i\v\e.*  •a.rvk  0-\ro.c,Y*.— (i)  Orders 
of  the  Day.  (a)  Appeal,  (a)  Questions 
of  Order.  (•+)  Suspension  oftheRuJes. 
(5)  Special  Orders.  H..To  ^.tt-wress 
\}aV>aVe. —  (i)  Order  Limiting  or 
Closing  Debate.  (a)  The  Previous 
Question.  XliAo  .^u.^vYe^*  *Vve- 
CL\*.et*\o-v\.—  (l)  To  Lie  on  the  Table. 
fa)  To  Postpone  Indefinitely.  (3) 
To  Object  to  the  Consideration  of 
the  Question.  IV. "^o  ^«,tev  ^cV^OY^; 
(l)  To  Lie  on  the  Table,  (a)  To  Post- 
pone to  a  Certain  Time.  IV.  T  o. 
f\vnev\4  O-T  NVo4\4x).—  (l)  To  Commit, 
la)  To  Amend.  VI. to  CAote».Wie.«X 
vnq..—  (l)  To  Fix  the  Time  to  which 
to  Adjourn,  (a)  To  Adjourn.  VU. 
ToCo-vwi&e/r  a  dvt«.s*'\0'V\  «.%eco-v\& 
Vxrvxe.— To  Reconsider.  VIHA*\v 
G«.\\a-v»e.o\i^.—  (i)  Questions  of  Priv- 
ilege, (a)  Reading  of  Papers. (3)  With 
drawal  of  a  Motion..The .follow- 
ing is  a  general  classification  of 
motions:  I . W\Y\c\va,\  or  XAa'vv\ 

,-MTo 


, 
.  TL.  < 


Lie  on  the  Table,  (a)  To  A  mend.  (3) 
To  Postpone  Indef  initely.(4)To  Post 
pone  to  a  Certain  Day.  (5)  To  Com- 
mit. (6)  The  Previous  6lu.estion.Hi:. 

(i)  Suspension  of  the  Rules. (a)  To 
Appeal,  or  Questions  of  Order.  (3)  To 


15J 


G-esture  No.  9. 


Object  to  the  Consideration  of  any 
Question.  (4-)  The  Reading  of  Pa- 
pers. (5)  Leave  to_  Withdraw  a 
Motion.  IV.  W\M\\eo/e\Ooix*&\oK\s 
h)  To  Call  for  the  Orders  of  the 
Day.Ja)   To  Fix  the  Time  to  which 
to  Adjourn,   (aj  To  Adjoum;   (4) 
Questions  relating  -to  the  Rights 
atid  Priyilea.es  of  the  Assembly  or  of 

i  any  of  its  Members.  When  -required 
by  the  presiditi9  officer,  all  principal  mo- 
tions, amendments,  and  instructions 
to  committees,  should  be  in  writi-r^. 

•  For  a  list  of  motions  that  cannot  be 
amended,  see  Amendment  and  for 
those  which  cannot  be  debated,  see 
Undebatable  Questions, and  Debate. 
The  following  -motions  open  to  discus 
sioti  the  entire  merits  of  the  main 
question:  (I)  To  Reconsider  a  debat 
able  question.  (3)  To  Postpone  Itidef 

e  initely.(3)  To  Commit.  The  fol- 
lowinq  motions  require  a  two-thirds 
vote  for  their  adoption ,  while  all  oth 
ers  require  but  a  majority.  Every 
motion  in  this  list  has  the  effect  to 
suspend  or  change  some  rule  or  cus 
torn  of  deliberative  bodies  :(l)To  Sus 
pend  the  Rules. (2)  To  MakeaSpecia 
Order.  (3)  To  Amend  the  Rules  (re 
quires  also  a  previous  notice). (4-) 
To  Close  or  Limit  Debate.  (5)  The 
Previous  Question.  (6)  To  Take  up 
a  Question  out  of  its  Proper  Order 
(7)  To  Object  to  the  Consideration 
of  a  Question. \5>t«  ^w*Wna\Y 

NEW  BUSINESS. -Any  business 
usually  coming  in  under  the  head 
of  communications  or  petitions. 
When  a  member  makes  a  statement 
relating  to  some  matter,  or  presents 
a  communication  or  petition   in 
writing  from  som_e  person  or  persons 
such  communication  should   be 
signed  by  the  petitioner  or  petition 

a  ers.  The  member  who  presents  a  pe 
tititm  should  be  so  informed  of  the 
character  of  his  petition,  as  to  be  a 
ble  to  make  a  plain  statement  of  th< 
•nature  of  it?  contents,  and  whether 


it  is  worthy  of  consideration  or  not. 
Either  the  person  presenting  the  peti- 
tion, or  some  other  member,  shou-ld 
move  that  the  communication  be  re- 
ceived, and  referred  to  the  commit- 
tee having  charge  of  that  class  of  bu- 
siness, at  the  same  time  giving  the 
paper  to  the  secretary.  I/  imme- 
diate action  on  the  communication 
be  desirable,  the  person  presenting 
it  should  offer  a  motion  to  that  ef- 
fect. 

NOiyilN*\.TIOl*.-Theact  of  pro- 
posing by  name,  or_  offering  the 
name  of,  as  a  candidate  for  an  o/- 
fice  or  place.  A«y  number  of  -nom- 
inations may  be  made  (unless  a 
motion  is  adopted  to  the  contrary), 
the  Chairman  announcing  each 
name  as  he  hears  it,  and  the  Sec- 
retary -making  a  memorandum 
of  the  same.  It  is  usual  to  vote  up- 
on the  names  in  the  order  hi  which 
they  Have  been  announced,  until 
one  receives  a  vote  sufficient  for 
an  election.  \S>ee.  NoVvwq  -a^o,  Of- 
' 


or  private  duty.  Before  entering 
upon  the  duties  of  office,  each  of- 
ficer is  usually  installed  or  inaug- 
urated by  making  an  affirma- 
tion, similar  in  form  to  the  fol- 
lowing: "I  do  hereby  solemnly 
promise  that  I  will  faithfully  dis- 
charge the  duties  of  tny  office  to 
the  best  of  tny  knowledge  and  abil- 
i  ity."  Por  the  duties  of  officers, 
see  the  following  in  their  prop- 
er order:  President,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Chairman,  Moderator.  Pre- 
siding Officer,  Sergeant-at-Arms, 
Secretary,  Clerk,  Minutes,  ana 
Treasurer. 

f\DE^F\.—  Conformity  with  law 
or  decorum  ;  the  customary  mode 
of  procedure,  or  established  sys- 
tem; as,  in  the  conduct  of  debate 
or  the  transaction  of  business. 


.—  To  give  or  apply  a 
number  or_nuTnbers  to;  as,  to  as- 
sign a  place  in  a  series  by  order  of 
number.  When  the  assembly  !s 
large  and  the  session  to  contin- 
ue but  for  a  short  time,  it  is  of- 
ten found  to  be  -more  convenient 
to  designate  the  -members  by  num 
ber  than  by_  name.  When  insert- 
ing or  striking  out  paragraphs, 
the  marginal  numbers  prefixed 
to  them,  should  be  corrected,  if 
necessary,  by  the  cJerk,  without 
anu  motion  to  arnend. 
OBJECTlOf4  —  The  act  of  present 
ing  something  in  opposition;  as, 
an  adverse  reason  or  argument. 
When  any  principal  motion  has 
been  first  introduced,  and_  before 
it  has  been  debated,  an  objection 
can  be  made  to  the  consideration 
of  it.  It  does  not  ^require  a  second, 
may  be  made  while  another  mem- 
ber has  the  floor,  and  the_  C  hajr- 
man  may  put  the  question,  if 
he  deems  it  necessary,  upon  his 
own  responsibility.  The  purpose 
of  this  motion,  "to  object  to  the 
consideration  of  a  question,"  is 
to  enable  the  assembly  to  avoid  all 
questions  which  are  thought  to 
be  contentious,  unprofitable,  ot- 
irrelevant.  The  question  can  -nei- 
ther be  amended,  debated,  or  have 
any  other  subsidiary  motion  ap- 
plied to  it;  and  when  decided  in 
the  negative  by  a  tvyo-thirds<  vote. 
the  whole  matter  is  dismissed 
for  that  session. 
BTAINING  THE  Fl.OOH.-For 
the  method  of  obtain  i-ng,  the  floor 
before  speaking,  and  the  rig  ht 
to  hold  it,  see  Floor. 
FFICER.  —  A  person  lawfully 
invested  with  an  of  /ice,  and  au- 
thorized to  pea-form  some  public 


OBLDE^OF  l\i£it<Ess.- The 

method  or  customary  modeof 
procedure  in  deliberative  assem- 
blies. In  order  to  expedite  the 
proceedings,  and  insure  due  con- 
sideration to  all  measures ,  a  def- 
inite order  of  business  should  be 
adopted.  The  following  is  a  con- 
venient order  for  most  assem- 
blies: (I)  Call  to  order.  (9)  Calling 
of  the  roll,  if  there  be  any.  (3) 
Chaplain's  exercise,  if  there  be 
any.  (4-)  Reading  the^minutes 
of  the  previous  meeting,  and 
their  approval.  (5)  Reports  of 
standing  committees.  (6)  Re- 
ports of  select  committees.(T) 
Unfinished  business,  left  over 
from  last  meeting.  (8)  New  bit 

i  siness.  If  a  sabject  has  been 
made  a  "special  order  "for  the 
day,  it  is  taken  up  immediately 
after  the  reading  of  the  min- 
utes. The  "orders  of  the  day" 
come  in  with  unfinished  busi- 

3  ness.  When  it  is  desired  to  trans- 
act business  out  of  order,  it  is 
necessary  to  suspend  the  rules, 
to  do  which  a  two-thirds  vote  is 

i  required.  I -ft  considering  a  re- 
port or  proposition  containing 
several  paragraphs  or  sections, 
the  proper  method  is  to  begin 
with  the  first  and  take  them  in 
order.  This, however,  may  be  va- 
ried,if  the  assembly  be  of  such  a 
size  asto  make  it  practicable; and 
in  general,  in  a  series  of  resolu- 
tions with^a  preamble, consider 
the  resolutions  first, and  then 
recur  to  the  preamble.  The  clerk 
first  reads  the  entire  serfes_  of 
resolutions, or  other  proposition 
of  distinct  parts;  after  which  the 
presiding  officer  reads  the  parts 
separately,  when  the  amendments 
should  be  made.  Finally, the  ques- 
tion is  put  on  the  adoption  of  the 
whole,  amended  or  not,  as  the 

5  case  may  be.  When  a  report  has 


155 


wnfrm 

v  «  0 

Gesture  No.  10. 


come  back  from  a  committee,  wheth 
er  amended  or  not,  the  reading  is 
made  by  the_clerk,  followed  by  the 
second  reading  by  the  presidin9  of 
ficer,  amendments  to  amendments 
of  the  committee  only  being  admit- 
ted at  this  stage.  Other  amendments 
ate  then  -made,  if  desired,  followed 

c  by  the  final  vote  ori  adoption.  If 
is  a  common  practice  to_  •ve-ts-'we 
the  report  o/  the  committee  when 
presented,  or  after  it  has  been  anew 
ed,  and  the  proposition  becomes  one 
of  the  assembly  upon  the  vote  for 
adoption,  and  not  a  report  o/  a 

7  committee.  Itl  case  the  committee 
report  back  a  new  draft,  it  may  be 
accepted  as  a  substitute  for  theorig 
inal,  and  so  considered;  or  it  -may 
be  treated  as  an  amendment,  ana 
then  amended  when  necessary, the 
vote  on  the  report  be!n9  as  on  an 
amendment,  followed  by  a  vote  oti 

g  the  main  question  as  amended.  By 
"suspending  the  -rules,"  or  by  gen 
eral  consent,  a  report  can  be  at 
once  adopted  without  following  a- 
ny  of  the  ordinary-routine. 
HO£F\SOFTHE  D/ft.- Matters 
that  have  been  assigned  to  a  cer- 
tain day  or  hour  /or  considera- 

i  tion.  A  motion  /or  the  orders  of 
the  day, takes  precedence  over  all 
other  questions  or  motions  pend- 
ing, or  which  may  arise,  except 
those  to  adiourn,  to  -reconsider, 

3  and  of  privileges.!*  is  not  debata- 
ble, cannot  be  amended, requires 
*io  second,  and  is  i-w  older  when 

i  another  has  the  floor.  The  orders 
of  the  day  are  either  "special  "or 
"general, "  the  former  taking  pre 
cedence  of  the  latter.  G-eneral  or- 
ders cannot  interfere  with  the 
established  rules  of  the  assembly 
but  special  orders  suspend  all  the 
rules  of  the  assembly  that  inter 
fere  with  their  consideration  at 
the  time  specified,  it  requiring  a 


two-thirds  vote  to  make  any  _q«es 
tion  a  special  order.  One  special  or- 
der cannot  be  made-  to  interfere 
with  another  special  order,  bu*  mail 
with  a  general  order.  When  one 
or -more  subjects  have  been  assign- 
ed to  a  particular  day  or  hoiw,they 
cannot  be  considered  before  that 
time,  except  by  a  two-thirds  vote. 
\f  not  taken  up  at  the  time  spec- 
if  ied,the  order  falls  to  the  ground, 
unless  it  be  assigned,  by  a  major- 
ity vote,  to  some  other  time.  Ati 
affirmative  vote  on  a  call  for  the 
orders  of  the  day  removes  the  pen- 
ding question  from  before  the  as- 
sembly, but  a  negative  vote  dis- 
penses with  the  orders  only  so 
far  as  they  interfere  with^the 
question  then  u-nder  considera- 
tion. The  form  of  this  questjon 
is, "Will  the  assembly  now  pro- 
ceed to  the  .orders  of  the  day?  " 
or,  "Shall  the  orders  of  the  day 

»  be  taken  up?  "  A  formal  \iote,ex- 
ce.pt  by  unanimous  tonsent,  is  nec- 
essary to  proceed  originally  to  the 
orders  of  the  day. 

Of\DE^  OF  DEjUIBEft/VTIOtf.— 
The  order  in  whujfi  the  distinct 
parts  of  a. proposition  or  series 
of  resolutions  are  taken  up  and 
considered. The  proper  order  is 
to  begin  with  the  first  and  take 
them  in  regular  succession. unless 
otherwise  provided. \Jbee,  OY&«,«  oi 


OHDEFV  OF  PI\EC£DE>ICE>  See 

Precedence. 

RGANIZATION. -The  act  of 
arranging  in  a  systematic 
way  so  as  to  enable  the  different 
parts,  as  the  off  icers,to  co-op- 

i  erate  together.  To  organize  an 
occasional  or  mass  nieetina., 
some  member  of  the  assembly 
steps/orward  and  says:  "The 
meeting  will  please  come  to  or- 
der; I  -wove  that  Mr. . — 

act  as  Chairman  of  this  meetina;" 
after  the  motion  is  seconded, he 
says:  "It  has  been  moved  and  sec 

onded  that  Mr. act  as 

Chairman  of  this  meeting; those 
in  favor  of  the  motion  will  say 
aye;  "  K  those  opposed  will  say 
no.  "  If  the  aff  irmative  wm.he 
says, "The  motion  is  carried;  M-r. 

will  take  the  chair.  If 

themotjon  be  lost,  another  nom- 
ination uiMc«*M.ru,wHm*lKpn> 

a  cedure  is  as  before.  With  theChair- 
man  elected,  the  selection  of  a^ 
retary  is  next  in  order.  Nomina- 
tions are  made,  and  the  voting 
proceeds  as  in  the  election  of  the 
Chairman.  When  there  are  sever- 
al names  proposed,  they  are  voted 
upon  in  -the  order  of  nomination 
untH  one  receives  a  majority. Af 
ter  his  election, the  Secretary  is 
to  take  his  seat;  near -the  Chair- 
man, and  proceed  to  make  a. 


record  as  described  under  Minutes. 
If  more  officers  are  required  than 
a  chairman  and  secretaryjor  if  it 
be  desired  to  select  them  with  more 
deliberation,  it  is  customary  to  con- 
sider the  above- described  organiza- 
tion temporary,  and  refer  the  mat 
ter  of  permanetit  organization  to 
a  committee,  usually  with  power 
to  make  nomi-Hations  for  the  of- 
fices, upon  whose  report  the  meet- 
ing organizes,  either  in  •pnform- 
ity  there  to  ,.or  with  modifications, 
which  may  amount  to  an  entire 
rejection  of  the  report.  When  the 
members  of  the  assembly  are  rep- 
resentatives ofothers.it  is  neces- 
sary to  determine  who_are  duly 
chosen  members. This  is  done  by 
the  appointment  of  a  committee 
on  credentials. \9>e»C*eA&'v\X>Y&.\%V 

5  The  organization  thus  far  com- 
pleted, the  Chairman  asks,"W>iat 
is  the  further  pleasure  of  the  meet- 
ing?" If  the -meeting  be  called  to- 
gether to  consider  a  special  object, 
it  is  customary  at  this  stage  of 
the  proceedings  for  some  one  to 
offer  a  series  of  resolutions  pre- 
viously prepared,  or  else  to  move 
the  appointment  of  a  committee 
to  prepare  resolutions  upon  *he 

e  subject.  I/  a  committee  be  ap- 
pointed to  draft  resolutions, the 
number  being  decided  upon, the 
Chair  may  appoint,  or  the  as- 
sembly may  nominate  them, 
and  then  vote  u-pon  their  appoint- 
ment. A/tcr  the  committee  are 
appointed,  they  should  retire  at 
once  and  agree  u-pon  a  -report, 
which  should  be  in  writing, as 

»  described  under  Cio-wvwu**e.e..  Our 
ing  the  committee's  absence, oth- 
er business  may  be  attended  to, 
or  the  time  may  be  occupied  iti 

9  hearing  addresses. When  the 
committee  return, the  chairman 
of  the  committee  says:  "The  com- 
mittee appointed  to  draft  reso- 
lutions are  prepared  to  report.'' 
After -reading  which,  he  hands 
them  to  the  presiding  officer.  A 
member  then  moves  the  "adop- 
tion "  or  "acceptance"of  tMe  r«- 

10  port.  \(  it  is  not  desired  imme- 
diately to  adopt  the  resolutions, 
they  may  be  debated,  modified,_or 

n  postponed.  The  committee  isdis- 
solved  without  any  action  oftha 
assembly  as  soon  as  the  report  is 
handed  to  the  presiding  officer, 
For  permanent  organization 
see  Ve.rY«va.Yvc.-\r\*  <=>oc\e*M . 
'A,PEf\S  A.ND  DOCUMENTS.— 
A  -member  has  the  right  to  have 
a  paper  or  document  read  at  least 
once  when  it  has  been  laid  before 
the  assembly  for  action, and  a  4e 
mand  for  the  same'  should  be  fol- 
lowed by  the  Clerk's  reading, un- 
less the  paper  be  foreign  to  the. 
question,  when  a  vote  or  genera! 


166 


atives,  upon  the  general  princi- 
ples of  which  the  rules  in  this 
Dictionary  of  Parliamentary  Law 

5  are  based.  Whether  or  no*  the 
rules  in.  any  particular  manual 
be  the  most  rational,  is  not  of  so 
much  importance  as  that  there 
should  be  a  rule  by  which  to  act, 
that  the^may  be  a  uniformity 
of  proceeding  in  business,  not  sub 
ject  to  the  captiousness  of  the  -mem 
bers.or  the  caprice  of  the  presid- 

6  ing  off  icer.  Every  deliberative  as- 
sembly not  having  such  a  man- 
ual of  its  own,  should  adopt  one 
of  the  many  that  are  published. 


Gesture  No.  1 1. 


consent  is  necessAry.  In  a  debate, if 
a  reading  meets  objection,  a  ques- 
tion on  the  same  must  be  made 
and  decided  as  other  incidental 
questions.  Papers  relating  to  a  prop- 
osition are  usually  included  in  a 
reference  to  a  committee  if  such 
is  made.  All  papers  belonging  to  an 
assembly,  not  specially  under  the 
charge  of  some  other  officer,  are 
in  the  cust«dy  of  the  secretary. 
'AF\LIAIVIEKTAHY  LAW. -Origi- 
nally the  customs  and  rules  of 
co_nducting  business  in  the  En- 
glish Parliament;  but  now,tHe 
rules  and  regulations  for  conduct- 
ing business  in  legislative  bodies 
and  other  deliberative  assemblies. 

1  Like  the  laws^f  the  Nation, and 
those  of  the  different  States,  the 
rujes  and  regulations  of  various 
deliberative  bodies  differ  according 
to  circumstances, and  what  the 
separate  assemblies  have  found 
best  to  adopt;  yet  there  is  a  great 
degree  of  unity,  in  that  they  all 
have  a  common  origin;  viz.,the 
Rules  of  Congress,  and  these  in 
turn  originated  from  the  English 

2  Parliament.  I*  is  the  practice  for 
any  particular  legislative  body  to 
have  a  Legislative  Manual  of  its 
own,  and  the  exact  method  of  con- 
ducting business  is  to  be  obtained 

3  therefrom.  The  vast  number  of 
deliberative  bodies,  as  political,  lit- 
erary, religious,  benevolent,  scien- 
tific, etc.,  are  governed  by  the 
common  parliamentary  law, ex- 
cept where  it  conflicts  with  their 

4  own  special  rules.  Whenever  any 
irnportant  parliamentary  questipn 
arises,  such  as  what  motion  can 
be  made,  its  order  of  precedence, 
whether  or  not  it  can  be  debat- 
ed, its  effect, etc.,  the  common  law 
of  deliberative  bodies  in  this  coun- 
try is  settled  by  the  practice  of  the 
United  States  House  of  Bepresent- 


-  -Any  so 
ciety  whose  meetings  occur  at 
regular  intervals,  and  having  a 
Constitution  and  By-Laws.  l+i 
the  organization  of  a  permanent 
society  the  proceedings  are  the 
same  as  given  under  0-vqi-mta.- 
VAO-W  until  the  temporary  sec- 
retary and  chairman  are  elect- 
ed, when  the  chairman  calls 
on  sortie  interested  party  te- 
state the  object  of  the  meeting. 
This  done,  others  niay  be  call- 
ed on  to  express  their  opinions 
a  upon  the  subject.  The  parties 
interested  should  have  previ- 
ously agreed  upon  what  isto 
be  done;  and,  when  -the  proper 
time  conies,  be  prepared  to  of- 
fer a  suitable  resolution,  similar 
in  form  to  the  following:  "  Re- 
solved, That  i*  is  the  sense  of  thrs 
meeting  that  a  society  for\V\e/w 
•bV^Ve.  o\>\acV^  should  now  be  or- 

3  ganized  in  this  city."  A/ter 
seconding,  and  statement  by  the 
Chairman,  'this  resolution  is  open 
to  debate.   After  the  adoption  of 
the  resolution,  a  motion  may  be 
made  for  the  appointment  of 
a  committee  to  dra-ft  a  consti- 
tution and  by-laws,  to  be  report 
ed  at  an  adjourned  meeting.  This 
motion  is  debatable  and  can  be 

4  amended.  A*  *he  adjourned  meet 
ing  the  temporary  chairman  and 
secretary  serve  until  the  perma- 
nent officers  are  elected  and  In- 

5  stalled.V£e.e.O4ii\oe,«YA/ter  the 
reading  and  approval  of  the  win 
utes  of  the  previous  meeting,  the 
report  of  the  committee  on  the 
Constitution  and  By-Laws  is  read 
by  the  chairman  of  the  commit- 
tee, who  then  hands  it  to  the 

s  presiding  officer.  When  a  motion 
has  been  made  and  seconded  that 
the  report  of  the  committee  be 
adopted,  the  Chairman  says,"The 

Question  is  on  the  adoption  of  the 
onstitution  reported  by  the  com- 
mittee. "  He  then  reads  the  Con- 
stitution, each  article  separately, 
pausing  and  asking  the  question, 
"Are  there  any  amendments  pro 
posed  to  this  article  ?"  At  the 
close  of  the  reading  of  the  las* 


article,  ha  says,  "The  whole  Consti- 
tution having  been  read,!*  is  o- 
pen  to  amendment."  I/  amend 
ments  are  desired  ,  after  they  have 
been  ma.de,  the  Chairman  inquires, 
"Are  you  ready  for  the  question?" 
If  no  one_wishes  *e  speak,  he  puts 
the  question:  "As  many  as  are 
in  favor  of  adopting  the  consti- 
tution as  amended  will  say  aye;" 
and  then,  "As  many  as  are  oppos- 
ed  will  say  no."  After  the  adop- 
tion of  the  constitution,  it  will 
be  necessary  for  those_  wishing  to 
become  members  to  sign  it  and 
pay  the  initiation  fee,  for  which 
purpose  a  recess  should  be  taken. 
9  The  constitution  being  signed,  on 
ly  those  having  signed  it,  are  per- 
mitted to  vote  on  the  adoption  of 
the  By-Laws,  which_is  next  in  or- 
der. The  procedure  is  the  same 
as  in  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution. The  next  business  is 
the  election  of  the  permanent 
officers  of  the  society  ,  some  one 
moving  the  appointment  of  a 
committee  to  nominate  t-he 
permanent  officers,  which  mo 
tion  is  treated  the  same  as  und_er 
Olvo/a.\\\Ta*\o\\.  As  each  officer  is 
elected,  he  may  be  inaugurated, 
or  wait  till  all  are  clected_,  then 
install  all  at  the  same  time.\f>e.«, 
OU\ee/v  to*  paxVvoi  oU'xceV  Iti  cas_e 
the  society  is  to  own  real  cstate.it 
should  be  incorporated  according 
to  the  laws  of  the  State  in  which 
it  is  situated. 


explanation  relating  to  an  indivi<i 
ual,  his  character ,_conduct,  pri  - 
vate-  affairs,  motives, etc.  I*  is 
not  a  matter  of  privilege, and  can 
not  be  made  without  either  the 
implied  or  expressed  consent  of 
the  assembly. 

»^BlSO^LlTV.  -  Anything  said 
which  refers  to  the  person,  con 
duct,  etc.,  of  an  individual, espe- 
cially something  of  -a  disparaging 

i  or  offensive  nature.  Everything 
of  a  personal  nature  should  be 
studiously  avoided,  in  order  to 
secure  as  far  as  possible  continued 
harmony  among  the  members  of 

a  the  assembly.  Atiy  allusion  to 
the  personal  appearance  of  anoth 


i^ers,  is  all  very  ungentlemanly,aml 
will,  in  the  end,  react  to  the  injury 
of  the  person  making  the  remarks. 
2  I/,  however,  any  personal  allus 
ions  are  made,  t-hey  should  be  of 
a  courteous  and  complimentary 
character. 

^SO^L  PHlVlL^G^.-  Any 
right  or  immunity  enjoyed  by 
any  member  of  an  assembly, 
and  which  concerns  his  security 
as  a  member.  ' 


157 


ous  question.  It  may  be  debated  to 
a  limited  extent,  may  be  amended 
by  altering  the-time,  and_ma.i|  have 
the  previous  question  applied  to  it. 
When  a  subject  has  been  postpon- 
ed *o  a  certain  t  ime,  it  cannot  be 
taken  up  before  that  t!me,except 
by  &  two-thirds  vote;  and  yvhen 
the  specified  time  comes,  it  yields 
to  nothing  except  privileged  qucs 

3  1  ions.  A   subject  cannot  be  post- 
poned to  a  time  beyond  the  cur- 
rent session,  except  to  the  day  of 
the  next  session,  when  it  comes 
up  with  the  unfinished  business, 
it  taking  precedence  o/  any  new 

4  business,  tf  several  questions  be 
postponed  to  different  times,  and 
are  not  reached  then,  they  niust 
be  considered  in  the  order  of  t  he 
times  to  which  they  were  post- 
poned. \Se,e,  Vi\&«,Vv«Vfre.  Vos*^o-v\e- 


Gesture  No.  12. 


.  _,._,_        .—  A  /ormal  written  re- 
'quesUaddressed  to  an  organized  as 
sambly,  having  power  to  grant  it. 

1  In  presenting  a  petition  to  an  as- 
sembly /or  consideration, the  per- 
son presenting  it  should  be  so  in- 
formed of  its  character,  as  to  be  a- 
ble  to  make  a  plain  statement  of 

2  its  contents.  For  the  method  of 
presenting  a  petition  see  >w*»^- 

PLUF\A.l-ITY. —  The  excess  of  votes 
given  for  one  candidate  over  those 
given  /or  another,  or  for  any  oth- 
er, candidate.  If  there  be  more 
than  two  candidates,  the  one  re 
ceiving  the  v\wr-aY\v\)  of  votes  may 
have  less  than  a  -majority;  in  which 
case,  in  most  deliberative  assemblie 
there  would  be  no  election. Vbot^ta 
\oV\Ju  and  NoVv>&qV 

POIfifT  OF  Or\DgH--A  question 
arising  on  a  breach  o/,or depart 

1  ure  from  the  rules  of  order.  It 
supercedes  the  main  question 
from  which  it  arises*,  and,  a/ter 
its  decision, the  original  question 
is  regularly  b«/pre  the  assembly  , 
unless  its  decision  has  been  reach 

2  ed  in  the  incidental  question.  A 
question  of  order  is  not  stated 
for  the  assembly's  decision,  but 
/or  the  presiding  officer,  either 
of  his  own  accord,  or  at  the  tug 
gestion  of  a  member.  I/  the  de- 
cision o/ the  Chair  be  unsatis- 
factory, an  appeal  may  be  made 
to  the  assernbly.^ie.  bro««\.,C,a.\\ 

Ytu\e%  ot  Ordery 

POSTPONE. -To  defer  or  put  off 
to  a  future  or  later  time;  as,  to 
Vosfc^oYve.  the  consideration  o/a 
question  to  the  /ollowing  meet- 
ing, or  indefinitely.  A  motion 
to  postpone  to  a  certain  day.  su- 
percedes a  motion  to  commlt,a- 
mend,_or  indefinitely  postpone; 
and  yields  to  any  incidental  or 
privifeoed. question,  a  motion  to 
lie  on  the  table,  or. for  the  prcvi 


E.—  The  introductory 
part  o?  a  constitution,  resolu- 
tio-n,  or  other  written  document. 
in  which  the  -reasons  are  stated 
/or  what  /ollows.The  preamble 
commences  wi-th  the  word  vA\e* 
as,  and  should  be  considered  a/ter 
the  rest  of  the  paptr. 
flECep£NCE;.—  Act  or  state  of 
preceding  or  going,  be/ore  in  or- 
der of  rank  or  time;  as,  a  mo- 
tion to  adjourn  takes  precedence 
of  other  motions.  Por  the  order 
of  precedence  of  the  different  -mo 
tions,  see  each  in  its  proper  order 
see  also  S\vw\wa*\)  oi  Va.x\WvweA\ 
*a.-vu  V-xoce&\we,  at  the  beginning 
of  this  subject. 

Pf\ES(DlK6  OF.RCER.-The  chief 
o//icer  of  a  society  or  other  de; 
liberate  assembly..  Various  ti 
ties  are  assigned  him,  according 
to  some  extent,  to  the.natu-re  of 
the  assembly;  as,  Chairman.  Pres 
ident,  Moderator,  etc.  The  chief 
duties  of  the  Presiding  Officer  Are 
(I)  To  calj  the  meeting  to  order  at 
the  appointed  time.  (2)  To  state 
or  announce  the  order  of  bu.si 
ness  at  the  several  stages.  (3)  To 
receive  motions  when  regularly 
made.  (4-)  To  put  questions  to 
vote,  and  announce  the  result 
(5)  To  -receive  messages  and  com 
munications,  and  announce  them 
to  the  assembly.  (9)  To  sign,  when 
directed,  the  acts,  orders,  or  other 
proceedings  of  the  assembly.  (T) 
To  give  in  .formation,  when  re 
quested,  on  points  of  order  or 
usage.  (8)  To  appoint  committee 
unless  otherwise  provided.  (9)  To 
enforce  the  established  rules  of 
order,  also  general  order  and 
decoru.ni.  (ID)  To  represent  an< 
stand  for  the  assembly,  declaring 
its  will  impartially,  and  obeying 

3  its  commands  in  all  things.  The 
presiding  o//!cer  is  entitled  to  the 
privilege  of  voting  when  the  vote 
Is  by  ballot,  and  in  all  other  cases 
when  there  is  a  tie  vote.  h«  gives 

*  the  casting  vote.  I/  a  two-thirds 


vote  is  -needed  /or  the  adoption  o/any 
question,  his  vote  thrown  with  the 
•minority  would  prevent  it;  also, he 
can  vote  with  the  minority  when 
it  will  produce  a  tie  vote  and  thus 
cause  the  motion  to  /ail.  When 
stating  a  question,  the  Chair-man 
•may  remain  sitting,  but  when 
putting  it  to  vote,  or  speaki-qg  to 
a  question  of  order,  he  should  rise. 
A  -motion  referring  to  the  Chair- 
man, should  be  put  to  vote  by  the 
-maker  o/ the  -motion.  To  avoid 
the  appearance  of  being  a  parti- 
san, and  thereby  losing  -much  of 
his  ability  *•  control  those  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  question,  the 
Chairman  should  rarely,!/ ever, 
call  a  member  to  the  chair,  and 
himsel/  take  part  in  the  debate. 
If  for  any  cause  the  Chairman 
is  necessitated  to  vacate  the  chair, 
in  the  absence  of  a.  Vipe-P-reside-nt, 
he  may  appoint  a  Chairman  ^-vo 
Haw.,  who  (unless  the  assembly 
object,  and  elect  another  one),  can 
serve  till  the  first  adjournment, 
but  not  longer,  l-n  the  event  that 
the  Chairman  is  absent  from  the 
opening  o/any  meeting,  there  be 
itig^  noVice-President,  the  Clerk, 
or  in  his  absence,  any  member, 
should  call  the  meeting  to  order, 
and  a  Chairman  yto  *e.w.  be  elect 
ed,  who  would  Hold  of /ice  d  urine 
that  session,  unless  the  regular 

10 Chairman  return. When  re/er- 
ring to  himiel/,  *hs  Chairrrmn 
should  always  use  his  o/'/icial 
title;  th us, "TJie  Chair  decides 

i  so  and  so."  The  Chairman  should 
be  a  man  of  executive  ability, and 
should  be/amiliar  with  parlia- 
mentary usage,  sett ing_tHe  ex- 
ample of  strict  con-formitj;  thereto. 

13  For  the  election  of  the  presiding 
officer,  see  0-Yo/a\\vz.a.V\o-\\  and  Vav- 
-waitviwV  SocveK.xj .  Por  the  c  h a ir- 
tnan  of  a  committee, see  to-vw- 
\Y\\»*ec.. 

PREVIOUS  Qb^STlOt/.-A  method 
of  moving  the^  reject  ion  of  any  -mo- 
tion or  question — a -member gets 
amotion  put,  while  another  hold- 
ing different  views,  without  mov 
ing  a  direct  negative,  may  simply 
move  'the  previous  question,' and 
the  adoption  of  the  latter  -motion 
secures  the  rejection  of  the  former 
or  rather,  forms  a  complete  bar 
to  any  amendment,  or  discussion 

i  of  the  question.  I*  taj<e  preced 
ence  of  every  debatable  question 
yields  to  incidental  and  privileg 
ed  questions,  and  to  tHt  motiot 
to  lie  on  the  table.  It  cannot  be 
debated,  amended,  or  have  any 
subsidiary  motion  applied  to  it, 
and  requires  a  two-thirds  vote 

I/or  its  adoption.  A  motion  for 
the  previous  question  being -made 
and  seconded, the  presidiri9  officer 
without  delay,  states  the  question 
and  asks, "shall  the  main  qu.es 
tion  be  now  put?"  I/  the  decis- 
ion  be  affirmative, the,  main  gu.e» 


168 


Gesture  No.13. 


tion  must  be  immediately  put,with- 
out  debate  or  further  consideration, 
the  result  being  the  will  of  the  as  - 

3  scrnbly  on  such  main  Question.  I/ 
the  decision  on  the  previous  question 
be  "negative,  the  main  question  i  s 
removed  from  the  house  for  the 
day, in  most  assemblies;  but  in 
a  few  the  main  question  may  be 
debated  at  any  time  during  the  sit- 
ting. I/  the  previous  question  be 
moved  and  adopted  on  a  pending 
amendment,  debate  is  closed  on 

s  the  amendment  only.  I/  a  mo- 
tion is  made  to  reconsider,  to  ap- 
peal, or  to  postpone,  the  previous 
question  is  exhausted  by  the  vote 
on  the  reconsideration, appeal, or 
postponement,  and  does  not  cut 
off  debate  upon  any  other -motions 
that  may  be  pending.  I/  the  call 
for  the  previous  question  fails, 
the  debate  continues  the  same  as 
if  this  motion  had  not  been  made. 

PKlNClPAJ-  GtlJ^STlOtJ. -The same 
as  vN'aA-vx  Q^vn^Yxo-tt . 
*f\\ OHI TV.  —  State  of  being  first 
in  time,  place,  or  rank. All.  ques- 
tions relating  to  the  ^V\oV\V\i  oi 
\MMTw\ej6  are  un  debatable. 
'HlVlLE^G-E,.— A  peculiar  benefit, 
advantage,  or  a  right  or  immu- 
nity enjoyed  alone  or  with  a  few. 
A  Q^ive&Vxo-xv  o*  WvjVVeqe.  is  one  which 
concerns  *he  security  of  any  mem- 
ber of  a  deliberative  assembly  in 

x  his  special  privileges  as  such.   I* 
takes  precedence  of  all  other  ques- 
tions, except  to  "fix  the  time  to  which 
to  adjourn,''  and  to  "adjourn."!/ 
the  question  requires  immediate 
action, the  -member  speaking  may 
be  interrupted.  The  Chairman  should 
decide  whether  or  not  any  question 
is  o_ne  of  privi  lege,  from  which  de- 
cision any  two  members  may  ap- 

5  peal.  A  question  of  privilege  mag 
be  laid_on  the  table,  referred  to  a 
committee,  or  have  any  other  sub- 
sidiary motion  applied  to  it;  and 


as  soon  as  disposed  of,  the  assem 
bly  resumes  consideration  of  the 

question  interrupted. 

which,  on  account  of  their  impor- 
tance, take  precedence  of  all  oth- 
er questions;  and,  excepting  when 
relating  to  the  rights  of  the  assem- 
bly or  its  members,  are  undabat* 
i  ble.  There  is  a  distinction  between 
"questions  of  privilege  "  and  "priv- 
ileged questions;'1  thus,  disorder 
in  the  gallery,  or  charge-s  made 
against  the  official  character  of 
a  member,  are  examples  of  the 
former;  while  the  letter  include 
only  those  given  under  VfvoV\<m, 
second  classification,  IV. 
'HOGHA.IVIME.- An  outline  or 
brief  explanation  of  the  order  and 
subjects,  including  the  orders  of 
the  day,  of  any  public  exercise 


or  performance. 
PUTTIN 


G  THE 

act  of  stating  a  question,  by  the 
Chairman,  that  the  assenibly 
may  know  what  question  is  before 

i  them.  Before  the  Chairman  puts 
the  question  or  -motion,  it  -must 
be  seconded;  unless  in  routine 
work,  where,  in  order  to  expedite 
matters  (no  one  objecting),  both 
the  motion  and  the  second  may 
be  dispensed  with;  also,  the  fol- 
lowing motions  -require  no  sec- 
ond: "a  call  for  the  orders  of 
the  day,""aTI  objection  to  the 
consideration  of  a  question,"  and 
"a  call  to  order."  The  com-mon 
form  of  statrtig  the  question  is, 
"It  is  moved  and  seconded  that 
V\(\eve.  o/vMa  VVve.-vwov'xo/n'^.1'  If  '*l>e 
a  resolution,  "The  question  is 
on  the  adoption  of  the  resolu- 

3  tions  just  read."  Iti  stating  an 
appeal,  after  giving  his  decision 
(the  reasons  may  be  included),  the 
Chairman  says:  "The  question 
is,  shall  the  decision  of  the  Chair 
Stand  as  the  judgment  of  the  as- 
sembly ?  "  When  stating  theqoes 
tio-ri  on  an  ainend-ment,  the  Chair- 
man should  first  read  the  passage 
to  be  amended,  then  state  the 
words  to  be  inserted  or  struck 
out,  if  any,  and  finally  the  en- 
tire passage  as  it  will  stand  if 
the  amendment  be  adopted;  he 
then  states  the  question  in  this 
form:  "The  question  is,  shall  the 
word  -  be  inserted  in  the 
resolution  in  the  place  of  the 
word  -  ?"  After  announc- 
ing the  result  of  the  vote  on  the 
amendment,  the  Chairman  says: 
"The  question  now  recurs  O-M 
the  resolution  as  amended,  "as 
the  case  may  be.  I/  the  question 
can  be  debated  or  amended,  after 
statement  by  the  Chajrman,  un- 
less some  one  immediately  rise*, 
he  says:  "Are  you  ready  for  the 
question?"  If-  the  Chairman 


thinks  the  debate  is  closed,  he  a- 
gain  asks  the  same  question, after 
which  he-  once  more  states  the ^ite»- 
tion,and  then  puts  it  to  vote  by 
saying:  "As  many  as  are  in  favor 
of  the  -motion  will  say  aye;  those 
opposed  will  say  no." 
^O^STIOpi.—  Any  subject  of  in- 
vestigation, examination, or  debate. 
For  the  various  forms, see  0  v~ 


Of\UIV\.—  Such  a  nu.m  ber  of  i-n- 
dividuals  of  any  regularly  organ- 
ized assembly  who  are  entitled  by- 
law, or  bu  their  own  rules,  to 
transact  business.  Iti  the  absence 
of  any  special  rule  on  the  subject, 
a  quorum  is  a  majority  of  all  the 
a  members  of  the  assembly.  I/the 
assembly  be  a  large  and  permanent 
organization,  where  ottlj/aswall 
fraction  of  the  members  are  ever 
present  at  any  -meeting,  a  ffiwch 
smaller^  umber  is  adopted,  some 
times  being  less  than  one-twentieth 
of  the.  whole  number  of  -mettibers. 

3  \f  no  quorum  be  present,  it  is 
not  necessary  for  the  presiding 
officer  to  take  the  chair,  except 
to  adjourn:  but,  if  there  be  no  ob- 
jections, the  debate  may  be  con- 
tinued, but  no  vote  exceptto  ad- 

4  jo  urn,  can  betaken.  Iti  commit- 
tees of  the  whole,and  in  other 
committees,  unless  otherwise 
provided,  a  majority  is  a  quorum. 
When  important  business  is  to 
be  transacted,  it  is  not  usually 
expedient  for  a  mere  quorum  to 
proceed,  unless  a  previous  -notice 
of  such  intended  action  has  been 


.-See 


.-To  -refer 
to  a  committee;  as,  to 
a  subject  to  the  same  committee, 


and  5  Wh 


.—  To  take  up  for  con- 
sideration again  that  which  has 
already  been  settled;  as,  a  motion 
or  a  vote.  A  motion  to  reconsid- 
er a  vote,  if  carried,  opens  the  o- 
riainal  question  to  full  debate  a- 
gain  the  same  as  before  the  de- 
cision  on  it  was  made.  A  motion 
to  reconsider  is  in  order  at  any 
time,  but  the  question  cannot  be 
reconsidered  while  another  ques- 

3  tion  is  before  the  assembly.  Ex- 
cept when  voting  by  ballot,  the 
motion  to  reconsider  must  be 
made  by  a  member  who  vo*ed 

*  with  the  prevailing  side.  A  mo- 
tion to  reconsider  the  vote  on  a 
subsidiary  motion  takes  precedence 
of  the  main  question,  and  yields 
*  o  a  privileged  question-  (  except 
for  the  orders  of  the  day)  ,  also  to 

s  incidental  questions.  This  motion 


159 


Gesture  No.  14. 


cannot  be  amended,  and  may  or 
•may  not  be  debated,  dependin9  up- 
on whether  or  not  the  question  to 
be  -reconsidered  is  debatable.  If  deba- 
table, it  opens  up  (or  discussion  the 
entire  subject  to  be  reconsidered  . 

;  14  "may  be  av^\\e&  to  the  vote  on 
every  other  question,  except  "  t-o 
suspend  the  rules,"  "to  adjourn," 
and  "to  lie  on  or  take  from  the  ta- 
ble, "when  voted  on  affirmatively. 
A  question  cannot  be  twice  recon- 
sidered, arjd  when  a  rnotion  to  re- 
consider is  laid  on  the  table, the 
pending  -measure  is  no_t  carried  with 

e  it. The  previous  question  havin9 
been  partly  executed,  it  cartnot  be 
reconsidered;  nor  if  anythin?  which 
the  assembly  cannot  reverse  has  been 
done  as  the  result  of  a  vote,  then 
that  vote  cannot  be  reconsider- 
ed.  The,_reconsideration  of  anoth- 
er question  cannot  be  made  to  in- 
terfere with  the  discussion  of  any 
question  before  the  assembly;  but 
when  that  subject  is  disposed  of, 
the  reconsideration  takes  preced- 
ence o(  everything  except  "to  ad- 
journ," atid  "to  fir  the  time  to 

:  which  to  adjourn."  Regardless  of 
the  vote  necessary  to  adopt  the -mo- 
tion reconsidered,  a  -reconsidera- 
tion requires  only  a  -majority 
vote  for  its  adoption. l-n  Congress 
a  motion  to  reconsider  a  vote  must 
be  made  on  the  same  or  succeeding 
day;  but  in  a  permanent  society, 
holding  -meetings  weekly  orttwnth 
ly,  and  usually  only  a  small  propor- 
tion of  the  society  is  present,  it 
is  best  to  allow  a  reconsideration 
to  hold  over  to  another  -meeting, 
that  the  •society  may  have  notice 
of  what  action  is  about  to  be  taken. 
NCORD.— An  authentic  or  offi- 
cial copy  of  any  facts  or  proceed 
in9$  which  have  been  entered  in- 
to a  book  /or  preservation;  also 
the  book  containing  such  proceed- 
' 


RECOF\Dll4G  OFFICE^.- One  whose 
duty  it  is  to  enroll  or  write  inabook 
facts  and  particulars  of  transactions 
for  preservation. V^je.4  xj\a*<V.  and 
<b«>c.'xe,Xa.x\W 

[\EFErV—  To  send  or  direct  aniatter 
to  a  committee  /or  in/orrnatiot-i 
or  decision.  Auction  to  refer  to 
a  committee  is  the  same  as  a -mo- 
tion to  cowxw'x*,  which  see. 

FlEI^EVVAJU — The  act  of  renewing 
or  repeating;  as,  the  -vewevjAN  of 
a  motion.  A  principal  question 
or  an-iendn-ient  having  once  been 
acted  upon  by  the  assembly, it  can 
not  be  taken  up  again  at  the  same 
session,  unless  it  be  by  a  rnotion 

a  to  reconsider-.  Ann  privileged  or 
incidental  motion  (except  for  the 
orders  of  the  day,  or  to  suspend  the 
rules),  or  subsidiary  motion  (ex- 
cept to  amend),  -may  be  renewed 
by  the  introduction  of  any  mo- 
tion that  alters  the  state  of  af- 
fairs, the -real  question  be/ore 
the  assembly,  in  such  a  case, be 

3  ing  a  different  one.  A  -motion 
not  having  been  acted  upon  be- 
cause of  withdrawal,  can  be  re- 
newed; so  also  can  a  subject  which 
has  been  re/erred  to  a  committee 
which  reports  at  the  same  meet- 
ing,the  -matter  standing  before 
the  assembly  as  if  it  had^been  in- 
troduced for  the  first  time.\Jb(!.e< 


T. —  To  give  an  official 
"account  or  statement  of  facts, 
proceedings,  etc.,  as  "the  treas- 
urer's report,  or  that  of  a_com 
mittee." 


a  report  is  the  same  as  to  -a&o^v 
it,  and  should  not  be  confounded 
with  -veceWx-vxo,  it. 
\^SOLUTIO(4.— A  formal  propo 
sition  brought  be/ore  an  assem- 
bly for  discussion  and  adoption. 

RIGHT.—  A  privilege,  legal  title, 
or  claim  that  justly  belongs  to 
any  one.  For  the  rights  of  assem 
blies,see  \.e*>a\  V\\q\\v%.  Fo-r  the 
rights  of  religious  organizations. 

For  the  right  to  the  floor  while 
speaking,  see  V\oo-v. 
IIS^.—  To  close  or  terminate  ati  of 
ficial  sitting;  as, the  committee 
iro«,«,  after  agreeing  toth»  report. 

IOUTI  jlE.—  The  round  or  regu- 
lar course  of  business  or  official 
duties  returning  with  each  reg- 
ular-meeting of  an  assembly. 
ROLE.-  That  which  is  establish- 
ed or  prescribed  by  authority  for 
the  guidance  and  direction  of  the 
conduct  and  deliberations  of  ati 
assembly.  For  the  -rules  of  debate, 
see  ^^VaXa  and  ^cco-x\v*rt\  \-v\  ^a- 
VatVe..  For  rules  relating  to  -mo- 


tions,  see  <:>NV\YVMYV*XV>  od  V^-A'va.-vvvaiiv 
*«.\\)Vtoca^vi.'Ve  at  the  beginning  of 
this  subject.  Vb«.e.  Ciov*tV\x\».V\OY\, 
^\>-V».v«,V\v»\«*  od  O't  tort,  and  *b\w 
^e,t\s\o'y\  o<;  ^v\x\«,%\. 
RULES  OF  OFU>Eft.-The  rules  re 
lating  tothe  orderly  transaction 
of  the  business  in  the  -meetings 
of  a  society,  and  which  'rtiay<  be 
changed  without  giving  previous 
-notice  to  that  effect.  The  Rules 
of  Order  should  contain  provis- 
ions for  the  suspension  o/  the 
By-Laws  and  other  rules  and  reg- 
ulations; though  the  By-Laws  some 
titties  contain  provisions  for  the 
suspension  of  certain  articles. 
Vbaa  ^\}-V\MM';  1Co\\<bV\V\xV\ot\ ,  and 

2  iva.-v\&Vv\c>  V^vAe.^ ,  Every  society 
should  a.dopt  some  work  on  par- 
liamentary ^practice,  to  govern 
the  society  in  all  cases  to  which 
they  are  applicable,  and  in  which 
they  are  not  inconsistent  with 
the  rules  of  order  governing  that 
society. 

EjCOfilD.— To  support,  as  a  -mo- 
tion or  proposal,  by  adding  one's 
voice  to  that  of  the  -mover  or  pro 
poser.  Att  objection  to  the  con- 
sideration of  a  question,  a  call 
f  or  t  he  order  o/  the  day ,  a  ques- 
tion of  order  (except  an  appeal), 
and. -many  questions  of  routine, 
do  not  require  to  be  seconded, 
\.?>c.e  V  \OfrV\wo.  VVve.  Qwe.<=>V\o-v\\. 

E-C  HET/VRY An  officer  whose 

'duty  it  is  to  write  orders,  letters, 
dispatches, papers,  records,  and 
the  like.  When  there  are  two  sec 
retaries,  one  is  called  the  "record 
ing  secretary."  and  the  other  the 
"corresponding  secretary."  l-n 
addition  to  the  duties  of  the  "re- 
cording secretary"giv«n  under 
N\*v\r\wVe6,  in  -many  societies  he 
collects  the  dues  of  members,and 
thus  becomes  to  a  certain  extent 

3  a  financial  officer.  l*_is  the  du- 
ty of  the  "corresponding  secre- 
tary" to  manage  the  correspon 
deuce  of  the  society,  and  trans- 
act other  minor  duties. For  the 
election  of  Secretary,  see  under 

s  Ofo/a.ii\'YrjLV\o/v\.  The  following  are 
the  chief  duties  of  the  Secretary  ; 
(I)  To  call  the  roll  of  the  assembly 
whenever  ordered,  noting  the  ab 
sentees,  and  at  other  times 
the  answers  on  the  yeas  and 
nays.  (2)  To  take  notes  o/all  pro- 
ceedings,-making  entries  in  the 
records  o/all  things  done  in  the 
assembly.  (3)  To  notify  commit 
tees  of  their  appointment  a-nd  the 
business  to  them  re/erred. (4-)  To 
read  all  papers,  etc.,  when  ordered 
(S)  To  sign,  spmetitnes  with  the 
presiding  officer,  the  acts  and  oth- 
er proceedings  of  the  assembly. (6] 
To  guard  all  the  papers  and  doc- 
uments of  the  assembly  and  have 
them  for  convenient  reference. (7) 


160 


I.  Apathy  or  prostration.  2.  Violent 
-repulsion.  3.  Cautio.ning.4-.Emphat 
ic  declaration.  S.  Simple  a/firtna.tion. 
6.  Energetic  appeal.  7.  Resignation. 
8. Denial  or  negation. 


In  some  instances,  to  make  an  entry 
of  what  is  merely  proposed  or  moved, 
without  coming  to  a  vote, and  to  take 
^otes  of  all  or  particular  speeches. 
!E(L^CT  COtyjIVJITTGjE.—  A  com- 
mittee appointed  for  a  special  pur- 
pose. POT  rules  governing  its  pro- 
cedure, form  of  report,  etc., seet(m- 

;^OE/\NT-AJ-^l\IV^S.-An  officer 
who  preserves  order,  apprehends 
and  punishes  offenders,  and  ex- 
ecutes various  orders  and  commands, 
particularly  in  legislative  assemblies. 
^SSIOJ*.—  The  time,  period,orterm 
during  which  a  deliberative  assembly 
meets  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 

i  ness,  lit  legislative  bodies  the  limits 
of  the  session  are  clearly  def  med; 
as,  a  ee%«.\ow  of  one  hundred  days, 
or  a?  the  case  may  be;  but  i-n  ordi- 
nary deliberative  assemblies  having 
a  permanent  existence,  with  reg- 
ular meetings  more  or  less  -frequent, 
the  limits  are  not  clearly  defined, 
there  being  much  confusion  on 
the  subject.  Parliamentary  law 
would  make  each  of  its  regular  or 
special  meetings  a  separate  session; 
but  the  assembly  or  society  itsslf 
is  competent  to  determine,  what 
shall  constitute  one  of  its  sessions, 
whether  or  not  it  include  all  the 
meetings  held  within  any  speci- 
fied time-,  as,t  he  term  for  which  the 

a  officers  are  elected,  lit  parliamen- 
tary practice  a  £e.«Aow  is  termi- 
nated by  an  "adjournment  with- 
out day,  "the  intermediate  ad- 
journments froni  day  to  day  not 
destroying  the  continuity  of  the 
meeting,  which  constitutes  one ses- 

3  sion.  \f  a  society  does  not  meet 
till  the  time  for  the  next  regular 
meeting,  as  provided  in  its  By-Laws, 
an  adjournment  is  in  effect  with- 


out  day,  and  closes  the  session.  I/, 
however,  in  previously  fixes  the 
time  for  the  next  meeting, either 
by  a  direct  vote  or  by  adopting  a 
programe  of  exercises  covering  sey 
era!  meetings,  or  even  days,in_ei- 
ther  case  the  adjournment  is  in 
effect  to  a  certain  day, and  does 
no*  close  the  session.  A-ny  one 
session  o(  an  assembly  -may  adopt 
a  resolution  or  rule  of  a  perma 
newt  nature;  which  continu.es 
in  force  until  it  is  rescinded  at 
some  future  session;  but  no  one 
session  of  an  assembly  can  inter 
fere  with  the  rights  of  the  assem- 
bly at  any  future  session,  unless 
it  is  expressly  so  provided  in  their 
Constitution,  By- Laws, or  Rules 
of  Order,  all  of  which  should  be 
so  constructed  as  not  to  be  sub 

5  ject  to  sudden  changes.  I*  is  con 
'trary  to  parliamentary  practice 
for  a.n  assembly  Vo  postpone  any 
thing  to  a  day  beyond  the  next 
succeeding  session,  thus  prevent 
ing  the  next  session  from  co_n- 
sidering  the  question;  nor  is 
it  permit-ted  forgone  session  to 
move  the  reconsideration  of  a 
vote  taken  at  a  previous  ses- 
sion, unle_ss  it  was  made  at  the 
last  meeting  of_the  previou-s 

s  session.  Committees  may  be  ap- 
pointed to  report_at  a  fu.tn.re  ses- 
sion; also,  if  a  principal  motion 
be  rejected  or  indefinitely  post- 
poned at  one  session,  unless  pro- 
hibited by  a  rule  of  the  assembly, 
it  can  be  introduced  agai-M  at 
the  -next. 

P^AKIl^G-.-For  obtaining  the 
right  to  address  the  assembly, 
seeTXoo-r.  For  various  points 
relating  to  speaking,  as  holding 
or  yielding  the  floor,  limit  of 
speech,  number  of  times ,  etc., 
see  ^evave.^e.co'vwm  Vv\  ^e\>a*e, 
and  Ve*9o-wa.\\V\». 

SP^CI/\L  OFID^H —  An  order  qf 
the  day  assigned  to  a_particular 
time  for  consideration. ^ an 
0^4e.-<c.  ot  xYve^\A. 
TAl^DlKG  f\UL^S.-All  reso- 
lutions of  a  permanent  nature, 
adopted  by  a  society  at  occasion- 
al times,  and  which  are  binding 
on  the  society  until  rescinded 
or  modified.  They  may  beadop- 
fed  at  any  meeting  by  a  major- 
ity vote,    but  cannot  be  -modified 
at  the  same  session  except  by  a 

s  motion  to  reconsider.  No^tand- 
ing  rule  ca-n  be  adopted  which  con 
flicts  with  the  Constitution,  By 
Laws,  or  Rules  of  Order;  and  at 
any  fumre  session,  whatever 
resolutions  or  standing  rules 
•may  have  been  adopted  at  any 
previous  session,  may,  by  a  ma 
jority  vote,  be  suspended,  n-ipd- 

3  if  ied,  or  rescinded.  l*i  practice 
the  various  classes  of  rules  are 
frequently  very  much  mixed, 
the  standing  rules  even  assum- 
ing  the  rank  of  the  By-Laws,and 


not  being  capable  of  being  suspend 
ed,  or  even  amended  without  a 
previous  notice.  This  confusion 
is  produced  without  a'correspond 
ing  benefit,  and  should  be  guard- 
ed against. 

committee^  which  is  appointed 
for  the  session,  or  for  some  def- 
inite time,  as  one  year-  ^  *=>«.«. 
Co-vwwAt  and  Go'Oft'wXvve.e.V 
ST/VTIffC  /\Qb^STlOl4.-  T  he 
act  of  expressing  or  represen- 
ting clearly  the  exact  words  of 
any  question  or  particulars  of 
any  subject,  that.the  assembly 
way  know  what  is  before  them 
for  consideration.  ^fcs-^wXrXvwo, 
vYve.  Qo*M*^o/ttV Whenever  any 
member  fails  to  understand  a 
quest  ion,  the  Chairman  should 
state  the  same  for  the  informa- 
tion of  the  member,  if  desired. 
!T^!^E  OUT. -To  efface, erase, 
or  blot  out,  used  when  -making 
amendments.  The  different 
methods  of  •amending  are, by 
"adding  "  words,  by  "striking 
out"  words,  by"striking_  out 
certain  words  and  inserting  oth- 
ers," by  "substituting"  a  dif- 
ferent motion  on  the  same  sub- 
ject for  the  one  before  the  as- 
sembly, or  by  "dividing  theques- 
tion  "  into  two  or  more  questions. 


I.—  Any 

secondary  mot ion'or  question 
which  may  be  applied  to  other 
-motions,  for  the  purpose  of 
most  appropriately  disposing  of 
them.  "The  Subsidiary  Motions, 
given  in  the  order  of  precedence 
among  themselves,  are: (I) To 
lie  on  the  Table. (9)  The  Previ- 
ous C(uestjon.(3)  To  Postpone 
to  a  Certain  Day. (4-)  To  Cotnttiit. 
(5)  To  Amend.  (6) To  Postpone 
3  Indefinitely.  They  supersede 
principal  questions, being  act- 
ed upon  before  them, _and  yield 
to  incidental  and  privileged ques- 

3  tions.  They  may  be  applied  to 
one  another;  (I)  The  Previous 
Question  -may  be  applied  to  the 
motions  to  Postpone,  without 
affecting  the  main  question, 
and  can,  if  specified,  be  applied 
to  a  pending  amendment. (X) 
A  motion  to^Amend  the  -min- 
utes can  be  laid  on  the  table 
without  carrying  the,  minute* 
with  it.  (3)  The  motions  to  Post- 
pone to  a  certain  day,  and  to 

4  Commit,  can  be  amended.  Ex- 
cept to  Amend,  any  o/  these 
motions  can  be  made  when 
one  of  a  lower  order  is  pending, 
but  none  can  supersede  one  of 
a  higher  order.  For  the  details 
of  ea.ch  of  these -motions, see i* 
in  its  prope-rorder. 
UBSTIT.UTE..—  To  put  one  -mo- 
tion in  the  place  of  another. 
This  motion  is  one  of  the  five, 
forms  of  amendment. \j 


161 


9  Gentle  entreaty.  10.  Earnest  « 
treaty.  II.  Supplication.  12.  Argu- 
mentation. 13.  Anger  or  determi- 
nation. 14-.  Careless-ness. 


SVlV\.-ln  the  filling  of  blanks,  any 
aggregate  o_f  ri urn  bers.  l*i  stating 
questions  involving  time  or  quan 
lity,  the  longest  ti-»ne  and  the  larg 
est  sum  proposed  shall  be  first  pu* 
to  the  question.* 

SUPPF\ESS(oK.-The  act  of  holding 
back,  retaining,  or  repressing,  as 
appjied  to,  questions.  Among  the 
various  plans  to  suppress  a  question 
or  prevent  its  passage  are: (I)  To 
wove  to  adjourn.  This  -motion  be 
ing  in  order  at  any  time,  will  us- 
ually be  effective  if  the  hour  be  late 
(3)  To  -move  to  lie  on  the  table.The 
argument  for  this  motion  -may  be 
tha.t  more  time  and  better  oppor- 
tunity to  consider  the  -merits  o/ 
the  question  may  be  had  at  a  sub 
sequent  occasion.  (3)  To  -wove  to 
postpone  indefinitely.  I/ a -meas- 
ure be  unpopular,  thfs  motion  of- 
ten virtually  defeats  it.(4)  To  move 
to  oostpone  to  a  future  time.Tlte. 
effectiveness  of  this  motion  lies  in 
the  contingency  of  the  question  be 
ing  either  forgotten  subsequently, 
or  not  taken  up  because  of  the  press- 
ure of  business  at  the  appointed  time. 
(5)  To  -move  the  "previous  ques- 
tion." This  way  be  done  when  the 
measure  is  either  unpopular,  or  if 
the  meeting  be  unwilling  to  pass 
a  measure  without  due  consider- 
ation. (6)  To  move  that  the  ques- 
tion be  now_  put-  The  reason  for 
this  motion  is  that  i n definite  chan- 
get  may  be  made  in  the  question.suf 
ficient  to  show  the  importance  of 
some  amendment.  (7)  To  -move 
"_to  commit,"  or  if  once  con- 
sidered by  a  committee, "to  re- 
commit." The  argument  is  that 
a  committee  having  jurisdiction 
of  that  class  of  questions,  should 
first  consider  it. (8)  To.  move  an 
amendment.  The  object  bcin9  tp 
greatly  change,  modify,  or  weaken 


the  force  of  the  question. (9)  \( 
the  question  be  put;  and  carried 
2  to  move  a  reconsideration.  The 
pretext  being  that  subsequent  light 
on  the  subject  may  cause  the tneiti 
bers  to  change  their  o  pin  ions. 
aa.cV\  oi  V\\«.  a.\>o\ie<  nv\oX\o\\%  '\YV 


.—  The  act  of  tern 

porarlly  delay  ing,  interrupt  ing 
or  withholding,  as  of  the  rules, 
A  motion  to  suspend  the  rules 
is  undebatable,  cannot  be  .a/men 
ded,  cannot  have  a  subsidiary  mo 
tion  applied  to  it,  cannot  berecon 
sidered  when  voted  upon, nor  can 
it  be  renewed  at  the  same  meet- 

a  ing.  The  form  of  the  motion  is 
"to  suspend  the  rules  which  In- 
terfere with,  etc."  The  rules 
cannot  be  suspended  except  for 
a  definite  purpose,  and  by  a  two 
thirds  vote.  If  giving  aright  to 
a  one-third  minority,  unSni- 

*  mous  consent  is  required,  tf  no 
one  object,  i.e.,  by  "general  con 
sent,"  the  rules  relating  to  the 
transaction  of  business  can  at 
any  time  be  disregarded  without 
the  formality  of  a  -motion. 

TA.BI_E;,TO  LIE;  ON-- To  receive 
any  document  or  written  corn 
munication,as  a  report,  a  mo- 
tion, etc.,  but  to  agree  to  post- 
po_ne  its  consjderation  indef  i- 
nitely .  V.Se,e  \Jve-  o\\  X\\e."Xa.\>\e^ 
For  a  motion  to  take  from 
the  table,  see  VAC.  o\\  J\\e~^a.\>\e.. 
TAXING  Pl\E.CEJDErlCE  OF.-  Be 
ing  in  order  while  oneoritiore 
other  motions  are  pending."  ~ 


_,_,--,.— The  fixed  period  of  time 
for  which  officers  or  committees 
are  appointed  of  elected,  as  "«e 
year. 

TlNJE.-When  referedto  in  filli., 
bjanks,  see  ^\'a.-v\V%.  For  the 
limit  of  ti-me  in  speaking, the 
number  of  times  one  can  speak 
etc.,  see  SveaYwvo,.  For  the  time 
to  which  to  adjourn,  see  Mywtftv 
and  Vxxvwo^vVve  \Vrnc.  fco  vA\\cV\Vo 

TJTLEJ.— An  appellation,  or  name 
of  honor  or  dignity.  A  lady 
acting  as  presiding  officer,  is 
addressed  as  "Mrs. President," 
or  "Miss  President,  "as  the  case 
may  be.  The  titles  of  clerk, sec- 
retary, recording  of  ficer,  treas- 
urer, etc..  are  the  same,  whether 
applied  to  ladies  or  gentlernen.Tlie 
presiding  officer  will  designate 
th«  speaker,  if  a  lady,  by  name, 
by  number;  or  as  the  lady,  the 
number,  the  delegate, the  repre- 
resentatfve,  etc.,  as  may  be -most 
con  ven  i  en  t ,  \{b«c,  ^O-VXOK  w<v>  V(VSAV\- 

WjjeclmE  THE  PASSAGE  OF 

A  (\UE;ST|Of>(.—  (I)  &ive  the  mat- 
ter very  careful  and  considerate 
attention,  that  you  mlay  be  thor- 
oughly informed  concerning  its 
merits,  and  able  to  fully  illus- 


trate  its  claims.  (8)  Circu-lata 
freely  among  the  -wembers./orm- 
jng  personal  acquaintances,  hold- 
ing conversations  relative  to  the 
•measure,  and  thereby  form  favor- 
able impressions  concerning  the 
subject  to  be  introduced.(3J  In- 
troduce the  motion  at  a  time 
when  an  adjournment  is  .-not 
probable,  and  w.heti  there  is  no 
presso-rc  of  business.  (4-)  When 
first  introducing  the  measure, 
properly  present  its  claims  to 
the  members  of  the.  assembles) 
In  case  of  adjournment,  or  if 
the  question  be  laid  on  the  table 
or  postponed,  promptly  bring  it 
up  at  the  f  j'rst  opportunity.  (6) 
Should  the  matter  be  referred  to 
a  committee,  acquaint  its  mem- 
bers with  the  claims  of  the  qu.es- 
tio-n.(7)  In  the  event  of  t.he 
passage  of  an  entirely  modified 
form  from  the  original,  intro- 
duce another  question,  under 
a  different  name,  but  involving 
the  same  principle.  (8)  If  sub- 
sequent events  seem  to  have 
changed-  the  opinions  of  the  mew 
bers,  try  to  have  the  qu-estion 
reconsidered. 

TO  fVlpVEi.  —  _A  -moV\or»  and  a 
«\\ve%*'\ow,  while  nearly  synon- 
ymous, are  yet  somewhat  dif- 
ferent in  mean  ing.  To  -WOMB- 
that  an  act  be  passed,  is  ter-med 
a  wov'xcm.  The  subject  to  be  act- 
ed upont  is  called  the  <\\ve.*V\oYv. 
The  action  of  the  assembly  is 
designated  a  Ye%oWV)OYv  or>iova. 
When  the  •vwoVxorv  is  put  and 
the  <\\ve,f,V\o-v\  adopted,  the  decis- 
ion is  known  as  an  ordinance, 
order,  law,  statute,  resolution, 
e*c..  according  to  the  character 
f  the  assembly.  . 

TA.KE  UP  A.  Q\J^ST|OK.— 
After  a  question  h.a_s  been  post- 
poned to  a  certain  time,  the  mew 
ber  interested  in  Its  introduc- 
tion, has  a  right  to  insist  that 
the  subject  be  taken  up  at  the 
appointed  time.  As  no  delay  or 
debate  is  allowed  on  the  -matter 
of  taking  it  up,  the  presiding  of- 
ficer should  at  once  put  the  -mo- 
tion whether  the  meeting  pro 
ceed  to  take  u-p  Wie  order  of  the 

Tff  E/\SUf\E*l.-An  officer  who 
has  charge,  of  the  money  orfumdc 
of  the  society  or  assembly.  The 
duties  of  this  _of  ficer  vary  in 
.different  societies;  but  in  gen- 
eral, he  simply  holds  the  funds  of 
the  society,  and  pa-ying  them  out 
on  the  order  of  the.  society  sign- 

a  ed  by  the  secretary.  He  is  requir- 
ed to  make  a  written  statement 
at  the  clo»e  of  the  year,or  of  his 
term  of  office,  showing,(l)The 
amount  on  hand  at  the  commence 
•ment  of  the  year  or  term.(5l)The 
amoun*  received.  (3)  Amount 
paid  out.{4-)  Balance  on  ha-nd. 
A/ter  the  report  is  presented,  it 


•ng  TO 


162 


I.  the  change  from  the  second 
to  the  first  position  is  made  _by 
stepping  forward  with  the  right 

foot;,  throwing  the  principal  weight 
of  thf  body  upon  it,  (mli)  the  shad- 
ed par*  of  thejeft  resting  upon  the 
floor.  This  position  is  assumed  i-n  im- 
passioned speech,  earnest  appeal,  atid 
bold  assertion.  3.  The  left  foot  sup- 
porting the  body, with  righ-tfoot  ad- 
vanced. 


should  be  re/erred  to  an  "auditing 
cornrnUtee,"  to  examine  the  treas- 
urer's books  and  vouchers. The  fol- 
lowing is  a  common  form  for  the 
treasurer's  -report : 


The  undersigned,  Treasurer  of  t  he 
Lincoln  Society,  begs  leave  to  submit 
the  following  annual  -report:  The 
balance  on  hand  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  year  was  forty  d  o  I- 

3  lars  and  sixty  cents.  There,  was 
received  from  all  sources  during  the 
year  *wo  hundred  dollars  and  sev- 

3  enty  cents.  During  the  same  time 
the-  expenses  amounted  to  one  hint 
dred  -ninety  dollars  and  thirty-five 
cents,  leaving  a  balance  on  hand 
of  fifty  dollars  and  ninety-five  cents 
The  annexed  statement  of  receipts 
and  expenditures  will  show  in  detail 
the  sources  from  which  the  receipts 
were  obtained, and  the  objects  to 
which  the  expenditures  have  been 

s  applied.  All  of  which  is  respectful- 
ly submitted.       ^\\a.>ta.-«wmoYv&, 
Treasurer  Li-ncol-n  Society 

s    The  statement  may  be  made  by 
simply  giving  a  list  of  receipts, fol- 
lowed by  a  list  of  expenses,  and  clos- 
ing with  a  balance  on  hand;  or  it 
may  be  made  out  in  the  form  of 

i  an  account.  The  auditing  commit- 
tee's certificate  to  the  correctness 
of  the  account  should  be  written  on 
the  statement. 

PFIIA.L  OF  fvlErviBEHS.-Every  de- 
liberative assembly  has  the  right 
to  investigate  the  character  of  its 
-members,  when  such  is  called  into 
question.  When  a  charge  is  pre- 


ferred  against  a  member's  character, 
it  should  be  referred  to  a  committee 
of  investigation  or  discipline,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  inquire  into  the  -matter 
and  report  tothe  society.  This  -re- 
port should  contain  recommen- 
dations as  to  what  action  the  soci- 
ety should  ta.ke,  and  close  with  res- 
ol_utions  covering  the  case.  The  or- 
dinary resolutions  when  a  mem- 
ber is  recommemded  for  expulsion 

i  are, (I)  to  fix  the  time  to  which  the 
society  shall  adjourn:  and(5l)to  in- 
struct the  clerk  to  cite  the  -member 
to  appear  before  the  society  at  this 
adjourned  meeting  to  show  cause 
why  he  should  not  be  expelled, up- 
on the  following  charges  iV.'iV'&xe. 

3  VVe.-v«\V  The  procedure  at  the  tri- 
al is  the  same  as  at  any  ordinary 
tribal,  which  is  found  elsewhere  in 
this  volume.  A  two-thirds  vote  is 
necessary  to  expel  a  -member. 

TWO-THIRDS  VOTE;.- For  a.  list 
of  the  motions  requiring  a  two- 
thirds  vote,  see  VAoV\o-v\. 

;ND£BAT/\BLE  Ct\i^ST|0(f.-  A 

question  that  must  be, decided  with 
out  debate.  The  following  is  a  1 1st 
of  undebatable  questions,  which 
in  most  cases  admit  of  no  debate 
whatever;  but  in  a  few  cases  some 
of  them  may  be  debated  to  a  limit- 
ed extent,  for  which  see  the  details 
of  each  motion  in  its  proper  order. 
(I)  To  fix  the  time  to  which  to  ad- 
journ. J8)  To"adjourn"or  in  a 
committee  "to  rise. "(3)  For^the 
"orders  of  the  day , "  or  questions 
relating  to  the  "priority  of  busi- 
ness."^) An  "appeal,"  in  cer- 
tain cases.  (5)  "Objection  to  the 
consideration  of  a  question."  (6) 
To  "lie  on  the  table.  "  or  to  "take 
from  the  table. "(7)  The"previous 
question. "(8)  To  "reconsider."(9) 
To  "postpone  to  a  certain  time." 
(10)  Questions,  relating  to  "reading 
of  papers, "  "witddrawing  a -motion," 
"suspending  the  rules, ""extend- 
ing the  limits  of  debate." 
JpfFlfflSVtED  BUSINESS.- Any 
business  not  brought  to  an  end  at 
a  previous  meeting.  V^>**  k&'^oxKW 
and  O-v&eir  ofc  ^>\>°>Y«\e.«iV 
MCE|-Pl^S|D^rMT.-An  assistant 
chairman,  or  his  deputy.  The  du- 
ty of  this  officer  is  to  act  in  the 
absence  of  the  presiding  officer. 
Spnietinies  there  is  a  number  of 
vice-  presidents  appointed  for  mere 
complimentary  purposes. 
fOTIj^G-.  —  The  act  of  choosing  or 
electing  by  suffrage.  Except  on 
unimportant  -matters  where  the 
assembly  is  supposed  to  co-nsent, 
all  questions  must  receive  a  form- 
al vote  of  -the  assembly  to  be  con- 

a  sidered  its  will.  The  different  meth- 
ods of  voting  are  by  ballot,  N'VN'JL 
voce,  calling  the  yeas  and  -nays,  by 
raising  the  hands,  by  standing, and 
by  dividing  the  house— one  party  go- 
ing to  one  side  of  the  room,  and 

3  the  other  to  the  opposite  side. The 
affirmative  side  of  the  question  is 


always  pa*  first,  and  if  the  number 
of  voters  be  very  large,  the  Chairman 
way  appoint  tellers  to  assist  in  de- 
termining the  result  of  the  vote, 
The  majority  of -votes  of  those 
present  constitutes  the  will  of 
the  assembly,  except  as  noted  un- 

s  der  VAoV\o-n,  and  ?\w,Ya.V\V\>.For 
the  different-  forms  of  putting 
the  question  to  voj>a,  see  Vwvvwvq 

s  VVe  c\vi.e,sV\oYv.  The  Chairman  should 
always  announce  the  result  of  the 
vote  in  the  following  form:" The 
motion  is  carried—  the  resolution 
is  adopted,"  or, "The  ayes  have 

7  it — the  resolution  is  adopted."!/ 
any  member  doubt  the  result  of 
the  vote,  he  may  call  for  adivis- 
ion,when  the  Chair-wan  will 
call  for  a  -rising  vo-fce,  the  votes 

9  on  each  side  being  counted.When 
not  voting  by  ballot,  and  before  the 
result  has  been  announced ,  any 
•member  has  -fche  -right  to  change 

3  his  vote.  U-ntil  the  negative  has 
been  put,  it  is  in  order  for  any 
member  to  rise  and  speak,  the 
same  as  if  the  voting  had  n  ot 
commenced.  A  member  cannot 
vote  on  a -matter  affecting  hi-m- 
self  ,e\gcept  when  -more  than  one 
name  is  included  in  the  resolu- 
tion, when  alj  are  en'ti tied  to  vote. 
When  there  is  a  tie  vote  the  -mo 
tion  fails,  unless  the  Chair-man 
gives  his  vote -for  the  affirmative. 
^>ec.V-ves\6\-Yi<>Ox<'\oa-xVFor  an 
appeal  vote,  see  K^e/&\.  Wh  e-n 
•required  by  the  Constitution  or 
By-Laws,  the  voting  -must  be  by 
ballot;  for  which  purpose  the  pre- 
siding officer  appoints  two  or 
more  tellers  to  distribute  slips 
of  paper,  upon  which  each  mem- 
ber .^including  the  Chair-nia-n, 
writes  his  vote.  Voting  by  \)?«> 
and  -wa.\)s  has  the  effect  of  putting 
on  record  how  each  me-mber  votes, 
as  the  clerk  calls  the  roll,  each  mew 
bar -rises  and  answers  "yes"  or 
"no."  After  -the  commencement 
of  the  roll  call  it  is  too  late  to  ask 
to  be  excused  from  voting.  The 
yeas  and  nays  cannot  be  ordered 
in  committee  of  the  whole. 

WlTHDFVWVA,L  OF  /V  NJOTlOtf.- 
\f  the  -mover  of  a  question^ish- 
es  to  withdraw  or  modify  it,  or 
to  substitute  another  i-n. its  place, 
after  it  is  before  the  assembly,,  if 
no  one  object,  the  Chairman  gjves 
permission;  but  if  any  one  object, 
a  motion  must  be  made,  and  vot- 
ed upon  by  the  assembly.  Su.ch 
a  motion  is  undcbatable.  The 
motion  being  withdrawn,  the 
effect  is  the  same  as  if  it  had  nev- 

.  er  been  made. 

Y£A.S  AND  NWS.- Affirmative 
and  negative  votes,  equivalent  to 
\>es  and  rvo.  For  method  of  thus 
voting,  see  last  paragraph  under 
vjofcVw). 

YIELD.-  One  motion  is  saidtoq>\e\4 
to  another,  when  *he  second  -may  be 
•made  while  the  first  is  pending. 


163 


the  following  vocabulary 
will  be  found  the  principal 
laws  of  practical  etiquette 
The  arrangement  is  alpha- 
betical in  order  to  facilitate 
ready  reference.  Civility  and 
breeding  are  -necessary  t  o 
success  in  life,  and  the  person 
possessing  these  virtues  is  al- 
ways welcome  in  all  society.  Al- 
most the  first  requirement  is 
0,006  CQrrvn\at\  %t*vt».  Wh  i  le  this 
admits  of  piquancy  and  dignity, 
it  is  also  a  host  arrayed  in  one's 
favor.  True  politeness  comes  from  a 
knowledge  of  ourselves  and  respect  for 
others,  and  constitutes  propriety  of  de- 
portment, coupled  with  good  nature 
arid  a  desire  to  please. 

ABSENT.  —  I*  was  one  of  Washinofcon's 

.  mairims  to  speak  no  evil  of  the  absent.as 
it  is  unjust. 

ABSENT- IVIIND^O. — In  society  the  absent 
minded  man  is  uncivil.  Avoid  it. 

ACQUAINTANCES, TRAVELING — All  well 
dressed  people  are  not  members  of  good 
society.  Treat  every  person  with  civility, 
but  be  extremely  careful  in  permitting  a- 
ny  one  to  exercise  any  familiarly  which 
is  not  warranted  among  entire  strangers. 

\DDR6(SS.  — Add  the  name  in  address- 
ing persons  with  titles;  as,"Whaf  do 
you  thinU,  Doctor  Graves?" 

Young  misses  are  address  by  a  teach- 
er as"Miss  Julia','  or'Miss  Annie"  etc. 
Young  boys  as"Master  Brown','  etc. 

Pupils  should  address  the  teacher  as 
"Miss  or  Mr.  Smith?  not  as  "Teacher." 

ADIf-U. — In  makinj  calls  it  is  a  breach  of 
etiquette  to  resume  your  seat  after  hav- 
ing left  it  to  say  adieu. 
JJVIC^.— Avoid  all  o/ficious  offers  of  ad- 
vice or  your  own  opinion,  and  if  you  do 
give  an  opinion, represent  it  not  as  fact. 

AGREEABLE. — In  society  one  should  make 
himself  agreeable,  doing  his  best  to  as- 
sist conversation,  both  by  talking  grace- 
fully and  easily,  and  listening  patiently, 
even  though  it  be  a  twice-told  tale. 

ALL  ONE;  CAN  DO.  —  lV4v>VMTv)\or\X  »u»N 
When  a  man  does  all  he  can,  though  it 
succeeds  not  well,  blame  not  him  that  did  it. 
^NE^COOT^S. —  These  should  be  sparsely 
used  in  conversation,  lest  they  become  stale. 


. — It  is  very  unbecoming  to  exhib 
It  petulance  or  angry  feeling  in  society 
circles.  The  true  gentleman  does  not 
suffer  his  countenance  to  be  easily  ruf 
fled. 

ANIMALS. — These, affording  us  pleasure 
or  profit,  should  be  treated  with  human- 
ity, and  every  attention  paid  their  wants. 

ANNOYANCES The  habit  of  drumming 

with  the  fingers  on  the  furniture,  belting 
time  with  the  feet,  humming,  and  whis- 
tling, indicate  a  want  of  good  breeding 
and  are  very  offensive  to  refined  people. 

APOLOGY- — No  gentleman  may  refuse 

an  apology,  no  matter  how  (Treat  the  offens* 

If  by  accident  or  design  we  violate  the 

rights  of  another,  we  should  make  amends 

by  promptly  apologizing. 

APPLAVIS^. — In  concert  or  lecture 
rooms  the  applause  manifested  by  cat- 
calling, whistling,  shouting, etc.,  do  not 
distinguish  refined  and  polished  people, 
and  always  give  offense  to  the  better  por- 
tion of  the  audience. 

APPROBATION. — When  the  sentiments 
of  a  public  speaker  or  performer  are  agree- 
able, we  may  approve  them  by  the  clap- 
ping of  hands  for  his  encouragement, 
but  if  they  do  not  meet  our  approbation, 
we  should  not  offend  others  by  hissing 
or  giving  other  evidence  of  disapproval. 
PPAREL. — VMiv&vn^Xoifo  TM.VvA.-rn  your 
apparel  be  modest,  and  endeavor  to  accom- 
modate nature  rather  than  procure  admi- 
ration. Keep  to  the  fashion  of  your  equals, 
such  as  are  civil  and  orderly  with  respect 
to  time  and  place.     ^ 

ARGUrVJENT. —  One  should  not  a-rgue  a 
point  when  it  is  possible  to  avoid  it,but 
when  he  does,  he  should  do  it  in  a  gen- 
tlemanly and  impassionate  manner. 

ASSOCIATES.— One  is  judged,to  agreal 
e>tent,  by  the  character  of  his  associate! 

TTENTION To  listen  well  is  almost 

as  great  an  art  at  to  talk  well.  One  mast 
not  only  give  perfect  attention,  but  en- 
deavor to  Stem  interested,  and  never 
show  impatience  at  the  length  of  the 
conversation. 

ATTENTION  JO  LADIES.— It  is  etiquette 
for  a  gentleman  to  hand  a  lady  a  chair, 
open  the  door  for  her  to  pass  out,  pick 
up  anything  she  may  drop,  or  remove 
anything  that  may  be  in  her  way,  even 
though  she  be  an.  entire  stranger  to  him. 


Twt'v«C\ .  Turn  npl 

your  back  to  others,  especially  in  speikiti 
Jog  not  the  table  or  desk  on  which  an 
other  writes;  lean  not  on  any  one. 
ASHFUL. — H«  "ho  knows  the  world, 
will  not  be  too  bashful.  He  who  knows 
himself,  willnot  be  impudent. 
BEHIND. — A  child  should  be  taught  to 
piss  behind,  and  not  before  any  one. 
^N^VOL^NCE. — The  charitable  heart 
will  find  no  difficulty  in  discovering 
those  who  -need  assistance.  A  kind  ap- 
proving smile,  agentle.encourajirisiwiird, 
a  cup  of  cool  water,  a  friendly  visit  or 
a  timely  pecuniary  help,  are  little    in 
themselves,  and  yet  are  invaluable. 

BETRAYAL  OF  CO^FID^NC^ — it  is  a 

breach  of  etiquette  to  betray  confidence 
even  If  not  bound  to  secrecy;  in  implied 
confidence  is  as  sacred  is  one  eiprcssed. 

BATTING-. Betting  is  hijhiy  prejudi- 
cial to  good  morals, for  he  who  bets  is 
naturally  anxious  to  win,  and  has  the 
strongest  temptation  to  use  dishonest 
meins  to  secure  his  wajer. 
OASTINOK — Avoid  boasting  of  your 
own  position,  wealth,  luxuries,  or  pot- 
sessions  of  any  kind. 

BOflEjS. — It  is  an  old  and  homely  adage, 
but  a  true  one,  thafthe  dog  who  brings 
a  bone  will  carry  one." 

BOOKS. Remarks  written  in  a  borrow- 
ed book  are  unpardonable;  in  books 
from  public  libraries  they  are  in  bad  tast« 
Care  should  be  exercised  in  asking  lor 
the  loan  of  books,  and  when  obtained, 
should  be  returned  as  soon  as  possible, 
in  apparently  is  good  condition  as  whe^ 
borrowed. 

SCREWS. —  Though  bores  find  their  ac- 
count in  speaking  ill  or  well  of  themselves, 
it  is  the  characteristic  of  a  oenlleman  that 
he  never  speak  of  himself  at  all. 

BORROVVlNft. —  In  borrowing  great 
care  must  be  taken  that  the  practice  does 
not  become  a  nuisance,  as  it  surely  does 
where  it  is  indulged  in  too  frequently, and 
when  borrowed  articles  are  not  spee'dily 
returned,  and  in  good  condition.  There 
should  be  no  stinted  measures  in  returning. 

OV/lN6 A  lady  must  recognize  a  gen 

tleman  by  bowing  before  he  is  at  liber 
ty  to  salute  her;  should  she  recognize 
him  he  should  raise  his  hat  a  little  from 
his  head,  with  the  hand  furthest  fiom  her, 


184 


and  return  her  salutation  with  a  slight 
inclination  of  the  body. 

A  gentleman  may  bow  to  a  lady  seat- 
ed at  a  window,  if  he  is  passing  on  the 
street;  but  he  must  not  bow  from  a  win- 
dow to  a  lady  on  the  street. 

A  gentleman,  walkina  with  a  friend, 
arid  -meeting  a  lady  witn  whom  his 
friend  is  acquainted,  must  bow,  although 
the  lady  way  be  a  stranger  to  him. 

A  lady.i-ci  passin9  a  gentlenia-n.who 
stands  aside  (or  her  to  pass,  must  ac- 
knowledge the  courtesy  withaslight  bow. 

A  gentleman  can-not  refu.se  to  re- 
turn the  bow  of  any  respectable  lady. 

Young  wen  or  boys, meeting  their 
superiors  in  age  and  station,  orthe. 
other  sex  who  recognize  the-m,  should 
lift  their  hats  slightly,  a-nd  wake  a  re 
spectf  u!  bow. 

BflEAKJNO-  UP. —  If  it  be  necessary  for 
one'to  leave  before  the  proper  time  ar- 
rives for  the  company  to  go  home,  it 
is  better  to  do  so  without  attracting  at- 
tention. It  is  net  discreet  to  "weir  out 
one's  welcome,"  by  staying  to  an  unrea- 
sonable hour;  it  would  be  better  to  have 
our  friends  to  regret  OUT  going  than 
to  wish  we  were  gone.  When  leaving, 
we  should  see  our  entertainers  ana 
bid  them  good-bye. 
BUSINESS  A/FAJr\9.— It  is  not  consid- 
crate  for  a  ge_ntleman  to  talk  of  his 
business  affairs  to  a  lady,  or  for  her 
to  weary  hiw  in  recounting  her  dome* 
tic  affairs. 

BUSINESS  VlOUFlS. — It  is  a  breach  of  et 
iquette  to  intrude  u.pon  a  business -man 
or  woman  during  business  hours. 
CALLING. — To  neglect  to  call  upon  one's 
friends  is  at  once  a  breach  of  etiquette 
and  an  injury. 

It  is  improper  in  the  extreme  /or  a. 
lady  to  call  upon  a  oentlewan,  except- 
ing on  business,  at  his  place  of  business. 

Calls  are  of  ceremony,  friendship.con- 
gratiilation, or  condolence. 

In  -making  calls,  ladies, as  well  asgen- 
tlettieri,  send  in  but  one  card,  no  -mat 
ter  how  -many  they  wty  wish  to  see. 

Within  three  days  after  an  enter- 
tainment, if  a  first  invitation,  calls 
ought  to  be  made;  within  one  week 
a-fter  a  formal  entertainment. 

A  call  of  congratulation  is  wade  by 
acquaintances,  one  month  after  the 
birth  of  a  child. 

A  call  of  congratulation  is  due  to 
the  newly  married,  also  to  the  parents 
who  pave  the  invitations  to  the- ma* 
riage. 

Calls  of  condolence  are  wade  within 
ten  days  after  the  death,  i/  on  intimate 
terms  with  the  family,  or  i/  otherwise 
within  a  month. 

If  a  9entleman  be  invited  by  a  lady 
to  call  upon  hcT,  h«  cannot,  witho 


great  discourtesy,  ne-glect  to  pay  the-ca1 
within  a  week. 

A  call  ought.  always  to  be  returned 
but  i/  the  acquaintance  it  not  desira 
ble,the  first  call  way  be  the  last. 

Among  intimate  friends  informal 
calls,  wade  out  of  the  conventional 
hours,  are  the  wost  agreeable. 

When  calling,  a  lady  should  never 
ask  a  gentleman  to  take  his  hat,  or 
a  lady  to  lay  aside  her  wraps. 

The  hours  for  calling  vat-y  in  dif- 
ferent cities,  and  are  regulated  by  the 
prevailing  custom  of  the  place. 

It  is  a.  gross  impropriety  for  a  gen- 
tlewan  to  receive  calls  athis  home  from 
ladies,  unless  it  be  those  in  the  immedi- 
ate family. 

\Nf,  —  Do  not  use  Scriptural  ph-rasesot 
proverbs;  cant  is  detestable. 
CARDS.  —  Wen  VO-UKVS 


Calling  OT  Visiting  Cards  have  noth- 
ing upon  them  but  the  name  and  ad- 
dress of  the  caller,  in  swall  script  or 
card  text. 

When  calling,  etiquette  requires  that 
a  card  be  sent  up. 

A  card  is  left,in  the  absence  of  the 
lady  of  the  house. 

When  there  are  two  or  wore  ladies, 
the  turning  down  of  one  cowe-rof  the 
card  signifies  that  the  call  is  for  the 
family. 

When  cards  are  left  preparatory  to 
leaving  town,  the  initials  P.  P.C.t  Presents 
parting  cowplirnents)  wust  be  written 
in  the  left-hand  corner. 

\-n  calling  upon  friends  at  a  boarding 
house  OT  hotel,  write  their  names  above 
your  own  o-n  the  card,  to  insure  prop- 
er delivery. 

Have  cards  in  readiness  at  every  call. 

Cards  sent  during  the  illness  of  any 
member  of  the  family  to  whom  they  are 
sent,  should  be  accompanied  by  verbal  in- 
quiries regarding  the  patient's  health.  Ap- 
ply same  rule  to  survivors  in  sending  cards 
of  condolence. 

When  a  death  is  known,  cards  way  be 
sent.iTmnediately,  but  visits  of  condolence 
not  made'till  within  the  following  week. 

Cards  -may  be  left  or  sent  the  day  »/• 
ter  a  ball  or  large  evening  party. 

After  a  small  social  gathering  or  din 
ner  party,  cards  wust  be  left  the  fol- 
lowing week. 

A  gentleman's  card  bears  his  address 
on  the  right-hand  corner. 
C/Vf\F\l/\G-t.  —  Always  enter  a  carriage 
with  your  back  toward  the  seat  you  oc- 
cupy, thus  avoiding  the  necessity  of 
turning  round  in  the  carriage. 

In  leaving  a  carriage  the  gentleman 
wust  go  first,  even  though  compelled  to 
cross  th«  carriage  and  disturb  the  lady, 
that  he  may  assist  her  to  alight.  When 
a  -man-servant  is  present,  he  must  hold 
open  the  carriage  door  and  lower  t  he 
steps,  but  not  assist  the  lady  in  alighting, 
except  in  the  absence  of  the  gentleman. 

The  gentleman,  not  the  lady,  gives 
all  orders'  to  the  coachman. 

A  lap  or  carriage  robe  should  be  car- 
ried, to  cover  the  skirt  of  a  lady's  dress, 
to  protect  from  dust  or  mud.  The  lady 
should  be  provided  with  a  shawl,  parasol,  ard  fan 


The  gentleman  sits  on  the  riqhi-narK 
seat  when  driving,  and  must  accommo 
date  the  pace  pf  the  horses  to  the.  wishes 
of  the  lady. 

A  friend  taken  into  a  carTia^ie  when 
out  driving,  wust  be  taken  to  his  des- 
tination. 

When  driving  with  a  laxly,  it  is  imper- 
tinent for  a  gentleman  to  put  his  arm 
across  the  back  of  the  seat. 

If  a  lady  leave  a  carriage,  and  the  gen- 
tleman remain  in  it  till  her  return, he 
-must  alight  to  assist  her  out,  also  whett 
she  returns. 

During  the  ordinary  course  of*  drii^ 
a.  lady  should  resign  herself  to  the  prov- 
ince of  the  driver,  and  should  she  not 
approve  of  his  wanner  or  skill,  need 
not  drive  with  hiw  again. 

The  seat  on  the  right  hand, facing  th» 
horses,  is  the  seat  of  honor,  and  is  reserv- 
ed for  a  lady,  an  elderly  gentleman,  or 
guest.  The  seat  facing  the  horses  is  for 
ladies,  and  no  gentleman  must  sit  be- 
side the  lady,  except  from  invitation. 
CHAJf\S. —  It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette  to 
turn  your  chair  so  as  to  bring  your 
back  to  some  one  seated  near  you. 
•  When  calling,  a  gentleman  rtiajilaks 
any  vacant  chair,  without  troubling  the 
hostess. 

A  gentleman  rises  upon  the  entrance 
of  ladies,  but  does  not  offer  his  chair, 
except  in  his  own  house,  when  others 
ere  available. 

irtA^TlTY. — A  large  portion  of  the  sor- 
row a-nd  Suffering  of  the  world  arises 
from  the  want  of  cHastity  in  thought, 
speech,  and  behavior.  Characters  are  ru 
ined,  homes  wade  desolate,  and  fond 
hearts  broken,  by  neglecting  to  preserve 
that  purity  of  heart,  of  which  a  little 
child  is  the  type. 

CHEWING-  G-UNl. — Aside  from  the  phys- 
ical injuries  arising  from  the  incessant 
chewing  of  gum,  it  is  in  bad  taste,  to 
see  perso-ns  in  school.or  elsewhere,with 
their  mouths  full  of  gum  or  wax,  appar- 
ent in  laborious  exercise.  On  the  street, 
such  rumination  is  very  unbecoming;  if 
observed  carefully,  serious  doubts  arise 
as  to  whether  the  ruminant  it  a  lady 
or  not. 

:X'LDf\^N Never  speak  of  your  own 

children  as  "Master"  and  "Miss"  except 
to  servants,  but  give  them,  unless  mar- 
ried,  their  Christian  name  only, or  say 
"my  daughter,"  or  "my  son!' 

Among  a  child's  fiTst  woTds  should 
be"please,"  "thank  you""yes  ma'am," 
"no  ma'am,"  "what.wa'am" and  "what, 
sir.?" 

A  child  should  not  be  allowed  to  leave 
the  table  without  asking  to  be  excused. 

Never  permit  little  boys  to  keep  on 
their  hats  while  in  the  house. 

Teach  children  to  be  polite  and  gen- 


165 


erous  to  their  little  visitors,  and  when 
"half"  win  -not  do,  to  give  up'^n'of  «ny 
thing. 

Whe-n  addressed  with  "good  rnor-n 
ing"  ot  other  salutation,  teach  them 
what  to  say,  that  they  may  -not  stand 
(taring  at  any  one.  If  taught  to  sau'Ver 
y  well, thank  you"  in  answer  to  the 
question,"  How  do  you  do?"  they  will 
feel  no  embarrassment  in  replying.. 

\f  they  cause  inconvenience  to  others, 
teach  them  to  say"l  am  sorry"*!!!  old 
enough  to  say"Excuse  -me'' 

Teach  a  child  that  it  is  both  rude  and 
naughty  to  Contradict,  and,  when  told 
to  do  anything,  to  say  "what  for,"  and 
"why." 

Children  should  be  ta.uo.ht  that  it  is 
rude  to  yawn  without  trying  to  suppress 
it:  to  whistle  or  hum  in  the  presence 
Of  older  persons,  o-r  to  play  with  any 
thing  at  the  table. 

They  should  nol^leave  the  table  with 
food  in  the  rnouth;  take  possession  of 
a  seat  belonging  to  another  without 
vacating  upon  his  return;  or  to  leave 
any  one  without  sayina"good-bye" 

Teasing  should  not  be  allowed;  too 
great  inquisitiveness  should  be  checked, 
tnd  -meddling  with  things  ought  -not 

to  be  permitted. 
OWfl. — No  gentle-man  will  so  far  i-m 
itatc  a  vulgar  clown  as  to  flap  a  friend 
on  the  back,  clapping  his  hand  uponthe 
shoulder,  poke  him  in  the  ribs,  or  *o 
shout"  Halloo,  old  boy." 
!HUr\CH. — Be  punctual  in  attendance  so 
as  -not  to  intmupt  the  congregation. 

Gentlemen  re-move  their  hats  at  the 
door,  and  enter  quietly  and  reverentially. 

Strangers  wait  in  vestibule  for  ushers 
to  show  them  a  seat.  Never  enter  a  pew 
without  invitation  or  permission. 

If  unfamiliar  with  the  forms  of  worship, 
•rise,  k-rieel,  and  sit,  as  you  see  others  do. 

Provide  books, find  the  place  and  point 
it  out  to  strangers. 

•  When  books  or  fans  are  offered, accept 
or -refuse  with  a  si  lent  bow. 

A  penile-man  and  lady  pass  up  the- 
aisle  together,  when  the  gentleman  step 
aside.allowing  the  lady  to  enter  the  pew 
first. 

Whispering,  laughing,  staring,  o-r  ma 
king  -noise  with  feet  or  fingers,  should 
be  avoided. 

Bow  -not, -nor  recognize  a  friend  while 
in  the  church;  greetings  may  be  exchang- 
ed in  the  vestibule  after  service. 

Pay  no  attention  to  rude  o-r  noisy  per- 
cone  around  you. 

If  a  stranger  enters  unseen  by  the  ush- 
ers, open  the  door  or  rise  md  motion  to  him. 


In  attending  a  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
the  gentleman  accompanying  a  lady, 
•may, with  ungloved  hand,  offer  her  the 
holy  water. 

A  lady  does  not  remove  her  gloves  in 
church,  except  to  use  the  holy  water,  or 
at  communion. 

At  a  christening  the  god-mother  secom 
panies  the  family  of  her  little  godchild  to 
and  from  church, sending  her  giftlusu- 
ally  a  silver  cup)  the  day  before. 

In  attending  a  funeral,  do  not  leave 
the  pew  till  the  mourners  have  passed  in 
to  the  aisle,  standing  while  they  pass, fall- 
ing into  your  proper  place  as  the  proces- 
sion passes. 

Upon  conclusion  of  the  service,  make, 

your  departure  silently,  exchanging,  in 

a  quiet  manner,  greetings  in  the  vestibule 

CIVILITY. —  Shakspeare  says"Whil!t  thw 

fivest,  keep  a  good  tongue  in  thy  head." 

Tillotspn  -remarks "A  good  word  is  an 
easy  obligation;  but  not  to  speak  ill, -re 
quires  only  our  silence,  which  costs  us 
" 


,.  .       /. — For  a  lady  to  intimate  . 

a.  gentleman  that  she  would  be  please* 
to  have  him  escort  her  to  any  public 
entertainment,  is  one  of  the  rudest 
breaches  of  politeness.  Such  conduct 
would  place  her  under  a  very  unpleasant 
sense  of  obligation,  and  may  be  the 
cause  of  much  embarrassment  to  the 
gentleman. 

Should  a  lady  decline  an  offer,  she 
should  -not  -mention  it  under  tn.y  cir- 
cumstances, as  this  would  be  adding 
an  insult  to  the  refusal. 

COIvtPLE\ION — To  obtain  the  bestpos 
sible  complexion,  rise  early,  forrn  rej 
ular  habits,  diet  yourself  carefully,pra£ 
lice  absolute  cleanliness,  exercise  freely 
in  the  open  air— wearing  broad-brinrmej 
hats  in  the  sun  and  veils  in  the  wind, 
avoid  washing  the  face  when  heate< 
from  exercise,  and  bathe  the  face  in 
soft  water." 


nothing." 

:L/\PPING  OF  VIANDS In  conversa- 
tion, never,  however  much  you  may 
be  pleased  with  any  remark,  cry  out 
"Bravo,"  clap  your  hands,  or  permit  any 
gesture,  silent  or  otherwise,  to  mark  your 
appreciation  of  it.  A  quiet  expression  of 
pleasure,  or  a  smile,  will  show  your  sens* 
of  the  fitness  of  the  remark. 

In  a  concert  hall  or  lecture  room, it 
is  allowable  to  clap  the  hands. (See  Appro- 

CLE/\NLINE\SS, SQ  great  is  the  effect  of 

cleanliness  upon  man,  that  it  extends 
even  to  his  moral  character.  Virtue  nev- 
er dwells  long  with  filth,  nor  is  the  pres- 
ervation of  health  and  comfort  possi- 
ble with  it.  No  one  has  a  right  to  offend 
the  sensibilities  of  any  one  by  neglect- 
ing this  particular. 

CLOTHED. Dirty  collars,  wristbands, 

and  shirt  fronts  are  intolerable.  If 
grease  spots  are  seen  upon  the  clothing, 
it  indicates  a  great  lack  of  neatness  in 
the  wearer.  A  clean  handkerchief  is  one 
of  the  prime  evidences  of  gentility.  Boots 
and  shoes  not  kept  clean,  show  that 
their  owners  are  lacking  in  good  taste. 

COLONS The  brunette's  colors  are 

scarlet,  orange,  and  yellow, ^w  t»tt\- 
\Vi\w,,  but  glossy  black  and  white  also 
become  her.  A  tasteful  \ytw\\s,  will  have 
a  scarlet  blossom  deftly  twisted  in  her 
hair,  or  an  orange  knot  at  her  throat. 
Sallow  complexions  are  improved  by 
dark  gree-rr,  or  red.  A  creamy  completion 
is  set  off  by  a  reflection  of  yellow. 

A  dark  violet,  shading  off  into  lilac  or 
blue,  charms  the  golden-haired  blonde.  Ei- 
ther light  or  dark  shades  of  green  look 
well  with  the'ruddy  face  or  the  blonde. 
The  very  light  blonde  is  exquisite  in  a 
dress  of  pale  Nile  green.  In  short.there 
is  li»le,except  bright  red,  that  a  blonde 
cannot  wear. 

:OfVl!v\ISSlpN.—  When  entrusted  with 
a  commission,  do  not  fail  to  perform  it. 
It  is  rude  to'Vorget." 
OfvJN/lENT' — Do  not  be  guilty  of  rude 
corn-went  on  what  has  oeen said, by 
tuch  remarks  as"(ies,  you  mean  so  and  si 
Never  supply  words  over  which  your corw- 
panion  may  hesitate  a  moment. 


so  conscientiously.  It  is  gross  rudeness 
to  express  any  marks  of  disapprobation 
by  laughing  or  talking.  Reading  papers 
or  books  is  disrespectful.  Never  leave 
before  the  close  of  the  services,  except 
from  sickness  or  an  imperative  call.  If  a, 
lady, refuse  to  be  escorted  by  one  who 
waits  outside  for  your  appearanceAAi* 


CONTENTION — V,Mte,y\ 
two  contend  together,  take  not  the  part 
of  either  unconstrained,  and  be  not  ob- 
stinate in  your  opinion;  of  things  in- 
different be  of  the  major  side. 
CONTRADICTION.— It  is  a  gross  violation 

of  etiquette  to  contradict  any  one. 
CONVEr\SAJION —  One  who  engrosses 
the  conversation  is  unpardonably  sel- 
fish. 

Always  appear  pleased,  though  'tis 
an  oft-told  story,  and  the  speaker  is  an 
inveterate  proser;  in  short,  sacrifice  sin- 
cerity as  good  manners  and  feelinjs  die 
tate. 

Let  the  face  be  pleasant,  look  at  the 
person  directly,  and  listen  attentively. 

In  answering,  express  your  thou9hts 
in  the  best  manner,  avoiding  a  loose 
wanner. 

You  can  best  speak  to  the  point  by 
"thinking  twice  before  speaking  once." 

Good  and  clear  Saxon  language, sim- 
ple and  terse,  is  preferable  to  high-sound 
mg  phrases  and  long  words. 

Avoid  conversational  extravagance, us- 
ing the  word  that  will  express  your  pre- 
cise meaning  and  no  more. 

Avoid  awkwardness  of  atitude  and  of 
speech,  a  continuous  lolling,  gestic- 
ulating, and  fidgeting. 

In  conversing  with  a  person,  do  not 
repeat  the  name  frequently,  nor  with 
a  titled  person, the  title. 

Address  a  foreigner  by  his  full  name; 
in  speaking  of  him,  use  his  title. 

Married  people  should  avoid  the  vul- 
gar habit  of  speaking  of  each  other  by 
the  initial  letter  of  the  first  name,  or 
the  wife  of  her  husband  as"Srnith," 
omitting  the  "Mr."  This  denotes  ver- 
y  ill  breeding. 


1C6 


Flippancy  is  as  objectionable  as  the  perpet- 
ual smile,  the  vacant  stare,  the  wandetin9 
eye,  and  the  half-open  mouth. 

To  skillfully  adapt  one's  conversation 
to  the  headers, is  the  secret  of  talking 
well. 

Converse  not  on  private  affairs,  nor 
drop  the  voice  to  a  whisper,  in  a  Xs\i-3i- 
\.!\e,  conversation. 

Never  hide  the  lips  with  the  hand  or 
a  fan,  and  avoid  long  conversations  in 
society  with  the  menibe-rs  of  your  own 
f am i  I  y . 

After  the  entrance  of  visitors,  explain 
the  import  of  any  previous  conversation. 
COf\r\ECTIOt4  OF  SPEECH..— Never  pre- 
sume to  correct  the  pronunciation  01 
false  syntax  of  those  whom  you  meet 
in  company. 

COUGHIN&.— Couching,  clearing  of  the 
throat,  blowing  the  nose, or  spittinp  up 
on  the  floor,  while  at  the  table,  desetves 
the  severest  censure.  Leave  the  table  for 
such  purposes,  or  apply  the  napkin  to 
the  face  and  turn  the  head  from  the 
table. 

When  coughing  is  unavoidable,  fe- 
frain  from  society  for  the  time  being. 
CO\JNT^N/\.NC£. — As  a  rule,  inference 
gentleness,  and  kindness,  are  distinguish 
ed  from  ignorance,  coarseness,  and  btu 
tality,  by  an  inspection  of  the  counte- 
nance. Habits  of  wind  are  stamped  up- 
on the  face.  The  heart  and  mind  edu- 
cate the  features  to  express  what  they 
Suggest. 

Your  countenance  should  be  pleasant, 
but  in  serious  -matters  somewhat  grave. 
OUlWGE. — Physical  courage  finds  its 
highest  type  in  the  ball-dog;  moral  cour- 
age, in  a  person  who  suffers  martyrdom 
rather  than  sacrifice  his  love  of  right 
and  conscientious  convictions  of  truth. 

Have  courage  to  do  right,  hence, 
"We  may  have  courage,  all  of  us, 

TO  start  at  honor's  call. 
To  meet  a  foe ,  protect  a  friend. 
Or  face  a  cannon  ba.ll.1' 

COllF\TE,SY A  due  regard  should   be 

paid  to  \\X\\t,  courtesies  and  elegances. 
These  should  never  be  neglected  when 
associating  with  the  opposite  sex. 

Strangers  entering  a  community  eithet 
to  visit  or  to  make  a  home,  politeness  re- 
quires that  those  deairirig  to  wake  their 
acquaintance  shall  manifest  their  dispo 
sition  to  be  sociable,  by  giving  them  a  firs 


^ — ,..'.  —  The  best  and  only  reli 

able  counsello-rs  at  this  crisis  of  a  young 
man's  or  young  woman's  life  are  t 

No  sensible  man  will  intrude  himself 
upon  the  presence  of  a  lady,  nor  will  a 
modest  woman  receive  t-he  attentions  p 
a  man  too  eagerly. 

A  woman  of  tact  will  let  a  gentleman 
See  that  his  attentions  are  not  disajrerablt 


to  her  without  actually  e-ticouraginj  him. 
It  is  equally  possible-  for  a  man  to  be  quite 
teNOV?,  without  becoming  a  lover. 

To  trifle  with  the  affections  is  exceed- 
ingly dishonorable,  and  if  a  woman  is 
•not  a  tawwuc^V  co<\u.«X\«i,  a  man  of 
sense  should  be  able  to  judge  whether 
his  proposal  will  be  favorably  received 

iOVETo'bSN^SS.  —  Unlawful  cravings 
are  more  likely  to  affect  the  wind, 
and  engage  the  fancy,  than  those  that 
are  right,  and  thus  we  are  enticed  in- 
to unlawful  actions. 


.  . 

COVV/V\DICE,. —  If  a  young  man  refu.se 
to  assist  in  robbing  an  orchard, if  he 
is  unwilling  to  drink  intoxicating  liq- 
uor, or  if  he  decline  to  violate  a  law 
of  society,  he  may  be  stigmatiied   by 
those  devoid  of  moral  principle,  as  a 
coward,  and  his  refusal  imputed  to 
dishonorable  fear,  and  thus  driven  to 
do  what  his  conscience  condemns, be 
cause  he  dreads  that  others  will  not 
think  him  brave.  Such  fear  is  the 
greatest  and  basest  cowardice. 

CUf  /\ND  S/\UCEF\.— Formerly  the 
tea,  or  coffee  was  poured  into  the  sau- 
cer to  facilitate  its  cooling,  and  then 
d-rank  from  the  saucer.  Now,  how- 
ever, politeness  requires  us  to  drink 
from  the  cup,  after  having  removed 
the  spoon  to  the  saucer. 

DEJFOIV*/IITY. —  To  notice  in  any  way 
a.  deformity  or  misfortune  to  the  fig- 
ure of  any  one.is  gross  and  unfeeling 
To  speak  of  them  is  the  height  of  rudeness. 
^P/V\Tl)(\E. —  It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette 
for  a  caller  to  preface  his  or  her  depart- 
ure by  remarking"  Now  I  must  go,"  or 
insinuating  that  the  hostess  is  weary 
of  the  visitor. 

Upon  taking  one's  departure, it  is  ex- 
pected that  some  acknowledgement  be 
made  of  the  pleasure  that  has  been  af- 
forded one. 


An  invitation  to  a  ball  signifies  that 
the  entertainment  is  exclusively  for 
dancino;,  and  should  be  delivered  by  a 
messenger  at  least. two  weeks  before  an 
entertainment,  the  reply  being  due  im- 
mediately. 

A  pleasant  ball  requires  good  rooms, 
good  rnusic,  and  plenty  of  good  company. 

The  supper,  to  be  enjoyable,  must  be 
well  served.,  and  abundant  in  quantity. 

A  refreshment  room,  a.  dressing  rooir 
for  the  ladies,  and  one  (or  the  gentle- 
men, should  be  provided. 

Ladies  attend  in  elegant  and  elabo- 
rate dress,  and  gentlemen  appear  in  full 
evening  dress. 

A  suitable  room  for  dancing  is  near 
ly  square-rather  longer  than  wide. The 
top  of  a  ball-room  is  the  part  -nearest  the 
orchestra. 

In  a  private  house  tightly  stretch  a 
good  Holland  floor-cloth  over  the  carpet. 

Abundance  of  right  and  good  ventila- 
tion are  ball-room  requirements. 


A  hostess  should  provide  good  musicint 
to  play  for  her  guests.  It  is  customary  i 
provide  three  pieces  for  dancing:  a  pian 
and  two  violins,  or  piano,  cornel  an 
violin. 

The  ladies'  toilet  should  be  well  su 
plied  with  mirrors,  pins,  needles  an 
thread,  and  plenty  of  attendants  to  as 
sist  at  the  toilets. 

The  supper  hour  is  usually  from  i 
to  I  o'clock,  and  the  hour  of  departm 
from  a  to  3  A.M. 

A  home-wade  su-pper  consisting  of 
coffee  and  sandwiches,with  friw't,  an 
two  or  three  kinds  of  ices  and  cake,  is 
all-sufficient. 

No  one  sits  down  to  a  ball  supper.  I 
seats  are  ranged  around  the  room  f< 
the  ladies,  the  gentlemen  stand. 

A  gentleman  who  does  not  dance 
should  not  accept  an  invitation  t-o  a 
ball. 

To  attempt-  to  dance  without  a  knov 
edge  of  the  art,  is  only  to  make  youtse' 
and  partner  ridiculous. 

In  round  dances,  hold  the  lady's  han 
at  the  side;  in  quadrilles, see  technica 
work  for  French  terms. 

While  dancing,  confine  not  your  o 
servations  alone  to  the  weathe-r.or  the 
number  of  people  present,  but  be  as  a 
grceable  to  the  lady  as  possible. 
OE|SEr\T. — Before  bringing  onadeser 
see  that  the  table  be  freed  from  cmm 
by  the  use  of  a  crumb-pan  and  brush 
DINNERS. — See  Table, also  Picnic. 

D|S/\.&F\EE/VBLE;  TOPICS — DO  not  co 

rrience  any  conversation  by  the  su-jioe 
tion  of  painful  or  disagreeable  topics. 

DISCUSSION.— When  in  social  cpmpan 
avoid,  if  possible,  all  discussion  wilhthos 
with  whom  you  may  not  agree, espe 
ially  of  politics  and  religion.  If  discu 
sion  appear  distasteful  to  the  compan 
seize  the  first  opportunity  to  changi 
the  subject. 

D|SE]NO/\G-^D. — The  disengaged  man 
irresponsible.  His  freedom  is  that  oft 
winds.  To  his  position  everything  is  fo 
given.  Society  has  a  perpetual  welcom 

for  him. The  position  of  the  discn 

gaged  v^owrvo,  lady  is  charming.  Her  bea 
ty,  wit,  and  accomplishments,  take  her  inf 
society  only  to  be  courted  and  admired. 


167 


Servants  hand  the  dishes  to 
the  left  of  the  guests  when  passing  the 


,-.  .  vl , — ,. ,f. —  To  speak  dispar- 
agingly of  a  woman,  or  criticise  wo- 
men in  general,  is  certain  evidence  of 
a  deprived  nature, 

DISPUTES. — VttKsVvYtofioTCs  wvivxtY  In 
disputes  D<  not  so  desirous  to  overcome 
as  not  to  give  liberty  to  each  one  to  de- 
liver his  opinion,  and  submit  to  the. 
judgment  of  the  major  part,  especial- 
ly If  they,  are  the  judges  of  the  dispute. 

0[SR,ESPt|CT. —  A  mother  should  NEVEB 
allow  any  disrespect  in  her  children's 
manners  toward  herself,  nor  toward 
any  one  older  than  themselves;  they 
should  be  taught  especially  to  reverence 
the  aged. 

A  teacher  should  NEVER  allow  pupils 
to  answer  her  disrespectfully,  but  have 
them  say  "  Yes, ma'am," "No,  ma'am," 
"What,  ma'am;"  m\wt,yes,no,  or  what. 

A  teacher  should  see  that  no  pupil 
is  allowed  to  treat  those  of  a  lower  sta- 
tion in  life  with  disrespect. 


. 

Be  not  disturbed  at  trifles,  en  at  acci- 
dents common  or  unavoidable,  and 
be  temperate  in  all  things. 

D00>. —  I*  if  a  breach  of  etiquette  to  take  a 
do9  with  you  when  calling,  howevei^dnr 
orjnlfresting,"  ».$  no  dog  can  b«  admit 
ttd  to  the  drawing-room. 

DOLEFUL. —  Speak  not  of  doleful  things 
in  time  of  mirth  OT  at  the  table,  as 
death  o-r  wounds,  and  if  others  men 
tion  them,  change,  if  you  can,  the  dis- 

DOMES'TIC  *FFAIf\S.— S«  Business  Affem. 

DOOR. —  To  neglect  to  close  a  door  on 
*nte-ririg  OT  leaving  a  room,  is  evi- 
dence of  great  carelessness  and  indiffer- 
ence to  the  feelings  of  others.  Should 
the  door  be  open. however, leave  It  so, 
unless  otherwite  directed. 

DREAMS.  —  Tell  your  dreams  to  none 
except  your  intimate  friends. 
UESaT — A  neatly  dressed  person  is  al- 
ways well  dressed,  and  ready  to  appear 
b«for<  another  at  any  moment. 

Selfcrespect  -requires  that  a  person  be 
well  dressed  at  all  times,  not  spending, 
however,  a  larger  sum  than  can  be  af- 
forded upon  dress. 

Rich  dressing  is  not  the  most  itfmed. 
Simplicity  and  taste  are  preferable  todis 
play.  Elegance  and  perfection  lie  in 
simplicity. 

A  neglect  of  dress  is  as  grave  a  fault 
as  too  much  regard  for  It.  Young  wo- 
men thus  negligent,  are  deficient  in 
taste  and  -regardless  of  order. 


DRESS, CHILDREN'S.  - 

Dress  children  wen, 
but  avoid  display. 

The  self-respect  and 
pcrso-nal  oride  o'  boys 
and  girlj  are  increased 
by  good  clothes,  neatly 
made  and  well-fitting. 

Except  from  powtu, 
never  make  your  son 
a  new  suit  from  his 
father's  old  one.Mon 
ey  may  be  well  spent 
for  new  doth.  YOUT 
boy  has  pride  i-n  ap  ws""  "x"' 
pearance  as  weTI  as  yourself,  and  he 
should  be  spared  the  mortification  of 
appearing  in  the  old  and  iH-filting  suit. 

Do  not  cultivate  vanity,  but  by  al' 
means  encourage  self-respect 
DRESS,OE>I  TINMEN'S. 
A  well-dressed  -man  re- 
quires neither  an  e> 
tensive  nor  a  varied 
wardrobe.  A  different 
costume  fot  every  sea 
son  and  every  occasion 
is  needed,  but  if  he  ba 
careful  to  select  clothes 
that  arf  simple  and  not 
striking  or  conspicuous, 
he  may  use  the  came, 
garments  over  and 
over  again  without  their 
being  noticed,  provided 
they  are  suitable  to  the 
season  in*  the  occasion.  A  business  suit, 
a  frock-suit,  a  dress  suit,  and  an  over- 
coat, are  needed. 

A  man  outrages  propriety  when  he 
of  sixty  dresses  like  him  of  sixteen;  whrn 
he  wears  a  showy  pattern  and  extreme  in 
cut;  when  he  dresses  either  above  or  be- 
low his  station;  when  he  dresses  in  a 
style  inconsistent  with  his  profession 
or  calling,  and  when  his  dress  Is  not 
in  keeping  with  the  occasion. 

Wear  dark  trousers  for  winter. When 
traveling,  in  the  country,  or  at  the  sea- 
side, great  laxity  of  style  is  permissible. 

When  in  town  wear  a  good  hat. A 
white  hat  lining  Is  the  most  excusable 
foppery  for  gentlemen  to  wear.  In  warm 
weather  a  straw  hat  is  as  much  in  keep- 
ing with  custom  as  any  other. 

A  gentleman  used  to  be  known  bv 
his  glove,  but  now, except  for  cenmw.i- 
al  purposes,  and  protection  from  cold, 
gloves  are  less  favorable. 

A  light  cane,  simple  in  style,  may 
be  carried,  and  an  umbrella  is  al 
ways  allowable. 

The  business  suit  may  be  regulated 
by  the  wearer,  but  should  be  neat  and 
substantial. 

For  morning  dress  let  every  article 
be  of  the  best  quality.  Except  on  special 
occasions,  evening  dress  is,  by  -many, 
condidered  en  affectation. 

Avoid  affecting  singularity  in  dress.E> 
pensive  dressing  is  no  sign  of  a  gentle- 
man. 

Manners  do  quite  as  much  to  set 
off  a  suit  of  clothes  as  clothes  do  to  set 
off  a  graceful  person. 


The"ruffianly  style  of  dress" or  thews 
(\vttaM\\  and  ^wMXvtvo,  appearance  of 
the  half- unbuttoned  vest, and  suspender 
less  pantaloons,  are  as  disgusting  and 
painful  as  the  frippery  of  the  dandy. 

When  dressed  for  company,  appear 
»s  easy  and  natural  as  possible.  Noth- 
ing is  rnors  ridiculous  ihan  to  see  a 
gentleman  who. is  stiff,  awkward,  an( 
ungainly  in  a  br-an-new  suit. 
)HESS, L^DIEiS.'—  The  aim  of  ladies 
should  be  simplicity  and  taste, though 
great  latitude  is  allowed. 

A  lady  must  consider  what  colors  will 

er  size  in  selecting  a  dress;  stripes  run 
ning  the  length  of  the  dress  cause  one 
who  is  short  to  appear  taller,  and  flourt 
ces  cause  a  tall  person  to  appear  shorltt 

Dresses  should  be  suit- 
ed to  the  occasion.  Hi 
the  morning, at  home, 
a  loose, flowing  dress; 
and  on  the  street  the 
dress  should  clear  the 
ground.  To  see  a  trai1 
ing  dress  sweeping  up 
the  dirt  and  filth  of 
the  street  is  disgusting. 

Whether  a  hat  or 
bonnet  be  worn  upon 
the  street  is  a  -matter 
of  taste.  Simplicity,  as 
well  void  of  display  or 
brilliant  colors, -marks 
the  street  dress  of  the 
well-bred  lady. 

The  evening  dress  is  governed  by  the 
dictates  of  fashion,  which, by  the  way 
is  about  as  changeable  as  a  weathercock 
Some  neat  and  dainty  costume  ought 
to  be  worn  at  home  of  evenings,  for 
U  is  then  the  male  members  ofthefanv 
ily  are  at  home,  and  visitors  are  most 
likely  to  call. 

At  home  during  the  day  dress  neat 
ly,  that  callers  may  be  received  with- 
out having  to  change  dress. 

hi  making  evening  calls.ladies  usu- 
ally wear  a  hood  or  light  head-wrap 
easily  laid  aside. 

For  balls  or  soirees  the  dress  may  be 
of  the  richest  and  most  elaborate  de- 
scription, with  elegant  jewelry.  This, 
however,  is  a  matter  of  taste  for  the 
lady,  who  should  avoid  being  over-dress- 
ed. 

The  dress  is  simple  and  plain  for 
Church,  with  very  little  jewelry.  Elab- 
orate dress  shows  disregard  for  the 
solemnity  of  the  sanctuary. 

Opera  dress  is  rich  and  full,  jewel- 
ry according  to  taste,  and  head  bare. 
White  or  tinted  kid  gloves  are  worn. 

Traveling  costume  is  simple  and  of 
quiet  colors(not  showing  dirt).  A  light 
display  of  jewelry  may  be  made.  A  wa- 
terproof cloak,  and  for  summer,  adus 
ter,  should  be  carried  along. 

Consider  ag<  in  choosing  coslume.and 
never  dress  in  the"height  of  the  fashion! 
Moderation  marks  good  breeding. 

To  prescribe  an  exact  style  of  dress 
for  ladies  is  impossible,  as  fashions 
are  ever  changing. 


168 


DF\ESS,POE;M  ON.— 

F-rom  little  matters  let  us  pass  to  less, 
And  lightly  tou-ch  the  mysteries  of  dress; 
The  outward  forms  the  inner  man  reveal, 
We  guess  the  pulp  before  we  eat  the  peal. 
One  single  precept  -might  the  whole  condense 
Be  sure  your  tailoT  is  a  man  of  sense; 
But  add  a  little  care,  or  decent  pride. 
And  always  err  upon  the  sober  side.  . 
Wear  seemly  gloves;  not  black, nor  yettoo  light 
And  least  of  all  the  pair  that  once  was  white 
Have  a  good  hat.   The  secret  of  your  looks 
Lies  with  the  beaver  in  Canadian  brooks. 
Virtue-may  flourish  in  an  old  cravat. 
But  man  and  nature  scofn  the  shocking  nat. 
Be  shy  of  breastpins:  plain, well-ironed  white 
With  small  pearl  buttons-two  of  them  in  sight. 
Is  always  genuine,  while  your  gems  -may  pass 
Though  real  diamonds, for  ianoble  glass. 

SCCEjSITrVCITY.—  To  affect  eccentricity 
of  manner,  dress,  OT  language,  is  to  at 
tain  notoriety  by  losing  the -respect  and 

^confidence  of  your  neighbors. 

:,GOTIS!V\. — "Egotism  adorns  no  one," 
yet  it  is  one  of  the  most  common  and 
Insidious  faults. 

To  speak  much  of  one's  own  acts  is 
a  phase  of  egotism, and,  as  such,  is  not  et- 
iquette. 

One's  own  joys  and  sorrows, griefs  nx 
fears,  exploits  and  experiences  may  be 
very  interesting  to  one's  own  self,  but 
not  always  to  others. 

Should  the  company  be  desirous  of 
knowing  OUT  opinion  or  advice  on  any 
subject,  it  is  our  duty  t'o  accede  to  their 
request,  but  not  to  make  an  exhibition 
of  our  learning  for  the  sake  of  show. 

;,LBOW. — While  eating  never  put  your 
elbow  or  hand  upon  the  table. 

^I\^OT(ON. —  &ood  training  manifests 
itself  in  the  suppression  of  undue  emo- 
tion, whether  of  laughing,  anger,  mor- 
rtification,  or  selfishness  in  any  form. 
iNGA^&EV^ENT. —  No  gentleman  may  ev- 
er break  an  engagement,  whether  it  be 
one  of  pleasure  or  business,  with  a  lady, 
or  with  another  gentleman. 

^N&AJ&Elv\ENT,  N^Af^RIAGE — After  an 
engagement  is  made  the  ^rW\\S_W\N 
should  be  tender  and  devoted  to  his  bride 
elect,  treating  her  family  with  great -respect, 
bul  avoiding  the  taking  of  liberties  to  which 
he  is  not  entitled,  until  he  become  «  mem- 
ber of  the  family. 

He  should  play  the  devoted  friend  to  his 
betrothed,  all  her  relatives,  and  conform  to 
the  rules  of  the  household,  being  punctual 
at  all  the  -meals,  kind  to  the  children,  and 
courteous  to  the  servants. 

His  visits  may  be  frequent,  but  should 
be  tho.it.  -never  compromising  the  repu- 
tation of  his  future  wife  by  keeping  her  up 
till  a  late  hour. 

Toward  other  ladies  he  should  be  attent- 
ive and  gallant,  but  not  to  so  great  an  ex- 


tent as  to  excite  the  jealousy  of  his  be 
trothed. 

In  general  society  he  should  not  mo 
nopolize  the  company  of  his  betrothe< 
but  as  an  escort,  accord  her  the  firs 
place  of  honor,  and  be  watchful  ofil 
her  wants. 

He  may  send  her  few  or  many  pres 
ents,  as  she  seems  disposed  to  accept 
them.  If  costly  gifts  be  objected  to,  he 
may  keep  her  supplied  with  flowers, 
books ,  or  sweetmeats,  according  to  her 
taste. 

On  theVVW';)  part,  great  care 
and  discrimination  are  necessary. She 
should  refuse  rather  than  encourage 
the  assiduities  of  others.  Levity  indco- 
quettishness  are  In  the  worst  possible 
taste.  A  heartless  girl  who  will  engage 
in  flirtations  at  this  period,  does  not  de- 
serve the  love  of  a  true  heart. 

On  the  part  of  ^OVfc, affected  in 
difference,  or  exclusiveness,  is  in  bad feste. 
Avoid  too  great  freedom,  or  making  dis 
plays  of  affection  or  fondness.  For  the 
lady  to  parade  her  conquest,  or  the 
gentleman  to  display  slavish  devotion 
is  but  to  make  both  ridiculous,  and 
other  people  uncomfortable. 
•NGA&EIVIENT,  BREAKING  A.N.-  It 
will  happen  sometimes  that  an  en- 
gagement has  to  be  broken  off.  This 
Is  .distressing,  owing  to  the  sacredness 
of  the  tie,  and  it  ought  not  to  be  light 
ly  surrendered.  The  causes  may  be  of 
family  or  of  pecuniary  nature,  and 
sometimes  of  the  mutual  unsuitable- 
nest  of  the  parties  to  each  other. 

If  the  lover  take  the  initial  step, his 
position  is  inexpressibly  delicate,  and 
should  express  himself  in  decided  but 
gentle  terms,  sparing  the  feelings  of 
the  lady  as  much  as  possible. 

It  is  most  frequent  that  engageweT*  E^V 
are  broken  off  at  the  wish  of  the  lady, 


and  when  she  feels  that  herhappine 
is  compromised,  this  is  certainly  a 
wise  though  painful  course  to  pursue. 

It  is  best  to  break  off  an  engagement 
by  letter,  accompanying  with  it  any  let- 
ters, portrait,  or  gifts  received  during 
th«  period  of  engagement. 

The  acknowledgment  of  the -receipt 
of  such  letter  should  be  in  a  tone  of  dig- 
nified resignation,  with  a  similar  re 
turn  of  letters, gifts, etc. 


Both  are  objectionable.  The  long  en- 
gagement places  the  young  girl  under 
restraints  immediately  on  her  enter- 
ing life, thus  preventing  her  from 
moving  freely  in  society, and  waking 
her  choice  as  a  result  of  observation. 
Comment  is  unnecessary  on  the  short 
t  engagement. 

,N"fEr\IN&. — In  entering  »  room, a 
oentleman  takes  his  hat, cane,  and 
gloves  in  the  left  hand,  leaving  the 
right  for  salutation. 

Entering  a  room  filled  with  people, 
bow  slightly  to  the  company  in  gene? 
al  before  addressing  individuals. 

Entering  a  room  noisily  and  closing 
the  door  with  aslam,showalackoffliteseint 


In  entering  an  exhibition  or  publi 
room  where  ladies  are  presentment^ 
men  should  always  lift  theiT  hats. 
ElNTEFVTA,INrv\ENT._When  aperso 
Is  requested  to  divert  the  company 
with  instrumental  music,  a  song, o 
a  story,  all  conversation  must  besto; 
ped  and  respectful  attention  given. 

It  is  rude  to  offer  to  entertain  the 
company  without  Invitation. 

If  one  have  the  ability  to  sing  and 
play  well,  and  invitation  be  given,  a 
prompt  and  graceful  response  is  ex 
pected  without  waiting  to  be  urged. 

Performers  must  not  weary  the 
listeners  by  too  long  continuance 
It  is  better  to  err  on  the  safe  side  b 
singing  too  little. 

Never  -request  one  to  play  or  sing 
unless  you  are  sure  It  will  be  gener 
ally  agreeable. 

If  a  person  decline  to  exhibit  his 
accomplishments,  it  Is  impolite  to 
insist,  as  there  may  be  good  reasons 
for  refusal,  and  improper  to  make 
them  known  to  the  company. 
|f^F\Of\S.— Never  correct  any  slight 
inaccuracy  in  statement  or  fact.  Be  I 
ter  let  it  pass  than  to  subject  anoth- 
er to  the  mortification  of  being  cor 
rected  in  company. 
^NVY-  —  The  more  one  is  praised,th. 
more  he  is  envied,  and,  generally  speak- 
ing, where  envy  is,  there  is  little  frienc 


.— Avoid  all  re-marks 
having,  or  intended  to  have,  an  equiv 
ocal,  or  double  meaning.  Even  puns 
are  utterly  to  be  deprecated. 

ENING  CAJ.LS.—  Evening  calls 
should  never  be  ma.de  later  than 

9  p.m., nor  prolonged  later  than 

1 0  p.m.  Wt  OKOOCWi. 
HVENtN&  PA.FVTY.—  If  the  .venmy 

party  be  formal, the  host  anjhost 
ess  (and  the  daughters  also,if  the  in- 
vitations included  them),  keep  their 
places  by  the  entrance  door  of  t  he 
parlor  during  the  first  and  latter 
portions  of  tne  evening,  that  their 
guests  may  easily  find  them  upon 
entering  or  leaving  the  room. 

To  see  a  young  man  devoting  him- 
self during  a  whole  evening  entire- 
ly to  one  young  lady  to  the  ignoring 
of  others,  looks  extremely  ill-bred. 

EXCH/\N.&E|S.—  Ladies  and  gentlemen 
not  nearly  related  or  engaged,  may 
exchange  books,  flowers, music, and 
confectionery.  Costly  presents  are 
out  of  place. 

XClfEMENT— Avoid  all  exhibition 
of  excitement,  anger,  or  impatience 
when  an  accident  happens. 
XCUSE^D. — As  soon  as  children  are 
old  enough,  have  them  ask  to  be 
excused  before  leaving  the  table.  If 
they  inconvenience  others,  teach 
them  to  say"  I  am  sorry,"  until 
old  enough  to  say"  Excuse  me." 

EXPANSES Gentlemen,  when 

with  ladles,  wt  expected  to  defray  all 
such  expenses  as  car  fares,  entrance 
fee  to  theatre,  refreshments,  etc. 


169 


.— Eme-mes  of  all  kinds 
should  be  avoided.  Though  contrary 
i-n  themselves,  they  have  alike  effect 
Extreme  He  it  mortifies  like  extreme  cold; 
extreme  love  breeds  satiety  as  well  as 
extreme  hatred;  and  too  violent  rigor 
tempts  chastity  as  much  as  too  -much 
license. 

^CE.  — Shakspeare  says  that  all  men's 
faces  are  true,  whatever  their  hands  be. 

To  see  children's  faces  continually 
dirty,  shows  a  sad  lack  of  care  on  the 
part  of  the  parents. 

There  is  in  the  face, either  a  history  or 
a  prophecy,  which  saddens  or  gladdens 
every  reflecting  observer. 

A  face  which  is  always  serene  pos- 
sesses a  mysterious  «nd  powerful  at- 
traction. 

Faces  are  -more  169! ble  than  books, 
and  may  be  read  at  a  glance. 
/\IHS. — When  visiting  a  fancy  fair, 
a  gentleman  carries  his  hat  in   h  is 
hand,  leaving  his  head  uncovered. 

Avoid  unfavorable  comments  on 
the  a-rlicles  and  thei-r  prices. Courtesy 
arid  words  of  praise  are  never  more 
appreciated  than  by  those  who  have 
spent  weary  hours  in  the  preparation 
of  the  articles  exposed  for  sale. 

Attendants  upon  tables  must  use 
no  importunate  entreaties  to  unwil- 
ling friends  to  purchase  articles  a^amt 
their  own  judgment. 

C-entlemen  should  not  ask  forchiiijK 
at  a  church  or  fancy  fair,  but  say'Pray 
accept  the  balance  for  the  object  for 
which  you  are  working."  The  gift 
way  be  accepted  with  thanks. 

Propriety  prevents  any  loud  talk- 
ing, laughing,  or  flirtation  in  so  pub- 
lic a  place. 

F/V.LSE  PF\IDE.  — No  false  pride, or  far 
of  work, or  care  for  ridicule,  should 
ever  prevent  us  from  doing  our  duty. 
Franklin  never  lost  his  dignity  or 
self- respect, even  when  trundling  a 
wheelbarrow. 

FAMILIARITY.—  No  well-bred  girl 
will  permit  a  boy  to  be  so  familiar  a; 
to  toy  with  her  hands,  play  with  her 
rings,  handle  her  curls,  or  encircle  her 
waist  with  his  arm.  Such  impudent 
intimacy  should  not  t»totent«j  for  a  mo- 
ment. No  gentleman  will  attempt  it. 

Avoid  undue  familiarity  with  all 
strangers. 

AMILY.  —  Members  of  the  same  fam- 
ily should  never  differ  in  public. 

To  see  a  well-regulated  family  actmj 
as  if  they  were  one  body  informed  by 
one  soul,  whcfe  interests  and  heart: 


are  inseparably  united,  acting  in  con 
cert,  adopting  and  making  each  oth- 
er's cares  their  own,  uniting  their 
friendly  beams,  and  jointly  promo- 
ting the  common  happiness,  is  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  scenes. 

FASHION 

The  principle  tint 
should  actuate  oiw 
m  dressing  is  neat- 
ness and  appropri- 
ateness. Healthy 
comfort,  modesty, 
f o  rm,  com  p  I  e»  i  o  n , 
time, place,  and 
circumstances,  are 
the  factors  that 
should  determine 
the  fashion. 

Nothing  should 
tempt  one  to  im- 
pair his  or  her  ef- 
ficiency for  the 
mere  gratification 
of  a  perverted  taste. 

If  fashion  demand 
that  the  hair  be  injured  by  any  process. 
the  lungs  be  restrictd  from  their  Mi- 
nt capacity, that  the  natural  growth 
of  the  shoulders  be  contracted, or  the 
spine  b°e  given  an  unnatural  curva 
ture,  and  the  feet  be  made  to  conform 
to  Chinese  fashion,  then  common  sense 
should  assert  itself  by  refusing  to 
obey  the  tyrannical  decree. 

All  honor  is  due  to  the  one  who  has 
independence  and  moral  coinage  enough 
to  follow  the  dictates  of  wisdom, rather 
than  conform  to  unreasonable  fashions. 

FASTIDIOUSNESS.— To  exhibit  fastid 
iousness  at  the  table  is  extremely  of- 
fensive to  good  taste.  Teach  children 
to  eat  what  is  placed  before  them,an< 
to  be  not  over  sensitive  and  delicate.  If 
anything  unpleasant  or  unsuitable  be 
found  In  the  food,  quietly  put  it  aside 
without  attracting  attention. 

F/V\JLT-FINDIN&.—  A  void  fault-finding 
though  gentle  criticism,  when  given 
and  1-eceived  with  the  proper  spirit,  is 
in  good  taste. 

FE^Ey. —  The  confinement  of  the  feet 

'  and  the  perspiration  caused  thereby, 
make  it  necessary  that  they  be  washed 
more  frequently  than  other  parts  of 
the  body. 

After  the  bath  is  the  propertime  for 
paring  the  toe-nails,  as  they  arc  then 
softer  and  more  pliant.  This  should 
be  done  at  least  once  every  fortnight. 
Keep  the  nails  long  enough  to  protect 
the  toes,  but  not  so  long  as  to  cut 
holes  in  the  stockings. 

FIDGETING.— It  is  a  breach  of  eti 
quette  to  fidget  with  the  hat,  cane, 
or  parasol  during  a  call. 
ILI/M.  OBEiDlSNCE.— Children  are 
nder  both  a  moral  and  a  legal  obli- 
ation to  observe  the  rules  and  regu- 
lations of  their  parents  as  long    as 
they  remain  inmates  of  the  family, 
or  until  they  arrive  at  the  legal  age 
Of  manhood,  after  which  time  they 
should  continue  to  respect  the  ma- 
tured reason  and  the  wider  experi- 
ence of  *hei-r  parents. 


5-1 

la 


Flr\E It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette  dut 

ing  a  call,  to  draw  near  the  fire  to 
warm  your  hands  or  feet,  unless  you 
are  invited  by  the  mistress  of  the  house 
to  do  so. 

FL^TTEf\Y.— If  you  are  flattered, repel 
it  with  quiet  gravity;  you  cannot  accept 
it  without  also  accepting  the  contempt 
of  the  person  who  offers  it. 

All  expressions  of  flattery  to  others 
should  be  avoided,  as  it  is  offensive  to 
any  person  having  delicacy  of  feeling 
and  refinement. 

It  is  as  weak  and  silly  to  be  overcom< 
by  false  praise, thus  losing  ill  proper 
estimate  of  our  -real  worth,  as  it  is  base 
and  contemptible  to  exercise  the  arts 
of  a  flatterer  by  spreading  a  net  for  an 
unwary  victim. 

If  it  be  trying  to  the  feelings  to  accept 
advice,  knowing  it  to  be  prompted  b  y 
kindness,  it  is  harder  to  receive  rebuke 
patiently,  knowing  it  to  be  deserved 


FL[PP/\NCY The  perpetual  smile,the 

wandering  eye,  the  half-open  mouth,ari( 
the  vacant  stare,  are  no  stronger  eviden- 
ces of  ill-tmeding  than  flippancy. 

FLIiyf AJION.—  What  we  find  the  least 
of  in  flirtation  is  love.A.'^oO<«X!j*,tw>iA 
When  flirting  has  any  other  object 
than  that  of  true  courtship,  it  is  a  spe- 
cies of  high-handed  fraud  upon  an  un 
suspecting  heart,  worthy  of  the  heav- 
iest penalty  of  public  opinion. 

Who  steals  money  steals  trash,  but 
who  steals  affections  without  a  similar 
return  of  affections, steals  that  which 
is  more  precious  tha-n  wealth, and  tanks 
among  thieves,  robbers,  villains.and  mur- 
derers. 

FLOWEFIS.— Flowers  tastefully  arrang- 
ed,  add  much  to  the  beauty  of  the  table. 
A  bouquet  is  the  best  ornament  of 
girlish  beauty;  the  meetest  offering 
from  young  and  timid  love,  and  is 
linked  with  all  the  finer  sympathies  of 
our  nature. 

Flowers  appropriately  deck  thecham 
ber  of  old  age,  and  are  the  last  sad  gift 
of  sorrow  to  the  dead. 

If  a  lady  wear  a  profusion  of  flowers 
about  her  person,  a  gentleman  must 
be  content  with  a  very  small  bouquet, 
a  single  flower  being  in  good  taste. 

FOOD. Children  should  be  taught 

that  leaving  the  table  with  food  in  the 
mouth  is  a  rudeness. 

If  anything  unpleasant  or  unsuita- 
ble be  found  in  the  food, quietly  put 
it  aside  without  attracting  attention. 
Avoid  abuse  and  excess,  as  there  is 
sure  to  follow  a  period  of  suffering  in 
mind  and  body, either  in  sickness,  ill 
temper,  or  vicious  inclinations,  or  all 
of  them  at  once. 

"OHEl&N  CUSfOIV\S.  — In  conversing 
with  foreigne-rs  do  not  disparage  a-ny 
of  their  national  customs,  even  if 
they  are  rude  enough  to  attack  yours. 
You  may  pleasantly  and  frankly  de- 
fend the  institutions  of  your  native 
land,  but  riot  by  comparison  with 
the  customs  of  any  other  country 
Of  peopla.  . 


170 


LA,Nfr\JAJ>E.— Avoid  talking  to 
any  one  person  in  the  presence  of  oth- 
ers in  a  language  not  understood  ex- 
cept by  the  two  persons  using  it, unless 
addressing  a  foreigner  in  his  own  tongue, 
and  then  others  should  be  made  aware 
of  the  subjects  discussed. 

Avoid  interlarding  your  conversation 
with  scraps  of  foreign  language. 

FOH&STFULN5SS.-For9etfu!ness  is 
not  a  sufficient  excuse  for  neglect 
in  performing  a  commission  for  a 
member  of  one's  family  or  a  friend. 

FOF\C-lyEN^S3. —  It  not  being  possi- 
ble to  live  peaceably  with  all  men, ow- 
ing to  the  weakness  of  human  nature, 
the  infirmities  of  wind,  the  peculiari- 
ties of  temper,  and  the  want  of  proper 
training,  it  becomes  necessary  to  make 
amends  in  lieu  thereof.  This  is  done 
through  forgiveness. 

What  shall  we  do  with  those  who  vi- 
olate OUT  rights?    It  was  said    ages 


.,. ,.  ,.— To  make  a  careless  01  friv- 
olous reply  to  a  serious  remark  or  ques 
tion  is  sure  to  injure.  ."  .  -..  .... 

FF\EEjDOIV\. —  In  all  your  associations,  it 
is  well  to  keep  in  mind  the  adage"too 
much  freedom  breeds  contempt."  '« 

FUNEr\AL. — Immediately  after  death, 
some  intimate  friend  or  relative,  acting 
under  instructions  from  the  f  am  i  I  y, 
should  take  entire  charge  of  the  arrange 
menls. 

Accord  the  expenses  with  the  means 
of  the  family-permitting  no  false  pride 
to  incur  undue  expense,  yet  letting  af- 
fection dictate,  as  far  as  possible,  what 
marks  of  respect  should  be  paid  the  mem 
ory  of  the  dead. 

If  notes  of  invitation  to  the  funeral 
be  sent  to  friends,  print  neatly  and  sim- 
ply on  mourning  paper,  with  envelopes 
to  match,  and  deliver  by  rnesscno.er.\So\ 


If  the  funeral  be  at  the  house,  some 
friend  or  near  jelative  should  act  as  ush- 
er, and  show  the  company  to  their  seats. 

Preserve  decorous  silence  in  the  cham- 
ber of  death-speak  as  little  as  possible, 
*nd  then  only  in  low,  subdued  tones. 

The  members  of  the  family  need  not 
recognize  their  acquaintances. 

Gentlemen  outside  remove  their  hats 
as  the  coffin  is  borne  to  the  hearse. 

The  pall-bearers  are  chosen  from  among 
the  intimate  friends  of  the  deceased. 

Send  flowers  at  the  wish  of  the  family. 


FUF\NIT\J(\E.—  It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette 
to  walk  around  the  room  when  waiting 
for  your  hostess,  examining  tfle  furniture 
and  pictures. 

&AJT. —  The  impressions  we  receive  from 
seeing  a  stranger  walk  are  not  without 
their  significance. 

A  gentleman  never  putts  on  a  pompous 
manner,  nor  does  a  lady  ever  strut. 

Make  the  style  of  walking  easy  and 
graceful,  turning  the  toes  slightly  out- 
ward, and  making  the  steps  firm,decid 
ed,  and  moderately  long. 

If  a  slouching,  irregular,  and  unsteady 
gait  be  ungraceful,  a  mincing,  wrig- 
gling, affected  style  is  ridiculous.  *. 

Or.  Oio  Lewis  says,"Whoever  carries 
the  chin  close  to  the  neck  is  all  right 
from  top  to  toe,  and  will  walk  well." 

When  walking, inhale  through  the 
nose,  and  keep  the  mouth  closed. 
&^,LL/\NTf\Y.—  Respect  for  woman  is  a 
distinguishing  feature  of  civilized  life, 
and  he  who  degrades  or  depresses  her, 
treating  her  like  a  beast  of  burden,  or 
making  her  entirely  dependent  upon  hint 
self,  loses  the  marks  of  a  civilian,  and 
tanks  himself  with  the  lowest  forms  of 
civilization,  bordering  on, and  dwelling 
with  barbarism. 

Woman  should  be  recognized  as  the 
equal  of  wan,  socially, religiously,  in- 
tellectually, and  as  a  councillor.    Her 
claims  to  the  best  education  must  be 
respected.  .  .  •;•-• 

AJV(BL|NG-. — One  who  is  unwilling  to 
engage  in  any  honest  employment,!* 
fond  of  social  excitement,  and  secures  his 
living  without  any  visible  means  of  sup- 
port, tallies  with  t-he  description  of  a 
gambler,  and  should  be  kept  under  the 
ban  of  suspicion. 

The  only  absolute  safeguard  for  one 
who  has  any  inclination  toward  ques- 
tionable resorts  and  practices,  is  to  make 
an  iron-clad  resolution  to  taste  not,see 
not,  smell  not,  hear  not,  and  feel  not 
anything  that  relates  to  the  temptations 
of  the  gambling  hell. 
-^NEHOSltY-  Teach  children, when 
quite  young,  to  be  generous  and  polite 
to  their  little  visitors,  and  when  half 
will  not  do, to  give  up  all  of  anything. 

True  generosity  is  a  duty  as  indis- 
pensably necessary  as  any  imposed  up- 
on us  by  the  law. 

Generosity  is  the  flower  of  justice;  i 
makes  any  one  lovable,  and  is  -mem  char- 
itable than  wealth. 

0-^NTILlT.Y.— Gentility  is  not  in  birth, 
or  manner,  or  fashion — it  is  in  the 
mind.  The  essential  and  distinguish- 
ing characteristics  of  a  gentleman  are 
—  a  high  sense  of  honor — a  determ- 
ination never  to  take  a  mean  advan- 
tage of  another — and  an  adherence 
to  tru-th,  delicacy,  and  politeness  tow- 
ard those  with  whom,  he  may  have 
dealings. 

&£STlC\JLAJIOtJ.— Avoid  all  gesticula- 
tions; declamation  is  not  conversation. 
&IFT/S.—  It  is  ill-bred  to  refer  to  gifts 
one  has  himself  made,  or  favo-rs  he 
has  granted. 

The  art  of  giving  and  receiving  pres- 
ents is  not  always  an  intuition.  A 


generous  person  may  unwittingly  woun< 
where  he  intends  to  please,  while  a. 
really  grateful  person  may,  by  want  of 
tact,  appear  to  deprecate  the  liberality 
of  his  friends. 

Besides  its  price, a  gift  should  always 
be  valuable  for  something  else.  It  way 
have  been  brought  by  the  giver  from 
some  famous  place;  it  may  have  a 
valuable  association  wit-h  genius,or  i 
may  be  unique  in  its  workmanship 
An  author  may  offer  his  book  or  an 
artist  his  sketch,  and  any  one  may  of 
fer  flowers,  which  are  always  a  deli 
cate  and  unexceptionable  gift. 
&I&&LING-.— Avoid  all  loud  laughing  or 
giggling;  it  is  excessively  bad  taste. 

Do  not  interrupt  yourself  by  lau^h 
ing  at  what  you  are  about  to  say. 
0-LA.SS.— A  glass  should  be  held  by  the 

stem,  and  not  by  the  bowl. 
GLOVES. — If  one  has  on  gloves,  they 
should  be  removed  at  once  upon  be 
ing  seated  at  the  table. 

Of  the  gentlemen  who  weargloves, 
many  advocate  the  drawing  off  of  the 
right-hand  glove  before  shaking  hands 
with  any  one,  especially  a  lady  who 
is  ungloved. 

It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette  to  remove 
*he  gloves  when  making  formal  calls. 

To  offer  a  partner  in  a  dance,art 
ungloved  hand  is  disrespectful.  Whiti 
gloves  befit  the  ball-room.  They  should 
be  faultless  as  to  fit,  and  never  remov 
ed  from  the- hands  while  in  the  ball- 
room. ••• 
'  In  mourning  plain  white  gloves 
may  be  used,  or  they  may  be  sewn 
with  black. 

A  gentleman's  gloves  should  be  white 
not  straw-color  or  lavender. 
0-OJNG-  0\)J. —  For  persons  to  leave 
church  before  the  close  of  the  services, 
unless  from  sickness  or  to  obey  some 
imperative  call,  fs  rude  and  disrespect 
ful  to  the  place-of  worship. 

For  young  men  to  get  up  and  leave 
the  room  during  the  intervals  between 
the  acts  or  parts  in  a  programe  whHe 
a  concert  or  other  entertainment-  is 
being  given,  is  in  very  bad  taste. 
GOSSIP. —  Tale-bearers  are  as  bad  as  tale- 
makers.  Because  everybody  say  it, it  is 
not  necessarily  true.  Read  books  of  worth 
and  half  of  society  gossip  will  perish. 

Where  lies  are  easily  admitted,  the 
father  of  lies  will  not  be  excluded. 

The  following  poem  fits  just  here; 
"Said  Gossip  One  to  Gossip  Two, 

While  shopping  in  the  town, 
•One  Mrs. Pry  to  me  remarked, 

Smith  \>O\MI)<\V  his  goods  of  Brown.' 
"Says  Gossip  Two  to  Gossip  Three, 

Who  cast  her  eyelids  down, 
"I've  heard  it  said  to-day,  my  friend. 

Smith  o,o\  his  goods  from  Brown.' 
"Says  Gossip  Three  to  Gossip  Four, 

With  something  of  a  frown, 
'I've  heard  strange  news — what  do  you  think? 

Smith  XooV  his  goods  from  Brown.' 
"Says  Gossip  Four  to  Gossip  Five, 

Who  blazed  it  round  the  t-pwn, 
'I've  heard  to-day  such  shocking  news- 
Smith  <=,\o\«<  his  goods  from  Brown" 


171 


GOOD  A.DDr\ESS.— No  stock-in-mdn  p«ys 
a  business  man  so  well  as  a  oood  address 

GOOD  BUE^DIN&.-Wisdow, valor,  jus 
tice,  and  learning,  cannot  k«p  a  man 
in  countenance  that  is  possessed  with 
these  excellences,  if  he  want  that  in- 
ferior art  of  life  and  behavior  called 
good-breeding. 

Good-breeding  befits  our  behavior  to 
the  three  ranks  of  men — OUT  super' 
ors,  our  equals,  and  our  infeTiors. 

To  the  ordinary  eye, good-breeding 
shows  itself  the  most  where  it  appears 
the  least. 

G-ood-breeding  covers  a  multitude  of 
faults,  supplies  the  want  of  some  vir 
tues,  and  keeps  both  wits  and  fools 
within  the  bounds  of  decency. 

GOOO-B\E.— Children  should  be  taught 
that  it  is  rude  to  leave  any  one  with- 
out sayina  "good-bye." 

0-000  Fv\ANI<}ERLS — Good  manners,im 
like  fine  clothes,  are  not  to  be  put  on 
for  particular  occasions,  but  are  to  be 
one's  second  nature. 

GOOD  NfOWMNOv— Tcadi  children  to 
say'tgood  morn  ing  "»nd"good  night." 
If  pupils  at  school  would  take  pains 
to  bid  their  teacher"good  morning" 
and™9ood  night,"  they  would  appear 
well  in  so  doing,  and  easily  give  pleas- 
ure to  another. 

GOOD  NA.TUI\E.—  Goodnature  Is  the 
product  of  right  reason,  and  will  give 
allowance  to  the  failings  of  others,  by 

considering  that  there  is  nothing  perfect 

•     i  •  ri 

in  man  Kino. 

Good  nature  being  the  beauty  of  the 
mind,  will  win  almost  without  anything 
els«,  and  sometimes  in  spite  of  positive 
deficiencies. 

So  far  as  happiness  is  concerned,oood 
nature  is  wor>h  more  than  knowledge, 
money,  or  honor,  to  the  one  possessing 
it. 

GOODNESS.— Goodness  implies  the  do 
ing  of  good  to  others,  and  is  always 
the  road  to  what  is  true. 

One  who  is  good  only  that  others 
may  know  it,  is  one  from  whom  much 
service  cannot  be  expected. 

Only  he  who  desires  continually 
to  bear  the  inspection  of  good  -men, is 
entitled  to  be  called  truly  good- 
GOOD -SOCIETY. — "Tell  me  the  compa- 
ny you  keep,  and  ['II  tell  you  what 
you  are." 

0-f\ATIT,UDE.—  The  being  and  sppear- 
ing  grateful  cannot  be  too  highly  es- 
teemed. 

True  gratitude  is  never  a  secret  de- 
sire to  receive  greater  benefits. 


—  Be  not  a  guest  the  first  da 
a  burden  the  second,  and  a  pest  the 
third. 

At  tin,  tible  gu*Us  are  seated  by  the  enter- 
tainer in  such  a  manner  as  to  secure 
the  moe*  pleasant  and  agreeable  inte* 
course  among  all  the  members. 
OUILT-— Though  one  bear  himself  vaim 
tingly  in  the  hour  of  prosperous  vil- 
lany,  proofs  enough  have  existed  of 
the  fears  of  guilt,  "when  the  hour  of 
calamity  approaches. 

Guilt  distorts  all  the  faculties  of  tht 
wind,  leaving  a  man  no  longer  in  the 
free  use  of  his  reason,  and  has  very 
quick  ears  to  an  accusation. 
HA.B  ITS.— Virtue  has  its  birth  in  good 
habits,  the  formation  of  which  may 
be  said  to  constitute-  almost  the  whole 
work  of  education;  which  certainly  be 
gins  early  in  a  child's  life. 

Bad  habits  are  the  fruits  of  wTong 
actions,  and  wrong  actions  are  al- 
ways a  violation  of  moral  principles, 
The  fact  that  one  is  unable  to  break  a 
habit  is  no  excuse  for  the-  wrong.  A 
continuance  of  wrong  never  leads  to 
the  righ*. 

Precepts  may  be  useful,  but  practice 
and  imitation  go  far  beyond  them, 
hence,  the  importance  of  watching 
early  habits,  that  they  may  be  free  from 
what  is  objectionable. 
4AII\.— As  a  matter  of  convenience 
and  cleanliness,  yentlemen  should 
keep  their  hair  cut  short.  Short  hair 
for  ladies  is  -neither  convenient,  health 
f  ul,noT  comfortable. 

Thoroughly  brush  every  morning 
to  remove  scalp  impurities,  occasional- 
ly wash  in  soft  water,  dissolved  m  which 
is  a  little  commori  salt,  and  then  comb 
and  dry. 

Avoid  the  use  of  all  pomatums,or  oils, 
as  they  retain  the  d'ust  upon  the  head 
The  natural  oil  of  the  hair  is  sufficient 
to  preserve  its  glossiness. 

Occasionally  the  haiT  may  be  cleans 
ed  with  amixture  of  glycerine  and  lime 
juice. 

The  attempt  to  change  the  color  of 
the  hair  by  means  of  dyes  and  fluids 
indicate!  a  senseless  desire  for  fashion, 
and  an  unladylike  desire  to  attract  at- 
tention. 

The  use  of  hair  dyes, and  false  hair, 
is  almost  as  much  to  be  condemned  as 
painted  cheeks  and  pencilled  brows. 

Long  hair  for  a  gentleman  doss  not 
constitute  genius,  and  he  should  be  care- 
ful how  he  draws  ridicule  upon  him- 
self by  adopting  it. 

H/\ND<EF\CHIEP — The  handkerchief, 
like  the  hairbrush,  toothbrush.and  tooth 
pick,  is  designed  exclusively  for  the  use 
of  its  owner,  and  should  never  be  offer- 
ed to  another,  except  to  wipe  mud  from 
clothing, or  some  such  purpose 

A  dirty  handkerchief  -reflects  upon 
its  possessor; 

1A.NDLE.  —  In  offering  any  tool,instni 
ment,  or  vessel,  to  another,care  should 
be  taken  that  it  be  presented  in  such  a 
manner  that  he  may  seize  it  by  the  han- 
dle. 

1A.NOS. — Keep  the  hands  scrupulously 
clean  by  frequent  washing. 


For  chapped  hands,  rub  a  few 
of  honey  over  them  when  dry, or  a, 
noint  them  with  co|d  cream  or  glyc- 
erine- just  before  retiring. 

Cut  the  nails  twice  a  week,  after 
washing,  and  keep  scrupulously  clean 
Never  scrape  the  nails  with  a  view 
of  polishing  the  surface,  is  they  ire 
thereby  caused  to  wrinkle. 
HA.NDWr\ITI^)G-.— Character,  is  wel 
as  nationality,  is  seen  in  ha/ndwntin 
The  Englishman, Frenchman,  Hal 
ian,etc.,each  write  the  peculiar  style 
of  his  country. 

A  scrawling  signatu-re  draws  upo- 
a  person  the  ridicule  of  being  ashal 
.  low  pretender. 

HA.STE.— Haste  and  harshness  are 
too  often  storms  and  tempests, breal 
ing  and  wrecking  business. 
(A.T.  — As  a  mark  of  respect,  a  habit 
should  be  formed  of  removing  the  hat 
on  entering  a  private  house,  a  public 
parlor,  or  church. 

Gentlemen  lift  their  hats  when  pass 
inp  ladies  who  are  strangers,  on  stair 
cases,  in  corridors,  and  on  entering 
public  rooms. 

A  lady  should  never  ask  a  ge-ntleman 
when  calling  to  take  his  hat. 

Little  boys  should  never  be  allows 
to  keep  their  hats  on  in  the  house. 

A  gentleman  stopping  to  speak  to  a 
lady  on  the  street,  must  hold  his  hat 
in  his  hand  during  the  interview,  un 
less  she  request  him  to  replace  it. 

It  is  ill-bred  fo-r  a  gentleman  to  sit 
or  stand  with  his  hat  on  while  in  the 
house. 

A  gentleman  in  passing  a  lady ,  and 
where  it  is  necessary  to  stand  aside 
for  her  to  pass,  must  remove  his  hat 
and  incline  his  head  slightly. 

In  restaurants  unprovided  with  hat 
hooks,  gentlemen  are  allowed  to  eat 
with  their  hats  on. 

Always  takj  off  your  hat  when  hanc 
ing  a  lady  to  her  carriage,  or  the  bo* 
of  a  theatre,  or  a  public  room. 

In  entering,  an  exhibition  or  a  pub 
lie  room  where  ladies  are  present,gen- 
tlemen  should  lift  their  hats. 
^AJUEO. —  Hatred  is  the  opposite  of  love. 
The  natural  inclinations  being  quick 
to  indulge  in  retaliation  for  injuries  re 
ceived,  we  should  consider  that  when 
OUT  hatred  is  too  bitter,  it  places  us  be- 
low those  whom  we  hate. 

It  is  instinctive  in  a  generous  heart 
to  shrink  from  an  inveterate  hater  as 
a  child  shrinks  from  a  snake  in  his  palh. 
JAlU&H'r|N^SS.— A  haughty  person  is 
always  the  victim  of  his  own  fash  con 
elusions. 

|E/\D.—  it  is  a  breach  of  etiquette  to 
scratch  your  head,  pick  your  nose, 
paTe  your  nails,  pick  your  teeth,  OT  do 
anything  disagreeable  in  company. 
iEALT^.—  If  the  fiat-skulled  Indian, 
the  small-footed  Chinese,  and  per/ora- 
ted-ear  and -lip  savage,  who  have  never 
heard  that  the  body  l«  a  temple  for  the 
spirit,  whose  perfect  beauty  consists  in 
its  fullest  development  of  health, stren^k 
and  -natural  growth,  be  excused  on  the 
ground  of  ignorance,  what  is  theencusi 
of  the  taper 'mg-waisted  Caucasian' 


172 


.  — By  "purity  in  heart"is  meant 
chastity  of  speech,  and  rnodesty  o^  con- 
duct, as  fruits  of  the  purity  ot  the  mind. 

From  the  want  of  chastity  of  speech, 
thought,  and  behavior,  arises  a  large 
portion  o(  the  sorrow  and  suffering 
of  the  world. 

Right  principles  lead  to  riyht  actions, 
a-nd  right  actions,  constantly  perform- 
ed,  make  the  habitually  virtuous  -man 
o-r  woman. 

ELP.  —  Ever  be  ready  *o  lend  a  helping 
ha-nd  to  those  .needing  your  assistance. 
A  little  act  of  kindness  is  often  of  ines 
timable  value. 

Ef\OISIv\.— HeToism  may  be  said  to  be 
the  triumph  of  the  wind  over  feat-fear 
of  poverty, of  suffering, of  calumny, of 
sick-ness,  of  isolation,  and  of  death. 

Without  heroism  there  can  be  nose 
flows  piety,  or  concentration  of  courage. 
HOIDE(N. —  A  rude,  rough,  romping  girl, 
unrestrained  by  the  rules  of  polite  so- 
ciety, and  continually  planning  and 
perforrrting'  unrnaidenly  actions,  is  des- 
ignated aVo\^e.\\. 

Such  a  character  can  hardly  win  com- 
mendation, admiration, or  respect, and 
ca-ri  never  be  regarded  with  that  high  es- 
teem which  arises  from  confidence  m  mod 
esty  and  reliance  upon  good  sense. 
HOIv\E.  — No  lady,  be  she  eversogifted,cati 
Afford  to  neglect  her  household.  She  may 
possess  wealth,  and  hire  an  efficient  house 
keeper,  but  the  final  responsibility  rests  u.p- 
o-n  herself. 

The  personality  of  the  mistress  of  the 
house,  pervades  its  atmosphere.  If  the  ser- 
vants be  cheerful,  the  children  obedient 
and  courteous,  the  rooms  tastefully  fur- 
nished and  spotlessly  neat  and  clean,  a-nd 
peace  and  contentment  the  household 
gods,  the  ruler  of  the  house  is  good 
and  efficient. 

For 


woman  to 
talk  of  her 
servant  s,or 
her  dinne-r 
arrangemeiits 
to  her  visi- 
tors iti  the 
drawing- 
room,  or 
to  her  hus- 
band iti  the 
privacy  of 
the  domestic  circle,  shows  ill-breeding. 

A  house  may  have  the  appearance  of 
refinement  without  any  great  expense, 
if  good  taste  be  exercised  in  its  arrange- 
ment. Furnish  the  rooms  with  an  artis- 
tic eye  fo-r  colors,  and  a  careful  eye  for 
comfort. 

Though  elegance  may  add  greatly  to 
the  enjoyment  of  life,  if  it  be  purchased 
at  the  expense  of  all  peace  of  mind, bet- 
ter do  without  It. 


A  body  without  a  soul  is  no  more 
destitute  than  a  hou.se  without  books 
Though  you  may  not.  be  able  to  have 
a  whole  library,  no  one  is  so  poor  as 
not  to  be  possessed  of  a  few  well-chosen 
works. 

A  yard  with  a  few  ornamental*™ 
tasteful  thorns  and  ferns  need  not 
be  expensive,  yet  they  add  greatly  to 
the  beauty  of  the  premises. 

If  it  be  the  duty  of  woman  to  enlaije 
her  views,  cultivate  her  mind,  and  irn 
prove  her  social  position,  she  must  not 
forget  that" home"  is  first  and  forev- 
er her  specia.1  heritage. 

That  a  woman  inspires  a  son  or 
a  brother  with  respect  and  affection 
while  at  home,  is  the  worthiest  sen- 
timent that  can  be  uttered  in  her 
praise,  and  that  a  young  wan;  is  a 
tender,  devoted  son  and  brother, is  his 
highest  compliment. 
0N^ST\.—  Loss  is  preferable  to  die- 
honest  gainj  if  the  former  vex  you. 
fora  time,  *he  latter  brings  lasting 
remorse. 

The  following  is  one  of  the  maxims 
of  Washington:"!  hope  I  shall  always 
possess  firmness  and  virtue  enough  to 
maintain,  what  I  consider  the  most 
enviable  of  all  titles,  the  character  of 
an" honest  man." 

Whoever  praises  what  he  weans  to 
purchase,  arid  enumerates  the  faults 
of  what  he  intends  to  sell,  may  set  up 
a  partnership  with  honesty. 
40NOF\.— Too  often  schoolchildren  at 
school  will  engage  in  the  practice  of 
cheating,  while  elsewhere  they  will 
scorn  to  steal  or  lie. 

Too  often  a  business  man  will  re- 
tort to  deceit  and  trickery  because  his 
competitors  do  the  same. 
40SPIPM_ITY—  If  you  accept  favors  jnd 
hospitalities,  never  fail  to  return  the 
same  when  opportunity  offers. 

Hume  says  that  in  company,  you. 
need  not  ask  who  is  the  master  of  the 
feast.  The  man  who  sits  in  the  lowest 
place,  and  who  is  always  industrious  in 
helping  every  one,  is  certainly  the -man. 
40S  JESS. —  It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette  for 
the  hostess  to  leave  the  room  while  visi- 
tors are  present. 

A  ready  wit  and  a  merry  liugh  are 
great  aids  to  a  hostess  in  entertaining 
a  dinner  party. 

She  should  adroitly  start  the  converse 
lion  for  her  guests  at  the  table,  and  by 
well-directed  remarks  assist  the  diffident 
and  remind  the  selfish  <$>.v,Vw<\. 

In  -manner  the  hostess  should  pre- 
sent a  simple  dignity  and  equal  Inter- 
est  in  all  her  guests. 

A  hostess  must  never  reprove  a  se-r 
vant  before  guests,  nor  let  any  acci- 
dent disturb,  or  disappointment  em- 
barrass her. 

HOT ^V' — '^  9°'/n9  *°  rneals  wait  at 
the  dining-room  door  for  the  usher 
to  escort  you  to  the  table. 

A  lady  thanks  any  gentleman  at 
the  table  for  a  civility,  but  must  not 
start  a  conversation  with  him. 

Ladies  never  go  alone  to  supper  af- 
ter 10  o'clock}  in  the  absence  of  an  escort 
the  meal  is  sent  to  her  room. 


Ladies  should  have  their  purse  and  jew 
elry  placed  in  the  hotel  sa.fe,  and  ring 
for  them  when  needed. 

Dress  appropriate  to  the  hour  of  the 
day,  in  least  conspicuous  apparel.  A 
full  dress  is  required  when  with  escort 

Avoid  boisterous  conduct,  the  use 
of  the  piano,  and  singing,  unless  invi 
ted,  and  the  opening  of  windows  in 
parlors,! f  others  are  sitting  near. 

When  calling  for  a  hack,  ring  for  a 
Servant  and  give  him  your  order. 

A  lady  may  look  over  a  paper  at  the 
table,  but  never  a  novel. 

It  is  ill-bred  to  stand  alone  or  linger 
in  the  hall  or  any  other  conspicuous 
place. 

Baggage  being  packed,  ring  for  the 
porter,  who  will  strap  your  trunk, and 
with  sachels,  remove  to  hack. 
UNVVNITY  —  That  man  should  treat 
his  faithful  servants,  the  lower  animals, 
with  anything  save  the  greatest  kindness 
seems  to  be  unreasonable:  and  yet, 
alas!  it  is  often  true. 

Neglect  and  abuse  not  only  injure 
the  pecuniary  value  of  an  animal, but 
also  the  moral  constitution  of  the  man 

Animals  killed  for  food  should  not 
be  tortured  or  hurt,  but  dispatched  in 
the  speediest  manner,  and  with  the 
least  pain. 

To  witness  the  spirit  of  wanton-ness 
frequently  manifested  by  men  »nd  toys 
in  the  destruction  of  little  singing  birds, 
is  pitiable  in  the  extreme. 

that  men,  other  than  the  ignorant; 
uncultivated,  and  brutal,  should  find 
a  special  delight  in  encounters  such 
as  are  exhibited  in  the  prize-ring, the 
dog -pit, or  cock-pit,  is  indeed  strange, 
and  shows  that  they  still  possess  that 
savaae  instinct  of  ancient  Rome. 
h]UIVllLlTy.  —  It  is  by  humility  that  the 
highest  distinction  isreached.becau.se 
it  opens  the  way  to  self-improvement. 
By  a  study  of  one's  own  character, he 
lea-rns  his  deficiencies. 

One  should  never  assume  qualities 
which  he  does  not  possess,  nor  think 
too  highly  of  those  which  he  does  pos- 
sess. 

UrVJOf\. —  Good  humor  is  one  of  the 
best  personalities  one  can  possess  in 
society;  warm  and  embracing  as  the 
sunshine,  it  bathes  its  objects  in  a 
genial  and  abiding  light. 
4USB/\ND.—  If  a  bachelor  be  not  w<\) 
^vxV\cv\tti  in  the  choice  of  his  cotnpan 
ions,  a  husband  must  be.  All  his  for- 
mer acquaintanceship  «\\ta,  until  he 
intimates  a  desire  for  its  renewal. This 
he  may  do  by  letter, or  by  sending  his 
own  and  his  wife's  card. 

The  husband  must  remember  that 
his  standing  in  society  is  very  differ- 
ent from  that  of  his  bachelorship, and 
that  he  has  the  tastes  of  v<\oxV\tt  to 
consult. 

Never  show  a  lack  of  candor  by  con 
cealing  your  affairs  from  your  wife, 
but  consider  her  as  the  light  of  your 
domestic  circle,  permitting  no  clouds, ho* 
ever  small,  to  obscure  the  region  over 
which  she  presides.  Spa-re  your  wife 
all  the  physical  labor  you  can,andcui 
tivate  liberal  economy  by  all  means- 


HUSBAND  A^oV/IF^-For  ahusban, 
and  wife  to  mention  each  other  by  the 
initial  letter  betrays  lack  of  culture. 
,  Courtesy  between  husband  and  wife 
Should  not  cease  with  marriage,  bu-t 
continue  till  death  separata  them. 

The  cool  indifference  which  someiw 
ried  persons  display  toward  each  other 
is  as  objectionable  as  the  excessive  affec 
lion  of  others. 

-  The  husband  must  not  forget  that 
his  wife  is  a  lady, entitled  to  all  the 
attention  and  courtesy  lavished  upon 
her  before  marriage.  The  wife  should  so 
conduct  herself  that  her  husband  wi 
take  delight  in  treating  her  thus. 

IDLENESS.— idleness  is  the  source  of  in- 
finite mischief.  One  who  will  not  live 
honestly  by  his  work,  will  contrive  to 
s«cure,by  dishonest  means,*  livelihoo< 
by  his  wits. 

As  a  lazy  man  is  necessarily  a  bad 
man,  so  an  idle  is  necessarily  a  demor 
alized  population. 

GflOf\ANCEl. — Avoid  talkitig  upon  asu 
ject  of  which  you  know  nothing,unless 
it  be  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring  Infer 
mation.  It  is  common  for  young  men 
who  frequent  exhibitions  and  operas, t< 
imagine  they  are  qualified  to  judge  o/ar< 
No  mistake  is  more  egregiouj  or  universal 

lLL-Hurv\OF\ — Avoid  that  disposition  of 
mind  which  arise*  from  an  inward  con 
sciousness  of  want  of  merit,  and  from 
a  discontent  which  ever  accompanies  tha 
envy  which  foolish  vanity  engenders. 
fv\A>»INATION.—  Conscious  that  there  aie 
persons  with  whorfi  we  must  not  associ 
ate,  places  where  we  dare  not  go,  arid 
things  which  we  should  neither  see  no 
know,  if  we  would  preserve  our  purity 
and  self-respect,  we  must  not  let  ou 
imaginations  carry  us  to  the  forbidde 

•  laces,  mingle  with  the  vulgar  crowds, 
or  see  and  hear  improper  things. 
MVP/VJIE;NCE; — Th.s  quality,  which  is 

sudden,  eager,  and  insatiable, graspini 
at  everything,  and  admitting  of  no  deky, 
should  be  carefully  guarded  against. 
llytPA.FlTIA.lrfY.  -Whatever  may  be  sail 
in  commendation  of  other  gifts  bestowec 
upon  us.  there  it  perhaps  none  more  expi 
dlent  with  respect  to  ourselves  than  a  spi- 
ii  of  impartialitv*  It  is  a  caution  not  to  be 
Imposed  upon  by  hypocrisy  and  dissimula 
tion,  which  we  usually  exert  when  scan 
ning  the  actions  and  pretensions  of  ot 
er  people.  It  is  the  best  security  against 
the  delusion  of  self-love. 


y  I 


fv\PEF\TIN^NC^.  —  Do  not  countenance 
premeditated  impertinence.  Forget  it  — 
forgive  it  —  but  keep  him  at  a  distance 
who  offered  it. 

Avoid  asking  impertinent  questions 
out  of  mere  curiosity,  as  it  -may  not  be 
a9reeable  for  persons  to  make  you  their 
confidants  in  matters  that  do  not  con- 
cern your  interests. 

N\PO(\TA/ilC^.  —  Frequently  conceited 
or  ill-bred  people  imagine  they  mluthen 
selves  important  and  powerful  by  being 
rude  and  insulting. 

An  assumed  air  of  importance  will 
produce  an  under  estimate  of  one's  re- 
al worth. 

IvJPFlESSlpfiS  —  To  create  favorable  h» 
pressions  in  the  minds  of  those  with 
whom  we  have  business  dealings  or  so- 
cial relations,  shou-ld  be  our  constant 
endeavor,  remembering  that  It  is  more 
difficult  to  get  rid  of  one  bad  impress 
ion,  than  It  was,prjviousiy,  to  make  a 
dozen  good  ones. 

To  be  well  with  a  great  mind,  leave 
hint  favorably  impressed  with  yourself; 
with  a  little  mind,  leave  him  favorably 
Impressed  with  himself. 

N\POSJU(\E.  —  It  is  a  necessary  ad;ini« 
of  imposture  to  weaken  confidence  an) 
chill  benevolence. 

r/tPROVIDEiNCe,.—  Keeping  is  alwaytww 
difficult  than  getting.  A  clever  man  may 
rise  to  wealth,  and  then,  for  want  of 
sense,  tumble  head-over-heels  to  the  bot- 
tom. Buying  unnecessaries  soon  leads 
to  the  selling  of  'necessaries. 

fv\P\JDE;NCE[.  —  Impudence  mayevrt 
be  regarded  as  the  effect  of  ignorance. 
To  avoid  its  imputation,  never  be  a- 
chamed  of  what  you  do,  and  never  do 
what  you  ought  to  be  ashamed  of. 

N^CCU^CI^S.—  Slight  inaccuracies 
in  the  statements  of  others  should  not 
be  corrected  when  in  company. 
^ClVlLlTf.—  Incivility  is  built  on 
contempt,  and  is  the  extreme  of  pride. 
Johnson  says  that  a  man  has  no  more 
right  to  say  an  uncivil  thing,thantoact 
one;  no  more  right  to  say  a  rude  thing 
to  another,  than  to  knock  him  down. 

NCONVENIENCE!.  -it  is  impolite  to 

do  anything  that  occasions  any  person 
especially  a  servant,  unnecessary  trouble, 
inconvenience,  or  labor,  without  offer- 

hem some  special  remuneration. 

UCA.<fy.-This  is  manifested  by 
an  affected  purity,  which  is  easily 
discovered  by  the  language  used.  Thus 
to  say"limbs"  of  the  table,  "bosom" 
of  a  chicken,  etc.,  is  to  pretend  a  re- 
finement that  exposes  to  ridicule  and 
contempt,  and  is  disgusting  to  persons 
of  good  taste. 

ptOTV  I  DU/O-ITY  —  Individuality  of 
constitution  we  have  by  nature,  and  in- 
dividuality of  character  we  may  have  by 
achievement.  Every  one  has,  by  natui^ 
special  instruments  by  which  to  make 
hirtnelf.and  achieve  his  mission  •,  but, 
alas!  how  few  there  are  who  do  not 
use  borrowed  instruments.  The  great- 
ness of  any  one  depends  pri-manly  up 
on  what  he  has  peculiar  to  himself. 
HOWLOitNGC—  There  is  no  neces 
sary  antagonism  between  the  freest 
indulgence  of  children  and  the  mam 
tenance  of  the  most  absolute  authority 


over  them.  Indeed,  the  authority  can 
be  most  easily  established  in  connection 
with  great  liberality  of  Indulgence; while 
on  the  other  hand,  they  may  be  con- 
tinuously checked  and  thwarted,  and 
their  lives  made  miserable  by  a  contin- 
ued succession  of  vexations,  restric- 
tions, and  refusals,  and  yet  not  be  gov- 
erned at  i\\. 

INFLUENCE!.  —  As  continual  dropping 
wears  away  the  stones,  our  acts,  al- 
though singly  their  influence  may  be 
unfelt,  their  sum-total  leaves  an  ef/ect 
upon  every  subsequent  age  of  humanity. 

INGf\ATIT\JDE(.—  An  ungrateful  man 
denies  that  he  ha*  received  a  benefit;  he 
pretends  not  to  have  received  it,  and 
never  returns  it.  Ingratitude  is  treason 
to  mankind,  and  !s  an  offense  that  is 
unpardonable. 

INJUHJES.-Whenever  we  are  the  cause 
of  harm  or  damage  to  any  one's  prop- 
erty, reputation,  or  person,  whether  to 
cidental  or  intentional,  and  being  the 
result  evil  Intentions,  recklessness,  or 
indifference,  it  is  our  duty  to  make  tip 
antion  forthwith. 

[MNOVAJION — A  spirit  of  innovation 
is  generally  the  result  of  a  selfish  temper 
and  confined  views.  People  will  never  look 
forward  to  posterity  who  never  took  back 
to  their  ancestors. —^iv^Vs.. 
^^.UlSITlV^NElSS — Children  oujht 
to  understand  t-hat  they  must  not  ask 
too  many  questions  promiscuously, as 
"What  have  you  there?  ""Where  are 
you  going?"  etc. 

|$ SINCERITY  —  If  to  think  one  thing 
and  speak  another,  be  shameful  and 
unseemly;  to  say  one  thing  and  do 
another, or  write  one  thing  and  think 
another,  is  odious. 

Insincerity  is  most  disgraceful,  and 
must  make  all  one's  enjoyrftents  and 
concernments  seem  unreal. 

INSOLENCE^.  —  I*  seems  to  be  tnenatme 
of  some  minds  to  insult  and  tyrannize 
over  little  people,  which  means  they  use 
to  recompense  themselves  for  their  ex- 
treme servility. 

INSULTS.— Did  you  ever  stop  to  think 
that  submitting  to  insults,  opens  the 
way  to  new  ones?  That  one  meets  with 
no  more  respect  than  he  exacts? 

It  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  tour- 
teey  to,  and  sympathy  with,  those  we 
have  accidentally  injured, ordinarily  di- 
minish greatly  the  amount  of  repara- 
tion required,  and  sometimes  even  in- 
spire as  much  good-will  as  a  benefit 
conferred. 

INSTABILITY—  Be  not  in«onstant,as 
the  morning  cloud,  the  early  dew,the 
smoke  in  the  chimney,  or  the  chaff  be- 
fore the  wind. 

With  some  men  it  is  now  courteous 
then  rough*  now  prodigal, then  sordid; 
one  time  extremely  kind,  another,ve- 
hemently  hating;  one  day  an  attorney, 
the  next,  a  physician. 
J4TE,&[\IT\.  —  Young  men  ought  t»it» 
derctand  that  there  is  a  great  deal  of 
room  where  there  is  integrity.  Great 
trusts  may  be  sought  by  scoundrels, but 
great  trusts  neyer  seek  them  There 
are  occasions  where  true  men  are  nert 
ed,  but  they  are  not  found  in  shoals  »nc 
•mud,  but  alone  in  pure  water. 


m 


.—  Introduce  the  youn^ 
er  or  inferior  to  the  elder  or  superior.  A 
gentle-man  always  to  a  ladij. 


Impossible,  avoid  introductions  inpuk 
lie  conveyances;  if  made,  however,  do  so 
as  quietly  a:  possible 


At  balls  the  host  or  hostess  make  the 
introductions;  but  quests  way  intro- 
duce friends  to  one  another. 

At  public  balls,  partners  must  be  in- 
troduced to  each  other.  Special  intro- 
ductions -may  be  made  by  the  waster  of 
ceremonies,  with  perfect  propriety. 


In  introducing  one  person  to  another 
won.  assume  a  sort  of  social  responsibil- 
ity (ot  the  person  you.  introduce,  and 
you-  should  be  careful  as  to  whom  you 
give  this  indorsement. 


If  you-  are  introduced  at  a  friend's 
house  to  one  with  whom  you.  are  not 
on  good  terwsi  though  he  be  your  bit- 
terest enemy,  you  -must  salute  h  i-m 
courteously  and  -make  no  sign  of  -resent 
-merit  while  under  your  friend's  roof-. 


The  custom  among  certain  ckissts.of 
introducing  their  friends  or  acquain- 
tances to  everybody  whom  they  meet, 
whether  at  home  or  abroad, in  walk- 
ing or  riding  oat,' is  wrong,  and  an- 
tagonistic to  the  purposes  of  an  introduction 


In  introducing.  foreigners  with  ti- 
tles, always  give  the  title;  thus,"Mr. 
Mantling,  allow  me  to  introduce  -my 
friend  Baron  Von  Schmidt;  Baron  Von 
Schmidt,  Mr.  Manning." 


A  friend  visiting  at  your  house  must 
be  introduced  to  all  the  callers,  who  con- 
tiime  the  acquaintance  as  long  as  the 
friend  is  yoi*r  guest.  When  introduced 
to  a  visitor,  extend  due  courtesies. 


When  introducing  a  gentleman  to  a 
lady  bow  slightly  to  the  latter,  saying, 
"Miss  Wells,  allow  me  to  introduce  Mr. 
Brown;  Mr.  Brown'  (bowin 
Wells." 

VVVO?   XNKX. 

When  visiting  the  house  of  a  friend, 
should  you  find  there  a  person  who 
seems  desirous  of  making  uouracqua'm 


tance,  you.  may  meet  his  advances  half 
way  without  Impropriety. 


To  ignore  a.  person  to  whom  you. 
have  been  properly  Introduced  is  the 


height  of  ill-breeding.  Though  he  be  not 
pleasant,  he  has  a  claim  upon  UOIJ^COUT- 
tesy,  and  it  is  due  to  your  own  diyrii- 
ty  that  you.  recognize  it. 
' 


. 

Letters  of  introduction  are  often  of 
(ireat  value,  but  they  must  be  given 
with  caution.  Give  them  only  when 
both  parties  are  your  friends. 

Introductory  letters  are  left  open.that 
the  person  presenting  them  way  read 
if  so  desired.  (  For  form  consult  Index). 


When  fntrod  u-cing  members  of  your 
family,  -mention  the  name.  Say"My 
father,  Mr.  Hamilton,  ""Mi)  daughter, 
Miss  Hamilton,'1"  or"lvlissMi-miie  Ham- 
ilton." Introduce  your  wife  as"Mrs. 
Hamilton. 

It  is  important  in  introduction^' 
pronounce  the  -names  distinctly. 
0^9,  i^SA  \Q\\Nfc\S.. 

To  introduce  to  a  friend  a  person 
who  is  in  any  way  objectionable,  is 
an  insu.lt  justifying  the  lass  of  friendship. 


Unless  it  be  previously  ascertained 
that  it  would  be  mutually  pleasant,  it 
is  not  necessary  to  introduce  people 
meeting  at  your  house  on  wo-ming 
calls.  If  introduced,  it  is  optional  with 
the  parties  if  such  acquaintance  be  continued 
'' 


G-entlemen  should  always  obtain 
permission  before  intTOduchia  friends 
to  ladies,  which  permissiati  should  be 
granted,  unless  there  are  very  strong 
reasons  for  the,  refusal. 

A  gentleman  should  never"  intro- 
duce an  acqu.ainta.nce  into  the  house 
of  a.  friend  without  asking  and  re- 
ceiving permission  *o  do  so. 

As  a  rule  gentlemen  shou-ld  not  be 
introduced  to  each  other,  until  their 
wishes  on  the  subject  are  ascertained. 


An  introduction  to  the  President 
of  the  United  States  is  not  necessary, 
excepting  that  of  the  master  of  cere- 
monies at  the  receptions.  He  will  re- 
ceive your  card  and  present  you.  For 
private  interview,  have  a  member  of 
Congress  introduce  you. 


In  introducing  -relatives  name  the. 
relationship,  also  the  surname  of  the 
relative;  as  "Mrs.  Morton,  allow  me 
to  introduce  my  cousin,  Mr.  Washbirm 
Mr.  Washbum,  Mrs.  Morton." 

If  introduced  to  the  relative  of  your 
friend,  consider  that  relative  as  an  ac- 
quaintance 


When  introducing  several  persons  to 
one,  name  the  single  individual  but  once, 
repeating  the  names  of  all  the  others;  as, 
"Mr.  Jones,  allow  me  to  introduce  Mr.  and 
Mrt.&ood,  MissWhite,Mr.Hunter"lbow- 
ing  slightly  toeach) 


Shaking  hands  after  an  introduction 
hat  taken  place  is  merely  optional,  not 
necessary.  It  is  forbidden  to  an  inrniarried 
lady  to  whom  aoenttemxn  it  introduced. 
It  is  a  kindly  act  of  encouragement  for 
an  elderly  person  to  shake  hands  with 
a  young  person,  after  which  a  few  cor- 
dial words  may  be  spoken  by  the  elder. 


When  introducing  strangers,  ttawlhe 
place  from  which  they  come;  a),"Allow 
we  to  introduce  to  you.  my  friend,  M  r. 
Gordon,  from  England;  Mr.&ordon,  Mr. 
Montgomery." 

• 


Distinctly  pronounce  alltilles/'Se-nato 
Hill,allow  we  to  introduce  to  you  my 
friend,  the  Reverend  Doctor  Jamison.  Dr. 
Jamison  is  the  rector  of  Sr.  Paul's  Church, 
NewYork."  Then  turning  to  D-r.Jamison, 
say/'Senator  Hill  represents  the  State  of 
Kansas  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States." 


When  introducing  two  gentlemen, 
look  first  to  the  elder  or  superior,atid 
with  a  slight  bow,  say  to  hiw,ctMr.Sheil, 
aJlow  me  to  introduce  to  you  my  friend, 
Mr.  Roads;  Mr.  Roads,  Mr.  Shiel." 


A  gentleman  offers  his  services  to  a  la- 
dy in  need  of  them,  whether  he  knows 
her  or  not.  Approaching  her,  he  raises 
his  hat,  bows  slightly,  and  asks  permis- 
sion to  assist  her.  Her  acceptance  does 
not  give  the  gentleman  any  claim  on  her 
acquaintance,  nor  oblioe  her  to  after- 
ward recognize  him  without  an  intro- 
duction. 

fJTE^HXlPT'0^'— To  interrupt  a  per- 
son when  speaking  is  impolite,  except 
his  consent  be  given.  Oo  not  roughly 
or  coarsely  deny  his  statements,  and 
arouse  his  prejudice,  but  rather,  con- 
vince him  that  he  is  in  error. 

Never  attempt  to  assist  a  person  in 
expressing  his  ideas  by  suggesting  a 
word  or  phrase. 

f)TI\USlvE>!E;ss.—  Avoid  intrudim  up- 
on those  who  appear  to  be  enga9ed  in 
any  conversation  which  they  tnaji  be 
unwilling  for  you- to  hear. 

Avoid  eavedropping,  and  make  it 
a  secret  of  your  life  never  to  be  'm  the 
way  of  others. 

[SlV>\LID.— It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette  to 
go  to  the  room  of  an  invalid  without 
being  invited. 

INVECTIVE.— All  invective  or  personal 
abuse  should  be  avoided. 
r\ONY. —  lrony_  may  be  said  to  be  an  in 
suit  conveyed  in  the  form  of  a  compli- 
ment. Lamb  advises  the  clapping  of 
an  extinguisher  upon  it  when  you- 
are  unhappily  blessed  with  a  vein  of  it. 

JE/\l.OVJSY—  If  jealousy  be  the  offspring 
of  love,  the  parent  must  haste  M  stran- 
gle the  child,  lest  the  child  poison  the  parent 

JEERING:.— Others  should  not  be  jeered 
upon  any  occasion.  Though  they  may 
be  foolish, consider  them  unfortunate; 
if  theu  be  vicious,  pity  them;  if  they 
be  deformed,  understand  that  it  it  not 
in  their  power  to  amend. 

JESJINO- To  mock  or  jest  at  athinj 

of  importance,  or  to  break  jests  that 
are  sharp  and  biting,  should  be  avoid- 
ed. If  anything  witty  or  pleasant  be 
said,  its  author  must  refrain  from 
laughing  thereat. 

JOK.ES. — Never  play  practical  jokes,the 
results  frequently  Being  so  serious  as 
to  entail  a  life-long  regret  on  the  joker. 
Such  fun  is  usually  played  upon  some 
one  who  is  weak  or  credulous, and  is 
not  a  favorite,  and  for  this  reason  alotwj 
should  not  be  coutenanced. 


17J 


J  EVvELFlY  —Well-bred  people  have  no  taste 
for  a  profusion  of  rings,  pins,  charms, 
chains,  and  gilt  gewgaws.  They  usual- 
ly bespeak  effeminacy  and  love  of  display, 
yet  a  little  concession  in  this  respect 
may  be  made  and  keep  within  the  limits 
of  good  taste. 

A  watch  used  as  a  timepiece  is  very  val 
uable,  but  when  used  as  an  ornament,is 
simply  vulgar.  A  man  of  good  taste,  be- 
sides a  watch, will  wear  as  little  jewelry 
as  possible,  and  of  the  simplest  kind.  A 
handsome  signet-ring  on  the  little  fin- 
ger of  the  left  hand,  a  scarf-pin  which 
Is  neither  large,  showy,  nor  intricate, 
and  a  light, rather  thin  watch-guard 
with  a  cross-bar,  are  all  that  Fie  ought 
towearr.  .-»(..•--  ••— 

In  respect  to  the  wearing  of  jewelry 
by  ladies,  there  should  be  a  marked  dis- 
tinction between  the  savage-squaw  and 
the  enlightened  lady.  However,  jewels 
are  considered  an  ornament  for  ladies, 
and  the  precious  stones  should  be  reserv- 
ed for  their  exclusive  use.  <nwr  - 

I^E^P  COOL.— "Keep  cool  and  you  com- 
mand everybody,"  said  St. Just.  - 

^1  SSI  (JG-. — This  is  one  of  the  four  forms  of 
salutation,(q.v.l.  Among  ladies  it  is  the 
common  mode  of  salutation,  even  on 
the  street.  ..*  •-».-«. 

"Millions  upon  millions  of  soul*  have 
been  made  happy,  while  millions  upon 
millions  have  been  plunged  into  misery 
and  despair  by  kissing."  The  preceding 
are  the  words  of  Cockton,  which  show 
that  there  is  a  serious  side  to  this  form  of 
salutation.  Is  a  slight  pout  of  the  lips,  a 
soft  touch  of  the  cheek,  and  then  a  part- 
ing of  the  lips,the"end  all"and  the"be 
all" of  a  kiss!  ..'•<(•». 

KMIFEl  f^Q  FOFy^.— It  is  not  consider- 
ed polite  to  use  the  knife  for  any  other 
purpose  than  cutting  the  food  or  spread- 
ing the  bread  with  butter.  The  fork  is 
to  be  used  in  lifting  the  food-tothetnouth. 
Use  the  spoon  when  the  -fork  will  not 
answer. 

To  indicate  that  the  course  or -meal  is 
finished,  place  the  knife  and  fork  paral- 
lel on  the  plate-the  handles  to  the  right, 
that  the  servant  -mag  readily  remove  them. 
^NOCKJNG-. — To  avoid  intruding  upon 
the  privacy  of  the  occupant,  always 
knock  or  ring  before  entering  a  jmvate 
house  or  room. 

Where  people  are  expected,  as  at  ho- 
tels, stores,  public  offices,  and  other  pla- 
ots  of  business,  it  is  not  necessary  that 
a  warning  be  given  by  knocking. 


» 

shed,  and  LI 


—  A  good  authority  on  this  sub 
ject  says:"lt  has  been  found  that  the 
liver,  the  lungs,  and  the  powers  of  the 
stomach  have  been  brought  into  a  dis- 
eased state  by  this  most  pernicious  hak 
it.  Loss  of  bloom,  fixed  redness  of  the 
nose,  and  irruptions  on  the  skin  are 

.  amonfl  its  sad  effects." 

lA.D\,FF\E^DOlyl  OF.—  No  lady  of  good 
breeding  will  sit  sideways  on  her  chair, 
or  with  her  legs  crossed  or  stretched 
apart,  or  hold  her  chin  in  her  hands, 
or  twirl  her  watch  chain  while  she- 
is  talking.  *•  •»• 

ADY'S  TOILER—  Personal  appearance 
snould  be  the  first  care  of  all  persons 
in  society.  Slovenly  or  careless  habits 
unfit  one  for  refined  society.  Well- 
bred  persons  always  cultivate  habits 
of  the  most  scrupulous  neatness.  A 
lady  is  always  vj«,\\  kmM&.    If  the 
garment  te  plain  or  coarse,  thin  or 
shiny,  it  is  neat,  carefully  brus 
worn  with  dignity. 

Appearance,  generally  speakinj,  is  an 
index  of  character,  and  the  fact  that 
first  impressions  are  usually  formed 
from  it,  make  it  of  so  much  moment 
that  -no  lady  can  afford  to  disrejard  it. 
Personal  appearance  depends  jrcatly 
on  the  careful  toilet  and  scrupulous 
attention  to  dress.  The  matter  of  a 
strict  cleanliness  extends  to  the  body, 
and  to  all  articles  of  clothing,  under- 
wear as  well  as  outer-wear.  Perfect 
neatness  is  a  mark  of  true  gentility, 
and  it  is  to  the  toilet  that  beauty  resorts 
for  these  purposes.  -  -•••  *• 

/^N&U/VJrE.—  Though  to  the  feel- 
ings there  be  a  strong  temptation  to 
repeat  the  vulgar  story,  to  recite  the 
lascivious  verse,  or  to  tell  the  smutty 
joke,  impure  or  unchaste  language 
should  never  pollute  the  lips.  •  «• 

If  people  be  possessed  of  any  culture, 
if  laugh  they  will,  at  the  witty  play 
upon  words,  or  other  grosser  kinds  of 
speech,  they  will  at  heart  despise  the 
author  of  their  merriment. 

LA.ST  PI^CE.—  One  should  not  fear 
to  take  the  last  piece  on  the  dish  when 
offered  it.  It  would  be  more  uncivil 

.  to.  refuse  it  than  to  take  it. 

LA.IJ&HIN&.-AS  a  rule,  the  ruder  the 
people  are,  the  louder  and  coarser  will 
be  their  expressions  of  enjoyment. 

Laughing  is  perhaps  the  most  salu- 
taru  of  all  the  bodily  movements,  and 
if  there  is  anything  to  enjoy  that  is  wor- 
thy of  a  laugh,  do  not  simper,  but  lauph 
heartily;  remembering  that  uproarious, 
boisterous  mirth  is  exceedingly  vulgar. 

LAXITY-  —  "The  most  contemptible 
character  in  the  world  is  the  one  which, 
without  energy  to  be  vicious,  sophisti- 
cates  in  favor  of  vice."-Vvi.\)y^o^\. 
^ZIN^SS.—  "A  life  of  laziness  and  a 
life  of  leisure  are  two  things.  Mari)i,w)tb- 
out  labor,  would  live  by  their  wits  on- 
ly, but  they  break  for  want  of  stock. 
Laziness  travels  to  slowly  that  pover- 
ty soon  overtakes  him." 

- 


G- To  rise  to  leave  while  «n 

interesting  conversation  is  being  car- 
ried on,  9ives  just  offense. 

When  taking  leave,  choose  a  moment 
when  there  is  a  lull  i-n  the conversation, 
then  tike  leave  of  the  hostess,  letting 
o-ne  bow  inclu.de  the  others  iti  the  room 
Et*DI(to.—  Never  lend  an  article 
that  you.  have  borrowed, without  re- 
ceivino  permission  from  the  owner. 

ETTERS Never  look  at  the  super 

scription  on  a  letter  that  you  have 
been  requested  to  mail. 

Never  seal  a  letter  that  is  tobegiv- 
en  to  a  friend  for  delivery.  It  looks 
as  if  you.  doubted  his  or  her  honor  in 
refraining  from  ejramhiin9  its  contents 

The  most  contemptible  meanness 
in  the  world  is  that  of  opening  the 
private  letter  of  another.  No  one  with 
the  slightest  self-respect  would  kcyift 
ty  of  such  an  act. 

.1  BEf\TY-—  Those  who  claim  to  act 
iti  every  instance  as  they  please, should 
reflect  that  every  body  else  has  the 
right  to  do  the  same.  In  such  a stat» 
of  universal  independence  and  self-di- 
rection, one  would  -meet  with  so  ma 
ny  checks  and  obstacles  to  his  own 
free  will, by  the  opposition  and  inter 
ference  of  others,  that  his  liberty 
would  be  less  *han  when  restrained 
by  the  -most  stringent  society  laws. 
l|s,WHITE  /VND  BLACI^-  *ny 
intentional  violation  of  the  truth 
is  a  lie,  and  -may  be  uttered  by  the 
use  of  words,  signs,  or  gestures. 
Children  are  often  taught  to  lie  by 
their  parents  u-tterinj)  false  sUte- 
ments,such  as  "The  bears  will  catch 
you-  if  you  go  out  into  the  street." 

A  very  cornmoTt  (arm  of  I y inborn 
sistsin  the  intentional  withholding 
of  a  part  of  the  truth,  or  an  exager- 
ation  or  overstatement  of  facts.  A 
lie  told  in  the  form  of  a  joke  is  ver- 
y  ungentle-manly.    - 
LlSf  EfllfJO.— Having  two  ears  aui 
but  one  tongue,  we  should  hear  ae 
least  twice  as  -much  from  others  as 
we  speak.  »•«*«— ~~-  -  «•**> 

i   It  has  been  said  that  it  takes  great 
rnen_to  be  good  listeners, and  were 
we  as  eloquent  as  angels,  we  wou-ld 
please  sortie  men,  some  wornen,and 
some  children,  -much  more  by  listen 
ing  than  by  talking. 
Lips.— Never  emackthalips  when  at 
the  table,  -nor  protru.de  them  to  Win 
ifest  your  displeasure. 
ONEjLIN^SS — It  has  been  said  that 
the  best  loneliness  is  when  no  hu.mm 
eye  has  rested  on  our  face  for  a 
whole  day. 

OC^llAplTY.— Felt  ham  compares  a 
talkative  fellow  with  an  unbraced, 
drurn,  which  beats  a  wise  -man  out 
of  his  wits.  It  is  the  fistula  of  the. 
mind  —  ever  running,  and  almost; 
incurable. 

If  the  revenues  of  the  -mind  are- 
uttered  as  fast  as  they  are  received, 
it  must  of  -necessity  be  bare.  •***• 


176 


LOST  P^OPE^ty.-  The  finder  of  lost 
property  has  no  right  of  ownership.  Be- 
cause he  does  not  know  where  it  is,  the 
owner  does  not  cease  to  have  his  riaht. 
It  is  the  finder's  duty  to  employ  ill  "reas- 
onable mea-tis  to  find  the  owner,  and 
charge  a  fair  price  for  the  time,  labor, 
and  expense  incurred. 

If  an  a-rticle  cost  the  finder  neither  ex- 
pense, time,  nor  trouble,  he  has  no  right 
to  demand  that  the  owner  pay  him  any- 
thing for  its  return,  but  if  the  owner 
chooses  to  give  a  compensation  as  a 
token  of  his  thankfulness,  he  may  do 
so.  \t  the  owner  cannot  be  found,  the 
property  belongs  to  the  finder. 
OUtSG-lfJG-  —  No  well-bred  person  will 
lounge  on  the  sofa,  tip  back  his  chair, 
or  elevate  his  feet. 

LOVE;.—  When  we  have  -received  the  im- 
pression that  it  is  creditable  and  noble 
to  indulge  our  resentments,  it  is  hard 
to  overcome  OUT  natural  inclinations 
to  retaliate,  and  \o\owwi 


.—  "Good  luck  is  the  willing  hand 
maid  of  upright,  energetic  character,  and 
a  conscientious  observance  of  duty." 

LUNCHES  —  Ladies  only  are  usually  in 
vited  to"lunches."  There  is  less  cere- 
mony shown  here  than  at  dinners  and 
teas. 

AGNANIMITY  -When  on*  receives 
an  injury,  he  should  think  no  one  his 
superior,  for  he  has  it  in  his  power  to 
make  himself  superior  to  the  other  by 
forgiving  the  injury. 
l\LlC£.—  No  gentleman  or  lady  will 
bring  disrepute  upon  him  or  herself  by 
disgracing  others  in  publishing  their 
secret  faults. 

NIA,NLINE,SS  —  0-ne  shows  his  wanli 
nets,  riot  by  resenting,  but  by  forjiv 
ino  an  injury. 

lv\\NfjEF\S.-  Of  the  two,  manners  and 
laws,  the  former  is  the  more  important, 
If  the  laws  touch  us  here  and  thereat 
this  time  and  then  at  that,  manners 
ve»  or  soothe,  corrupt  or  purify,  exalt 
or  debase,  barbarize  or  refine,  by  a  con 
stant,  steady,  uniform,  insensible  opera- 
tion, like  that  of  the  air  in  which  we  live. 
They  either  aid  or  destroy  morals.  They 
are  the  sign  by  which  one's  status  is 
fixed.  Wherever  we  are  let  us  aim  to  be 
respected  as  ladies  and  gentlemen,  and 
so  conduct  ourselves  accordingly. 


.—  The  proper  and  decent 
time  having  elapsed,  the  proposal  hap- 
pily accepted,  and  all  obstacles  remov- 
ed, the  next  step  is  the  fulfilment  of 
the  dearest  of  all  hopes  by  the  act  of 
marriage 


In  Europe,  June,Julu,  and  August 
are  the  favorite  -months.  In  the  Uni- 
ted States  all  seasons  are  regarded  as 
suitable,  except  the  forty  days  imrne 
diately  preceding  Easter. 


. 

Thursday  is  the  favorite,  next,  Wed- 
nesday, then  any  other  day  of  the  week 
except  Friday,  the  "unlucky"  day. 

It  is  a  privilege  of  the  lady  to  select 
the  season  and  appoint  Hie  day 


The  intended  husband  should  pro- 
cure the  marriage  license  from  the 
county  or  circuit  court.  He  should 
be  accompanied  by  a  near  relative  of 
the  lady—  who  must  make  oath  that 
she  can  lawfully  contract  the  propos 
ed  marriage. 


This  comprises  only  the  bride^stock 
of  attire,  which  is  to  last  her  for  the 
first  few  gears  of  her  wedded  I  i  fe  . 
The  cost  is  a  matter  to  be  decided  by 
the  means  and  taste  of  the  bride. 


These  should  be  sent  in  daring  the 
week  previous  to  the  wedding,  not  la- 
ter than  two  days  before  the  event. 

Make  them  according  to  the  means 
and  the  tastes  of  the  recipients. 

It  is  well  to  ascertain  what  the  coup- 
le require,  that  duplicates  may  not  be 
sent. 

It  is  customary  for  the  gentleman  to 
make  his  bride  a  present  of  jwelry  to  be 
worn  at  her  wedding. 


The  onde's  bouquet  should  be  ex- 
clusively of  white  flowers,  and  a  lit- 
tle orange  blossom  may  be  intertwin- 
ed. It  is  the  privilege  of  the  grooms- 
man to  procure  arid  present  this  to 
the  bride. 


These  are  usually  selected  from  a- 
tnong  the  bride's  sisters,  cousins,  or 
friends.  The  number  varies,  six  be- 
ing a  good  number  ;  whatever  be  the 
number,  it  must  be  t,\ie-«\.  Their  dress 
is  usually  of  some  light  white  mate- 
rial. The  Vvi«&Vc\tavtn.iLi&  is  supposed 
to  be  the  bride's  dearest  amd  most  in- 
timate friend. 


The  number  correspond  t-othatof 
the  bridesmaids.  The  Vv»\  oryfvt\cs- 
V^  oj"(!«my«vtf(\  has  charge  of  the  whole 
management,  and  should  be  furnished 
by  the  bridegroom  with  money  to  de- 
fray all  expenses.  If  a  ring  be  used,  he 
presents  it  to  the  bridegroom  at  *  he 
proper  moment,  hands  the  tee  to  the 
minister,  etc.  The  other  groomsmen 
dress  well,  and  make  themselves 


. 

Retire  early  on  the  evening  prece- 
ding the  wedding.  Avoid  fatigue  and 
excitement,  and  endeavor  to  look  fresh 
and  blooming.  She  resigns  herself  to 
the  bridesmaids  to  be  dressed  for  the 
ceremony.  The  dress  is  white  for  -maid- 
ens, and  of  some  light  color  for  widows. 

It  is  customary  for  the  bride  to  make 
some  little  present  as  a  memento  to 
the  bridesmaids  on  the  wedding  morn. 


The  bridegroom  ought  not  to  see 
the  bride  on  the  wedding  day  until  he 
takes  his  place  by  her  side  for  the  final 
ceremony.  He  and  his  groomsmen  are 
to  wear  full  evening  dress. 

He  should  be  careful  to  see  that  all 
proper  arrangements  are  made  before 
hand.  He  should  make  some  little  pres- 
ent is  a  memento  to  his  best  wan.He 
way  also  make  a  less  expensive  pres- 
ent to  the  other  groomsmen,  but  is 
not  obliged  to  do  so. 


The  ceremony  may  be  performed  by 
a  magistrate,  but  preference  is  usually 
given  to  a  clergyman.  The  ceremony 
may  be  performed  either  at  home  or 
in  church.  The  bridegroom  sends,  at 
his  own  expense,  a  carriage  for  the  of- 
ficiating clergyman  and  his  family. 

The  responses  of  the  bride  and  groom 
should  be  given  clearly  and  distinctly, 
but  not  too  loud.  Vie*,  VsVwis  ANj 
Vtv&u,  tax 


After  the  ceremony  a  brief  recep- 
tion is  held  in  the  drawing  room  to 
enable  those  invited  to  the  wedding 
to  offer  their  congratulations.  Only 
the  bridegroom  is  congratulate,  as 
V\t  is  supposed  to  have  won  the  prize, 
Offer  your  good  wishes  to  the  bride 
for  her  future  happiness.VSw  ' 


Make  all  arrangements  for  the  wed- 
ding tour  before  marriage.  The  bride 
must  have  her  wishes  obeyed  in  ev- 
erything. Avoid  haste  and  bustle, 
and  the  journey  will  be  doubly  pleas- 
ant. Of  course  the  young  couple  make 
their  tour  all  alone 


rv\A.r\f\lA)&E,CA>UT;iOt4S.-A  young  la- 
dy's present  and  future  happiness  de- 
mands that  she  show  great  discretion 
in  the  receiving  of  attentions  from  on- 
ly those  young  men  whom  her  xw»<w\ 
approves.—  Parents  should  see  thai  un- 
desirable friendships  and  intimacies 
be  not  formed  with  their  daughters, 
as  they  soon  lead  to  love.  Iri  its  be- 
ginning an  acquaintance  is  easily  (liv- 
en up.—  You-ng  gentlemen  should  not 
form  an  ideal  of  a  woman,  and  then 
give  to  it  the  pretty  face  and  form  of 
some  acquaintance;  the  ideal  too  soon 
gives  place  to  th«  real  after  irmrriaae. 
The  most  perfect  reserve  in  courtship 
is  indispensable.  VStt,  ^owiWnX^jN. 


177 


'.  —  It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette 

o?  a  caller  to  open  o-»  shut  •  doo->,  raise 
or  lower  a  window  curtain,  or  in  any 
way  alter  the  arrangement  of  a  room 
Teach  child-ten  that  it  is  rude  to  look 
into  drawers  or  boxes,  or  to  meddle  wit 
or  handle  anything  away  from  home 
that  is  not  intended  for  them  to  play 
with. 

tEEiTltJo  A^  lADY-When  a  gentle 
man  meets  a  lady  and  wishes  to  con 
verse  with  her.  he  does -not  allow  her  to 
stand  while  talking, but  turns  and 
walks  with-  her. 
^EM.OFVY.— A  good  memory  for  tiame« 
and  faces,  and  a  self-possessed  -manner 
are  necessary  to  every  one  who  wouli 
make  a  good  impression  in  society.Notl 
ing  is  more  delicately  flattering  to  anoth 
er  than  to  find  you  can  readily  recall 
his  or  her  name,  after  a  very  slight 
acquaintance  The  most  popular  of 
great  men  have  gained  their  popularly 
principally  through  the  possession  of  th 
faculty . 

|Ef\C"Y.  —  Lenity  will  act  with  greater 
force, In  some  instances, than  rigor.  I 
is,  therefore,  my  first  wish  to  have  my 
whole  conduct  distisouished  by  it. 
METHOD.-  —  NNv.VvWqVo'.x 

Dispatch  may  be  said  to  be  the  soul  o 
business,  and  method  is  the  greatest 
contributor  to  dispatch.  As  far  as  une> 
peeled  incidents  will  allow,  have  a  met! 
od  for  everything,  and  adhere  to  it 
N)lf\TH — Like  lightning  flashes  break 
ink  through  the  clouds,  and  glittering 
for  a  -moment,  mirth  keeps  up  a  kim 
of  daylight  in  the  mind,  and  keeps  it 
filled  with  a  steady  and  perpetual  se 
ren  ity . 

IVllSCHl<F.— Whoever  hinders  mis- 
chief, yet  permitting  it,  makes  h'rmstlf 
an  accessory  to  it. 

IVJISEftS. — As  the  miser  advances  in 
life,  he  clings  closer  and  closer  to  the 
object  of  his  idolatry.  If  other  pacsions 
be  dead  and  blasted,  hi:  desire  for  mom 
pelf  increases  with  renewed  eagerness, 
until  he  sinks,  unlamented.  Into  an 
un  happy  grave. 

/lISpO^TllNEj.— As  to  ourselves,  out 
greatest  misfortunes  a-re  the  -results  of 
our  own  acts,  arid  should  be  expected. 
As  to  others,  no  one  should  show  him 
stlf  glad  at  their  misfortunes,  though 
theu  be  his  enermes. 
llM'GHt — Avoid  mhnlcru  as  the  low 
est  and  -most  ill-bred  of  buffoonery. 
'!ST/\KES.  —  No  oneisexempt  from 
mistakes,  and  when  Involuntaryj  we 
owe  each  other  the  most  candid  con- 
sideration. Though  sometimes  n 


lifying  and  annoying,  they  should  be 
rectified  kindly  and  in  a  charitable  maiv 
ner  and  spirit. 

In  company  it  is  best  to  take   tio  tw 
tice  of  the  mistakes  in  the  language  of 


—  Thecomequen 

ces  of  misunderstanding  and  inatten- 
tion are  more  universal,  and  the  uneai 
ines<  greater  than  those  of  artifice  an< 
deception. 

IVlOpE,ST\.  —  Among  the  virtues  to 
which  we  universally  assign  a  high  rani 
'$  modesty.  Living  unknown  until  some 
unforeseen  moment,  the  modest  -man 
reveals  his  estimable  qualities  and  his 
generous  actions. 

A  truly  modest  person  will  obtahithow 
delightful  praises  which  the  heart  awanb 
without  effort,  and  his  superiority,  fa 
from  being  importunate,  will  become 
attractive. 

&ood  taste  and  morality  require  that 
women  adorn  themselves  with  no  mai 
ner  of  dress  that  suggests  ideas  of  indel 
icacy.  The  modest  woman  seeks  rather 
to  escape  than  to  attract  observation  , 
and  to  assume  no  form  of  apparel  with 
a  design  of  notoriety. 
NIOF\ALITY.—  What  is  generally  consid 
rred  a  sense  of  duty,  is  regard  to  the 
rules  of  morality.  It  is  a  principle  o< 
the  greatest  consoqu-ence  in  hitman  lif 
and  is  claimed  to  be  the  only  principle 
by  which  the  bulk  of  mankind  are  capa 
ble  of  directing  their  actions. 

There  is  scarcely  a  person  who.byei 
ucation,  discipline,  and  example,  way  not 
be  impressed  with  a  regard  to  these  gen 
era!  rules  of  conduct,  as  to  act  upon  al 
most  every  occasion  with  tolerable  de 
cency,  and  through  the  whole  of  his 
life,  avoid  a  tolerable  degree  of  blame. 
{OF\NI^G  C/\llS  --  According  to  the 
code  of  etiquette,  it  is  customary  tocal 
all  the  hours  of  daylight  morning,  ant 
after  nightfall  evening. 

Morning  calls  must  never  be  made 
earlier  than  12.  M.,  nor  later  than  5  P.M 

Having  set  apart  one  morning  or 
one  evening  in  a  week  for  receiving 
callers,  it  is  a  breach  of  etiquette  to 
call  at  any  other  time. 

From  ten  to  twenty  minutes  m  th 
morning  is  the  limit  of  a  formal  call. 


. —  It  mattertitot  how  brillian 
an  action  may  be,  it  should  not  be  con- 
sidered great  unless  it  be  the  result  of 
a  great  motive.  The  moment  we  per- 
form an  act  for  the  sake  of  its  conse- 
quences, all  merit  ceases. 
I^ObT^J. —  The"uneducated  mouth"i! 
one  of  the  indications  of  bad  breeding. 

The  mouth  should  be  kept  closed  when 
eating, and  as  little  noise  made  as  possible. 
Never  a.«empt  to  speak  with  a  fuJI  mouth, 
also  avoid  putting  the  finger  into  the  mouth. 
4USIC. — Music  being  the  only  sensu- 
al gratification  we  may  indulge  in  to 
excess  without  injury  to  our  -moral  or 
religious  feelings,  should  be  allotted  an 
important  place  in  every  entertainment 

When  complying  with  a  request  to 
play  or  sing,  do  so  promptly  without 
having  to  be  urged. 


Ml-S.— Cut  the  Tiails  twice  a  week 
after  washi-n9,  a-rid  keep  scrupulously 
clea-n.  Pare  them  with  a  sharp  penknife, 
•never  bite,  nor  use  the  scissors.  Cut 
them  -neither  too  short  -nor  too  long, 
and  -nicely  round  them  at  the  corners 
The  "Gilbert-shaped  "-nail  is  considere 
the  most  beautiful. 

Never  scrape  the  -nails  with  a  view 
of  polishiti9,  as  the  tendency  is  to  make 
them  wrinkle. 

Pare  the  toe  nails  at  least  once  in 
two  weeks.  They  grow  only  half  as 
fast  at  the  finger  na!ls.\SuVu\\. 
lAJV/lE.—  It  is  vulgar  to  speak  of  per 
sons  with  whom  only  asli9ht  ac- 
quaintance can  be  claimed, by  their 
giver  name. 

It  is  a  brea.ch  of  etiquette  fot  a  lady 
to  speak  of  a  gentleman  by  his  sur- 
name without  a  prefix.  To  do  so  con- 
veys the  impression  of  being  low-bred. 

\(  one  on  meeting  a  lady  ot  ge- 
•man,  fails  to  recall  the  name,  frank 
ly  say  so. 

When  it  becomes  necessary  for  one 
to  address  a  lady  or  gentleman  whose 
na-me  he  does  not  know,  it  should  be 
as" sir,"  or"  madam." 

Children  should  never  be  allowed 
to  speak  of  any  one  by  the  last  retroe, 
For  a  child  to  say  thu.s,"l  am  going 
over  to  Smith's,"  shows  a  lack  of 
proper  training. 

JAJV^E,  6-000.—  Consider  that  the  m- 
visible  thing  called  a  good  -name  is -made 
up  of  the  breath  of  •numbers  who  speak 
well  of  you;  so  that,  if  by  a  disoblipi-ng 
word  you  silence  the  -meanest, the  gale 
will  be  less  strong  which  is  to  bear  up 
your  esteem. -S&.vA\\«i. 

A  name,  whether  good  or  bad,  true  or 
false,  -may  be  compared  to  the  face  by 
which  one  is  known.  It  is  the  most  vil 
uable  garment  by  which  one  is  wrapped, 
and  as  soon  spoken  or  seen,  creates  fa- 
-vor  ot  preiujice. 

rJA)>KJN.—  fhe  napkin  should  be  used 
to  protect  the  dress  from  injury  from 
particles  of  food  /ailing  into  the  lap,  al- 
so as  a  towel  to  cleanse  the  mouth  tnd 
fingers  when  thcu  become  toiled 

It  should  never  be  used  as  a  hgrn 
chief  for  the  nose,  or  to  remove  perspi- 
ration from  the  face. 

Napkins  should  be  folded  square    In 
tricate  forms  is  considered  borrdm»-hoioi 
and  hotel  stulz. 

Upon  leaving  the  table  — the  signal  be- 
ing given  when  the  hostes  rises  — one's 
napkin  should  be  placed  upon  the  table 
unfolded. 

[JE/\TN{(SS. —  Neatnes,  and  its  reverse,* 
mong  the  poor,  arc  almost  a  certain 
test  of  *Weir  motal  character.  -^OKVvVtiun. 
JEG-L|C^NC£.-A  little  neglect  -may 
breed  great  mischief.  FOT  want  o/a 
nail  the  Shoe  was  lost;  for  want  of  a 
shoe  the  horse  was  lost;  and  for  want 
of  a  horse  the  rider  was  los*,  being 
overtaken  and  slain  by  the  enemy;  all 
for  want  of  a  little  care  abou.i  a  horse- 
shoe nail.-^t^wiw%"«vi\Wvxv 

The  best  ground  whe-n  le/t  uncul- 
li  va.le  by  the  husbandman,  is  the  soon- 
ec*  overspnea.d  by  weeds. 


178 


YEAR'S  C/\jLLS.— It  is  customa 
ry  for  gentlemen  to  pay  their  respects 
to  theiT  lady  acquaintances  on  New  tear's 
Day  by  formal  calls.  Where  practicable 
the  newspapers  should  announce  the 
names  of  the  ladies  who  will  receive 
callers  o-n  that  day. 

Ladies  should  never  Issue  invitations 
for  New  Year's  calls. 

G-entlamen  should  lay  aside  their  hats 
and  overcoats  before  entering  the  parlor 
Make  the  call  in  mowing  dress,  and  be 
as  brief  and  cordial  as  possible.  The  calls 
should  riot  last  longer  than  ten  or  fif- 
teen minutes.  The  cards  are  invariably 
delivered  to  the  servant  in  charge  ~* 
door. 

When  refreshments  are  set  out,  gen- 
tlemen partake  only  after  being- invitee 
by  the  hostess. 

Ladies  must  wear  fu.ll  dress.  To  partia1 
ly  close  the  window  blinds  and  light  the 
9as,  adds  to  the  effectiveness  of  the  toil- 
el  and  the  appearance  of  the  drawing 
room. 

If  a  gentleman  be  in  doubt  as  to  whelb 
er  a  family  are  receiving,  he  may  call 
and  leave  his  card  if  they  are  not. 

Calls  should  not  be  made  before  10 
A.M.,  nor  after  5  P.M.  G-entlemen -may 
wake  calls  singly,  or  in  parties  of  not 
•more  than  four. 

The  second  day  of  January  is  called 

the"Ladies' Day,"  upon  which  they 

make  their  New  Vear's  calls  upon  their 

la 

NE 

iarity  with  a  new  acquaintance, as  you 
tiever  know  when  you  may  give  offence. 
10. —  Every  one  finds  it  his  duty  some 
times  to  oppose  the  interests,  views,  or 
pleasure  of  his  friends,  or  if  may  be  to 
refuse  to  grant  their  requests.  \( such 
an  unpleasant  occurrence  arise,  it  -may 
be  extremely  difficult  to  say  no,  but  it 
may  be  necessary.  If  possible,  say  it  kind- 
ly and  gracefully,  so  as  riot  to  of/end,i/et 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  carry  the  convic 
lion  that  it  is  useless  to  attempt  to  get 
anu  other  answer. 
OBL^N^SS.-  He  does  not  recollect 
injuries;  for  accurate  recollection, espe 
cially  of  injuries,  is  not  characteristic 
of  the  magnanimous  man,  but  he  tath- 
ei  overlooks  them  He  is  not  fond  of 
talking  o<  people,  for  he  will  neither 
speak  of  himself,  nor  of  anybody  else; 


for  tie  does  not  care  that  he  himself 
.be  praised,  tuir  that  others  be  blamed. 


Pope  likens  n arrow- so u.led  people  to 
narrow-necked  bottles— the  less  they 
have  in  them,  the  more  noise  they  make 
in  pouring  it  out. 

f>JOt<ISE,NSE,. —  To  write  or  talk  con 
cerning  any  subject,  without  having 
previously  taken  the  pains  to  under 
stand  it,  is  a  breach  of  the  duty  we 
owe  to  ourselves.  The  privilege  of 
talking  and  even  publishing  rtonsens 
is  necessary  in  a  free  state,  bu-t  the 
more  sparingly  we  make  use  of  it  the 
better.  — ^>o\«.Y\&y. . 

pOSEj.—  To  blow  the  nose  loudly  is  a 
breach  of  etiquette.  Picking  the  nose 
is  a  disgusting  habit,  and  may  be  eas 
ily  avoided.  If  it  be  necessary  to  blow 
the  nose  when  at  the  table,  it  is  the 
duty  of  a  person  to  leave  the  table  to 
accomplish  the  purpose.  If  sneezing  be 
unavoidable,  apply  the  napkin  and  turn 
the  head  from  the  table. 

O^Tl^. — An  oath  is  an  appeal  toAlntight 
y  &od  to  witness  the  truth  about  to  be 
uttered.  Every  one  is  under  as  much 
obligation  to  tell  the  truth  without  ta- 
king an  oath  as  with  it,  and  every  tru 
ly  good  man's  word  is  as  good  as  hie 
oath,  yet  there  are  many  whom  this 
solemn  ceremony  causes  to  be  more 
careful. 

..—  A  child's  first  lesson 
should 'be  obedience,  then  all  others 
may  be  given  with  but  little  difficult! 
Obedience  insures  greatness, bu-t  dis 
obedience  invariably  leads  to  repulse. 
He  who  obeys  offers  up  his  own  will 
asagift. 

IBLiq^TIOtl  —  It  is  by  each  soldier  feel- 
ing his  obligation  in  doing  his  part, 
that  the  army  conquers:  it  is  by  each 
bee  doing  its  work,  that  the  hive  is 
stored  with  honey;  it  is  by  each  insect 
putting  forth  all  its  might,  that  t  he 
coral  reef  becomes  an  island,and  cit 
ies  rise  upon  the  bosom  of  the  main. 

0  B  S  S  F\V/\TI  0  H  .  — ^<. WrvYfCwa . 
An  acute  observer  observes  without  be 
ing  observed.  Youn^  people  who  wish 
to  appear  to  the  best  advantage,  must 
be  cool  and  self-possesed,  in  order  to  ob- 
serve closely  everything  that  is  passing 
around,  without  appearing  to  bi  curious. 
They  should  concentrate  their  observ- 
ing powers  on  the  language  and  marniers 
of  those  who  are  well  versed  in  the  rules 
of  polite  society.  By  lack  of  close  atten 
tion,  people  often  make  ridiculous  and 
serious  blunders,  which  may  be  avoid 
ed  by  tact  and  prudence. 

0  BSp  N/\CY-  —  Obstinacy,  or  the  dread 
of  control  and  discipline,  arises  from 
self-wlll«dness,  and  a  conscious  defect 
of  voluntary  power.  Foolhardiness  can 
but  seldom  be  regarded  the  disguise  of 
conscious  timidity. 
ifFEjNSE^.—  It  is  very  unpleasant  to 
find  that  offense  has  been  received 
where  none  was  intended,  and  that 
pain  has  been  given  to  those  who  were 
not  guilty  of  any  provocation  The 
ends  of  society  being  mutual  benefi- 
cence, a  good  man  is  always  uneasy 


when  he  finds  himseU  acting  in  op- 
position to  these  purposes,  as  he  can 
seldom  be  certain  that  he  has  not 
been  hindered  from  consulting  the 
common  interest,  by  too  much  regard 
for  his  own  ease,  and  too  much  indif- 
ference to  the  happiness  of  other*. 
OLD  \0-E.-Old  age  cannot  be  treated 
with  too  great  respect.  It  should  be 
given  precedence,  and  its  opinions 
listened  to  with  deference.  Its  accom- 
modations must  be  furnished  with 
cheerfulness,  and  due  reverence  lo 
it  never  be  denied. 

It  must  be  acknowledged,  bu-t  la- 
mented, that  there  are  some  foolish 
and  ill-educated  young  persons  who 
do  not  pay  that  veneration  which 


due  to  the  hoary  head. 
LD 


OLD  IV\^N.  — Nothing  is  more  unorue 
fuJ  than  for  children  to  caJI  their  par> 
ents  by  the  terms"old  man,"  and 
"old  woman." 

plfJlOfl. —  It  is  well  to  exercise  much 
reserve  in  speaking  out  oui  opinions, 
except  when  requested,  and  then  to 
give  them  simply  as  oplniorts.and  not 
as  facts. 

Social  opinion  is  regarded  by  the  fool- 
ish with  terror, and  dare  not  touch 
or  meddle  with  it;  but  others, by  us- 
ing disc-ration,  utilize  it  to  carve  out 
their  own  purposes. 

An  intelligent  and  unprejudiced  per 
son  will  strive  to  learn  the  grounds  of 
his  own  opinions,  and  never  be  like 
the  foolish  and  thedead,who  alone 
never  cJiange  their  opinions. 
PPORTUNITY  — Whenever  you  have 
a  point  to  carry  which  depends  on  the 
will  of  another,  choose  the  time  of 
application  with  all  the  sagacity  you 
are  master  of,  for  no  one  has  a  tem- 
per so  even  as  not  to  be  sometimes 
more  liable  to  impressions  than  at  oth- 
ers. 

"  There  is  a  tide  in  the  affairs  of  men, 
Which, taken  at  the  flood,  leads  on  to  fortune 
Omitted,  all  the  voyage  of  their  life 
Is  bound  in  shallows  and  in  miseries; 
And  we  must  take  the  current  wher 
Serves,  or  lose  our  ventures. " 

OF\N^fv\ENT.  —  in  our  application  of 
ornament,  we  should  let  nature  bt 
our  guide.  Her  delights  in  it  are  ever 
subservient  to  use,  but  many  pursue 
the  opposite  course,  and  adorn  only 
to  encumber.  The  trifling,  the  vi*l 
gar-minded^and  the  ignorant,  pri*e 
only  what  is  striking  and  costly,  or 
showy  in  contrast.  With  t-he  refined, 
simplicity  is  the  feature  of  greatest 
merit  in  ornament. 

P/y\DOfl.— G-entlemen  having  qcca 
sion  to  pass  before  ladies  seated  in  lec- 
ture and  concert  rooms,  and  all  oth- 
er places,  should  beg  pardon  and  pas; 
with  their  faces  and  not  their  backi 
towards  them. 

AF\TI/0-IT\.—  This  term  is  often  used 
to  indicate  a  want  of  fairness  on  the 
part  of  any  one,  and, while  it  may  be 
true  at  times,  it  is  natural  to  be  more 
attached  to  those  who  are  kind. polite, 
and  attentive,  th«n  to  those  who  in? 
indifferent  and  disobliging. 


179 


PA.ST  FA^Ot\S.  —  The  memory  of  past  fa 
WOTS  >s  like  a  rain  bow,  bright,  vivid 
and  beautiful;  but  it  soon  fades  away 
The  memory  of  injuries  is  engraved  on 
the  heart,  and  lasts  forever.  -Vv»X\\»»KVtt 

PA.STIN\E.—  Pastime  is  a  word  that 
Should  never  be  used  but  i-n  a  bid  sense. 
it  is  vile  to  say  such  a  thing  is  agreea- 
ble because  it  helps  to  pass  the  time  awa 


—  II  is  in  Ihe  party  that  soci- 
ety it  on  its  very  best  behavior.  Every- 
thing .is  regulated  according  to  the. 
strict  code  of  goodbreedin^,  and  any 
departure  (torn  this  coda  becotnes  a 
grave  offense. 

It  is  the  lady  of  the  house-  who  gives 
a  party.  The  invitations  should  be  in 
her  name,  and  the  replies  addressed 
to  her. 

Tha  invitations  should  be  sent  out 
from  two  to  three  weeks  before  the 


Refreshments  must,  of  course,  be 
provided  for  the  quests  during  the 
evening.  What  they  should  be  must 
depend  entirely  ori  the  tastes  and  -re- 
sources of  those  who  five  the  party. 

A  cloak-room  for  the  ladies  must  be 
provided,  also  a  hat-room  for  the  gen- 
t  lemen.  V>%t,  ^  VV&VA<}  Vv<  ^Vwi  twt,3\. 
PAIVIN&-  —  The  true  sadness  of  part- 
ing is  not  the  pai-n  occasioned  by  the 
parting  itself,  but  in  the  when  and 
the  how  you  are  to  meet  again  t  he- 
face  about  to  vanish  frorn  your  view. 
From  Ihe  passionate  farewell  to  the  wo- 
man who  has  your  heart  in  her  keep- 
Ing,  to  the  cordial  good-bye  exchanged 
with  pleasant  companions  at  a  water- 
ing-place, a  country  house,  or  the  close 
of  a  festive  day's  blithe  and  careless  et- 
curjion  —  a  chord,  stronger  or  weaker, 
is  snapped  asunder  at  every  parting. 
Meet  again  you  may,  but  when  and 


thies  and  sentiments,  and  after  a  brief 
interval  at  if  it  had  been  but  a  dream? 
ot  will  it  be  in  the  great  beyond  when 
partings  never  take  place f 
P\SSI 0(4.  — There  arre  faces  upon  which 
we  cannot  look  without  emotion  — 
names  we  cartnot  hear  without  start- 
ing. All  are  possessed, to  a  greater  or 
less  extent,  of  that  fiery  impulse  called 
passion,  which  seizes  upon  -the  pretent 
gratification,  utterly  irrespective  of  con- 
sequences, and  utterly  regardless  of  oth- 
er or  more  excellent  gratifications,  and 
which  may  be  obtained  by  self-denial. 

In  order  to  enjoy  all  the  happiness  of 
which  we  am  capable,  it  is  necessary  to 
subdue  our  passions,  and  combine  then 
with  self-denial,  thereby  promoting  out 
happiness  as  *  whole. 


I-n  order  to  avoid  the.  inconvenient 
and  danger  of  collision,  peopje  should 
keep  to  the  right  when  passing  one  an 
other  on  the  sidewalk. 

P/\TIE(NCf(.  —  Under  ordinary  circum- 
stances  we  should  be  free  from  mani- 
festing the  slightest  impatience  when 
we  are  being  waited  upon,  whether  at 
the  table  or  elsewhere. 

All  great  achievements  are  the  results 
of  patient  waiting  and  working.  It  is  by 
patience  that  peace  is  preserved,  love  is 
cherished,  and  humility  is  taught.  Pa- 
tience sweetens  temper,  stifles  anger, 
extinguishes  envy,  and  subdues  pride' 
«he  bridles  the  tongue,  refrain*  the 
hand,  tramples  upon  temptations.and 
produces  harmony  in  the  family  and 
In  society. 

P/\TTEP(N.  —  Having  a  pattern  of  great 
perfection,  to  or  above  which  we  cannot 
hope  to  attain,  instead  of  being  disadvan- 
tageous and  discouraging,  may  prove 
to  be  of  the  greatest  advantage.  The 
highest  excellence  is  attained  through 
having  the  brightest  and  most  perfect 
examples  proposed  for  our  imitation.  He 
that  aims  at  the  heavens,  is  like  to  shoot 
higher  than  he  who  aims  at  a  mark  with- 
in his  reach. 

PEA.COCK,.—  Play  not  the  peacock,  look 
ing  everywhere  about  you  to  see  if  you 
be  well  decked,  if  your  shoes  fit  well,  if 
your  stockings  set  neatly  and  clothes  hand-  P 
sotn  I  u  .  -  ' 


sorn  lu .  -  Vr«,o>ae  v*'».s\\s'<\Cv\o/v\ . 

PE.C\jLlA,HITl1(s — All  reference  to  any 
unfortunate  peculiarities  of  those  pres 
ent  in  company  should  be  avoided. 

PE.DA,NTF\\.—  Display  of  knowledge  in 
any  department  of  study  is  pedantry 
which  is  found  least  in  the  most  learn- 
ed. It  is,  however,  generally  regarded  as 
an  absurd  ostentation  of  learning,an< 
stiffness  of  phraseology, proceeding  from 
a  misguided  knowledge  of  books, and  an 
almost  total  ignorance  of  men. 


how?  Will  it  be  with  the  same  syrnp*  PEEVISHNESS.—  Johnson  compares 


peevishness  to  the  canker  of  life,  that 
destroys  its  vigor,  and  checks  its  improve 
merit;  that  creeps  on  with  hourly  depre- 
dations, and  taints  and  vitiates  what  it 
cannot  consume.  It  covers  as  with  a 
dark  fog  the  distant  horizon. 
^NAj-TY- — Throughout  nature  diso- 
bedience to  natural  laws  is  followed  by 
penalties.  Were  it  not  for  penalties  be- 
ing attached  to  statutory  laws,  it  would 
be  folly  for  legislatures  to  enact  a  code 
that  could  be  neglected  with  impunity. 
Can  it  be  supposed  that  the  laws  of  polite 
society  can  be  disregarded  and  trampled 
upon  without  the  infliction  of  penalties? 
— You  can  no  more  find  a  place  is  socie- 
ty whens  the  focal  responsibilities  of 
law  do  lot  weigh  upon  one,  than  you 
can  find  a  vacuum  in  nature. 


_      -...I Perfumes  that  are  agree 

able  to  some-  are  highly  offensive  to 
others,  it  i's  in  bad  taste  for  any  one 
to  use  them  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
attract  the  attention  of  those  passing 
along  the  street,  or  that  those  sittini 
or  standing  near  may  observe  and 
comment  upon  it.  There  may  be  a 
suspicion  that  musk  or  other  odor 
is  used  for  the  concealment  of  some 
scent  that  is  supposed  to  be  less  agree 
able-  or  reputable. 

It  is  offensive  to  enter  company  if 
we  be  scented  with  any  kind  of  foo<. 
drink,  narcotics,  cologne, musk,tobac 
co  or  onions,  or  the  odors  of  the  hen 
house  or  barn,  to  any  noteworthy  e 
tent. 

P^RJUfVy. —  The  crime  denominate 
perjury, is  a  violation  of  the  oath  or 
affirmation.  When  there  can  b«  n 
dependence  placed  upon  the  sacred  ol 
ligation  of  the  oath,  there  is  an  em' 
to  all  human  confidence. 

Owing  t-o  the  great  variety  of  c  IT 
cumstances,  the  best  men  are  liable 
to  be  mistaken  with  regard  to  speak 
ing  the  truth,  though  their  intentions 
are  the  best.  Such  persons  may  speak 
the  truth  "accordin9  to  their  best 
knowledge  and  belief,"  and  declare 
it  "without  fear,  favor,  or  affection.' 

PERSEVERANCE..— It  is  not  bgstrengte 
but  by  perseverance  that  all  great  work 
are  accomplished.  There  are  no  _  per- 
formances of  human  art  at  which  w« 
look  with  praise  and  wonder,  that  are 
not  instances  of  the  resistless  force 
o(  perseverance.  To  those  who  would 
step  out  of  the  crowd  and  mount  to 
the  top  where  there  is  always  room 
to  spare,  perseverance  is  one  of  the 
great  qualities  most  valuable. 
Ef\SOfJ. —  Not  considering  the  re 
qulnjments  of  good  health,  conrmoi 
decency  demands  that  the  unpleasant 
odors  emanating  from  the  body,  im- 
pregnating the  clothing,  and  thereby 
becoming  very  o/fensive,  be  reinedieo, 
not  only  by  a  frequent  change  and 
washing  of  the  different  articles  of 
underwear,  but  that  the  water  beip 
plied  directly  to  the  body  itself.in  the 
form  of  frequent  baths. 

PEf\SOf)A,LlT\--lt  is  rude  and  vul 
par  to  ever  be  guilty  of  personality  in 
conversation. 

PERSONAL  RIOHTS — There  are  cer- 
tain rights  belonging  to  every  man 
that  have  been  termed  inalienable.  A- 
mong  these-  are  life,  liberty, and  the 
pursuit  of  happiness.  Others  growing 
out  of  these  are,  the  right  to  worship 
Ood,  the  right  of  free  speech,  of  a  free 
press,  and  of  trial  by  jury. 

Rights  are  grand, and  even  may  be 
considered  divine  things,  but  the  way 
in  which  they  are  expounded  is  too  of- 
ten the  very  incarnation  of  selfishness. 
There  can  certainly  be  nothing;  very 
noble  in  a  man  who  is  forever  going 
about  calling  for  his  own  rights. 

It  is  in  very  bad  taste  for  one  to  be 
ever  thinking  of  his  personal  rlg>.,s, 
to  the  resenting  of  every  little  slight, 
whether  T«al  or  imaginary 


180 


!. —  Invitations  may  be  either  verb 
al'or  in  writing,  and  should  be  sent  at 
least  two  weeks  in'advance. 

If  ppssible,select  a  convenient  and  at- 
tractive place  near  a  spring  or  running 
stream  for  the  entertainment. 

Provide  an  abundance  of -refreshments, 
making  an  allowance  for  an  extra  num- 
ber-of  g.uests,  as  you  may  have  occasion 
to  add  to  your  list. 

Be  prepared  for  protection  against 
shower  of  rain.  Dress  in  light,  inex- 
pensive costumes, and  let  the  whole  affair 
be  as  free  from  restraint  as  is  consistent 
with  good  breeding. 

»HYSICA,L  COUf\/VB-E.  — The  bull-terri- 
er is  crossi  unsociable,  untractable,  unre 
"liatle,  and  vicious.  Among  dogs  he  holds 
the  same  rank  that  the  prize-fijhter  and 
professional  pugilist  does  among  men — 
the  -meanest  and  most  unworthy  ani- 
mal of  his  kind.  Whoever,  for  the  sake 
of  money  or  notoriety,  engages  in  an 
encounter  in  which  he  will  receive  and 
inflict  serious,  and  sometimes  fatal  in- 
juries, possesses  no  qualities  that  raise 
hint  in  any  degree  above  a  brute.  If  the 
bull-dog  be  his  equal,  the  hyena  is  h  is 

3HYS'C/\L  Tf\/^INI(J(K —  To  both  wn  and 
women  who  aspire  to  be  of  the  best  society, 
physical  training  is  necessary.  Every  gentle- 
man should  know  how  to  fence, to  shoot, 
to  swim,  to  ride,  to  row,  and  to  carry  him- 
self properly.  Calisthenic  exercises  should 
be  taught  every  young  woman.  Ridin*, 
swimming,  driving,  archery, and  all  suit- 
able out-door  exercises  strengthen  thews 
cles  and  give  beauty  and  suppleness  to 
the  fowl; 

'. —  There  is  a  certain  lan- 


civn,  DUI  nevertheless  is  vulgar.  It  is  more 
elegant  to  approach  him  with  warmth  and 
cheerfulness,and,squeezin9  him  by  the 
hand,  say,"Believe  me,  my  dear  sir,  I  have 
scarce  words  to  express  the  joy  I  feel, 
uporj  your  happy  alliance  with  such  or 
such  a  family,"  etc.  To  one  who  has  lost 
his  wife,  do  not  saw,"  I  am  sorry  for  your 
loss,"  but,  advancing  slowly,  with  a  pe- 
culiar composure  of  voice  and  countenance, 


begin  your  compliments  of  condolence 
with, "I  hope,  sir,  you  will  do  me  the 
justice  to  be  persuaded,  that  I  am  not 
insensible  of  your  unhappiness,tha 
t  take  part  in  your  distress, and  shall 
ever  be  affected  when  ^o\v  are  so." 

A  correct  phraseolo9y  can  be  acquir 
ed  only  by  frequenting  90od  company 
and  being,  particularly  attentive  to  al. 
that  is  said.  What  company  one  his 
kept,  is  shown  by  his  words  and  phras 
es.  Slight,  genteel  compliments  are 
acceptable,  but  fulsome  ones  are  nau 
seous,  and  create  disgust.  We  should_ 
never  compliment  away  our  integri 
ty,  trifle  with  common  sense,orspeal 
so  as  to  deceive. 

PI \NO.-lt  is_  a.  breach  of  etiquette  fo 
a  caller  who  is  waiting  the  entrance 
of  the  hostess  to  open  the  piano,  or 
to  touch  it  if  open. 

P[T\.  —  The  exhibitions  of  pity  are 
as  various  as  the  wants  and  condi 
tions  of  human  society.  It  is  manifes 
ted  amon9  men  by  sympathizing  witl 
the  sorrows,  lessening  the  burdens,ani 
alleviathi9  the  distresses  of  the  poor, 
the  -needy,  and  the  unfortunate.  The 
sick  invite  our  assistance,  the  igno- 
rant our  instruction,  and  the  fall- 
en our  helping  hand. 
PL^CE. —  An  orderly  person  has  a 
place  for  every  thrn9,a.nd  everything 
i-ti  its  place.  A  systematic  •mana.jemen 
of  business  requires  that  each  part 
have  its  time. 

PLACES  OF  AJV\l)SE>lENT.-lt  is  ad- 
visable to  secure  good  seats  before  the 
evening  of  the  entertainment. 

Always  enter  as  quietly  as  possible., 
and  be  in  your  seat  when  the  perfor- 
mance commences. 

When  entering,the  gentle-man  walks 
side  by  side  with  a  lady,  unless  the  en- 
trance way  or  aisle  be  too  narrow,  in 
which  case  he  precedes  her,  allowing 
her  to  occupy  the  inner  seat,  while 
he  assumes  the  outer. 

Perfect  quiet  should  be  preserved 
during  the  performance,  but  it  is 
proper  to  converse  in  a  low  tone  be 
tween  the  acts. 

All  whispering,  loud  talking,  bois- 
terous laughter,  violent  gestures,  lov- 
er-like demonstrations,  or  side  com- 
ment, should  be  strictly  avoided. 

A  gentleman  may  recognize  his  la- 
dy friends  in  another  part  oftheiwm, 
tut  a  lady  is  not  expected  to  bow  to  a 
friend  seated  at  a  distance  from  her. 

Only  an  ill-bred  gentleman  will  leive 
ajady  alo_ne,  and  it  is  an  insult  for 
him  to  visit  the  refreshment  TOOTH  bf 
tween  the  acts. 

_  A  gentleman  with  a  lady  must  not 
give  up  his  seat  to  another  lady,  but 
remain  by  the  side  of  the  one  whom 
he  accompanies,  conversing  with  her 
between  the  acts,  and  rendering  her 
assistance  in  case  of  accident  or  dis- 
turbance. 

A  gentleman  alone  may  join  lady 
friends  for  a  few  moments  between 
the  acts,  but  recollect  that  their  escort 
has  a  prior  claim  on  their  attention 


. —  There  are  four  words  which 
signify  play:  viz., relaxation, diversion, 
amusement,  and  recreation.  All  im 
ply  a  previous  existence  of  exertion.  Th 
idea  of  relaxation  is  taken  from  a  bow 
which  must  be  unbent  when  not  i 
use,  to  keep  up  the  spring.  Diversion 
signifies  a  turning  aside  from  the 
main  purpose  of  a  journey,  to  see 
something  that  is  curious  and  out  o 
the  way.  Amusement  means  an  occa 
sional  forsaking  of  the  M'j,ses,when 
the  student  lays  aside  his  books.  Rec 
reation  is  a  refreshing  of  the  spirits 
when  they  are  exhausted  by  labor, so 
that  they  may  be  ready  in  due  time 
to  resume  it  again. 

Play  harmonizes  the  facultjes,!/1 
overstrained  by  labor;  keeps  alive  air 
in  a  healthful  state  of  activity  the 
sympathies,  and  is  the  conservator  o) 
moral,  mental,  and  physical  health. 
It  develops  in  the  child  a  harmonica 
and  healthful  organism,  preparator 
to  the  commence  of  life's  work. 
Plj\\rvl/VTES.—  A  mother  who  is  as 
careful  of  her  child's  moral  nature, 
and  manners,  as  of  his  physical  na 
twre,  will  guard  him  from  naughti 
and  rude  playmates  as  closely  as  she 
would  from  the  measles  or  whoopinj 
couah. 

'LE/\SUf\E. — The  excesses  of  the 
enchantress, pleasure.must  be  avoid 
ed.  When  pleasure  becomes  a  busi- 
ness it  changes  its  name  and  becomes 
torment.  It  must  not  be  imagined 
that  one  must  live  by  the  sweat  of 
his  brow,  and  not  reap  the  harvest 
of  his  own  labors.  Those  pernicious 
and  unlawful  pleasures  that  prey  on 
the  body  and  purse,  and  In  the  end 
destroy  both,  should  be  watched  with 
the  utmost  care. 

In  society  circles,  the  essential  part 
of  good  breeding  is  the  practical  desire 
to  afford  pleasure,  and  to  avoid  giving 
pain.  A  man  possessing  this  desire  re- 
quires only  opportunity  and  observa- 
tion to  make  him  a  gentje-man. 
POIf)TI(<0-.— Never  indicate  an  object 
by  pointing  at  it.  Move  the  head  or 
wave  the  whole  hand. 
POUT^N^SS.— "True  polite-ness," 
says  some  one," consists  Hi  -making 
everybody  happy  about  you;  and  a,s 
to  mortify  is  to  render  unhappu,  it 
can  be  nothing  but  the  worst  of  bree< 
jng." 

Kindly  politeness  is  the  slow  fruit 
of  advanced  reflection;  it  is  a  sort  of 
human ity  and  kindliness  applied  to 
small  acts  and  every-day  discourse; 
it  bids  man  soften  towards  others, 
and  forget  himself  for  thei  sake  of 
others;  it  constrains  genuine  nature, 
which  is  selfish  and  gross.-"W\\\». 

Those  parents  who  regulate  their 
lives  in  accordance  with  the  commands 
of  the  Bible,  find  many  verses  which  are 
of  great  assistance  in  teaching  polite- 
ness to  children,  aswBe  ye  courteous 
one  to  another,"  "Be  respectful  *o 
your  elders, "  "  Do  to  others  as  ye  would 
that  the)/  should  do  to  you,"  etc.  , 


181 


POLlT.ICA,L.— In  political  conversatio 
certain  class.who  -never  understand 
utility  of  marches,  countermarches,  ar 
buscades,  and  affairs  of  outposts,  but 
arc  always,  and  under  all  circumstan- 
ces, for  pitched  battles,  being  present, 
it  is  well  to  avoid  all  reference  to  the 
subject  when  in  company. 

P00r\.—  Though  one  be  as  poor  as 
the  beggar  Irus,  as  a  church  mouse, 
or  as  naked  poverty,  if  he  be  loyal  in 
all  other  respects,  is  entitled  to  the 
same  -respect  and  attention,  at  if  he 
were  the  son  of  a  Croesus. 

Those  whom  misfortune  has  made 
unhappy,  whether  they  be  of  the  profes- 
sional, idle  poor,  the  criminal  poor,  or 
the  innocent  poor,  have  a  claim  on 

OpULAjKlT'Y.— A  peaceful  popularity 
—that  of  the  heart,  and  which  is  won 
in  the  bosom  of  families,  and  at  the, 
side  of  death-beds,  is  the  only  oiie  worth 
striving)  for.  This  is  the  popularity  that 
takes  deep  root,  and  spreads  itself  far 
and  wide- 
There  is  another  kind  of  popularity, 
that  is  high  and  far-sounding, and  which 
falls  away  like  blostomSj  for  -nothing ttiat 
is  false  can  be  lasting.  It  is  a  popularity 
of  stare,  of  pressure,  of  animal  heat, 
arid  a  whole  tribe  of  other  annoyances 
which  it  brings  around  the  person  of 
Us  Unfortunate  victim.  It  deprives 
home  of  its  sweets,  and  places  a  man 
above  his  fellows,  where  he  stands  a 


conspicuous  mark  for  the  shafts  of  mil-  PF\ESE^N"f  S.  — 


PF\A,ISE|. —  Be  not  too  niggardly  in  yoitr 
bestowal  of  praise,  but  let  it  be  the  re- 
flection of  virtue.  To  be  praised  by  the* 
that  are  praiseworthy  is  a  happiness,  but 
by  flatterers,  is  a  mockery.  Praise  will 
-make  a  wise  man  more  modest,  but  a 
fool  more  arrogant, even  turning  his 
weak  brain  giddy.  Above  all  things  let 
another  man  praise  you,  not  y  o  ur 
own  mouth. 

PF\ECE,DE(NCEl.— If  a  person  of  greater 
age  than  yourself  desire  to  step  into  a 
carriage,  or  through  a  door  first,  it 
is  more  polite  to  bow  and  obey  than  to 
decline.  Compliance  with,  and  defer- 
ence to,  the  wishes  of  others,  is  always 
the  finest  breeding. 

A  gentleman  precedes  a  lady  fn  pass- 
ing through  a  crowd;  ladies  precede 
gentlemen  under  ordinary  circumstances. 
When  one  is  in  office,  or  occupies  a. 
position  of  honor  and  dignity,  he  has 
precedency  in  all  places;  yet  he  should 
respect  those  who  are  his  equals  or  su- 
periors in  age  or  other  qualities. 

Gentlemen  precede  ladies  in  going  up 
stairs,  but  follow  in  going  down. 

Pr^ECA.UTIOfJS.—  The  following  precau- 
tionary proverbs  may  be  made  frequent 
application  of:  "Look  before  you  leap.'" 
"Beware  of  had  I  wist.  ""Who  sees  not 
the  bottom,  let  him  not  pass  the  water." 
"Asses  sing  badly,  because  they  pitch 
their  voices  to  high. ""When  the  head 
is  broken,  the  helmet  is  put  on. ""Dig 
a  well  before  you  are  thirsty." 

Pf\ECE]PTS.—  Some  one  has  said  that 
one  of  the  saddest  things  about  human 
nature  is,  that  a  man  may  guide  oth- 
ers in  the  path  of  life,  without  walk- 
ing in  it  himself;  that  he  may  be  a  pi- 
lot, and  yet  be  a  castaway;  that  it  is 
easier  to  teach  twenty  what  it  were 
good  to  be  done,  than  to  be  one  of  the 
twenty  to  follow  the  instruction  given. 

PREJUDICE,.— He  whom  prejudice  so 
warps,  that  he  acknowledges  none  to 
be  possessed  of  good  sense,  except  when 
they  agree  with  him  in  opinion,  is  a 
sfmpleton,  the  walls  of  whose  mind  are 
exceedingly  -narrow. 


ice,  envy,  and  detraction. 
POSSIBILITIES.— Though  one  p_< 
not  the  beauty  of  Medusa,  there  is  always 
the  possibility  of  beauty  where  there  is 
an  unsealed  human  eye;  though  he  be 
not  possessed  of  Orpheus'  lute,  there 
is  &  possibility  of  music  where  there  is  an 
unstopped  human  ear;  though  not  in 
possession  of  a  prophet's  inspiration, 
there  is  a  possibility  of  inspiration  where 
there  is  a  -receptive  human  spirit. 
'OSTA^O^.— When  writing  to  ask  a  fa- 
vor or  to  obtain  information,  do  not 
fail  to  enclose  a  postage  stamp  for  the 

aOVfcF\TY— I* is  a  breach  of  etiquette 
and  a  positive  unkindness  to  call  upon 
a  friend  in  reduced  circumstances, with 
any  parade  of  wealth  in  equipage  or  dress; 
povertu  is  most  severely  felt  when  remind 
ed  of  "better  days." 


ld  be  char- 


Presents to  a  young  lady  shou 
acterized  for  taste-not  value. 

PF\ES\JIVIPTION — "Fools  rush  hi  whew 
angels  fear  to  tread. ""Presumption  of 
every  kind_  supposes  \o\\\>  at  its  bottom? 
One  who  is  oversecure  and  selfconfi- 
dent,  may  be  likened  to  him  who  goes 
to  a  deep  river,  and  hopes  to  cross  o- 
ver  on  no  other  bridge  than  his  shadow 

>F\ETErJSlO(J.— Not  to  be  able  to  do 
everything,  is  no  disgrace;  to  under- 
take, or  pretend  to  do  what  you  can- 
not, is  priggish^and  conceited.  False 
modesty  is  vanity;  false  glory, levity; 
false  grandeur,  meanness;  false  virtu*, 
hypocrisy;  and  false  wisdom,  prudery. 
TO  give  one's  self  airs  of  undue  im- 
portance, is  to  exhibit  the  credentials 
of  impotence-  To  be  over-desirous  of 
appearing  clever,  tends  to  prevent  our 
becoming  to. 


^.—  Pride  makes  some  persons 
ridiculous,  but  when  coupled  with 
good  sense,  is  an  embellishment  to 
others.  Pride  is  generally  a  result 
of  ignorance,  and  is  always  an  atten- 
dant of  folly.  Pride  manifests  itself 
in  some  people  through  titles  and  ge 
nealogy.  The  stamp  of  dignity  defaces 
in  them  the  very  character  of  human 
ity,  and  transports  them  to  such  a 
degree  of  haughtiness  that  they  reck- 
on it  below  themselves  to  exercise  ei- 
ther oopd  nature  or  good  -manners. 
Pf\IVA\CY — The  right  of  privacy  is 
sacred,  and  should  be  held  i-n  the  high- 
est respect.  When  books  are  in  an  o- 
pen  case  or  on  a  center-table,  cards  in 
a  card-case,  or  newspapers  about,  it 
is  presumed  they  are  open  for  exam- 
ination. No  intimate  relation  will 
justify  an  abrupt  intrusion  upon  a 
private  apartment.  Trunks,  packets, 
boxes,  papers  and  letters  of  every  in- 
dividual, locked  or  unlocked,  sealed 
or  unsealed,  are  sacred. 

One  should  avoid  asking  questions 
which  relate  to  the  private  affairs  of 
the  person  spoken  to,  and  be  guard- 
ed against  conduct  which  may  look 
like  an  attempt  to  force  confidence. 

It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette  to  appear 
to  have  some  privacy  or  mystery  in 
company. 

Pr^OFA^Nnnf.— To  use  intemperate  and 
profane  expressions,  is  to  betray  an  ad 
diction  to  one  of  the  grossest  forms 
of  vice,  for  which  there  can  not  be  the 
least  apology  or  excuse.  It  is  practic- 
ed only  by  those  who  have  no  com 
mand  of  elegant  language,  and  who 
suppose  that  in  order  to  be  earnest  or 
emphatic  they  must  be  profane. 
PF\Olv\iSf(S. — As  one  cannot  look  in 
to  the  future  and  determine  what  may 
happen,  the  greatest  care  should  be  ta 
ken  not  to  promise  anything  that  he 
may  not  reasonably  expect  to  perform. 

One  who  promises  that  which  he 
has  no  intention  of  fulfilling,  and  is 
ever  ready  with  promises, which  he 
fails  to  execute,  soon  becomes  known 
as  a  very  unreliable  party. 

Promises  are  not  bind  in  the  fol- 
lowing cases:  I.  When  the  perform- 
ance is  unlawful.  2.  When  they 
contradict  a  former  promise.  3.  Be- 
fore acceptance,  that  is,  before  notice 
piven  to  the  promisee.  4.  When  re- 
leased by  the  promisee.  5.  Whenane* 
ror  proceeds  from  the  mistake  or  mis- 
representation of  the  promisee.  6.  If 
based  upon  a  supposition,  and  that 
supposition  turns  put  to  be  false. 

Providence  permitting,  is  always  un- 
derstood or  implied. 
Pf\Olv\PTN^SS.  —  Promptness  in  apol- 
ogizing is  one  of  the  distinguishing 
marks  of  good  breeding. 

The  following  are  Lord  Chesterfield's 
words  to  his  son  .-"Despatch  is  the  soul 
of  business." "Never  put  off  till  to-mor- 
row what  you  can  do  to-day. ""Snatch, 
seize,  and  enjoy  every  moment." 


182 


'HOPOSA,US. — A  proposal  should  always 
be  the  result  of  second  thoughts.  Only 
a  fool  will  suffer  himself  to  be  led  into 
putting  the  test  of  his  life  in  jeopardy  on 
the  spur  of  the  moment.  No  prudent 
woman  will  consent  to  accept  an  offer 
of  marriage  at  the  hands  of  a  man  whom 
she  has  known  only  for  a  few  days 
weeks. 

Avowals  of  love,  or  proposals, are  mule 
in  various  ways.  Tennyson  gives  the 

Poetical  manner  in  his  "Oardener's 
aU-ghte-r."  A  second  method  as  giv- 
en in  "David  Copperfield," represents 
the  taciturn  carrier  owning  his  inten- 
tions to  Peggotty,  by  inscribing  in  chalk 
on  the  tail-board  of  his  cart  the  words, 
"Barkis  is  willing."  A  third  method  is 
the  proposal  during  a  country  walk.and 
may  be  strongly  recommended  as  a  mod- 
el to  be  acted  upon. 

When  the  lover  is  not  self-possessed, 
jt  is  recommended  that  he  make  the  pro- 
posal through  writing.  For  form, see  un- 
der Letters  of  Love-Vttta*. 

If  one  be  self-possessed,  and  is  reason- 
ably certain  that  his  proposal  will  not 
be  rejected,  simply  say,  at  any  conveni- 
ent time  and  place,"  Will  you  marry  me?" 

Pr\OT£CTION'  —Ladies  are  not  allowed, 
upon  ordinary  occasions,  to  take  the  arm 
of  any  one  but  a  relative  or  accepted  lov 
cr  in  the  street  and  in  the  daytime;  in 
the  evening  -in  the  fields,  of  in  a  crowd, 
wherever  she  may  need  protection  — she 
should  not  refuse  it.  She  should  pass  her 
hand  over  ths  gentleman's  arm  merely, 
but  should  not  walk  at  arm's  length 
apart.  The  lady's  step  must  be  lengthen 
ed  and  the  gentleman's  shortened,  to 
prevent  the  hobbling  appearance  of  not 
keeping  step. 

PF\UDE,  —  A-n  extremely  reserved  female, 
who  affects  peculiar  delicacy  and  coyness 
ol  mantlets,  is  termed  a  ^vx^e,.  She  is 
cold,  dignified,  unsociable,  and  fearful 
ol  compromising  her  reputation.  She  is 
sensitive,  censorious,  and  apt  to  mis- 
interpret the  words  and  acts  of  others. 

PUBLIC  PLACES  —For  a  lady  or  gen 
tleman  to  manifest  othef  than  proper 
and  dignified  conduct  in  public  places, 
is  a  sure  mark  o<  ill  breeding  The  tru- 
ly polite  are  always  quiet, unobtrusive, 
considerate  of  others,  and  careful  to 
avoid  all  manifestations  of  superiority 


o-r  elegance.  While  on  the  street,  all 
loud  and  boisterous  talking,  immoderate 
laughing  and  forward  and  pushinq  con 
duct,  inevitably  subject  A  person  to  the 
satirical  -remarks  of  the  persons  among 
whom  he  is  thrown,  and  are  perhaps 
the  surest  means  of  proclaimm9  that 
such  a  person  is  riot  used  to  the  ways 
of  polite  society. 

PUBLIC  SE(NT.lKl\ENT..  -  This,  likea  bat- 
tery to  the  city,  powerfully  restrains 
men  from  doing  wrong;  but,  when 
they  have  done  wrong,  it  sets  itself  as 
powerfully  against  them. 

PUNCTUALITY  -Strict  punctuality 
marks  the  true  gentleman.  A  consci- 
entious regard  for  the  rights  and  feel- 
ings of  others  will  compel  every  one  to 
be  prompt  in  fulfillinp  every  duty. 

Punctuality  is  one  of  the  -most  admi 
rable  of  qualities,  and  the  man  or  woman 
who  possesses  it  is  a  blessing  to  his  cr  her 
friends.  TRe  one  who  lacks  it  is  want- 
ing in  one  of  the  first  req  n-i  sites  of  good- 
b-reedino. 

XJN^HSG.—  AM  punning  should  be 
avoided:  no  one  feels  secure  in  the  so 
ciety  of  an  inveterate  punster,  and  his 
vulgar  witticisms  are  out  of  place  and 
uncalled  fot 

Pl)t\ITY  —  Purity  may  be  said  to  be  the 
feminine,  and  truth  the  masculine,  of 
honor.  Purity  is  regarded  as  practically 
the  main  pa.rt  t>(  virtue,  and  is  inward, 
secret,  self-sufficing,  harmless,  and  to 
CTOWTI  all,  thorough  and  intimately 


personal. 


.—  Men,  unlike  tron.are 
worse  to  be  wrought  upon  when  they 
are  hot.  It  is  advisable  to  be  warily  si- 
lent concerning  all  matters  of  dispute 
between  others;  for  h«  who  blows  the 
coals  in  quarrels  that  do  not  concern 
him,  is  very  likely  to  receive  the  flying 
sparks  in  his  face,  it  being  extremely  dif- 
ficult to  interfere  withou-t  giving  offense 
to  one  party  or  the  other. 
^UES'flOflS.—  One  isju.d9ed  toafar 
greater  extent  by  the  questions  he  asks, 
than  by  the  answers  he  gives. 


.  —  Boyd  states  that  the 
ally  and  substantially  happy  people  in 
the  world  are  always  calm  and  quiet. 
Gl\JOT/\TIOjlS.  —  Avoid  quotations  as 
much  as  possible,  though  short,  pun 
pent  epigrammatic  quotations,  if  suit 
able  to  the  subject  of  the  conversation, 
may  be  occasionally  introduced. 

if  you  are  tempted  to  use  a  quota- 
tion from  a  foreign  or  classic  laityuaj 
apologize  to  the  company  for  its  use,  o 
translate  it;  but  not  in  such  a  -manner 
as  to  convey  the  idea  that  you  are  glad 
to  display  your  Iea-rniri9,  or  that  your 
hearers  are  in  need  of  such  a  translation 
.—  Three  ranks  include  all  grades 


of  society;  viz.,  inferiors,  equals,  and  su 
periors.  We  should  advise  or  command 
an  inferior;  request  or  persuade  an  e- 
qual;  and  beg  or  petition  a  superior. 
^E/\D  I  («(X—  One  ought  never  to  read 
in  company,  but  may  look  over  a  book 
of  engravings  with  propriety. 

When  there  is  a  necessity  for  read 
ing,  do  not  leave,  but  ask  permission.lt 


is  exceedingly  unrefined  to  approach  the 
book  or  writings  of  anyone  so  as  to 
read  them,  unasked. 
REBUKES — Remember  that  open  rebate 
are  to  be  administered  by  magistrates 
and  courts  of  justice  j  private  ones  when 
all  the  witnesses  of  the  offender's  blush 
es  are  blind,  and  deaf,  and  dumb- 
lECE^PTIOpJS.—  The  full-dress  recep 
tion  at  home  is  an  event  of  consider- 
able importance  in  the  social  world. 
The  invitations  should  be  issued  fully 
two  weeks  in  advance.  VSi*  tavwfrtt* 


-Y*\to*Y  The  invitations  should  be  de- 
livered by  a  footman 

It  is  well  to  throw  open  as  manyrooiw 
as  possible,  and  to  have  tables  scattered 
around  here  and  there, covered  with 
choice  engravingSjphotographic  views, 
valuable  scrapbooks,  etc.,  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  guests. 

The  hostess  should  see  that  hercom- 
pany  does  not  break  up  into  cliques 
of  twos  or  threes,  as  such  a  plan  will 
leave  a  number  out  who  do  not  pos- 
sess any  great  convetsational  powers. 

Should  any  guest  be  invited  by  the 
hostess  to  play  the  piano, she  should 
not  wait  to  be  urged,  offering  excuses, 
but  rise  quietly,  proceed  to  the^piano  and 
play  something  short  and  suitable  (or 
the  gathering.  Never  play  upon  the 
invitation  of  any  one  but  the  hostess, 
turning  off  all  other  requests  as  grace 
fully  as  you  can.V 


j.-^,^-.-,--  v.  _>- J.  —  Application  of  the 
following  proverbs  may  be  made  when 
occasions  arise:  "In  for  a  penny^m/or 
a  pound — he  that  takes  the  Devil  into 
his  boat  must  ferry  him  over  the  sound." 
"It  is  the  first  shower  that  wets."  "It  is 
all  the  same  whether  a  man  has  both  Isos 
in  the  stocks  or  but  one. ""There  is 
nothing  like  being  besmattercd  for  malt 
ing  one  defy  the  slouch." 
~[t(COGt>JlTIO(l. —  His  less  rude  for  ladies 
to  return  a  -recognition  coldly,  and  upon 
the  next  occasion  to  turn  away  or  t  o 
avoid  a  meeting,  than  to  give  a  "  cut 
direct." 

Never  presume  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  an  acquaintance  by  a  touch,  un 
less  you  are  extremely  intimate.  Recog- 
nition by  a  simple  nod  or  spoken  word 
is  all  that  can  be  allowed. 

Gentlemen  who  meet  at  the  house 
or  rooms  of  a  mutual  friend  are  not  o- 
blijjed  to  recognize  one  another  if  they 
meet  again  elsewhere  the  same  day. 

A  lady  is  not  obli9ed  to  afterward  rec- 
ognize a  partner  with  whom  she  may 
have  danced  at  a  ball. 

A  lady  must  recognize  a  gentleman 
by  bowing  before  he  is  at  liberty  to 
salute  herASea  ^oWw\o,^'»X,  v\& 


J.— Reconciliation  Is 
'second  friendship."  For  former  friends 
to  meet  at  a  party,  at  church,  or  else 
where,  without  recognizing  each  other 
is  very  uncivil  and  childish.  It  is  their 
imperative  duty  to  forgive  and  beforgiv 
en,  and  then  to  become  reconciled. 


183 


ly  and  without  ambiguity  the  decision 
she  comes  to.  A  doubtful  answer  giv 
en  under  the  plea  of  sparing  the  suit 
or's  feelings,  is  unfair  and  unjusti 
fiable,  as  it  raises  false  hopes,  and  ren 
ders  a  -man  restless  and  unsettled. 

No  sensible  man-no  man  whos* 
opinion  is  worth  a  lady's  considera 
tion-  will  think  the  worse  of  her,  o 
feel  himself  personally  injured  by  a 
refusal,  though  it  may  give  him  pain 
and  cause  his  vanity  to  suffer,  h  is 
heart  remains  unharmed.Vsw.^A\ 


R.ECRE/\TIOt4.- 

should  join  in  an 


-Every  one  in  company 
py  diversion  which  does  not 
violate  his  conscience  or  his  sense  of  pro- 
priety. Plays  that  are  rough  and  rude,  in 
which  there  is  danger  of  inj  ury  to  persons, 
to  furniture,  or  to  clothing,  should  never 
be  tolerated  in  the  house.  Amusements  which 
permit  any  improper  familiarity  between  the 
sexes,  are  in  bad  taste.  Games  which  require 
the  boys  to  catch,  and  Struggle  or  wrestle 
with  the  girls,  or  even  to  put  their  hands 
upon  their  person,  or  to  kiss  them,  are  of 
Hie  most  doubtful  propriety.  The -respect 
which  the  sexes  should  cultivate  for  each 
other  is  entirely  inconsistent  with  such 


OA«MW.«tt\ 

f\EL(0-lpf).  —  All  religious  topics  shoulc 
be  avoided  in  society  conversation.  No 
more  serious  offense  can  be  commit 
ted  than  to  show  disrespect  to  any  per- 
son's religiou 


freedom  At^^ 

F\E Fl  fJ  EM.ENT.  —  Refinement  which  Joes 
not  strengthen  the  intellect  and  purify  the 
•manners  is  only  nominal.  True  refine- 
ment aives  us  sympathy  with  every  form 
of  human  life,  and  enables  us  to  work 
•most  successfully  for  its  advancement. 
Men  are  frequently  met  with  who  are 
so  outrageously  cultivated,  that  they  feel 
perfectly  miserable  the  moment  they  are 
taken  away  from  all  which  is eiquisite.  It 
is  a  pity  that  they  were  born  into  this 
rough  world,  where  the  mountain  rocks 
are  left  unhewn,  and  the  wild  forests  are 
not  veritable  oarks. 

f( E FR.ESHNtENfS —  A»  parties,  balls,  and 
receptions,  refreshments  must  be  provi- 
ded for  the  guests  during  the  evening.and 
a  refreshment  room  is  advisable. 

Of  what  the  refreshments  shall  consist, 
•must  depend  entirely  upon  the  tastes  and 
resources  of  those  who  give  the  party.  Any 
or  all  of  the  following  may  be  provided 
as  discretion  may  dictate:  Lemonade,  tea. 
arid  coffee,  ices,  biscuits,  wafers,  pies  and 
cikes,  cracker  bon-bo-ns,  fowls,ham, tur- 
keyjellies,  blanc-mange,  trifles, etc. 

F\EGf\ETS.— Whenever  an  invitation  to  a 
party,  etc.,  has  been  accepted,  and  if  any- 
thing prevent  attendance,  a  regret  mast 
be  sent  the  day  after  the  party.  The  form 
must  correspond  somewhat  in  style  to 
the  invitation,  and  it  is  more  courteous 
and  friendly  to  state  the  reason  for  rxm-at- 
tendance.  Vbt*  \\w\VsX\OTVi -Vi\taiiY 
EJECT/IOH.— It  isa  lady's  privilege  to 
reject  a  suitor.  When  she  chooses  to  ex- 
ercise this  prerogative,  she  should  do  so 
creditably  and  witH  justice  to  herself  and 
her  suitor.  She  should  convey  to  him  clear- 


R.EM.ARI^S.—  It  is  a  breach  of  etiquette 
to  make  remarks  upon  a  caller  who 
has  just  left  the  room,  whether  wade 
by  the  hostess  or  other  visitors. 

..—  To  affect  not  to 


remember  a  person  is  despicable,  an< 
reflects  only  on  the  pretender. 

R,EPAJVTE|E.—  Avoid  repartee;  it  is 
not  a  weapon  for  daily  use,  and  is 
apt  to  wound  both  speaker  and  beam 

R.EPE/TITION.— Never  ask  to  have 
a  sentence  repeated,  unless  actually 
afflicted  with  deafness;  it  implies  a 
vvandering  attention. 

R,EpLltJS.  —  When  asked  a  question 
by  a  lady,  always  answer  promptly, 
distinctly,  and  politely."  Yes, ma'am," 
orMNo,  ma'an.  If  addressed  by  a 
gentleman,  say,  "Yes,  sir,"  or"  No, 
sir.  "  Replies  thus  respectfully  given, 
indicate  a  good  training. 

R.EPR.OA.CH.— Any  flagrant  atrocity 
or  course  of  immorality  deservedly 
causes  one's  name  and  himself  to  be 
the  general  subject  of  reproach.  True 
invective,  administered  at  the  prop 
er  time  and  in  the  right  spirit,  is  al- 
lowable 

R,EPR,OOF.  —  Never  reprove  servants  o 
children  before  strangers  or  guests,  as 
it  is  unpleasant  for  all  concerned,  and 
by  the  hostess  passing  over  the  annoy- 
ance, others  may  not  notice  it. 

When  it  becomes  necessary  to  re 
prove  any  one,  consider  whether  it 
ought  to  be  done  in  public  or  in  pri 
vat«,  at  present,  or  some  other  time, 
and  avoid  all  signs  of  anger,  but  let 
an  earnest  expression  mark  yourcoitn 
tenounce. 

FtEPUTA^TIOfl.—  A  fortune  doe»  not 
necessarily  consist  of  tangible  property, 
but  may  be  comprised  in  a  reputation 
for  good  judgment,  for  fair  dealing,  for 
truth,  and  for  rectitude. 
"All  is  not  gold  that  glitters.""  Like 
ly  lies  in  the  mire,  but  unlikely  gets 
over." "Every  glowworm  is  not  afire." 

R,ES^NTM.ENT.  — One  should  not  be 
too  hasty  in  resenting  an  injury,  as 
it  is  often  as  much  imaginary  as  real, 
and  at  other  times  unintentional;  in 
which  case  a  resentment  would  cause 
unjust  pain.  Resentment  often  only  prat- 
ifies  the  one  who  intended  the  injury. 


R,ESOUlT.IO(lS. —  Experience  show 
that  m  time  of  need,  resolutions  rre  o 
very  great  valua.  G-ood  resolution 
are  precious  arrnost  beyond  price 
"Sudden  resolutions,"  says  Phelps,"  i 
dicate  nothing  but  the  chanoeablenes 
of  the  weather,  like  the  sudden  rise 
of  the  mercury  in  the  barometer." 
R,E30I\TS. —  At  places  of  summer  r 
sort,  those  who  own  their  cottages 
call  first  upon  those  who  rent  them. 
HE.SPE.CT.— Respect  is  more  likely 
to  be  secured  by  exacting  than  by  so- 
liciting for  it.  Men  are  respectable 
generally  speaking,  only  as  they 
spect  others. 

There  is  a  certain  amount  of  Te$f« 
due  the  aged,  aside  from  all  other  COT 
siderations.  To  see  well-trained  youtl 
of  either  sex  look  after  the  comfort  o 
old  people,  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful of  scenes. 

An  observance  of  a  multitude  of 
little  things,  from  a  strict  observanc 
of  the  Sabbath,  down  to  the  caiefu-l 
tying  of  a  cravat,  is  implied  in  iwpW' 
ability.  •  *•  ., 

RESPONSIBILITY— EveT^  |t1<ll<"d 
ual  has  a  responsibility  bearing  upon 
him,  not  only  for  what  he  may  saw 
and  do  here,  but  also  in  the  hereaf- 
ter. No  plea  of  ignorance  can  take  a 
way  our  responsibility.  It  usually 
walks  hand  in  hand  with  our  ca 
pacity  and  power. 

Whenever  a  man  undertakes  an- 
other's business,  he  makes  It  his 
own ;  that  is,  promises  to  employ  up 
on  it  the  same  cars,  attention,  and 
diligence  that  he  would  if  it  were  act 
ually  his  own,  for  he  knows  that  the 
business  was  committed  to  him  with 
that  expectation. 

R.E;STLe;sSNE;SS.— Sions  of  restless- 
ness at  concerts  and  other  places 
of  amusement, distinguish  those 
only  who  are  very  impolite. 

A  temper  that  is  anxious  and  rest 
less,  that  runs  to  meet  care  on  its 
way,  that  regrets  lost  opportunities 
too  much,  and  that  is  over-painstak 
ing  in  contrivances  for  happiness,  is 
foolish,  and  should  not  be  indulged. 
R.ESTR.AJNT.—  It  is  well  to  be  silent 
when  you  have  anything  to  cormrm 
nicate  that  will  distress  the  hea.rt 
of  the  person  whom  it  concerns,  in 
order  that  he  may  hear  from  some 
one  else. 

R,ET\JI\NHQ&.; — When  returning 
from  entertainments.etc.,  the  gen- 
tleman escorting  a  lady  should  acwnv 
party  her  home.  If  the  hour  be  suita- 
ble, the  lady  may  invite  him  into  the 
house;  otherwise  she  should  say,  in 
a  very  frank  manner,"  It  is  too  late 
to  invite  you  to  come  in ,  but  I  shall 
be  pleased  to  have  you  call  again." 
To  stand  at  the  gate  and  converse 
is  very  imprudent,  and  may  cause 
unpleasant  remarks.  Should  the 
gentleman  enter  the  house,  he  should 
be  too  prudent  to  stay  so  long  that  he 
may  "wear  out  his  welcome." 


184 


Wll 

F\EV 


F\EVEflG-E.— Revenge  is  an  act  of  pas- 
sion, and  /or  that  reason  should  not 
be  returned.  It  is_amono  the  basest  of 
actions,  and  is  diametrically  opposed 
to  the_  Christian  principles  of  forgiving 
injuries,  and  returning  good  for  evil. 
It  is  gratified  only  with  inflicting  pain 
without  any  prospect  of  advantage. 
EVEF\El4CE.  — A  lack  of  reverence 
in  one  in  any  place  of  worship,  is  an 
indication  of  low  parentage,  and  a 
coarse  nature,  not  subject  to  refine- 
ment. 

A  distinguishing  trait  of  a  refined 
mind,  is  a  reverence  for  reljgious  ob- 
servances, and  religious  opiniom. What- 
ever one's  opinions  on  the  subject  are, 
he  has  no  right  to  intrude  them  upon 
others,  perhaps  to  the  shaking  of  their 
faith  and  happiness. 

Mothers  should  never  allow  any  dis- 
respect in  their  children's  -manners  to- 
ward themselves,  or  others  who  are 
older  than  they  are;  they  shoitld  be 
taught  especially  to  reverence  the  aoed. 

F\EVEf\IE. —  Any  loose  or  irregular 
train  of  thoughts,  occurring  in  mus- 
ing or  meditation,  is  said  to  be  reverie, 
Not  only  should  the  mind  be  guarded 
from  impure  imaginations,  but  -must 
•not  be  permitted  to  indulge  in  useless 
re_verie.  A  formation  of  such  a  habit 
will  very  seriously  inter/ere  with  intel- 
lectual growth. 

RIDICULE. — For  one  to  indulge  in  rid- 
icule, whether  the  subject  be  present 
or  absent,  is  to  descend  below  the  lev- 
el of  gentlemanly  propriety 

F\IDIN&.— 
A  I  ways 
mount  on 
the  near 
side,  by  put 
tin?  your 
foot  in  t  h  e 
Stirrup, 
your  left 
hand  on 
the  saddle, 
then  springing,  throw  your  right  leg 
over  the  anirnaPs  back. 

The  whole  art  of  riding  is  convey 
ed  in  the  following  stanza: 
"Keep  up  your  head  and  your  heart, 
Your  hands  and  heels  keep  down, 
Press  your  knees  close  to  your  horse's  sides 
And  your  elbows  close  to  your  own." 
See  that  ladies  are  in  the  saddle 
before  mounting  yourself.  The  assis 


tance  they  -require  must  be  rendered  _, 
yoursel/,  and  not  by  the  groom.  When 
a  mountin9  block  or  steps  are  -not  pro- 
vided, the  lady  will  place  herself  on  the 
near  side  of  the  horse,  her  skirt  path- 
ered  up  in  left  hand,  her  right  on  the 
pommel,  keeping  her  /ace  toward  the 
horse's  head.  YOU  stand  at  its  shoul- 
der, /acing  her,  and  stooping,  hold 
your  hand  so  that  she  -may  place  her 
(eft  foot  in  it;  then  lift  it  as  she  is 
springing,  so  as  to  aid  her,  but  not 
to  oive  her  such  an  impetus  that  she 
is  liable  to  land  on  the  other  side. Next, 
put  her  foot  in  the  stirrup,  and  then 
smooth  the  skirt  of  her  habit. 

Keep  to  the  -right  of  the  lady  or  ladies 
riding  with  you,  and  always  pass  to 
the  ripht  of  those  whom  you.  -meet  or 
overtake  on  the  road.  Provide  for  ev- 
ery need  and  corn/ort  o/the  lady,  open 
all  gates;  and  pay  all  tolls. 

When  meeting  friends  on  horseback, 
do  not  turn  back  with  them;  i/  y  o  u 
overtake  them,  do  not  thrust  your  com- 
pany upon  them  uninvited;  if  you  meet 
a  lady  walking,  and  wish  to  speak  to 
her,  dismount  and  lead  your  horse. 

The  lady  must  always  give  the  pace, 
as  no  gentleman  will  ride  /aster  than 
she  -may  find  agreeable,  o-r  try  in  any 
way  to  display  his  own  horsemanship. 
The  gentleman  must  never  touch  the 
lady's  horse,  unless  requested. 

A  young  man  "riding  with  an  elder- 
ly gentleman,  should  extend  all  the 
courtesies  of  the  road  to  him  as  to  a 


In  dismounting,  the  lady  must  free 
herself  /rom  the  pommel  of  the  saddle, 
and  then  the  gentleman  must  o//er  his 
right  hand,  taking  the  lady's  left,  and 
use  his  own  left  as  a  step  on  which  she 
will  put  her  foot,  gradually  lowering 
his  hand,  as  soon  as  she  rises  /-com 
the  saddle,  and  allow  her  to  touch  the 
ground  without  spring  ing. 
FLIGHT  A^ND  W^O^G-.— With  re/erenct 
to  -moral  qualities,  all  actions  are  di- 
vided into  two  classes— the  good  and  the 
bad.  The  right  is  the  good,  and  the.  WTOTIO 
is  the  bad.  Conscience-  tells  us  that 
our  own  actions  are  right  or  wrong, 
but  rational  investigation  is  necessa 
ry  to  determine  the  character  o/the 
actions  of  others.  When  conscience 
urges  us  to  do  right,  its  voice  should 
never  be  slighted^  because  when  it 
is  continuously  disobeyed,  it  ceases 
to  be  heard. 


by  r\0\J&V^S There  is  a  certain  class  of 

young  men  who  have  won  for  them- 
selves the  the  unenvied  appellation 
of  "rough,"  or"hoodlum."  They  a/- 
fect  a  contempt  of  the  female  sex, arid 
speak  disrespectfully  of  their  mothers, 
or  treat  their  sisters  with  derision. 
Their  depraved  and  vicious  charac- 
ter entirely  disregards  all  the  obliga- 
tions of  both  public  and  private  duty. 
Their  vandalism  is  often  seen  in  the 
breaking  of  windows  in  unoccupied 
houses,  in  cutting  and  breaking  shade- 
trees,  in  taking  off  gates  and  defa- 
cing fences,  in  dau-bing  painted  and 
whitewashed  walls,  and  in  tearing 
down  handbills.  People  passing  alonp 
the  less  crowded  streets  are  continu- 
ally receiving  their  insults.  For  such 
conduct, which  sets  at  defiance  all 
the  obligations  of  good  citizenship, 
there  cannot  be  the  slightest  excuse 
offered. 

^t^OF^S. — He  who  is  discreet  will 
not  be  hasty  to  believe  flying  reports 
to  the  disparagement  of  others. 

Newton  compares  the  spreading 
of  rumors  to  the  art  of  making  pins. 
There  is  usually  some  truth,  which  he 
calls  the  wire;  as  this  passes  from 
hand  to  hand,  one  gives  it  a  polish, 
another  a  point,  others  make  and 
put  on  the  head,  and  at  last  the  pin 
is  completed. 

LUSH. —  A  rush  and  scramble  at  a 
railway  ticket  office  or  elsewhere  is 
always  carried  on  by  ill-bred  people, 
or  those  who  appear  so  at  the  time. 
iAjCHIFICES. —  One  should  learn  to 
make  small  sacrifices  with  a  good  grace; 
to  accept  small  disappointments  with  a 
patient  spirit.  A  little -more  self-control, 
a  little  more  allowance  for  the  weakness 
of  others,  will  often  change  the  entire 
spirit  of  a  household. 
SAL\JTAJIO(J.- 
The  four 


&HTS. —  Of  things  that  are  fitting 
nd  right,  many  cannot  be  defined 
and  limited  with  entire  accuracy;  oth 
ers  are  so  obvious  and  rnani/est,that, 
in  precise  form  and  measure,  they 
•may  be  claimed  by  those  to  whom  they 
are  due,  and  required  of  those  from 
whom  they  are  due.VHi  ^«A%O"<\*X 

IISI^G. —  A  gentleman  rises  when 
those  ladies  with  whom  he  is  talking 
rise  to  take  their  leave.  Ladies  calling 
do  not  rise  unless  those  who  are  leav- 
ing are  friends  older  than  themselves. 

Some  ladies  only  rise  when  their 
visitors  leave,  others  accompany  them 
as  far  as  the  drawing-room  door, 

Oentlemcn  should  rise  when  ladies  enter. 


any  one, 

no  matter  how  lowly  his  station,  the 

recognition  of  a  bow. 

Ladies  should  recognize  gentlemen  first 
by  making  a  graceful  inclination. 

Simply  bow  to  a  casual  acquaintance, 
but  a  pleasant, cordial  greeting  should 
be  cultivated  among  intimate  friends. 

One  should  not  be  too  forward,  but 
always  friendly  and  courteous.and  the 
first  to  salute. 

In  public  promenades  salute  your  ac 
quaintances  only  the  first  time  you  meet 
them. 

Never  salute  even  your  most  intimaU 
friends  by  nodd ing-it  is  vulgar. 

G-eneral  salutations  of  a  mixed  cow 
pany  are  not  in  vogue.  Etiquette  requires 
us  to  recognize  only  our  friends  and  ac- 


185 


_.— Ridicule,  satire,  and  irony 
-may  be  successfully  and  properly  em- 
ployed to  expose  folly  and  vice;  but  w 
«&•»  which  is  the  indulgence  only  of 
personal  resentment,  is  never  justifia- 
ble. Its  arrows  are  barbed  with  con- 
temptj  and  its  sneers  gall  and  wound. 
tAJ"lF\E. —  Satire  has  a  mixture  of  ill- 
nature,  and  may  be  employed  either 
in  personal  or  grave  matters.  It  may 
be  considered  one  of  the  most  agree- 
able, yet  the  most  dangerous  of  the 
mental  /acuities.  When  -refined,  it  al 
ways  pleases,  but  if  used  to  excess,  it 
is  dreaded.  When  unmixed  with  spite, 
and  the  person  sati-riied  can  take  a 
part  in  the  satire,  it  is  allowable. 
iC^NDAj-. —  Scandal  refers  more  im 
mediately  to  the  nature  of  an  actiori 
than  to  the  character  of  the  person 
It  makes  him  an  object  of  offense, or 
even  of  abhorrence. 

It  is  too  often  that  cruel  stories  run 
as  if  on  wheels,  every  one  adding  oi  I, 
thereby  increasing  the  momentum.  It 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  he  who 
speaks  ill  of  another,  before  he  is  aware 
makes  himself  such  a  one  as  he  speaks 
against.  No  one  with  civility  and  good 
breeding  will  indulge  in  such  talk. 
iCHOLA^SVlIP — Scholarship  without 
good  breeding  puts  one's  faults  in  bold 
er  relief,  and,  except  by  accident,  ca.n 
not  be  said  to  be  the  measure  of  one's 

SCHOOL,. —  \(  teachers  expect  polite  treat 
went  from  their  scholars,  they  themselves 
must  set  the  example.  If  you  would  in- 
spire manliness  in  others, first  find  the 


man  in  yourself.  Children  have  more 
need  of  -models  than  of  critics. 

Teachers  should  understand  tha* 
•many  of  their  pupils  have  been  -neg- 
lected at  home  as  regards  training  in 
good  morals  and  gentle  manners, and 
that  by  giving  a  little  extra  time  to 
this  subject  in  the  school- room,  those 
neglected  pupils  would  oain  a  knowl- 
edoe  which,  in  after  life,  would  prove 
a  blessing. 

Teachers  should  address  you.nj  miss- 
es as, "Miss  Dora," "Miss  J«.|ia,"etc. 
Young  boys  (too  young  to  be  addressed 
asM-r.)  should  be  addressed  as  "Mas- 
ter B-runimitt,""MasterBishop,"etc. 
Pupils  should  be  obliged  to  say"  Yes, 
ma'am,"  "No, -ma'am,""  What, -tna'arn" 
never-,  yes, no,  or  what. 

The  chief  cause  assigned  for  the  con- 
tinuance and  diffusion  of  moral  senli- 
ments  is  \\ft\VtX\o\\.  The  efficacy  of 
this  principle  is  most  observable  in  chil- 
dren; indeed,  if  there  be  anything  In 
them  which  deserves  the -name  of  an'vft 

In  consideration  of  this  fact,  cannot  any 
teacher  see  that  the  entire  atmosphere  of 
her  school-room  is  dependent  upon  trifles? 
If  she,  by  her  own  actions,  and  in  accord 
ance  with  her  requirements,  insures  kind- 
ness and  politeness  from  all  to  all,  she 
way  feel  almost  sure  of  the  success  of 
her  school. 

No  teacher,  unless  deficient  in  good 
judgment,  and  careless  as  to  the  secu- 
rity of  his  or  her  position,  will  speak 
disrespectfully  of  the  pupils'  parents, 
blaming  them  for  the  pupils'  lack  of 
interest  in  school,  truancy,etc.  Such 
a  course  is  highly  reprehensible  iii  the 
teacher.  Belter  assume  that  the  parents 
would  be  displeased  with  anything  wrong 
in  the  pupils. 

It  is  natural  for  a  teacher  lo  feel 
•more  attached  to  those  who  are  kind.po 
lite,  and  attentive,  and  who  manifest  a 
disposition  to  be  agreeable;  yet  it  does 
not  follow  that  he  shall  dislike  or  hate 
those  who  have  not  tried  to  win  his  fa- 
vor. The  term  ^y<\!v8X\\\i  is  interpreted 
by  the  pupils  as  indicating  a  want  of 
fairness  on  the  part  of  the  teacher,  and 
when  the  impression  takes  hold  of  some 
•minds,  it  is  almost  impossible  by  any  rea 
soninji  to  remove  it;  hence,  the  impor- 
tance of  being  kind,  attentive, and  faith 
ful  to  every  one  in  school. 

SCOpFlflO- — This  is  a  general  way  of 
expressing  contempt,  and  may  be  done 
by  gibes,  jeers,  sneers,  opprobrious  lan- 
guage, or  contemptuous  looks.  To  scoff 
at  religion  is  to  set  at  naugnt  all  thoughts 
of  decorum,  and  to  openly  avow  the  lit 
tie  estimation  in  which  it  is  held. 

SCOLDIflO.  —  To  utt«r  harsh, rude, or 
boisterous  rebukes,  sharply  and  in  a 
coarse  manner,  is  to  lessen  our  influ- 
ence over  those  whom  we  would  exer- 
cise our  control.  Socrates  who  had  a. 
scolding  wife  said  that  he  became  so 
accustomed  to  expect  it  that  a  scold- 


ing  offended  him  no  more  than  the  raise 
of  carriages  in  the  streets. 
SCOF\N .  —  Scorn  implies  the  stripping 
of  all  honors  and  exposing  to  deris- 
ion, which  situation  is  the  cau.se  of 
scorn.  Scorn  marks  the  sentiments 
of  a  little,  vain  mind,  as  a  beautiful 
woman  looks  with  wnv  on  her  whom 
she  despises  for  the  want  of  this  natural 
gift. 

SEAJS. —  Should  a  lady  offer  to  scat  her- 
self  beside  a  gentleman,  he  should  rise 
at  once  and  give  her  the  choice  of  seals. 

When  offered  a  seat  in  the  street  car, 
accept  the  same  with  audible  thanks. 

A  lady,  an  elderly  person,  or  an  inva- 
lid is  entitled  to  the_  most  comfortable 
seat  and  position  in  the  room. 

When  callmo,ftis  disrespectful  to 
the  lady  of  the  hou.se  /or  one  to  offer 
to  another  the  seat  assigned  himself. 

Unless  -reserved,  or  with  a  lady, gen- 
tlemen should  vacate  their  seals  in  fa- 
vor of  ladies  o-r  elderly  gentlemen  who 
may  be  standing. 

E$F\ETS.—  The  only  absolutely  safe 
way  of  keeping  secrets  is  not  to  im- 
part them  to  any  person.  As  a  rule, 
the  truest,  safest,  and  best  confidants 
are  the  mother,  the  father,  and  the 
teacher. 

One  should  be  exceedingly  careful 
of  the  secrets  of  the  family  where  he 
lives;  f-rom  whence  hardly  the -most 
indifferent  circumstance  must  be  di- 
vulged. 

Too  great  care  cannot  be  exercised 
in  seeking  the  confidence  of  others; 
for,  if  the  secret  entrusted  should  hap- 
pen to  take  air,  though  we  be  inno- 
cent of  its  disclosure,  it  is  odds  but  it 
is  imputed  to  our  infidelity.  However, 
if  a  trust  be  reposed  in  us,  we  should 
suffer  torture,  -rather  than  disclose  it. 

We  should  be  cautious  about  our  own 
designs,  and  never  talk  about  them  un- 
til they  have  taken  place,  and  even  then 
exercise  a  reasonable  silence,  lest  it  should 
prejudice  our  future  actions.  To  proclaim 
one's  skill,  is  to  beat  an  alarm  to  those 
with  whom  he  deaJs,  for  he  that  draws 
his  sword  puts  every-body  else  on  his 
guard. 

We  should  regard  every  matter  an 
entrusted  secret,  which  we  believe 
the  person  concerned  would  wish  to 
be  considered  as  such;  emphatically.all 
entrusted  secrets  which  would  bring 
scandal  upon  another  if  told, and  which 
it  is  not  our  certain  duty  to  discuss. 

Generally  speaking,  a  man  keeps  an- 
other person's  secret  better  than  his 
own,  but  a  woman  keeps  her  own  secret; 
though  she  blabs  all  others;  a  fool  tells 
a  see-ret  because  he  is  a  fool ;  a  knave 
tells  it  because  it  is  to  his  interest  to 
do  so;  a  young  man  tells  it  from  the 
vanity  of  having  been  trusted;  and 
a  young  woman  tell  It  because  the 
other  two  of  *he  th-ree  a-re  not  dead, 
she  can't  help  it -it  Is  so  hot  that  it 
burns  its  way  out. 


186 


ENTERED  SPIRIT  LIFE 

March  19,1933. 
Aged  l9Y's2M's 

Death  lies 
on  her  like  an 
untimely  frost 
upo-n  (he sweet- 
est flower  of  a 

the  field. 


SADIE  MILL, 

BORN  INTO SUMMEBIANC 

October  13,1933. 
Aged  !8Y's3M's. 


COflTlNllEJX— We  should  b 
very  modest  in  urging  a  friend  to  dis 
covet  a  secret,  as  it  -may  expose  him  t 
somebody's  displeasure  when  it  is  afte 
ward  learned  that  he  was  the  object  o 
OUT  confidence.  Our  desire  for  aid  orfo 
sympathy  should  riot  be  indulged  by  dra 
ging  other  people  i-nto  our  misfortunes. 
For  a  lady  to  divulge,  even  to  her-mo; 
intimate  friend,  her  non-acceptance  of  a 
invitation  from  a  gentleman,  or  the  r 
jection  of  a  proposal,  or  even  the  conten 
of  any  of  her  love  letters,  is  a  horrid  ou 
rage  upon  the  most  holy  and  exalte 
feelings  of"  the  human  soul;  it  is  a  vu 
garis-m  and  wickedness  to  be  compare 
to  blasphemy.  That  a  gentleman  isofte 
injured, or  wronged,  and  his  feelinjs  IT 
den  upon,  by  such  disclosure,  adds  bu 
a  blacker  dye  to  one  of  the  meanes 
things  that  a  woman  can  do. 

SELF-GOplCE,IT. —  Self-conceit  is  a  vi 
cious  habit  of  the  mind.  Such  a  perso 
is  always  -much  concerned  about  righ 
and  wrong,  but  it  is  only  that  which  h 
conceives  to  be  right  or  wrong.  Self-co 
ceit  is  needed  to  discover  or  in-tag  in i 
faults;  and  it  is  much  easier  for  an  i 
•Matured  man  than  fora  ijood-nature 
man  to  be  sharp  and  wiltu. 

SE.LF-COrgFlDE;NCE,.- Self-confidence 
at  the  same  time  a  virtue  and  a  vice 
As  a  virtue  it  is  the  first  requisite  of  a 
great  undertaking;  it  is  the  great  cha 
acteristic  of  men  of  active  9enins,no 
springing  from  self-conceit,  bu-t  from  a 
intense  identification  of  the  man  wit 
his  object,  Iiftin9  him  above  the  fear  o 
dan9er ,  and  communicating  an  almo 
superhuman  audacity  to  his  will. 

As  a  vice  it  is  the  badijc  of  ignorance  an 
the  curse  of  fools.  It  is  a  petty  pride  in 
one's  own  narrowness.  As  a  sclf-co 
ceited  person  thinks  only  of  his  own  < 
pinion,  a  self-confident  person  refuse 
the  assistance  of  every  one  in  whateve 
he  is  called  upon  to  do. 


.—  To  rei9n  within  one's 
self,  and  rule  his  passions,  desires,  an  d 
fears,  is  to  exercise  a  rare  and  valua- 
ble accomplishment.  To  conquer  self 
is  to  avoid  ruin  on  the  side  of  our  nat- 
ural propensities. 

SELF-DEJMlM-.—  It  is  safer  and  wiser 
to  somewhat  abate  our  lawful  enjoy- 
ments, than  to  9ratify  our  desires 
to  the  utmost  extent  of  what  is  per- 
mitted. Self-denial  is  indispensable  to 
a  strong  character,  and  there  never 
did  and  never  will  exist  anything 
permanently  noble  and  excellent  in 
a  character  without  if. 

SEL.F-EiSTE.Ervl  —  He  who  fancies  him. 
self  an  abstraction  of  excellence,  so 
far  from  being  great,  may  be  assured 
that  he  is  equally  ignorant  of  excel- 
lence or  defect  of  hirnself  or  others. 
One's  opinion  of  hitnsel/  wants  dis- 
tance, time,  and  numbers  to  confirm 
it.  Whoever  knows  not  where  to  look 
for  truth,  save  in  the  narrow  well 
of  self,  will  find  his  own  image  at 
the_  bottom,  and  mistake  it  for  what 
he  is  seeking. 


To  be  able  to  restrain  . 
our  feelings,  to  -master  g 
our  passions,to  steady  ' 
our  nerves,  and  to  com-  a  ^ 
mand  suitable  language  '3£ 
for  every  occasion  i  s 
invaluable.  The  di  f- 
ferent  temperaments 
of  people  are  unfavorable  to  success 
in  good  society.  Though  habits  of  jiv- 
ing vent  to  ou-r  malevolent  feelings, 
nervousness,  etc.,  be  difficult  to  over- 
come, an  easy,  grace/ul,  self-balanced 
behavior  is  attainable  by  every  one  who 
will  try  earnestly  and  persevering  ly 
to  acquire  it. 

SElF-^ESPEjCT.—  One  who  will  aban- 
don himself  is  not  worthy  of  ad-mi- 
ration. True  self-respect  is  not  to  think 
of  one's  self  too  highly,  and  may  be 
regarded  as  the  corner-stone  of  all 

SELF-SACRIFICE.—  Every  one  who  has 

come  to  true  greatness  Has  felt  in  some 

degree  that  his  life  belongs  to  his  race 
and  not  wholly  to  hirnself.  All  mate- 
rial things  may  easily  be  given  away, 
but  when  a  man  -makes  a  gift  of  his 
daily  life  and  practice,  it  is  plain  that 
the  spirit  of  self-sacrifice  has  taken  pos- 
session of^  him. 

SELFISHNESS.—  When  we  are  nur- 
turing selfish-ness  at  the  expense  of 
the  happiness  of  others,  we  are  cheat- 
ing no  one  else  as  much  as  ourselves; 
for  one  who  is  selfish  sacrifices  the 
nobler  for  the  meaner  ends,and  tnust 
be  sordidly  content  therewith.  Those 
who  deny  others  everything  are  in- 
famous <\>r  refusing  themselves  noth- 
ing. 

^NS^.  —  With  men  of  capacity,  younj 
me-ti  -may  not  only  improve  their  un- 
derstanding by  conversing,  but  may 
have  the  benefit  o<  their  whole  judg- 
ment and  experience,  whenever  puz- 
zled by  any  difficulty.  Men  of  supe- 
rior sense  and  candor  will  always 
exercise  a  ready  and  flowing  indigence 


towards  those  who  entreat  thair  favor, 
and  are  never  more  pleased  *han 
when  they  have  an  opportunity  to 
make  their  talents  more  serviceable 
to  mankind.  Prudence,  address,  deco- 
rum, correctness  o/  speech,  elevation 
of -mind,  and  dejicacy  ofmanners.rnay 
be  learned  in  this  noble  school. 

SENSIBILITY—  The  keenness  of  sen 
sibility  is  shown  from  the  fact  that 
there  are  moments  when  petty  slights 
are  harder  to  bear  than  even  a  seri- 
ous injury  at  other  times.  Its  delica- 
cy is  seen  in  that  the  heart  that  i  s 
soonest  awake  to  the  flowers,  is  al 
ways  the  first  to  be  touched  by  the 
thorns.  When  sensibility  is  ill-di- 
rected, or  uncontrolled,  it  is  a  snare, 
and  the  source  a(  every  temptation. 

SEf\V/\NT — When  at  the  tabte,speak 


I  thank  you.."  A  servant  should  new- 
er be  reproved  in  the  prenence  of  com 
pany.  The  best  way  to  have  a  good 
servant  is  to  let  him  know  that  he 
has  a  good  master. 


Is  bold  ........... 

Is  courageous  .... 

Labors  inthefield  .. 
Talks  to  persuade  .. 
Has  a  daring  heart.  .  . 
Has  power  ........ 

Has  justice  ....... 

Has  strength  ..... 

Combats  with  enemy.. 
Strokes  with  world.. 
He  has  crosses  ..... 

His  days  are  sad..  .  . 

Distinguished  by  truth. 
Keeps  others'  secrets  . 
Seeks  independence. 
Challenges  attack  .  . 
Cultivates,  foresight  . 
rofanes  &pd's  name. 


Is  beautiful 

Is  timid 

Labors  at  home... 
Talks  to  please  — 
A  tender  and  lovino  ore 

Has  taste 

Has  mercy 

Has  love- 

Prepares  his  repast . . 
Sweetens  his  existence. 
She  softens  them  . . 
She  comforts  hj-tn.. 
Disting'd  by  purity  . 
Keeps  her  own  secrets. 
Solicits  confidence.. 
Flees  from  assault . 
Reposes  in  the  present. 
Reverences  it. 


This  is  one  of,  the 

four  forms  of  salu 

tation(q.v.J.  In  thus  saluting,  t  he 

hands  should  be  grasped  firmly  for 

only  a  -moment,  without  any  display 

offeree,  and  after  shaking  moderately, 

released. 

Always  remove  tho  glove  in  offering 
the  hand  to  a  friend  in  the  house,  bul 
in  the  street  the  glove  may  be  retain- 
ed by  apologizing  for  the  covered  hand. 

A  ge-ntleman  does  not  first  offer 
to  shake  hands  with  a  lady,  unless  very 
familiar;  it  isV\«rt  privilege. 

Shaking  hands  with  a  person  to 
whom  you  are  introduced  is  option- 
al .yiw.  V\V«s&\xc\\o"<\^  . 
hl/\rv\E.  —  Shame  is  the  direct  conse- 
quence of  misconduct.  Those  who 
yield  to  their  passions,  or  arc  garden- 
ed in  their  vicious  courses,  are  insensi- 
ble to  both  shame  and  disgrace.  One 
who  has  lost  the  sense  of  shame  has 
lost  himself.  Of  all  evils  to  the  gener- 
ous, shame  should  be  looked  upon  as 
the  most  deadly  pang.  _ 


187 


>. — One  should  not  endeavor 
to  shfne  in  all  companies,  but  leave 
room  for  his  hearers  to  imagine  some- 
thing within  him  beyond  what  he  has 
said. 

ifytylpG-. — Those  who  shave  should 
be  careful  to  do  so  often,  as  nothing 
looks  worse  than  a  stubby  beard.  If 
a  man's  beards  are  very  strong,  he 
should  shave  from  two  to  three  limes 
a  week,  and  always  the' day  on  which 
he  attends  a  party  during  the  evening. 

>n\E. — One  should  avoid  using  thewords 
"she"  or"he"  accompanied  by  a  nod 
or  a  jerk  of  the  thumb  in  the  direction 
of  the  person  spoken  of,  but  repeat 
the  name  of  the  lady  or  gentleman. 

iV(O^S. —  Easy,  well-fitting  shoes  or 
boots,  with  good, broad  heels,  half  an 
inch  in  height,  are  not  onlu  a  prevent- 
ive, but  a  cure  for  corns.  Hiph,  point- 
ed or  narrow  heels  should  never  be 
worn  by  ladies.  The  shoes  fo-r  the 
street  should  be  high,  warm,  and  easy 
to  the  feet,  and  should  always  be  neat 
ly  blackened  and  polished. 

Should  a  lady's  shoe  become  unlaced, 
a  gentleman  in  whose  company  she 
is,  should  not  fail  to  apprise  her  of  tt, 
respectfully,  and  offer  his  assistance. 
A  gentleman  may  lace  a  shoe  or  hook 
a  dress  with  perfect  propriety,  and 
should  be  able  to  do  so  gracefully. 

•HOPPING- — When  visiting  stores  for 
the  purpose  of  examining  or  purchas- 
ing goods,  one  should  be  courteous 
and  aimiable.  Speak  with  kindness  to 
the  clerks,  politely  requesting  (not  or- 
dering) them  to  show  any  article.  (Jive 
them  no  more  trouble  than  is  necessa- 
ry, and  thank  them  for  the  attentions 
they  have  shown.  On  approaching  or 
leaving  their  counter,  say  pleasantly, 
"Good-morning,"  or  "(rood-day." 

Never  attempt  to  "beat  down"the 
price  of  an  article.  If  the  price  does  not 
suit, there  is  no  obligation  to  buy,  and 
there  is  always  a  privileg  of  going  else- 
where. 

Avoid  expressing  an  opinion  about  an 
article  or  its  price  another  is  purchas- 
ing, unlesc  requested  to  do  so;  as  this 
would  be  offering  a  gratuitous  insult 
to  the  clerk  making  the  sale. 

Wait  patiently  for  your  turn  ifoth- 
e-rs  be  in  advance  of  you.  Never  make 
unfavorable  comparisons  between  the 
9oods  you  are  examining  and  those 
of  another  store. 


SHOVV When  we  speak  of  a  thing  as 

mere  «.V\o\M,  it  is  signified  that  what  is 
shown  is  all  that  exists,  and  rnay  be 
termed  mere  o\x\s\A«.,  as  consisting 
only  of  wha-t  is  on  the  o\\\s\k«,. 

A  man  makes  a«:>\\ovN  of  his  equi- 
page, furniture,  etc.,  by  which  he  strikes 
the  eye  of  the  vulgar,  and  seeks  to  im- 
press them  with  an  idea  of  his  wealth 
and  superior  rank.  This  is  often  the 
paltry  refuge  of  weak  minds  to  con- 
ceal their  nothingness. 
HllNfllflO. —  Shunning  consists  sim- 
ply of  going  out  of  the  way, or  avoiding 
a  meeting  or  coming  in  contact.  If  for 
any  reason  any  one  has  made  him- 
self offensive  to  us,  we  may  shun  him 
by  turning  into  another  road,  but  it 
would  be  more  manly  in  many  cases 
to  face  him,  unless  danger  is  anticipa- 
ted. 

»H(NE]SS Shyness  is  disinclination 

to  familiarly  approach  any  one.  It  is 
very  ungraceful,  and  a  positive  injury 
to  any  one  afflicted  with  it.  A  person 
who  blushes,  stammers,  and  fidgets 
in  the  presence  of  strangers  will  not 
create  a  very  good  impression  upon 
their  winds  as  to  his  personal  worth 
and  educational  advantages.  Shyness 
may  be  overcome  by  a  determined 
mixing  in  society.  One  who  knows 
the  world  will  not  be  troubled  with 
shyness. 

((CKN^SS. — All  are  liable  to  be  sick, 
necessitating  thecarefu-l  attendance  of 
others  during  the  period  of  disability. 
This  care  usually  devolves  on  women, 
and  none  should  consider  themselves 
exempt  from  the  charge.  Experienced 
nurses  may  be  employed,  but  the  anx- 
iety and  responsibility  is  still  with  the 
mistress.  Af-fection,  thoughtful  care, 
and  all  those  little  attentions  which  make 
the  sole  comfort  of  a_n  invalid,cannot  be 
secured  through  a  hired  nurse,  who  is 
only  a  species  of  human -machine that 
mechanically  performs  its  duties.  There 
are  few  excellent  and  kind-hearted 
professional  nurses,  but  many  who 
have  become,  as  it  were,  petrified  by 
the  habitual  contemplation  of  suffer 
ing,  and  who  merely  regard  the  pa- 
tient with  a  business-like  eye.  The 
kindness  and  attention  of  the  -nurse 
often  work  far  greater  marvels  than 
the  skill  of  the  physician*,  for  she  is 
there  every  hour,  sees  every  change,and 
can  minister  to  every  little  want.  The 
distinguishing  characteristics  which  will 
best  adapt  a  nurse  for  fulfilling  her  du- 
ties are,  gentleness,  watchfulness,  firm- 
ness, judgment,  delicacy  of  feeling,  and 
a  truly  Christian  spirit. 
ilD^WAJJ^.—  Any  obstruction  of  the 
sidewalk  by  holding  long  conversations 
thereon,  is  very  discourteous.  The  right 
of  every  person  to  his  share  of  the  side- 
walk should  be  respected.  It  is  only  the 
rude,  low-bred  woman,  or  the  bluster- 
ing bully  that  assert  their  vulgarity 
by  refusing  to  give  the  half  of  the  pave- 
ment. It  is  better  for  a  lady  or  gentle- 
man to  leave  the  sidewalk  than  to  cone 
in  collision  with  such  Hotspurs. 


In  order  to  avoid  the  inconvenience  and 
danger  of  a  collision,  persons  should 
keep  to  the  right  when  passing  each 
other  on  the  pavement. 

ilGNAJlJUE.— A  scrawling  signa- 
ture,like  long  hair,  does  not  consti- 
tute genius.  One  should  be  careful 
how  he  draws  upon  himself  the  rid- 
icule of  being  a  shallow  pretender  by 
adopting  it 

SILENCE.  — When  one  keeps  silence, 
sometimes,  upon  subjects  of  which 
he  is  known  to  be  a  judge,  his  si- 
lence, when  from  ignorance, will  not 
discover  him. 

There  is  no  time  that  silence  shows 
itself  to  greater  advantage,  than  when 
it  is  made  the  reply  to  base  calumny 
and  defamation. 

SIMPLICITY— It  will  be  found  that 
the  simpler, and  the  more  easy  and 
unconstrained  one's  manners,  th« 
more  he  will  impress  people  with  his 
good  breeding.  Affectation  is  one  of 
the  brazen  marks  of  vulgarity. 

A  well-educated  and  finely  cultur- 
ed person  proclaims  himself  by  the 
simplicity  and  terseness  of  his  lan- 
g  uage .  V^^  ^"<  w^  • 

The  supreme  excellence  in  char- 
acter, in  manners,  in  style,  briefly, 
in  all  things,  is  simplicity.  Simplic- 
ity and-purity  may  be  regarded  as 
the  two  wings  with  which  mat) soars 
above  all  that  is  gross, vulgar,  and 
unrefined.  Simplicity  is  in  the  inten- 
tion, and  purity  in  the  affection. 

SI(V)CEF\ITY.—  To  create  confidence 
in  those  with  whom  we  deal,  arid 
save  the  labor  of  making  manyjn- 
quiries,  we  should  speak  as  we  think, 
do  as  we  pretend  and  profess,  per- 
form and  make  good  what  we  prom- 
ise, and  really  be  what  we  would  ap- 
pear and  seem  to  be. 

SlfJ&lfJO-. —  Avoid  singing,  humming 
or  whistling  to  yourself,  in  walking. 
If  requested  to  sin?  and  play  for 
the  entertainment  of  the  company, 
do  so  promptly  without  having  to  be 
urged. 

S(Tf  IfJG-. —  Gracefulness  should  be 
studied  in  sitting  the  same  as  in  oth- 
er actions.  We  should  never  assume 
a  lounging  position,  but  sit  erect, 
yet  not  stiff  and  ungainly.  Do  not 
extend  the  feet,  spread  them  apart,  or 
rest  them  on  the  rungs  of  the  chair. 
Never  sit  astride  of  a  chair,  nor  tilt 
it  back  against  the  wall  or  furniture. 

SL/VNDEf\. — Any  false  report,  mali- 
ciously put  in  circulation  to  injure 
another's  good  name,  is  sland_er.  It 
is  in  the  associations  of  society 
that  slander  is  most  frequently  met 
with;  as  here,jealousy,  envy,  and  an- 
ger have  most  to  excite  them  to  ac- 
tivity. Bad  passions, and  the  abnor- 
mal desire  of  telling  news,  are  re- 
sponsible for  this  unfortunate  form 
of  falsifying.  Np  practice  is  more  dan 
gerous  to  individuals  and  to  society, 
since  neither  purity,  innocenc«,nor 
integrity  is  proof  against  the  pois- 
on of  a  malicious  tongue. 


Sb\NO-.—  Avoid  as  hateful  all  use  of 
slang  terms;  they  are  too  suggestive 
of  low  company  and  associates;  they 
are  the  cant  of  sharpers,  and  the  lin- 
go of  vulgar  people.  To  use  slang  ha- 
bitually and  knowingly, is  a  sign  of 
coarse  association,  a  gross  mind,  and 
poverty  of  language. 

In  addition  to  the  slang  of  the  low- 
erclasses,  or  of'  out-door  life,  there 
is  the  slang  of  the  drawing-room;  in 
short,  every  profession  has  its  own 
set  of  expressions,  which  should  be 
avoided  in  general  society. 

SLOTH.— Sloth  is  torpidity  of  the  men 
tal  faculties.  It  is  an  inlet  to  various 
disorders,  which  make  way  for  licen- 
tiousness. People  who  have  nothing  to 
do,are  characterized  by  slothfulness, 
and  soon  become  tired  of  their  own 
c  om  pan  y . 

SNllu^S.  —  A  smile  embellishes  an  in- 
ferior face,  and  redeems  an  uglu  one; 
but  the  "perpetual  smile"  s_hould  not 
be  tolerated.  A  habitual  smile  becomes 
insipid.  If  the  mouth  be  allowed  to 
break  into  a  smile  on  one  _side,  while 
the  ot-her  side  remains  passive  and  un- 
moved, there  is  imparted  to  the  face 
an  air  of  deceit  and  protesqueness.  A 
disagreeable  smile  distorts  the  lines 
of  beauty,  and  is  more  repulsive 'than 
a  frown.  Of  the  many  kinds  of  smiles 
some  announce  goodness  and  sweet 
ness;  some  betray  sarcasm, bitterness, 
and  pride;  some  soften  the  countenance 
by  their  languishing  tenderness;  and 
others  brighten  by  their  spiritual  vi- 
vacity. 

SIV\OKJNG-.—  G-entlemen  do  not  smoke 
when  driving  or  walking  with  ladies, 
nor  on  promenades  much  frequent 
ed,  where  they  can  not  remove  the 
cigar  from  the  mouth  whenever  they 
meet  a  lady. 

Should  a  lady  assure  a  gentleman 
that  smoking  is  not  offensive,  he  has 
no  right  to  presume  on  her  forbear- 
ance in  that  matter,  and  give  the 
impression  to  those  who  pass  that 
they  are  both  devoid  of  the  culture 
exhibited  by  well-bred  people. 

A  gentleman  will  not  at  any  time 
smoke  in  the  parlor,  though  there  be 
no  others  present. 

It  is  ungentle-manly  to  smoke  at  all 
in  public,  and  none  but  a  ruffian 
will  inflict  upon  society  the  odor  of 
a  bad  cigar. 


SfjEEF\S.  —  Sneer  is  connected  with 
sneeze  and  nose,  the  member  by  which 
sneering  is  performed.  One  who  sneers 
at  another  or  at  religion,  does  so  some- 
what slylu,  but  his  malignity  is  none 
the  less.  He  wishes  to  bring  the  object 
into  contempt,  but  leave  himself  free 
from  any  appearance  of  contempt.  A 
sneerer  is  the  most  contemptible  of 
contemptible  objects.  It  always  marks 
the  egotist,  the  fool,  and  the  knave. 
fjE^ZIfJO.—  Sneezina  beinq  an  invol- 
untary act,  is  unavoidable.  If  obliged 
to  sneeze  when  at  the  table,  appl  y 
the  napkin  or  handkerchief  to  the 
face  and  tur-n  the  head  from  the  table 

S[*llfp.  —  The  "sniffy"  woman,  whet  h 
er  at  home  or  abroad,  impresses  the 
true  gentlewoman  as  of  low  origin. 

SflOBS.— For  one  to  affect  to  be  bet- 
ter, richer,  or  more  fashionable,  than 
he  really  is,  is  snobbery.  He  who  mean 
ly  admires  a  mean  thing,  or  forsakes 
his  own  f-riends,  meanly  to  follow 
after  those  of  a  higher  degree,  is  a 

SOCIABILITY  — There  are  always 
those  who  are  embarrassed  mote 
or  less  from  a  lack  of  self-posses- 
sion, and  thereby  prevented,  fro -m 
being  as  sociable  as  they  would  oth 
erwise  be.  This  being  true,  we  shoul< 
bear  in  -mind  that  it  is  our  duty  to 
assist  in  entertaining  and  -making 
others  happy.  The  aged,  the  sicU 
and  the  deformed  should  receive  par- 
ticular attention.  A  kind  word  anc 
a  pleasant  smile  should  be  ready 
for  every  one. 

SOCIABLE. —  At  the  sociable  or  smal 
party,  is  manifested  all  the  striking 
phases  of  character.  The  excitement 
incident  to  such  an  assemblage  tends 
to  exhibit  the  natural  dispositions  of 
each  individual.  Those  in  attendance 
should  avoid  being  noisy,  rude,  or  in 
considerate,  as  well  as  cold,  formal, 
and  constrained,  tames  and  amuse 
ments  of  various  kinds  are  brought 
into  requisition,  that  all-may  contrib 
ute  to  the  enjoyment  of  the  occasion. 

SOCI/\LCIFlClX—  It  is  only  those 
persons  and  families  whose  position 
is  not  a  secure  one,  that  are  afraid 
to  be  seen  outside  their  own  social 
circle.  % 

SOCIAL  LA^W.  — Social  law  may  be 
defined  as  a  rule  of  action  prescrib 
ed  by  good  society,  commanding  what 
is  -right  and  prohibiting  what  is  wrong 
in  the  intercourse  of  its  members 
This  law  is  based  upon  the  principles 
of  -morality,  and  is  known  under  the 
name  of  politeness.  The  law  requires 
that  we  exercise  our  faculties  to  secure 
the  approbation,  and  as  far  as  practi- 
cable, the  admiration  of  all  with  whom 
we  come  in  contact.  Right  thinking 
and  acting  are  necessary  to  the  for- 
mation of  those  habits  of  body  and 
mind,  without  which  good  -manners 
would  exist  only  in  name. 


SOCIE(T\.  —  All  iritHabilily  and  gloom 
must  be  thrown  off  when  we  enter 
society.  It  may  be  compared  with  a 
lawn,  where  every  roughness  is  smooth- 
ed, every  bramble  eradicated,  and  whe-re 
the  eye  is  delighted  by  the  smiling  verd- 
ure of  a  velvet  surface. 

Society,  unlike  the  State -governed 
by  statutory  laws,  has  only  one  law, 
and  that  is  custom.  Obedience  to  it 
is  mandatory,  else  the  consequences 
must  be  suffered.  Popular  privileges 
are  consistent  with  great  inequality 
of  rank  and  position. 

SOLITllDEj. —  It  seems  that  a  certain 
degree  of  solitude  is  necessary  to  the 
full  growth  and  proper  development 
of  the  human  mind.  Solitude  should 
be  allowed  to  take  its  turn  with  com- 
pany: the  one  creates  in  us  the  love 
o(  mankind,  the  other  that  of  our- 
selves. Solitude  relieves  us  when  we 
have  become  wearied  from  company, 
and  conversation  when  we  are  wea- 
ry of  being  alone. 

SOf\F\OW. —  Sorrow  arises  from  the 
untoward  circumstances  which  per- 
petually arise  in  life.  A  disappointment; 
our  own  mistake,  or  the  negligence 
of  others,  cause  sorrow.  Sorrow  is 
not  without  its  uses.  We  darken  the 
cage  of  a  bird  to  make  it  sing;  night 
brings  out  the  stars;  and  sorrows  re 
Veal  to  us  many  truths.  A  small 
grievance  makes  u.s  beside  ourselves, 
and  a  great  sorrow  makes  us  retire 
within  ourselves. 

SOUP. — At  the  table,  soup  is  always  first 
served-one  ladle  to  each  plate.  Eat  it 
from  the  side  of  your  spoon.  Do  not 
take  it  too  hot;  and  do  not  ask  twice 
for  it,  dip  up  the  last  spoonfuls,  or 
tilt  your  plate  to  get  at  it.  Never  blow 
into  it  *o  make  it  cool. 

SPE^ECVt.  —  It  is  well  to  remember  that 
frequently  where  "speech  is  silvern, 
silence  is  golden." 

While  speaking,  do  not  loll  about, 
scratch  your  head,  or  fidget  with  any 
portion  of  your  dress. 

Avoid  speaking  when  others  speak, 
and  let  your  discourse  with  rrien_of 
business  be  short  and  comprehensive. 
Whoever  indulges  in  too  much  free- 
dom of  speech,  is  likely  to  hear  some- 
thing in  return  that  he  will  not  like. 
When  speech  is  properly  used,  our 
wants  are  concealed  to  a  greater  ex- 
tent than  they  are  expressed. 

SplTE].  —  Spite,  though  a  little  word, 
represents  as  strange  a  jumble  of  feel- 
ings and  compounds  of  discord.asanjl 
word  in  the  English  language.  Spite 
denotes  a  petty  kind  of  malice, or  dis 
position  to  offend  another  in  trifling 
matters,  trudge  is  spile  that  has  long 
existed.  Rancor  is  continued  haired 
Malice  is  the  love  of  evil  for  evil's sakt 
Pique  is  spite  that  is  of  recent  date. 
All  of  these  feelings  are  indulged  to 
gratify  a  private  appetite,  and  repre 
sent  littleness  and  ignorance. 


189 


SPITTING-.— Spilling  is  a  filthy  habit, 
and  annoys  one  in  almost  every 
quarter,  in-doors  and  out.  The  spit- 
ting connected  with  the  use  of  tobac- 
co detracts  very  greatly  from  its  en- 
joyment. No  refined  person  will  spit 
where  ladies  are  present,  or  in  any 
public. promenade;  the  habit  is  disgust 
ing  in  the  extreme,  and  one  would 
almost  wish  that  it  could  be  checked 
in  public  by  means  of  law.  All  that 
can  be  hoped  is  that  those  addicted 
to  the  indulgence  will  neither  inter- 
fere with  their  neighbors'  rights  nor 
offend  their  tastes.  No  gentleman  will 
spit  in  company,  upon  I  he  carpet, or 
on  the  stove.  Notwithstanding  that 
spittoons  are  provided  in  -most  par- 
lors and  sitting-rooms,  it  is  a  sorry 
confession  that  some  visitors  are  sel- 
fish, ill-bred  people. 

pOOfl.— When  the  fork  is  not  suitable 
for  conveying  the  food  to  the  mouth,  al- 
ways use  the  spoon.  If  there  be  a  sep- 
arate spoon  or  butter-knife  for  each 
dish  and  butter-plate  on  the  table,  it 
\j  considered  impolite  for  a  gu-est  to 
help  himself  with  his  own  knife  or 
spoon  when  wanting  sauce  or  butter. 
In  the  absence  of  such,  the  guest  must 
be  careful  to  clean  his  knife  or  spoon 
upon  a  slice  of  bread  before  usinj  it. 

SPY- —  A  spy  or  emissary  is  appointed 
to  secure  information  concerning  an 
other's  movements  and  plans.  The  em 
issary  mixes  with  the  people  to  whom  he 
is  sent,  but  the  spy  keeps  at  a  distance 
from  all  but  such  as  may_aid  him  in 
his  object.  If  spies  and  emissaries  are 
dishonorable  and  disgraceful  in  time 
of  war,  they  are  much  more  so  in  bu- 
siness and  social  circles,  where  their  ob- 
jects are  almost  wholly  illegitimate. 

SQjjE^Iv\lsH'  —  One  who  is  foolishly 
sick  or  easily  disgusted  is  said  to  be 
squeamish.  A  female  is  squeamish  in 
the  choice  of  her  own  dress,  company, 
words,etc.  A  cure  for  squeamishness 
is  restraint  of  humor  and  caprice. 

SG^JEE.ZE..—  It  is  impolite  tosqueeze 
the  hand  of  another  so  closely  as  to 
display  force,  when  shaking  hands. 

To  squeeze  another  in  order  to  g  et 
that  which  is  given  with  reluctance  or 
difficulty,  is  extortion. 

ST^BlLlT\.  —  Stability  respects  the  o- 
pinions;  constancy,  the  a f Sections; 
steadiness,  the  action  or  the  motives 
of  action;  and  firmness,  the  purpose 
Of  resolution. 


Stability  prevents  from  varying, 
and  bears  up  the  wind  from  all  of 
the  movements  of  levity  or  curiosi- 
ty, which  a  diversity  of  objects  -might 
produce.  Stability  of  character  is  to 
be  coveted  in  all  cases,  and  is  essen- 
tial for  those  who  are  to  command; 
for  one  who  cannot  govern  his  own 
thoughts  cannot  govern  others. 

STAJ  KWA,\. — Even  if  not  acquaintec 
a  aentlctnan  may  always  bow  to  a 
lady  whom  he  way  meet  on  a  stair- 
way; if  at  the  foot  of  the  stairs,  he 
must  bow,  pass  her,  and  ascend  be- 
fore her.  If  at  the  head  of  the  stairs, 
he  must  bow  and  wait  for  her  to 
precede  him  in  the  descent. 

ST/\NDI(J(r. — When  standrngincom 
pany,  restlessness  should  not  be -man 
ifestcd  by  continually  changing  the 
position  of  the  feet,  and  by  springing 
the  ankles  from  side  to  side.  To  turn 
the  back  toward  any  of  the  compa- 
ny, or  to  pass  between  them  and 
the  fire  or  stove,  is  discourteous; if 
obliged  to  do  so,  we  should  politefy 
apologize  for  the  necessity.  Leaning 
against  each  other,  or  resting  the 
foot  upon  a  chair  or  its  ru.ng,  is 
very  impolite.  It  is  very  ungraceful 
to  stand  in  company  with  the  hands 
in  the  pockets. 

ST/VVIIVIEI\IN&.— To  sta-mnier.stut 
ter,  falter,  or  hesitate,  each  signifies 
a  defect  in  utterance.  Stammer  or 
stutter  arises  either  from  an  inci- 
dental circumstance,  or  from  a  phys- 
ical defect  in  the  organs  of  speech;  hes- 
itation results  from  the  state  of  the 
mind, and  an  interruption  in  l?he 
train  of  thoughts;  falter  is  caused 
by  a  perturbed  state  of  feeling. 

As  it  places  one  to  a  great  disad- 
vantage to  be  annoyed  by  any  of  the 
foregoing  imperfections,  and  as  they 
can  be  overcome  in  most  cases  ,  he 
should  strive  constantly  .to  avoid  them 
by  practicing  voice-culture., 

STA.H'N'K — Staring  and  gaping  are 
both  taken  in  a  bad  sense.  Starinp  in- 
dicates not  only  ignorance,  but  im- 
pertinence; gaping  indicates  the  as- 
tonishment of  gross  ignorance.  One 
who  stares  at  every  woman  at  whom 
he  looks,  outrages  the  countenance  of 
modesty;  he  who  stands  gaping  at 
the  things  at  which  he  is  looking,  is 
a  clown. 

ST^PPIfJO-.— -Persons  walking  in  cow 
pany  should  always  keep  step  together. 
Gentlemen  in  walking  with  ladies, 
must  shorten  their  steps,  and  the  la- 
dies lengthen  theirs. 

STI(4&I(JESS.—  One  who  looks  to 
every  penny  in  the  bargain  he  wakes, 
gets  the  name  of  niggard;  one  who 
spends  a  dime  on  himself,  where  oth 
ers  with  the  same  means  spend  a  dol- 
lar, does  it  from  parsimony;  o-ne  who 
is  dead  to  everything  but  the  treasure 
he  has  amassed,  is  a  -miser.  Society  is 
not  in  need  of  these  characters. 


STOI\Y-TEUjflG.  —  An  inveterate  tell 
ei  of  stories  is  a  great  injury  to  a 
man  in  society.  There  are  two  un- 
avoidable defects  in  story-telling,vi2., 
frequent  repetition,  and  the  tenden 
cy  of  being  too  soon  exhausted.  A 
good  memory  and  a  frequent  shiA 
Ing  of  company,  are  requisites  to 
him  who  values  this  gift. 
STfV^NOEXS.—  One  should  show 
his  discretion  in  not  becoming  too 
intimate  with  strangers  at  first. -If 
a  stranger  approach  you,  and  try  to 
make  himself  unduly  intimate, give 
him  a  place  in  your  suspicion. 

When  strangers  enter  a  commu- 
nity for  the  purpose  of  visiting  or 
securing  a  home,  politeness  requires 
that  those  desiring  to  make  their 
acquaintance,  shall  -manifest  their 
disposition  to  be  sociable,  by  giving 
them  a  first. call.  When  the  call  is 
made,  a  polite  invitation  should  be 
given  to  return  the  compliment, 
which  should  be  done  as  early  as 
is  convenient. 
STREET- —  One's  con- 
duct on  the  street 
should  always  be  mod- 
est and  dignified.  All 
loud  and  boisterous 
'  conversation  or  laugh- 
ter, and  all  undue  live- 
liness,are  improper- 
Walk  erect,  with  dig- 
nity, and  avoid  read- 
a  book  or  newspaper. 
Always  recognize  jioitr 
friends,  and  when  stop- 
ping to  talk  with  them, 
withdraw  to  one  side.  If 
they  be  accompanied  by 
strangers,  apologize  for 
the  interruption;  if  you 
be  attended  by  a  friend, 
•never  leave  him  With- 
out asking  him  to  ex- 
cuse you. 

!-fi  walking  with  a  la- 
dy, give  her  the  safer 
part,  which  is  usually  the  inner  side. 
Your  arm  should  not  be  given  to  a  la 
dy,  except  your  wife,  a  near  relative, 
or  a  very  old  lady,  during  the  day,  un- 
less her  comfort  and  safety  require 
it.  At  night  the  arm  should  always 
be  offered 

If  a  lady  ask  information  of  a 
gemtleman,  he  must  raise  his  hat, 
bow,  and  give  the-  desired  informa- 
tion, or  courteously  express  his  re- 
grets if  unable  to  do  so. 

A  gentle-man  -meeting  a  lady  acquim 
laince.must  not  presume  to  join  her 
in  her  walk  without  asking  permis- 
sion. Gentlemen  give  place  to  ladies 
in  crossing  the  street. 

Ladies  do  not  walk  very  rapidly, 
and  are  not  expected  to  recognize  a 
friend  on  the  opposite  side  of  f  he 
street  15 


190 


r  —  Strife  springs  from  a  quar 
elso-me  temper.  Where  bad  tempers  are 
under  no  control,  and  are  allowed  to  come 
into  frequent  collision,  continual  strife  is 
the  consequence. 

STUBBORNNESS.— Stubbornness  is  a 
perversion  of  the  will;  the  stubborn  per- 
son wills  what  he  wills,  he  follows  the 
ruling  will  or  bent  of  his  mind,  with 
out  regard  to  any  opinions;  he  is  not 
to  be  turned  by  force  or  persuasion,  is 
insensible  to  all  reason,  and  uncon 
scious  of  everything,  but  the  simple 
will  and  determination  to  do  what  he 
does. 

Obstinacy  is  attachment  to  one's  own 
mode  of  acting,  and  is  a  habit  of  t  he 
wind.  An  obstinate  person  Is  not  has- 
ty in  forming  his  opinions,  nor  does 
he  adopt  them  without  a  choice;  but 
when  once  embracing  an  opinion,  he 
keeps  it  in  spite  of  all  proof.  Obstinacy 
interferes  with  one's  private  conduct, 
and  makes  him  blind  to  right  reason. 

Headstrong  relates  to  a  perversion  of 
the  judgment;  the  headstrong  person 
thinks  what  he  thinks,  and  his  tem- 
per is  commonly  associated  with  vio- 
lence and  impetuosity;  of  character;  he 
seizes  the  first  opinions  that  offer,  ant 
acts  upon  them  in  spite  of  all  re-mon 
strance- 

STUDIO.— One  should  not  visit  the 
studio  of  an  artist  except  by  special  ir 
vitation  or  permission;  and  avoid  med 
dling  with  anything  in  the  studio 

Never  keep  the  artist  waiting,!/  you 
have  an  engagement  to  sit  for  your 
portrait;  and  never  stand  behind  him 
watching  him  at  his  work. 

To  criticise  in  the  presence  of  the  ar 
tist  the  works  displayed,  is  excessively 
ill-bred;  so, too,  is  extravagant  praise 
Show  your  approval  and  appreciation 
by  close  attention  and  a  few  quiet, 
well-chosen  words 

Never  look  around  the  studio  exam- 
ining the  works  unless  you  are  invi- 
ted by  the  artist  to  do  so. 

Never  ask  to  see  an  unfinished  pic 
ture;  and  avoid  whispering,  as  it  con- 
veys the  impression  that  you  are  rid- 
iculing or  criticising  some  of  the  works 
you  have  been  invited  to  examine. 

Too  great  inquisitive-ness  regarding 
the  prices,  or  whose  is,  or  what  is  th's' 
etc.,  must  be  avoid    If  the  work  be  a  val- 
uable one.  it  is  best  to  simply  ask  the  re 
f  usal  of  it,  and  trust  the  negotiation  t 
a  third  parly,  or  a  written  corresponi 
ence  after  the  visit  is  concluded.  If  you 
wish  to  conclude  a  bargain  at  once.asli 
the  price,  and  if  it  be  larger  than  you 


are  disposed  to  give,  you  may  say  as 
much,  and  name  the  sum  you  are 
willing  to  pay,  that  the  artist  -may  ac 
cept  your  offer  or  maintain  his  price. 
TUPIDITY  —Stupidity  expresses  an  a- 
mazjement  which  is  equivalent  to  a 
deprivation  of  the  understanding;  it 
is  a  natural  quality,  yet  a  particular 
circumstance  rtiay  similarly  effect 
the  understanding 

Dullness  is  an  incidental  qu-ality, 
arising  from  the  state  of  the  animal 
spirits;  at  times  one  may  be  dull  who 
is  otherwise  vivacious  and  pointed. 

STYLE. —  It  matters  not  whether  in 
speaking  or  writing,  sv\)\&  is  a  pretty 
true  index  of  the  character  of  the  wan. 
Proper  words  in  proper  places,  and 
well-couched  sentences,  alwaysfrasp 
the  sense  and  understanding.  Though 
one's  thoughts  are  ever  so  just,  if  his 
style  is  homely,  coarse,  and  vulgar,  they 
will  appear  to  as  much  disadvantage, 
and  be  as  ill  received,  at  his  person, 
though  ever  so  well  proportioned,would, 
if  dressed  in  dirt,  rags,  and  tatters. 

SUBJECTS  F0(\  COtWEr\S/<riO{i.-The 
subjects  of  conversation,  and  the 
method  o(  handling  them,  should  be 
so  ordered  as  not  to  offend  either  di- 
rectly or  indirectly.  The  golden  rule 
is  "Adapt  the  subject  to  the  company? 
All  subjects,  as  politics  or  religion,  like 
ly  to  excite  argument,  or  to  lead  t  o 
warmth  of  feeling  or  expression, -must 
be  avoided.  Talk  of  yourself  and  your 
own  affairs  as  little  as  possible;  those 
of  the  personages  you  are  addressing 
are  sure  to  interest  them  far  m  o  re. 
Nothing  is  more  vulgar  or  offensive 
than  to  drag  in  the  names  of  distin- 
guished persons  to  whom  you  may 
be  related, or  who  may  be  numbered 
among  your  friends. 

SUpEI\IOF\S. — An  attempt  at  imita 
ting  one's  superiors  is  folly, and  wi I 
make  inferiority  more  conspicuous. 
In  conversing  with  either  superi- 
ors or  equals,  do  not  address  them  by 
name.  Remember  that  greater  liber 
ties  can  with  propriety  be  taken  by  a 
superior  towards  an  inferior,  than  by 
an  inferior  towards  a  superior. 

One's  manner,  tone  of  voice,  and  con- 
versation to  his  superiors  shou-ld  be 
humble,  modest,  and  respectful.  To 
interrupt  the  discourse  when  a  supe 
rior  is  speaking  to  another,  or  to  cor- 
rect or  assist  his  memory,  isverydis 
respectful. 

Farniliarity  from  a  superior  to  an 
inferior  is  not  only  tolerable,  but  is 
Obliging;  but  from  an  Inferior  to  a 
superior,  especially  where  there  is  no 
degree  Of  intimacy,  is  not  only  utibeco-m 
'mo,  but  insolent. 

The  faults  of  superior  men,  like  the 
eclipses  of  the  sun  and  moon,  are  seen 
by  everybody,  they  change,  and  all  -men 
look  up  to  them.  Even  their  satellites, 
the  boys,  are  the  worst  boys  in  the 
community,  simply  becaus*  the  su- 
perior light  of  the  primaries  causes 
ihei-»  faults  to  stand  out  in  bolder 
relief  than  those  of  the  other  boys 
of  the  community. 


.—  Suspicion implies  a  (en 
of  another  *s  will,  intentions,  or  pow- 
er to  dispossess  one  of  some  object 
o(  desire.  The  suspicious,  -man  always 
thinks  ill  of  both  the  integrity  a-nd 
sincerity  of  his  oppotie-nt.  tenerally 
speaking,  those  who  suspect  the  most 
know  the  least. 

SWEATING-.— Whoever  has  no  cop- 
science  (or  swearing  vainly,  soon  will 
have  -no-He  (o-r  swearing  falsely.  If  he 
wishes  to  degrade  himself  to  the  very 
lowest  level  of  pollution  and  shame, 
let  him  learn  to  be  a  common  swear- 
er. No  one  ever  reaped  any  benefits 
from  profane  swearing — he  is  not 
richer,  or  wiser,  or  happier  for  it. 
It  helps  -no  one's  education  or  irarrTieTs; 
it  commends  him  to  -no  society;  U  is 
disgusting  to  the  refined?  and  abomi- 
nable to  the  good;  it  is  insulting  to 
those  with  whom  we  associate,and 
degrading  and  unprofitable  to  the 
mind;  it-  not-  only  opens  the  door 
to  perjury,  but  of  all  of  fences,  is  the 
most  a.wfu.1  in  the  sight  of  (rod. 
S\NIPAJHY.—  Sympathy  is  fellow-feel- 
ing, and  way  be  said  either  of  pleas- 
ure or  pain,  for  we  laugh  or  cry  by 
s\yw\vvv<v\>).  By  attention  arid  erercisa, 
sympathy  -may  be  improved  in  every 
one.  It  prepares  the  wind  for  receiv- 
ing the  impressions  of  virtue,  and 
without  it  there  can  be  no  true  po- 
liteness. The  insensibility  whichwrkps 
one  up  in  himself  and  his  own  con- 
cerns, preventing  his  being  moved 
by  either  the  joys  or  sorrows  of  an- 
other, is  most  odious.  When  a -man 
has  a  partner  of  his  joy,  it  is  dou-bled; 
if  he  has  a  friend  who  shares  his  sor- 
row, it  becomes  but  a  moiety. 
TABLE.—  A  neglect  to  conduct  one's 
self  with  the  strictest  regard  to  good 
breeding  in  the  privacy  of  his  own 
home,  while  at  the  table,  will  render 
him  stiff  and  awkward  in  society. 
Dining  almost  ranks  as  one  of  tha 
Fine  Arts,  and  it  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  strong  tests  of  good  breeding. 
The  rules  to  be  observed  at  the  table 
require  the  most  careful  study,  as 
none  of  them  can  be  violated  with- 
out exposing  the  offender  to  instant 
detection. 

When  the  meal  is  ready  the  -master 
o/the  house  rises  and  requests  all  to 
pass  into  the  dining  room,  to  which  h« 
leads  the  way.  Having  arrived  at  the 
table,  the  host  sits  at  the  foot  of  the 
table,  and  the  hostess  at  the  head. 

At  the  table,  as  well  as  at  all  other 
places,  the  lady  takes  precedence  of 
the  gentleman.  Gentlemen  should 
Stand  behind  their  respective  chairs 
until  all  the  ladies  are  seated,  and 
then  take  their  own  seats 

A  guest  must  never  find  f  a_ui* 
with  any  dish  placed  before  him.  He 
Should  always  say  "thank  you.',' not 
"v\w<\Vs."  to  a  waiter,  nothing  mot*. 
Whe-n  asking  a  waiter  for  anything, 
^a^vxesx  and  do  not  co-wnvfcwV 

Never  select  any  particular  pan  of 
n  dish,  unless  requested  to  do  50, in 
which  case  it  would  be  uncivil  to  refuse. 


191 


?^/i-J-^c-^: 


TAsBlE,COtlJTI(M\JE,D.—  \<  there  are  sows 
things  that  are  -really  very  -nice,  it  is 
well  to  speak  iri  their  praise;  but  a 
guest  should  avoid  praising  every  dish 
set  be/ore  him.  All  seeming  indiffer- 
ence should  be  avoided. 

If  wine  is  served,  and  a  guest  does 
•not  partake  of  it,  do  -not  -make  any  dis- 
courteous re-marks  or  reflections,  but 
simply  say,"Not  any,  thank  you,"and 
the  waiter  will  not  /ill  your  glass. 

Assume  an  easy  position  at  the  table, 
sitting  firmly  in  the  chair,  neither  too 
close  nor  too  far  away.  Do  not  extend 
your  feet  so  far  under  the  table  as  to 
touch  those  on  the  opposite  side,  or 
curl  them  up  under  the  chair,  or  place 
the-m  on  the  chair  rung. 

When  you  send  your  plate  away  from 
the  table,  remove  the  knife  and  fork 
and  allow  them  to  rest  upon  a  piece 
of  bread.  Do  not  be  in  a  haste  to  com- 
mence^ eating,  yet  it  is  not  necessary 
to  wait  till  all  are  served  before  com- 
mencing. Eat  moderately  and  slowly. 

Bread  is  the  only  comestible  t  hat 
should  be  laid  off  your  plate  upon  the 
tablecloth.  Above  all  others,  the  table  is 
the  place  to  introduce  pleasant  words 
and  social  chit-chat. 

Avoid  carrying  fruit  or  \>V(\WM  away 
frorn  the  table.  Never  scrape  uour  plate, 
tilt  it  to  one  side  to  get  the  last  drop  of 
anything,  or  wipe  it  out  with  a  piece 
of  bread.  Never  bite  fruit,  but  use 
the  knife  f<yr  paring.  It  is  p-ropc-r  to 
offer  to  Sw'xta  a  large  pear  or  apple 
withor  for  a  person. 

Never  use  the  table  cloth  to  wipe  your 
mouth  or  flng 


f\\».V\o'xw  Vo  SvTi-«|t'(s,t\&., 
TA^CT.  —  The  principle  of  tact  is  kin 
ness,  and  the  first  condition  of  ski-- 
is respect  for  others.  Tact  teaches  one 
when  to  speak—  when  to  be  silen-t.  It 
has  been  said  that  talent  is  something, 
but  tact  is  everything;  it  is  not  an  ao- 
ditional  sense,  but  is  the  life  of  all  the 
five—  it  is  the  open  eye,  the  quick  ear,  the 
Judging  taste,  the  keen  smell,  and  the 
lively  touch;  it  is  the  interpreter  of  all 
riddtes-the  surmounter  of  all  diffi- 
culties-the  -remover  of  all  obstacles. 


It  is  useful  in  all  places,  and  atalllrim!  fE^S 
it  is  useful  in  solitude,  for  it  shows 
a  man  his  way  into  the  work);    it 
is  useful  in  society,  for  it  shows    a 
-man  his  way  through  the  world. 

TAj-EflT.—  Talent  causes  one  to  be  se- 
rious, sober,  grave,  and  respectable: 
it  opens  his  way  clearly,  leads  him 
into  learned  and  logical  discourse, 
and  enables  Him  to  do  with  ease 
what  others  do  with  difficulty. 

TALKATIVE.-  Talkativeness  is  the  dis 
ease  of  age,  and  the  folly  of  youth. 
Experience  has  given  an  old  wan 
subjects  upon  which  to  talk,  and 
inexperience  allows  a  young  man 
to  create  his  subjects  for  the  occas 
ion:  the  second  childhood  of  Age. 
suffers  the  old  to  be  talkative,  and 
the  heyday  of  youth  tolerates  the 
loquacity  of  the  young. 

For  the  impolite  to  talk  and  chat- 
ter and  simper,  in  company  or  at  a 
public  assembly,  is  to  give  intense  dis- 
gust and  annoyance  to  those  who  are 
discriminating  and  intelligent.  No 
well-bred  people  will  disrespect  the 
rights  and  feelings  of  their  neigh- 
bors by  indulging  their  own  selfish 
ness  in  this  wanner. 

TAJ\DlfJESS.—  To  see  -men  and  wo- 
men enter  a  hall  or  church  after 
the  exercises  have  begun,  conveys 
the  impression  that  they  are_either 
utterly  ignorant  of  the  proprieties 
of  the  place,  or  are  indifferent  to 
the  fights  of  those  present.  For  a 
lady  who  is  tardy  to  deprive  a  gen- 
tleman of  his  seat,  and  then  not 
even  have  the  politeness  to  acknowl- 
edge the  courtesy,  stamps  her  as  be- 
ing coarse  in  -manners  and  sel/ish 
in  feeling. 

A^SJE.—  Taste  designates  the  capac- 
ity to  derive  pleasure  frorn  m  object 
by  simply  coming  in  contact  with 
it,  and  consists  in  the  power  of  judg- 
ing; it  -means  a  genera.!  susceptibil 
ity  to  truth  and  nobleness,  a  sense 
to  discern,  and  a  heart  to  love  and 
reverence  all  beauty,  order,  goodness, 
wherever,  or  in  whatever  forms  or 
accompaniments,  they  are  to  be  seen. 
Though  taste  is  reckoned  among  the 
smaller  and  secondary  morals,  it  is 
of  -no  mean  importance  in  the  reg- 
ulatio-n  of  life.  A  -moral  taste  rec- 
ommends virtue  with  something 
like  the  blandishments  of  pleasure. 
/\TTLEF\  —  To  tell  the  faults  of  an- 
other merely  for  the  love  of  gossip, 
or  for  the  pleasure  derived  from  his 
punishment,  is  most  contemptible. 
One  who,  through  envy,  jealousy,  or 
-malice,  can  derive  pleasure  from  an- 
other's pain  and  mortification,  is 
the  most  dishonorable  and  despica- 
ble of  persons.  The  tattler  has  no 
good  motive,  and  is  entirely  unwor- 
thy of  respect  and  confidence.  Nev- 
er  repeat  the  mere  opinions  of  others. 


d-  T/\TT 


!•— Tears  enable  sorrow  to  vent 
itseff  "patiently,  and  prevent  it  from 
becoming  despair  and  madness.  The 
sacredness  in  tea.rs  shows  them  not 
to  be  a  mark  of  weakness,  but  of  pow- 
er, which  is  shown  in  the  fact -that 
they  are  the  messengers  of  overwhel- 
ming grief,  of  deep  contrition,  and 
of  unspeakable  love.  One  should  tut 
hide  his  tears  from  the  fear  of  being 
regarded  weak  and  childish,  but  be 
proud  to  give  to  virtue  its  manly  ani 
natural  way,  thus  revealing  an  hon- 
est heart.  Shame  on  those  whose 
hearts  of  stone  will  not  melt  a* 
another's  sorrow. 
'EA^SIflG-. —  To  XWA6  implfes  theio 
ting  upon  another  so  as  to  produce  a 
painful  sentiment.  The  repetition  ol 
unpleasant  trifles  teases,  as  the  buz- 
zing of  a  fly  in  our  ears,  or  the  -mis- 
chievous pleasures  indulged  in  by  chil- 
dren. Iritable  and  nervous  people 
are  rnost-  easily  teased.  To  \pw.wvV 
signifies  something  more  serious,  as 
we  are  tormented  by  the  importuni 
ties  of  beyoars.  We  are  \ie.xe&  atthestu 
pidity  and  carelessness  of  a  servant.  A 
person  who  is  fretful  is  most  easily 
vexed.  The  sarcasms  of  others  have 
the  effect  of  Xr&\x\\X,'\\\cj  us.  Fault- find- 
ing and  captious  people  yield  most  read 
ily  to  taunting.  When  /air  prospects 
present  themselves  and  then  disap- 
pear again,  we  are  xvtvX&vuA.  San- 
guine and  eager  people  are  -most  eav 
ily  tantalized. 

"E^ETH-— Pine  teeth  may  be  consid- 
ered one  of  nature's  most  beautiful 
gifts.  Etiquette  requires 
that  they  be  kept  ingood 
order,  and  preserved  clean,  ^  "' 
pure,  and  sweet.  When  dis- 
figured by  tartar  collec 
tions  near  the  gums,  they 
should  be  cleansed  by  ap 
plying  a  preparation  ot 
pulverized  charcoal  and  * 
common  salt,  with  a  soft  '}•' 
tooth  brush.  When  the  !•_ 
teeth  are  decayed,  they  -£<tvwTv5  van 
should  be  examined  by  ^sevwswxs 
a  dentist,  that  the  decay  may  be  arrest 
ed.  A  wooden  prqu.il!  toothpick 
should  be  used  just  after  each  meal 
to  remove  any  particles  of  food  remain 
ing  in  the  mouth.  They  should  be  sub- 
jected to  a  brushing  at  least  once  a 
day- after  the  last  meal. 

Picking  the  teeth  at  the  table  Is 
vulgar,  and  sucking  them  offends 
fine  sensibilities. 

"EtyPEFV—  If  a  chder/ul  temper  is 
joined  with  innocence,  beauty  is  wade 
attractive,  knowledge  delightful,  and 
wit  good-natured.  There  is  no  obsta- 
cle to  advancement  or  happiness  so 
great  as  an  undisciplined  temper— a 
temper  subject  to  pique  and  uncer- 
tainty. It  renders  one  regardless  of 
the  interests  all  arou.nd  him. 


192 


4wqvraa\ca  s  the  regw 
lation  of  our  words  and  actions  to  the 
circumstances.  A  temperate  -mati  enjoys 
all  in  due  proportion;  his  regular  habits 
being  the  -most  efficacious  means  of  keep 
ing  both  body  and  wind  in  the  m  ost 
normal  state.  A  vyell  disciplined  -mind 
is  the  first  requisite  of  temperance. Wo- 
SV'VWKW.  respects  everything  that  acts 
upon  the  senses,  and  has  par  tic  lilar -ref- 
erence to  solid  food.  An  abstinent  -wan 
avoids  drinking  or  ealin9  as  much  as  he 
could  enjoy.  The  true  purpose  of  absti- 
nence is  to  place  Hie  -mind  above  the  ap 
petites,  in  which  sense  it  is  a  virtue  ;  if 
unlimited,  it  becomes  a  vice,  Stfovi  iw- 
plies  an  abstinence  fro-m  excessive  drink 
ing.  Sobriety  is  often  dependent  upon  the 
strength  of  the  constitution,  and  may  be 
prescribed  by  prudence:  it  is  a  virtue  in 
every  sense,  and  cannot  be  too  highly 
esteemed  by  all  classes.  VJw>Xwi\o\»»  im- 
plies a  total  abstinence  from  wine  or 
strong  liqu-or  in  general.  An  abstemious 
wan  drinks  nothing  strong:  it  is  not 
uncommon  for  persons  to  practice  ab- 
stemiousness to  that  degree,  as  not  to 
drink  anything  but  water  all  their  lives. 
VJ\oto,Y&.\\p\\  is  the  -measure  of  one's  desires, 
one's  habits,  one's  actions,  and  one's  words, 
and  adopts  the  medium  or  middle  course 
in  thinking.  It  shields  one  from  morti- 
fication and  disappointments,  and  con- 
ciliates the  esteem  even  of  an  enerny 
and  a  rival;  it  disarms  the  -resentments 
of  those  who  feel  themselves  most  itijur- 
ed  by  another's  superiority,  and  pleas- 
es all  by  making  them  at  ease  with 
themselves.  Mode-ration  protects  a  man 
equally  from  injustice  on  the  one  hand, 
and  imposition  on  the  other;  it  diverts 
from  all  party  spirit,  and  consequently 
assures  such  temperate  use  of  language 
as  to  provoke  no  animosity.  VKoktsV^  is 
a  principle  that  acts  discretionallu, and  con- 
sists of  a  fair  and  medium  estimate  o  f 
character  and  purifications.  It  is  a  sen- 
timent confined  to  one's  self  as  the  ob- 
ject, and  consisting  wholly  of  one's  judg- 
ment of  what  one  in  -reality  is,  and 
what  one  actually  does. 


"rEtyPTY\TIOl<. —  Temptation  is  for 
the  most  part  taken  in' a  bad  sense, 
though  we  are  tempted  sometimes 
upon  very  fair  grounds  to  under- 
take that  which  turns  out  unfor- 
tunately in  the  end.  The  prayer 
of  every  one  who  knows  the  force 
of  bad  habits,  and  the  weakness  of 
human  nature  to  resist  them,  should 

VoA  WCvwi  \xs  too*«\  fcNvX.1"  To  shun 
the  allurements  of  vice,  is  the  part 
of  wisdom;  to  avoid  placing  temp- 
tations in  the  way  of  our  neighbor, 
is  the  part  of  prudence  and  love. 
\f  social  parties  are  made  the  occas 
Ions  of  yvirie  drinking,  thus  lead- 
ing the  innocent  and  unwary  in- 
to evil  habits,  and  confirming  those 
who  have  already  acquired  a  taste 
for  strong  drink,  they  are  to  be  shim 
ned  by  all  who  have  either  respect 
for  themselves  or  love  for  their -neigh- 
bor. 

TET/E-ArTETE- — '* '?  a  breach  ofet 
iquette  for  a  lady  receiving  seve-ra.1 
callers  to  engage  in  a  tete-a-tete  con- 
versation with  one. 

TH^NI^S. — One  should  express  thanks 
for  every  act  of  civilitu  he  receives,even 
frorn  a  servant  or  a  child.  Such  appre- 
ciation of  kindness  will  win  future  fa- 
vors and  friendship. 

A  lady  should  always  be  careful  to 
thank  a  person  for  any  little  attention 
he  -may  bestow  upon  her  while  trav- 
eling. 

At  the  table  a  guest  should  always 
say  "Thank  you,"-tiot"~^Vva.-v\Ysr  to 

TH/\T  Pty\T\.— One  should  avoid  talk- 
ing of  any  one  with  whom  he  has  had 
intercourse, as," that  party," or"  a 
party,"  of  his  acquaintance. 
"HE/\TEf\. —  To  ask  a  lady  to  accow 
pany  you  to  a  place  of  amusermnt, 
and  incur  the  risk  of  being  obliged 
to  stand  during  the  performance,  is 
to  be  inexcusably  rude.  If  you  are 
unable  to  secure  a  reserved  seat,  im- 
mediately inform  her,  and  propose 
another  occasion.  \Sw, f\a.w=>  diVcww 
\wft\  Kv\kV\>.\>\\cVW,«Y 
"V(EY  SP^Y..— Some  persons  in  order  to 
relieve  themselves  from  the  responsi- 
bilities of  slander,  take  shelter  behind  an 
irrespossible "THEY  SAY." 
"They  say-Ah!  well,  suppose  they  do; 
But  can  they  prove  the  story  true? 
Suspicion  may  arise  from  naught 
But  malice, envy,  want  of  thought. 
Why  count  yourself  among  the'they' 
Who  whispers  what  they  dare  not  say? 

"  'They  say'-  But  why  the  tale  rehearse 
And  help  to  -make  the  matter  worse? 
No  good  can  possibly  accrue 
From  telling  what  may  be  untrue; 
And  is  it  not  a  nobler  plan 
TO  speak  of  all  the  best  you  can? 

"  'They  say*- Well,  if  it  should  be  so, 
Whu  need  you  tell  the  tale  of  woe? 
Will 'It  the  bitter  wrong  redress, 
Or  make  one  pang  of  sorrow  less? 
Will  it  the  erring  one  restore, 
Henceforth  to  'go  and  sin  no  more?* 


"They  say'-Oh!  pause,  and  took  within: 
Sea  how  your  heart  Inclines  to  sin. 
Watch!  lest  in  dark  temptation's  hour 
You, too,  should  sink  beneath  its  power. 
Pity  the  frail,  weep  o'er  their  fall, 
But  speak  of  good,  or  not  at  all." 
rH'NKJNG-. — It  is  not  uncommon  for 
some  persons  to  commence  speaking  be 
fore  they  know  what  they  are  going  to 
say.  The  ill-natured  world,  who  never 
miss  an  opportunity  of  being  severe, 
declare  them  to  be  foolish  and  desti- 
tute of  brains.  What  would  youthi-nk 
of  a  sportsman  who  would  attempt  to 
bring  down  a  bird  before  he  had  load- 
ed his  gun? 

Watch  your  thoughts;  train  thew, 
and  keep  them  from  running  wild  and 
useless.  Of  necessity  the  mind  is  ever 
active,  there  being  no  waking  moment 
that  ideas_do_not  pass  through  If.  Th» 
art  of  thinking,  is  not  always  that 
of  creating,  but  of  marshalling  th« 
thoughts,  which  else  wander  in  a  des- 
ultory, and,  therefore,  an  'me#ectiv«, 
useless  wanner.  To  si*  /or  five  •min- 
utes utterly  vacant  is  wry  difficult 
even  to  the  most  absent-minded. 

Thinking  is  absolutely  necessary 
i-n  forming  an  opinion.  You-tig  par- 
sons who  have  not  begun  to  think 
at  all,  are  often  guilty  of  using  such 
expressions  as"for  -my  part, I  think 
so,  or  so;"  yet  they  are  most  aft  to 
bolt  out  their  opinions;  whereu,thcy 
should  positively  feel  afraid  to  express 
a  judgment  on  any  case  which  they 
have  not  considered. 

•Hou  &HTIE>S  N  E;SS — T«m4«*wM 

denotes  the  want  of  thought  orre/flec 
tion  about  things.  Thoughtless-ness  re- 
lates to  matters  of  considerable  iwpot- 
tance,  -relative  to  one's  conduct,  and 
leads  many  into  serious  errors,  when 
they  do  not  think  or  bear  in  wind  the 
consequences  of  their  actions.  \\c.c>\\- 
ty«,\>,G«<  consists  in  not  doing  what  ought 
to  be  done.  One  is  negligent  in  regard 
to  business,  and  the  performance  of  bod 
ily  labor,  because  of  a  lack  of  will.  Per- 
sons of  all  descriptions,  and  especially 
those  in  low  condition,  are  apt  to  pos- 
sess the  fault  of  negligence.  vt'v'XfcV' 
denotes  the  want  of  care  in  doing  any 
thing.  Carelessness  is  only  occasional, 
and  relates  to  trivial  matters.  One  may 
not  only  be  careless  about  doing  what 
he  does  well,  but  may  be  careless  in  neg 
lecting  to  do  it  at  all,  or  careless  eve-n 
about  the  event  itself. 

is  a  habitual 


state  of  the  mind,  and  renders  a  per- 
son afraid  of  offending  others.  01  o* 
meeting  with  something  painful  from 
,  them.  K  person  having  such  a  dispo- 
sition is  prevented  from  following  the 
dictates  of  his  own  mind. 
lfLElS.— If  you-  are  talking  to  a  person 
of  title,  do  not  keep  repeating  the  title. 
You  can  express  all  the  deference  you 
desire  in  voice  and  -manner;  to  put  it 
In  words  is  unnecessary  and  snobbish. 
In  introducing  foreigners  with  title?, 
always  give  the  title.  In  introducing  119 
one  having  a  title,  be  careful  to  speak 
the  title  distinctly. 


193 


ETIUIZETTS. 


T"OB\CCO.—  Those  who  have  formed  a 
habit  ot  using  this  article,  should  re-men 
bet  that  they  do  wrong  to  trespass  upon 
the  rights  of  those  who  do  -not  use  it. 
Since  this  indulgence  has  had  its  way 
so  extensively  among  u-s,  every  youth 
begins  to  s-moke  and  spit  before  he  has 
well  cut  his  teeth.  The  use  of  tobacco 
is  unquestionably  so  great  a  pleasure 
to  those  who  have  become  accustomed 
to  it,  that  it  must  tiot  be  coridenined, 
yet  the  filth  connected  vyith  it,  is  e- 
nough  to  confiscate  it  in  the  judg- 
ment of  refined  people. 

JOfJO-UE. —  Physicians  examine  the 
tongue  to  /hid  out  the  condition  ot  the 
body,  and  philosophers,  to  find  out  the 
condition  of  the  wind. 
F\A^\/El.l^G.— As  selfishness  -reaches  its 
climax  in  traveling,  each  one  desiring  to 
secure  his  or  her  cornfort,  one's  natural 
politeness  is  tested  most  thoroughly.  Or- 
dinarily courteous  people  become  bent  on 
waking  provision  for  themselves  alone, 
and  are  careless  of  the  comfort  and  rights 
of  others.  The  relics  of  barbarism  are  vis 
ibly  manifested  at  the  ticket-office, the  ho 
tel  counter,  and  the  public  table,  in  the 
rush  for  places. 

All  arrangements  should  be  made  be- 
forehand—leaving nothing  to  chance- 
that  you  rtiay  be  able  to  have  your  mind 
at  rest  during  the  journey,  and  be  prepar- 
ed to  enjoy  it  to  the  utmost- 
Baggage  should  be  checked  to  its  des- 
tination, care  being  taken  that  the  num- 
ber of  the  check  on  the  trunk  corresponds 
with  that  of  the  duplicate  given  you..  At 
your  destination  it  is  safest  to  five  your 
trunk  to  the  person  who  solicits  your  check 
on  the  train,  as  he  has  the  endorsement 
of  the  railroad  company.  Always  take  a 
receipt  for  your  check. 

Let  your  dress  be  simple,  avoid  display 
of  jewelry,  and  do  not  unnecessarily  ex- 
pose your  money  and  other  valuables, 
for  the  lines  of  travel  are  infested  with 
pickpockets  and  thieves.  Be  provided  with 
an  overdress  or  duster,  an  u-mbrella.and 
tn  overcoat,  suited  to  the  journey  and 
the  season. 

Should  a  lady  when  traveling  alone, 
be  annoyed  by  any  one  presuming  on 
her  lack  of  an  escort,  she  need  only  to 
appeal  to  the  nearest  gentle-man  to  secure 
protection  and  assistance.  The  employe's 
of  the  lin^s  of  travel  are  required  to  give 
particular  attention  to  ladies  traveling 
alone. 


A  lady  may  with  propriety  be  placed 
under  tha  charge  of  a  friend,  who,  in 
accepting  such  a  trust,  becomes  respor 
sible  for  the  lady's  comfort  during  the 
journey. 

Seeing  a  lady  traveling  alone,  and 
in  need  of  assistance,  a  gentleman 
Should  promptly  and  courteously  of- 
fer it;  which  the  lady  way  with  pro- 
priety accept.  She  should  as  courteous 
ly  acknowledge  the  kindness. The  gen 
Heman  should  never  seek  to  form^er 
acquaintance.  Ladies  should  avoid 
making  acquaintances,  even  with  their 
own  sex,  in  traveling. 

On  steamers,  and  at  eating-hous 
es  on  the  route,  avoid  rushing  for 
the  table,  but  act  with  courtesy  and 
deliberation.  A  gentleman  should  of 
fer  his  seat  to  a  lady,  if  all  the  other 
places  are  taken. 

An  overcoat  or  valise  deposited  on 
a  seat  in  the  absence  of  the  claimant 
is  proof  that  the  seat  is  occupied.  You 
have  no  right  to  keep  a  window  up 
for  your  own  accommodation, if  it 
annoys  others.  At  the  same  tirne  it 
is  your  duty  to  not  object  to  this  if 
you  can  conveniently  find  another 
seat. 

To  watch  and  look  after  other  la- 
dies younger  and  less  experienced 
than  themselves,  and  traveling  with- 
out an  escort,  is  especially  the  duty  of 
every  lady  of  experience. 

When  riding  in  an  omnibus,or  on 
a  street-car,  or  in  crossing  a  ferry 
with  a  friend,  if  he  wishes  to  pay  for 
you,  allow  him  to  do  so  without  re- 
mark. You  can  return  the  favor  at 
some  other  time. 

Fellow-travelers  should  at  all  times 
be  sociable  and  obliging  to_one  anoth- 
er. Those  who  are  otherwise,  may 
justly  be  considered  foolish, self  ish, 
and  conceited.  The  friendship  which 
has  subsisted  between  travelers  termi- 
nates with  the  journey —  a  word,  a 
bow,  and  the  acquaintanceship  is  fin- 
ished and  forgotten. 
FF\/\ITO^. — "vmwiovvs  applies  to  one 
who  betrays  his  trust,  especially  in  his 
country  or  its  rulers.  ^"({/jxVs/tovxs 
pertains  to  One's  private  relations. We 
may  be  treacherous  to  our  friends  as 
well  as  to  OUT  enemies,  for  nothing 
can  lessen  the  obligation  to  preserve 
the  fidelity  of  promise.  A  treacherous 
man  throws  us  off  our  guard, by  lull- 
ing us  into  a  state  of  security,  in  or- 
der the  wore  effectually  to  get  us  in- 
to his  power;  he  pursues  a  system  of 
direct  falsehood  in  order  to  bring 
about  our  ruin. 

Tf\ESP^SS. —  The  offense  which  con 
stitutes  trespass  arises  out  of  the  laws 
of  property,  as  the  passing  over  or  tread 
ing  upon  the  property  of  another;  yet 
it  often  assumes  the  additional  mean 
ing  of  transgress,  which  flows  out  of 
the  laws  of  society  in  general  which 
fix  the  boundaries  of  right  and  wrong; 
as,  we  trespass  upon  the  time  arid 
patience  of  another.  


. — Tricking  signifies  the 
deceiving,  o-r  getting  the  better  of  an 
one;  it  is  a  species  of  dextrous  cheat 
ing.  One  tricks  by  some  sudden  in 
vention,  and  the  means  and  the  en 
are  alike  trifling.  Cunning  people 
are  tricky,  and  sustain,  as  in  cheat 
i-ng,  a  loss  of  character.  A  trickin; 
man  is  entirely  deprived  of  that  bu 
siness  principle,  trust,  whence  lie 
will  find  nothing  succeed  to  his  wish 
TRIFLES. —  Trifles,  though  apparent 
ly  unimportant,  have  done  wonders 
in  the  world's  history.  A  little  error 
of  the  eye,  a  misguidance  of  the  hant1 
a  slip  of  the  foot,  a  starting  of  a  horse 
a  sudden  mist,  a  great  shower,  o-v  a 
word  undesignedly  cast  forth  in  an  ir 
my,  has  turned  the  stream  of  victory 
from  one  side  to  another,  and  the-rebi 
disposed  of  empires  and  whole  nations 
Trifles  may  justly  be  considered  as 
making  up  the  happiness  or  misery 
of  human  life. 

FVOUBL^S.— Troubles  relate  to  the 
pain  which  is  the  natural  consequence 
of  not  fulfilling  engagements, answer 
ing  demands,  etc.  Probably  the  great 
est  troubles  that  can  arise  to  disturb 
the  peace  of  a  man's  mind,  are  those 
which  are  produced  by  pecuniary  diffi 
culties.  The  want  of  a  thing, or  that 
which  is  unsuitable,  the  perverseness 
of  servants,  ot  the  ill  behavior  of  chil 
dren,  are  constant  sources  of  troub 

Tf$JSTFlJl.NE>S.—  Trust  signifies  to 
depend  upon  as  true;  it  is  a  permanent 
disposition  of  the  mind,  and  rests  or 
the  authority  of  ons  or  wore  Individ 
uals.  We  are  inclined  to  believe  those 
who  have  never  deceived  us, including 
those  whom  we  do  not  know.  We  trust 
laws  and  principles,  the  lines  of  pre- 
cedent, and  the  links  of  succession;  us 
lure, and  even  God  himself,  becaus» 
we  are  obliged  to.  Children  trust  be- 
cause they  have  no  reasons  for  doubt 
i-ng.  Trust  is  the  underlying  princi 
pie  of  every  scheme  in  human  _life, 
and  the  tewple  of  human  happiness 
is  founded  upon  it.  There  is  no  pover- 
ty-stricken wretch  so  poor  as  he  who 
isj>oor  in  trust. 

•ftUTHfULNElSS.—  The  truth  of  a 
story  is  admitted  upon  the  veracity  of 
the  narrator.  Without  truth  there  is 
no  reliance  upon  language,  no  confi- 
dence in  friendship,  no  security  i  n 
bonds  or  oaths  — it  being  the  bond  of 
union  and  the  corner-stone  of  all  hu- 
man happiness.  It  includes  all  other 
virtues,  is  older  than  sects  orsclools, 
and  its  triumphs  ate  the  most  glo- 
rious the  world  has  ever  seen.  Truth 
is  the  firmest  and,  noblest  ground  up- 
on which  people  can  live,  as  it  gives 
them  the  knowledge  of  what  is  just 
and  lawful,  and  enables  them  to  sus- 
tain a  strict  and  stern  investigation. 
It  is  the  beginning  of  every  good  thin?, 
and  he  who  would  be  blest  and  happy, 
as  well  as  trusted,  should  be  from  the 
first  a  partaker  of  it. 


194 


TVVO  S[DE(S — People  should  consider  that 
a  story  or  a  slander  is  a  duality  and  not 
a  unity  — one  side  must  utter,and  the  oth- 
er listen.  Not  only  is  the  tale-bearer,  ehe 
flatterer,  and  the  revealer  of  secrets,  to  be 
condemned,  but  he  who  has  "itchi-rig  ears" 

wVo  $.  XV&.\M|\\\V> \ov\<yov^"  is  equally  cen- 

surable 

"It's  a  very  good  rule  in  all  things  of  life, 

When  judging  a  friend  or  a  brother, 
Not  to  look  at  the  question  alone  on  o-ne  side, 

But  always  to  turn  to  the  other. 

"We  are  apt  to  be  selfish  in  all  our  views. 
In  the  jostlino,,  headlong  race, 
And  so,  to  be  right,  ere  you  censure  a.  wan, 
Just  'put  .yourself  in  his  pjace.'" 
Y^N^ICAj-.—  Tyrannical  implies  an  unseem 
ly  exe_rcise  or  affectation  of  power  or  au- 
thority. An  V«\.^r<\OMA  person  is  disposed 
to  command  without  adequate  authority, 
or  to  convey  his  commands  in  an  offens- 
ive manner;  he  commands  only  that  he 
may  be  obeyed.  If  one  be  &o'wV<\<i«,yv<\on 
he  rules  tike  a  lord,  or  rather  attempts  to 
rule.  He  affects  authority  where  it  least 
exists,  and  has  sunk  so  far'below  him- 
self as  to  be  fit  for  -nothing  but  to  be  tram- 
pled u-pon.  0\K!A\>e.v<\\\o,  is  employed  for  per- 
sons in  the  general  relations  of  society, 
whether  superiors  or  equals.  One  having 
an  imperious  disposition  coupled  with  some 
talent,  will  frequently  be  so  overbearing  in 
the  assemblies  of  his  equals  as  to  awe  the 
rest  into  silence,  and  carry  every  measure 
of  his  own  without  contradiction, favor, 
or  affection. 

UGLINESS. — I  imagine  it  to  be  in  all  re- 
spects the  opposite  to  those  qualities  which 
we  have  laid  down  for  the  constituents  of 
beauty-  But  though  ugliness  be  the  oppo- 
site to  beauty,  it  is  not  the  opposite  to  pro- 
portion and  fitness.  For  it  is  possible  that 
a  thi-Hj)  may  be  very  ugly  with  any  propor- 
tions, and  with  a  perfect  fitness  to  any  u- 
ses.  Ugliness  I  imagine  to  be  consistent  e- 
nough,  likewise,  with  an  idea  of  the  sub 
lime.  But  1  would  by  no  means  insinuate 
that  ugliness  of  itself  is  a  sublime  idea,  utv 
less  united  with  such  qualities  as  excite  a 
strong  terror.  -^wcV*. 

lllv\BF\tLL/^.—  It  is  not  contrary  to  the  re 
quirements  of  etiquette  to  carry  an  umbrel- 
la at  any  time,  though  it  is  apparently  use- 
less. One  should  always  be  carried  when 
going  on  a  journey  of  any  considerable 
distance,  or  for  a  short  journey  if  there 
be  only  a  slight  indication  of  rain.  It  is 
well  to  be  provided  with  two  —one  at  your 
home  and  the  other  at  your  place  of  busi-ness 


When  waking  calls,  gentlemen 
leave  their  umbrellas  and  overshoes 
in  the  hall,  but  take  their  hats  and 
cane  with  them,  either  holdin9thein 
m  their  hands  o-r  placing  thern  up- 
on the  floor  very  near  the  chair 
which  they  occupy. 

jplCObTHN^SS.  —  It  is  a  breach 
of  etiquette  to  assume  any  ungrace- 
ful or  uncouth  positions,  such  as 
standing  with  the  arms  akimbo, 
sitting  astride  a,  chair,  leaning  back 
m  the  chair,  standing  with  le^s  cross- 
ed or  feet  on  the  chairs,  leaning  for- 
ward in  the  chair  with  elbows  on 
the  knees,  or  smoking  in  the  pres- 
ence of  ladles.  All  these  a_cts  stamp 
one,  as  ill-bred  and  unpolished. 

UNCH/\ST'TY  —  l-rnpure  or  unchasti 
language  should  never  pollute  our 
lips.  Since  we  insensibly  imitate  the 
manners,  tastes,  aid  language  of  those 
by  whom  we  are  surrounded,  being  un- 
aware of  the  silent  influences  which 
are  thus  shaping  our  characters,  we 
should  avoid  the  associations  of  the 
unchaste,  for  they  are  in  no  sense 
good  society.  Likewise,  obscene,  irn- 
moral,  and  vulgar  publicatiotis,which 
excite  the  imagination,  inflame  the 
passions,  stimulate  the  curiosity,  and 
corrupt  the  heart  by  unchaste  sugges- 
tions, must  be  shunned. 

UNDF^SS.  —  Politeness  requires  that 
gentlemen  shall  not  come  to  the  ta- 
ble without  their  coats.  Ladies  -may 
not  appear  in  elaborate  dress  for 
breakfast,  but  should  not  be  so  neg- 
ligent as  to  excite  remarks  at  the  i«i- 
propriety  of  their  appearance. 

JNE^SIN^SS.—  It  is  rude  to  show 
uneasiness,  to  be  fidgety  and  rest- 
less when  in  company.  Gluietness 
is  a  mark  of  good  breeding. 

JNF/OTHFUL.—  Unfaithfulness  is 
a  negative  quality  implying  a  defi- 
ciency, and  marking  the  want  of  fi- 
delity. A  man  is  unfaithful  'to  his 
employer  who  sees  him  injured  by 
others  without  tryjng  to  prevent  it. 
A  woman  is  unfaithful  to  her  hus- 
band when  she  does  not  discharge 
the  duties  of  a  wife  to  the  best  of 
her  knowledge  and  abilities. 


"The  hint  malevolent,  the  look  oblique, 
The  obvious  satire,  or  i-mplied  dislike; 
The  sneer  equivocal,  the  harsh  reply, 
And  all  the  cruel  language  of  the  eye; 
The  artful  injury,  whose  venom'd  dart 
Scarce  wounds  the  hearing,  it  stabs  the  heart; 
The  guarded  phrase,  whose  meaning  kills,  yet  told, 
The  list'ner  wonders  how  you  thought  it  cold; 
Small  slights,  neglect,  unmixed  perhaps  with  hite, 
Make  up  in  numbers  what  they  want  in  weight: 
These,  and  a  thousand  griefs  minute  as  these, 
Cot-rode  our  comfort,  and  destroy  our  ease." 

\JfJIFOPM  TENIPEF\.  —  It  is  very  im 
polite  to  be  variable  in  temper;  gay 
to-day,  and  sedate  to-morrow.  To  be 
uniformly  kind,  courteous,  and  con- 
siderate, is  necessary  to  preserve  re- 
spect and  friendship.  Vacillating  peo 
pie  are  at  all  times  very  trying  on 
their  friends. 


.  —Urbanity  and  suavity 
both  relate  to  the  refinement  a_n  c 
sweetness  of  the  disposition.  As  polite 
education  tends  to  soften  the  mini 
and  the  manners,  it  leads  to  suavity 
which,  however,  may  sometimes  arist 
from  a  natural  temper.  By_  the  suav 
ity  of  our  manners  we  gain  the  love 
of  those  around  us,  and  by  the  ur 
banity  o-f  our  manners  we  render 

.  ourselves  agreeable  companions. 

bNTF\UTHFULN£SS.  —  There  is 
probably  no  other  habit  which  so 
easily  and  insensibly  grows  upon  the 
younp  as  that  of  speaking  thoughtless 
ILI.  By  failing  to  see  and  hearatteti 
tively,  they  use  inexact  language,  b 
censuring,  disguising,  and  uttering 
opinions  as  facts.  It-  is  not  uncommon 
for  a  lady  to  speak  of  a  dreadful  glove 
a  horrid  ribbon,  an  awful-looking 
bonnet,  a  lovely  fan,  a  perfectly  splen 
did  calico  dress,  or  an  exquisitely  de- 
licious cup  of  coffee,  thus  showing 
her  lack  of  suitable  language  to  ex 
press  her  thoughts.  While  this  phase 
of  untruthfulness  way  not  be  will- 
ful, and  only  the  result  of  habit,  her 
friends  should  be  anxious  for  herre| 
utation. 

U  S^O-E  .  —  Usage  is  wha-t  one  has  long 
been  used  to  do;  it  acquires  force 
and  sanction  by  dint  of  time.  It  is 
often  so  strong  as  to  supply  the  place 
of  written  law.   Custom  is^hat 
one  generally  does;  it  acquires  sanc- 
tion by  its  frequency  of  being  done, 
or  the  number  doinj  it.  Custornsva 
ry  in  every  age,  for  instance,  it  was 
customary  during  Washington's  time 
for  men  to  have  clean  -shaven  faces, 
but  during  Orant's  time,  the  full- 
bearded  face  was  the  custom. 

USUf\PEF\.  —  Usurp  signifies  to  make 
use  of  as  if  it  were  one's  own,  and 
implies  to  take  to  one's  self  by  viq 
lence,  or  in  violation  of  ri^ht.  It  is 
properly'  applied  to  power,  either  pub- 
lic or  private;  as,  a  usurpar  exercis- 
es the  functions  o/governrnent 
without  a  legitimate  sanction.lt  is 
not  uncommon  for  minor  usurp- 
ations to  take  place  in  the  sociaf 


and  home  circles. 
V/V.LOF\.  —  Valor  is  a  higher  quality 
than  either  courage  or  bravery;  it 
partakes  of  the  grand_  characteris- 
tics of  both,  combining  the  fire  of 
bravery  with  the  deterrnination  and 
firmness  of  courage.  It  is  practically 
the  executive  department  of  the  -mind. 
Valor  challenges  great  respect,  even 
from  enemies,  and  when  defeated 
on  any  occasion,  seeks  another 
in  which  more  glory  is  to  be  ac- 
quired. The  estimate  and  valor  of 
a  man  consists  in'the  heart  and 
in  the  will  j  there  his  true  honor 
lies.  Valor  is  stability,  not  of  arms 
and  of  legs,  but  of  courage  and  the 
soul.  A  truly  valiant  man  will  dare 
to  do  almost  any  thing  but  doing 
any  body  an  injury.  He  will  do 
without  witness  what  one  would  do 
before  all  the  world. 


195 


. — Vanity  signifies  exceedingemp 
kiness.  It  is  always  bad,  and  always  ernp 
tiness  or  nothingness:  it  is  the  distor- 
tion of  one's  nature  flowing  /row  a. 
vicious  constitution  or  education.  One 
is  vain  o(  his  person,  his  dress,  h  i  s 
walk,  or  any  thing  that  is  frivolous. 
Vanity  shows  itself  only  by  its  eager- 
ness to  catch  the  notice  of  others,  and 
always  -makes  its  possessor  ridiculous. 
False  glory  is  the -rock  of  vanity,  and 
false  -modesty  its  masterpiece.  Ladies 
o(  fashion  are  said  to  starve  their  hap- 
pi-ness  to  feed  their  vanity,  and  their 
love  to  feed  their  pride.  The  -more  one 
has  of  vanity  the  less  he  has  of  under- 
standing, and  the -more  one  has  of 
affectation,  the  wore  nearly  does  his 
vanity  reach  its  climax. 

As  a  -remedy  for  vanity,  it  is  recom- 
mended that  when  you  are  disposed 
to  be  vain  of  your  -mental  acquire- 
ments, look  up  to  those  who  are -more 
accomplished  than  yourself, that  you- 
•may  be  fired  with  emulation;  but  when 
you  /eel  dissatisfied  with  your  circum- 
stances, look  down  on  those  beneath 
you,  that  you  may  learn  contentment. 
'EIL. — Ladies  sorneti-mes  appear  on 
the  street  with  veils  over  their  faces, 
signifying  that  they  do  not  wish  to  be 
recognized,  and  acquaintances  -may 
pass  them  as  strangers,  without  either 
giving  or  taking  o/fense.  However,  if 
on  approaching,  they  remove  the  veil, 
it  indicates  that  they  wish  to  be  seen 
and  recoonized. 

EH^CITY.— Veracity  is  the  quality  of 
truthfulness  belonging  to  a  person. The 
truth  of  his  statements  rests  upon  his 
veracity.  The  most  important  interests 
of  society  depend  on  the  confidence  which 
•men  repose  rn  one  another's  veracity. 
If  representations  of  facts, truths,  or  o- 
pinions  are  to  be  -made,  it  is  obviously 
fitting  and  right  that  they  should  be  con- 
formed to  one's  knowledge  or  belief.  But 
for  this,  history  would  be  worth  no  more 
than  fiction,  judicial  proceedings  would 
be  a.  senseless  mockery  of  justice,  and 
the  administration  of  law  and  equity, 
the  merest  haphazard;  the  common  in- 
tercourse of  life  would  be  invaded  by  in- 
cessant doubt  and  suspicion, and  its  daily 
transactions,  aimless  and  tentative. 


Vl  OLE^CE.  — Violent  or  abrupt -move 
ments  in  society  are  a  breach  of  eti- 
quette. When  persons  of  reputation 
and  piety  say  or  do  violent  things,!* 
is  not  strange  that  others  should  fol 
low  them. 

VlCE^. —  &  vice  is  a  personal  offense, 
the  injury  being  inflicted  upon  our- 
selves; yet  when -made  public,  though 
it  be  such  as  seems  to  effect  only  our- 
selves (as  drunkenness  and  the  like), 
it  then  becomes,  by  the  bad  example 
it  sets,  of  pernicious  effects  to  soci- 

VlG-lLAfJCE. — Vigilance  expresses  a 
high  degree  of  watchfulness.  Upon  or 
dinary  occasions  a  sentinel  is  said  to 
be  watchful,  but  upon  extraordinary  oc 
casi  on  s,  vigilant.  Few  persons  areas 
watchful  as  they  ought  to  be.  Though 
they  be  watchful  in  the  proper  sense 
of  watching,  they  should  be  vigilant 
in_  detecting  both  -moral  and  -natural 

VINDICTIVE.—  A  vindictive  persi 
is  both  revengeful  and  resentful.  He 
who  is  prone  to  revenge  or  the  thing 
which  serves  the  purposes  of  revenge 
or  punishment,  has  a  temper  that 
should  be  closely  watched. 

VIRTUE. — Virtue  does  not  consist 
in-mere  innocence,  or  abstaining  from 
harm,  but  as  well  in  the  exercise  of  our 
faculties  in  doing  good;  it  is  the  habit 
ual  sense  of  right,  and  the  habitual 
courage  to  act  up  to  that  sense  of  ri^ht, 
combined  with  benevolent  sympathies. 
The  dignity  of  virtue  is  suchjthat 
it  is  said  that  were  there  but  one  vir- 
tuous-man in  the  world,  he  would 
hold  up  his  head  with  confidence  and 
and  honor;  he  would  shamethe  world 
and  not  the  world  him. 

While  virtue  is  one  and  indivisible 
in  its  principle  and  essence,  In  its  ex 
ternal  manifestations,^  presents  very 
different  aspects,  and  under  dif/er- 
ent  forms  assumes  dif/erent  names. 
The  cardinal  virtu-es  are  those  on  which 
the  character  hinges  or  turns,  the 
possession  of  all  of  which  would  con- 
stitute a  virtuous  character,  while 
the  absence  of  any  one  of  them  would 
justly  forfeit  foramanthe  epithet 
\mxvvo\vs.  They  are  V^\vie,-v\c.«.. 

VlS(TI(i<>. — In  order  to  maintain 
good  feelings  between  the  -members  of 
society,  visiting  is  necessary.  Visit;  of 
ceremony  are  not  required  among 
intimate  friends.  It  is  best  not  to 
pay  visits  unless  by  special  invitation 
If  one's  friend  desires  to  extend  ho* 
pitality  to  him,  he  will  send  an  invi- 
tation which  can  be  accepted  with 
the  prospect  of  mutual  convenience 
and  pleasure.  Always  exercise  great 
care  in  paying  visits  of  long  duration, 
and  never  pay  one  on  a  general  in- 
vitation. When  traveling,  and  you. 
stop  in  a  city  where  you  have  frieirfs, 
it  is  better  to  register  at  a.  hotel,  and 
inform  them  of  your  arrival,  leaving 


it  optional  with  them  to  extend  hospi- 
tality. Even  with  your  relatives  it 
is  better  to  announce  your  corning 

No  one  not  mentioned  in  a  spe- 
cial invitation  should  go;  but    a 
wife  may  accompany  her  husband 
and  \i\ce.  •WWL. 

The  main  point  in  visiting  is  to 
give  as  little  trouble  as  possible,  to 
co_nform  to  the  habits  of  your  enter- 
tainers, and  never  be  in  the  way. 

A  host  should  provide  amusemenl 
for  his  guests,  and  give  up  his  time 
as  much  as  possible  to  them,  accom- 
panying them  to  any  points  of  in- 
terest in  the  city  or  neighborhood. 

The  rule  on  which  the  host  should 
act,  is  to  make  his  visitors  as  much 
at  home  as  possible;  that  on  which 
a  visitor  should  act,  is  to  interfere 
as  little  as  possible  with  the  domestic 
routine  of  the  house. 

A  lady  when  visiting  may  with  pro- 
priety offer  to  assist  her  hostess  in 
household  duties  or  family  sewing; 
but  if  she  decline,  it  is  in  bad  taste 
to  insist. 

No  gu.est  may  make  outside  en- 
gagements, or  visit,without  consult- 
ing the  host  or  hostess.  Neither  hos- 
tess nor  guest  may  accept  any  invi- 
tations which  do  not  include  the  oth 
er.  A  guest  must  always  be  at  the 
disposal  of  the  host  or  hostess,  if  a 
ride,  drive, or  walk  is  proposed,  or 
Otherwise  to  occupy  the  day. 

It  is  the  first  duty  of  the  guest, af- 
ter returning  home,  to  write  to  the 
host  or  hostess,  expressing  the  pleas- 
ure derived  from  the  visit,  and  men- 
tioning each  member  of  the  family 
by  -name,  desiring  to  be  remembered 


- . 

VOICED—  The  sweetly  modulated  ac- 
cents of  a  fine  voice  exert  a  wonder- 
ful power  upon  the  ear.  0-ood  or  bad 
impressions  are  made  upon  us, not 
only  by  what  people  say,  but  by  the 
tones  used  in  the  conversation.  Hab 
its  of  thought  are  indicated  to  a  jreat 
degree  by  habits  of  expression,  as  he 
who  is  habitually  ill-natured  will 
give  expression  to  his  thoughts  in 
ill-natured  tones.  Good  society  de- 
mands that  we  make  ourselves  as 
agreeable  as  possible,  and  nothing 
serves  to  make  a  better  first  impres- 
sion than  a  carefully  trained  voice. 
A  gentle  and  low  tone  is  a  charm  t» 
a  woman.  A  certain  distinct,  s  ub- 
dued  tone  is  peculiar  to  persons  on- 
lu  of  the  best  breeding. 

VULCAF\ITY.— Vulgarity  is  supposed 
to  belong  to  those  who  are  ignorant 
and  depraved  in  taste  as  well  as  In  mor- 
als. Vulgar  habits  being  easity  con- 
tracted from  a  slight  intercourse  wUh 
vulgar  people,  it  is  well  to  be  on  cne's 
guard  when  thrown  among  them.  Let 
your  conduct  be  simpje,  and  avoid  as- 
suming an  air  of  superiority  over  them. 


-Persons  walking  in  com- 
pany should  always  keep  step  together. 

When  two  gentlemen  accompany  a  la- 
dy in  a  walk,  she  should  place  herself 
between  them,  and  not  unduly  favor  ei- 
ther. She  should  not  take  an  arm  of 
ea_ch;  neither  should  a  gentleman  walk 
with  a  lady  on  each  arm,  unless  when 
coming  from  a  place  of  amusement  at 
night,  or  in  passing  through  a  crowd. 

In  walking  with  a  lady,  where  it  is 
necessary  /or  you  to  proceed  sjngly,  al- 
ways go  before  her.  Always  give  a  lady 
the  safe  side  (usually  the  inner  side)  of 
the  walk,  whether  you  be  at  her  right 
or  left. 

A  gentleman  should  accommodate  his 
walk  to  that  of  a  lady,  or  an  elderly  or 
delicate  person. 

A  gentleman  in  walking  with  a  lady 
who  wishes  to  enter  a  store,  should  o- 
pen  the  door,  permit  her  to  pass  in  first, 
follow  her,  and  close  the  door.  He  should 
always  ring  door  bells,  or  rap  at  a  door 

VATcV^. — Whether  at  home  or  abroad, 
a  frequent  consultation  of  the  watch 
or  time-piece  is  impolite.  If  at  home,  it 
appears  as  if  one  were  tired  of  the  com- 
pany and  wished  them  to  be  gone;  if  a- 
broad,  as  if  the  hours  dragged  heavily, 
and  one  were  calculating  how  soon  he 
would  be  released. 

^ATCHFUj-N^SS.— Watchfulness  is  a 
natural  virtue,  and  is  recommended  to 
us  frequently  by  the  Bible. 
"In  private,  watch  your  thoughts;  in 
your  family,  watch  your  temper;  in  so- 
ciety,  watch  yow-r  tongue." 

WE/\JHEF\. — 0-ne  should  avoid  cowmen 
cing  a  conversation  by  alluding  to  the 
weather.  Though  the  weather  is  a  subject 
that  concerns  every  body,  and  every  body' 
knows  more  or  less  about  it,  ever  since 
the  days  of  Noah  it  has  been  considered 
tedious  to  talk  of  it. 

WELCONIE. — When  visiting  or  calling 
one  should  be  careful  not  to  stay  so  long 
as  to  wear  out  his  welcome. 

Whoever  or  whatevei"conies  welfjorin 
season,  to  us,  and  happening  in  accord 
with  our  wishes,  should  elicit  from  us 


a  prompt  expression  of  our  cordial! 
tu.  Leave  no  room  for  a  sense  of  coldness 
VHlSK^HS.—  The  style  of  wearing 
the  whiskers  should  be  governed  by 
the  kind  of  face.  Some  people  wear 
the  full  beard;  others  the  long  Car- 
digan whiskers;  some  -mustache  anc 
whiskers,  or  mutton-chop  whiskers 
or  the  long  flowing  mustache  and 
imperial  of  Victor  Emmanuel,  or  the 
spiky  mustache  of  the  late  Napoleon 
III.  Whatever  the  style, the  point  is 
to  keep  it  well  brushed  and  trirnrned 
and  to  avoid  any  appearance  of  wild- 
ness  and  inattention.  The  full,  flow 
Ing  beard,  of  course,  requires  more 
attention  in  the  way  of  cleanliness 
than  any  other.  It  should  be  thorough 
lu  washed  and  brushed  every  day,  as 
dust  is  sure  to  accumulate  in  it.  Do 
not  use  oil  as  it  causes  the  dust  to  ac 

>A/tilSpEF\ING-.— To  whisper  hi  cow 
pany  is  exceedingly  unbecoming  in 
persons,  since  it  is  not  unreasonable 
to  suppose  that  some  one  present  is 
the  subject  of  their  comments.  Such 
conduct  may  well  be  considered  of- 
fensive to  every  one. 
VlfE. — 'The  privilege  and  pleasure 
of  rendering  home  happy  and  attract 
ive,  especially  devolves  on  the  wife.  A 
young  wife  should  be,  very  carefn.1 
about  devoting  her  leisure  time  to  any 
charitable  purposes, or  otherwise,  with- 
out first  consulting  her  husband;  nei 
t-her  should  she  be  induced  to  attend 
evening  lectures  or  places  of  amuse 
went  unless  he  accompany  her. 

Never  leave  your  husband  to  speric 
hfs  evenings  at  home  alone,  nor  give 
him  cause  to  say  that  you  are  more 
agreeable  abroad  than  at  home.  Noth- 
ing can  be  more  senseless  t-han  the 
conduct  of  a  young  woman  who  seeks 
to  be  admired  in  general  society  for 
her  politeness  and  engaging  manners 
or  skill  in  music,  when, at  the  same 
time,  she  wakes  no  effort  to  render 
her  home  attractive. 

Never  trust  any  individual  whatev 
er  with  small  annoyances,  or  misun- 
derstandings, between  your  husband 
and  yourself.  Be  on  your  guard, and 
reject  every  overture  that  may  lead 
to  undesirable  intimacy.  Never  approve 
a  mean  action,  never  speak  an  un- 
refined word.  The  slightest  duplicity 
destroys  confidence.  The  least  want 
of  refinement  in  conversation,  or  in 
the  selection  of  books,  lowers  a  wo- 
man— ay,  and  forever. 
VILD  0/\TS. —  Such  suggestions  as 
"boys  must  sow  their  wild  oats,"  etc., 
indicate  a  total  lack  of  reflection  and 
observation.  That  boy  or  man  never 
jived  who  was  exempt  from  the  pun- 
ishments affixed  to  the  violation  of  a- 
ny  of  the  moral  precepts  which  oper- 
ate on  mankind  in  general.  Such  a 
delusion  has  been  fatal  to  -many  a  poor 
fellow, who  discovered  his  error  too  late. 


leu        in 

dy\VI 


.  —  In  the  cars  one  h  as 
no  right  to  keep  a  window  open,  if 
the  current  of  air  thus  produced  an- 
noys or  endangers  the  health  of  an- 
other. 

A  gentleman  may  bow  to  a  lady 
seated  at  a  window,  if  he  is  passing 
on  the  street;  but  he  must  -not  bow 
from  a  window  to  a  lady  passing  on 
the  street. 

WlflE. —  To  urge  wine  up_o-notie  af- 
ter having  declined  it,  is  impolite 
and  unkind. 

If  you  dp  not  partake  of  wine  at 
the  table,  simply  say  to  the  waitet"Not 
any, thank  you,"  and  your  g  lass 
will  not  be  filled.  Avoid  making  any 
discourteous  remarks  about  if  while 
at  the  table. 

WISDOM-— "Happy  is  that  mm  that 
f  indeth  wisdom,  and  the  man  that 
getteth  understanding.  Length  of  day 
are  in  her  right  hand,  and  in  her  left 
riches  and  honor,  h'er  ways  sae  ways 
of  pleasantness,  and  all  her  paths  are 
peace." 

"These  six  things  doth  the  Lord 
hate;  yea,  seven  are  an  abomination 
unto  Him:  a  proud  look,  a  lying 
tongue,  and  hands  that  shed  inno 
cent  blood,  a  heart  that  deviseth 
wicked  imaginations,  feet  that  be 
swift  in  running  to  mischie/,  a 
false  witness  that  speaketh  lies,  and 
he  that  soweth  discord  among  b-reth- 
rcn." 

\A/IJ — Wit  is  mostly  displayed  in 
aptness  of  expression  and  illustra- 
tion. When  it  enlightens  the  intel- 
lect, conveyed  in  jocular  expression 
when  it  infringes  neither  on  religion, 
charity, justice,  nor  peace;  when  it 
contains  good  humor,  sweetens  con- 
versation, and  makes  the  endearments 
of  society  more  captivating;  when  it 
exposes  what  is  vile  and  base  to  con 
tempt,  adorns  truth,  and  answers 
what  is  below  .refutation;  then  it  is 
proper  and  fitting  to  employ  it  in 
social  intercourse.  However,  it  is  a 
very  dangerous  instrument.  Unless 
handjed  with  extreme  prudence,  i  t 
is  injurious  alike  to  the  one  who  uses 
it,and  to  the  one  who  is  made  to 
feel  its  sting.  Many  will  forgive  a 
blow,  but  few  will  forget  that  they 
have  been  made  the  subjects  of  ridi- 
cule; hence,  witty  persons  rarely 
have  very  warm  friends. 

W^OfJG- —  One  repents  of  injustice, 
repairs  injuries,  and  redresses  wronas. 
Injury  is  harm  or  damage  done  to 
any  one's  person, reputation,or prop- 
erty, and  may  be  accidental  orinten 
tional.  Injustice  is  the  violation  ofjus 
ticc,  or  a  breach  of  the  rule  of  right. 
When  we  think  wors_e  of  a  person 
than  we  ought  to  think,  we  do  him 
an  injustice.  Wrong  partakes  both 
of  injury  and  injustice.  I*  is  the  re- 
sult of  evil  intentions,  recklessness, 
or  indifference. 


197 


merchan  ts,  wanuf  actur- 
s,  students,  and  others, 
are  in  need  of  information 
relative  to  business  terms 
vnd  forms,  they  need  not 
look  in  vain  in  the  follow- 
ig  pages  to  find  something 
meet  their  wants.  It  mast  be 
admitted  by  every  one  that  busi- 
ness men  should  know  something 
of  the  most  general  laws  of  busi- 
ness, as  the  law  of  partnership; 
how  to  make  agreements;  how 
to  conduct  sales;  how  to  make  notes; 
how  to  collect  them;  etc.  All  should  like- 
wise know  so  -much  of  the  ordinary  law 
as  protects  and  defines  their  common  and 
universal  rights.  A  knowledge  of  the 
principles  or  rules  of  business  law  would 
prevent  the  -many  important  mistakes 
which  are  made  every  day,  leading  to 
much,  loss  as  well  as  difficulty.  From  the 
great  variety  of  accurate  forms  given, 
any  person  may  select  the  form  near- 
est to  his  particular  need,  arid  easily 
make  any  alterations  which  his  case 
requires. 


AJA/lDO^NVEjlT.  —This  term  is  genet 
ally  used  in  reference  to  the  risks  of  ma- 
rine insurance;  the  surrender  of  prop- 
erty to  the  insurers. 

\BAJEN\ENT.-A  discount  made  for 
damage  or  overcharge,  or  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a  debt  before  it  is  due. 

\BSTFV\,CT.  —  An  Abstract  of  Title  is  a 
brief  account  of  all  the  deeds,judpntents, 
and  instruments  affecting  one's  title 
to  real  estate.  The  evidences  of  title  are 
usually  conveyances,  wills,  orders  or  de- 
crees of  courts,  judgments,  sales  by  of- 
ficers appointed  by  law,  and  acts  of  the 
Legislature  and  of  Congress. 

\CCt^PTA/YC£. —  An  Acceptance  is  a  for- 
mal agreement  by  signature  to  pay  a 

'draft  or  bill  according  to  its  terms. 
If  a  drawee  agrees  to  pay  with  some 
qualification  or  condition,  it  is  called 


Acceptances  are  usually  written 
across  the  face  of  a  bill, in  red  ink.  A 
drawee  is  entitled  to  a  certain  time, 


usually  twenty-four  hours,  to  decide 
whether  or  not  he  will  accept. 

if  an  acceptance  be  conditional,  it 
should  appear  so  in  writing  on  its  face. 
A  holder  is  not  bound  to  take  a  condi- 
tional or  qualified  acceptance. 

The  following  form  shows  a  condi- 
tional acceptance:  "Accepted  if  in  funds 
from  coTBianrnent  shipped  us  on  3d  instant. 
Chicaoo,  Oct.  14/99.  Alex.M.Moodyr 

If  a  bill  has  been  accepted  after  it 
has  been  protested  for  non-acceptance, 
it  is  called  an  I$JW$VK*XA  Vox  Vvyvwx. 

A.CCOIvtIVlOpAJION  PA.PEr\.  —  An  Ac 
commpdation  Note  or  Draft  is  one 
for  which  the  maker  receives  no  con- 
sideration, but  which  he  makes  for  the 
purpose  of  lending  his  credit  t-o  the 
payee  to  enable  him  to  raise  money. 
The  party  for  whom  such  accommoda- 
tion was  made,  cannot  recover  from 
the  -maker;  but  if  it  is  endorsed  for  val- 
ue to  a  third  person,  aJthou-gh  he  may 
have  notice  that  it  is  an  accommoda- 
ti_on  note,  and  no  consideration  was 
given  for  it,  that  third  person  can  nev 
ertheless  recover  from  the  original 
maker.  An  accommodation  note  or 
draft  is  drawn  in  the  ordinary  nego- 
tiable form. 

ACCORD  A.ND  SAJISFAICTIO(1. -Offer 
and  acceptance  of  one  thing  in  place 
of  another  due. 

ACCOUNT — A  statement  of  the  deb 
Its  and  credits  resulting  from  busi- 
ness transactions  relating  to  it.  An  ac- 
count may  be  kept  with  a  person,  any 
species  of  property  or  cause. 


A.&.WAUTON. 


SOLD  HIM  on  Account. 


lObbls.Sujar,..  90.00 


Cash, 150.00 


10 eh. Tea'  !.. 100.00  "  • 50.00 

5  baos  Coffee...  1 50.1 

A^CCOUflT  C\J^E(Jt.  — A  detailed  state 
ment  of  the  transactions  between  parties 
for  a  certain  period, showing  what 
is  the  condition  of  affairs  at  the  vv(- 
wv\  orpresent  time. 

A.CCOUfJT  SA.LES — An  itemized  state- 
ment of  sales  and  expenses,  sent  by 
a  commission  merchant  to  his  prin- 
cipal. It  exhibits  the  quantities  and 


prices  of  goods  sold,  the  corn-missions 
and  other  charges,  and  the  tie*  proceed*. 


Account  Sales  of  75  Bales  of  Wool,  re- 
ceived per  Lake  Erie  &.  Western  Railroad, 
and  sold  for  Account  of  Messrs.  Walton 
i  Whisler,  Atlanta,  l-nd. 


Bee 


TVn«-{|uaTter-Hood  Merino, 

Net  9138  lbs.®60c-,  30oV 
Half-blood  Merino, 

Net  2638  lbs.@55c.,     •' 
Unwashed  Merino, 

Netl601bs.e55c.,     it 
Common  and  half-blood, 

Net985lbs.@50c.,     -.• 


Freiaht  and  Ihayaoe,    *  192.33 
Commission,  indudino  Itt- 

sitrance,  Storage,  and  La- 

bor,2cents  per  pound 

on  13,101  Ibs., 

Net  Proceeds  due  Dec.72,1%1, 

E.E.  &OODlW«NNINO. 

Chirajo,Jan.lO,l962. 


554280 

1450  90 

88  OC 


4M3 


r.^ m. — In  commercial  corre- 

spondence, the  term  by  which  the  receipt 
of  a  letter,  remittance,  or  order,  is  ad- 
mitted; to  certify  by  signature  the  gen- 
uineness of  a  deed  or  mortgage. 
A.CK.NOWlEiDGrviENT.—  A  receipt  orad- 
mission;  a  formal  admission  made  be 
fore  an  officer,  that  the  act  described 
was  voluntarily  done.  The  officer^  ce-r 
tificate  of  the  admission  is  also  called 
an  acknowledgment. 


. 

Kokomo.lnd.,  Oct.  1,1943. 
MESSRS.  WADE  &.  Co., 
Chicago,  I II. 

^rt,"ftVV«w. — Your  favor  of  5th  irot 
covering  draft  on  First  National  Bank,  New  York, 
for  Five  Hundred  Sixty-three  and  ^  Dollars, 
is  to  hand  and  passed  to  your  credit  with  thanks 
Your  order  for  25  bbls.  Apples  is  entered, 
and  the  goods  will  be  forward  early  in  the  week. 
Awaiting  a  continuance  of  your  4vors,weare, 
Respectfully  yours, 

MARSH, MEAWS&CO-, 


198 


ACCOUNTS 

O     *'o    J: 

n  *  P  !r 
p>  w  *"  £" 

a  °  2J- 


5-3  5,z 


Jll 


r.^i 

flp 

I-HI 


8001^.— 


i-epairing  a  vessel,  or  contracts  to  carry 
freight  or  passengers.  No  State  has  any 
jurisdiction  over  the  ocean. 
,DULTEf\AJIO(l.  —  The  debasing  of 
an  article  or  substance  by  spurious 
or  less  valuable  admixtures. 

^0  VAjLOJ\E(v\.  —According  to  value.  A 
custom  house  term,  relating  to  the 
estimating  of  duties  upon  the  value 
of  imported  goods. 

^VAJNC^ Increase  in  value  of  mer- 
chandise ;  money  paid  before  goods 
are  delivered;  moneys  or  acceptances 
from  the  commission  merchant  t  o 
the  consignor  before  the  goods  are 
disposed  of. 

JjVE^TU^E. — A  bill  of  goods  shipped 
to  be  sold  on  account  and  risk  of  the 
shippers;  any  enterprise  or  haiard. 

A.DVEISTURE  itf  CO.  —  (roods  sent  to 
be  sold  on  joint  account  of  the  shipper 
and  consignee. 

,DVEIVnSErviE^T.  —  A  public  notice 
or  announcement  in  print,  of  arti- 
cles for  sale  or  enterprises  of  any  kind. 
ADVICE. — The  announcement  of  joods 
shipped,  or  bills  sent  for  acceptance;  in 
formation  communicated  by  letter. 

Af  FI\EIG-HT To  hire  a  ship  or  ves 

sel  for  freight.  The  freight  of  aship 
is  called  affreightment. 
fFIDA^IT. —  A  sworn  declaration,  ta 
Ken  before  a  co_mpetent  official .  J  t 
should  be  positive  in  the  description 
of  amounts,places,  persons,  etc. 


, %'. — One  skilled  in  annuities; 
a  clerliVf  registry;  the  active  officer 
in  a  life-insurance  company. 
LCGllUlTTA^NOE].  — A  receipt  in  full  of 
all  demands  or  written  discharge;  a  re 
lease  from  debt  or  obligation. 

A.DJUSTIv\E(4T.—  This  term  has  par 
ticular  reference  to  the  settlement  of  a 
loss  under  a  marine  policy  upon  thep-mt 
ciple  of  average.  This  settlement  is  ofte 
of  a  most  intricate  nature,  and  require 
the  services  of  skilled  professionals  ari< 
experts.  It  is  often  used  in  reference 
to  fire  insurance. 

A,DNllNISTf\AJOI\. — One  that  isappoin 
ed  by  the  court  to  settle  an  estate.  It  is 
only  when  a  person  dies  withou-t  a 
will  that  an  administrator  is  appointe 
An  administrator  has  jurisdiction  on 
ly  over  the  personal  property  of  adecea 
ed  person.  The  heirs  can  take  possession 
of  the  real  estate  without  any  author! 
ty  from  the  court. 

\pN\IHAlTV  COUfVT  — This  court  has 
jurisdiction  of  cases  arising  on  the  se 
or  connected  with  vessels;  as,  cases  o 
piracy,  collision  on  the  sea,  claims  for 


3.  An  agent  who  conceals  his  princi- 
pal, is  responsible  to  third  parties. 

4.  An  agent  who  speciaJly  agrees  to  be- 
come responsible  to  third  patties,  is  so._ 

5.  An  agent  acting  f-i-auduletitly  OT  deceit 
fulli),  is  responsible  to  third  parties. 

J>IO. — A  ter-rn  denoting  the  dif/eteiK* 
bctwesti  the  real  and  the  nominal  val- 
ue of  money ;  or  between  one  kind  of 
money  and  another;  the  rate  of  pre- 
mium charged  for  accepting  payment 
in  one  kind  of  money  where  the  con- 
tract exacts  another  kind.  V^ox.^Ojft 
is  the  speculation  on  the  rise  and  fall 
o/  public  funds. 

/\GI\EErv\ENT.  —  An  Agreement  is  a 
contract  (which  see)  by  which  a  cer- 
tain person,  or  persons,  agrees  to i  per 
form  certain  duties  within  a  specified 
time.  The  legal  requirements  of  ati  a 
greement  are  the  same  as  those  given 
under  Contract. 


STATE  OF  lNOiANA;TiPTONCo.,TownoFBoz,w 

James  Daily,  being  duly  sworn, depos 

es  and  says(tw  alleges  and  says):That — 


[SEAL],  James  Daily 

Sworn  \w  t&CwMtKS  before  me,  thi 
ninth  day  of  May,  A. D.  19—. 
BENJAMIN  SMITH, 


'. — A  term  signifying  that  rtier 
chand*ise  has  arrived  in  port,  but  not 
delivered  from  the  vessel. 
^0-^NCx.  — An  Agent  is  a  person  havin 
power  to  act  for  another,  who  is  call 
ed  a  principal.  His  authority  is  const 
tu-ted  in  three  ways:  by  deed  undersea 
by  a  writing  without  seal,  or  by  mere 
words.  Except  where  the  agent  has  ai 
interest  in  the  subject-matter,  or  *he  ai 
thprity  is  given  for  a  valuable  consider 
ation,  the  principal  wai^  revoke  the  a 
thority  at  pleasure,  subject  in  some  cas 
es  to  a  claim  for  damages. 

The  responsibility  of  the  principa 
and  the  agent  is  as  follows: 

PRINCIPAL: 
I.  The  principal  is  responsible  for  the  act 

of  his  agent. 
2..  If  the  act  is  not  within  the  author 

ty  given,  the  principal  is  not  responsible. 

3.  Where  apparent  authority  is  give" 
the  principal  is  responsibl*. 

4.  The  principal  is  responsible  if  he  subs 
fluently  ratifies  the  act  of  his  agent. 
AGENT: 

1.  The_agent  is  not  responsible  to  *hir 
parties  for  acts  he  performs  as  agent 

2.  An  apent  who  exceeds  his  authorit 
is  responsible  to  third  parties. 


This  Agreement, made  this  seconc 
day  of  November,  A. D.  19  — , between 
John  G-.Dunn,  of  Denver,  County  of  Ar 
apahoe,  and  State  of  Colorado,  of  t  he 
irst  part,  and  William  Crowe,  of  Lea< 
ville,  County  of  Lake,  and  State  aforesaii 
of  the  second  part, 

WUnesseth,  That  the  said  Joh-n&.Dwm 
:or  the  consideration  hereinafter  wen 
;ioned,  doth  covenant  and  agree  to  ani 
with  the  said  William  Crowe,  that \>«A 

vwtt  \V«.  •a.C(1xwx<\e\\\  o-tv  wa,  ^ v<V  o' 

xw(0\. 

And  the  said  William  Crowe,  in  cor 
sideration  of  the  covenant  of  the.  sai( 
party  of  the  first  part,  doth  hereby  coy 
enatit  and  agree  to  and  with  the  sai 
John  G-.  Dunn, that  V>w«,'wba\V  v\\* 


I-M  Wit-ness  whereof,  we  have  he 
unto  set  our  hands  and  seals,  the  yea. 
and  day  first  above  written. 

Signed,  sealed, and  de- 
livered in  presence  of 
EOWABD  0.  SHARPE. 
CHARLES  MEANS. 


., ,.._       A  person  of  foreign  birth 

foreign;  foreigner. 

A.LIG.UOT  PA.P\T. — A  smaller  numbe 
by  which  i  larger  number  may  be  e 
qually  divided;  as,  10  is  an  aliquot  par 
of  IOO;  {/4  of  j/2;  etc. 
J.LIA.NCE. —  A  union  for  some  co-ro 
mon  object:  as  the  Far-mers'Alliance. 
J-Ll&ATIO^.  —  A  formula  whichtrea 
of  compounding  ingredients  of  i\( 
ferent  values;  I.  So  as  to  obtain  tl-r 
average  value  of  the  mixture;  2.  Sv 
as  to  determine  the  ratio  in  which  th 
quantities  may  be  mixed  to  yield  an 
&iven  average. 

jLLOfJGE. —  A  paper  attached  to  a  bi 
of  exchange  when  there  are  too  mai 
endorsements  to  be  contained  on  tl 
bill  itself. 

ALLO 
the 

sha .  .  .._,-_ 

ilw,  during  his  absence  at  sea. 
^LLOVV. —  To  Concede  or  discount  a 
amount  to  be  paid, as  an  abatement. 
^LLOVVA^CE.— A  portion  of  costs  9 
en  by  the  court  or  statute;  a dedwctio 


199 


from  the  gross  weipht  of  goods. 
LIMONY—  *ii  allowance  directed  to 


>e  paid  by  a  husband  to  a  wife  after 
separation  from  her  husband,  or  dur- 
ing the  pending  of  an  action  for  di- 


/.  —A  union  of  two  or  more  met 
als,  making  a  compound;  in  common 
usage,  the  alloy  in  a  compound  is 
understood  to  be  the  baser  or  less  val- 
uable metal;  thus,  geld  is  alloyed  with 
silver  or  copper,  silver  with  copper  or 
brass,  or  nickel. 

WBA,SSA,DOF\.  —  A  public  minister  of 
the  highest  rank,  sent  abroad  with  p«w 
er  to  represent  the  government  of  the 
country  by  whom  he  is  sent. 

AMOUNT.  —  The  sum  total,  or  aggre- 
gate;  (yco«  v«\o\x\\\  is  the  total  without 
deduction;  -wex  vwvovonx,  the  total  less 
deduction. 

jNC^STOf\  — One  who  has  gone  before 
in  a  family  in  a  direct  line;  we  may 
speak  of  the  ancestors  of  a  nation  as 
well  as  those  of  any  particular  individual. 

ANCHOI\ApE. —  A  roadstead  or  suitable 
Holding  ground  for  ships  to  anchor. 

A.N&LE . — A  small  measure  of  length  in 
Bangalore,  India,  represented  by  three 
grains  of  rice,  equal  to  about  one  inch. 

A,NI(EF\. — A  common  liquid  measure  in 
various  parts  of  Europe, varying  indif- 
ferent countries  from  9  to  itfgallons. 

A.NNUITY. —  An  Annuity  originally  sig- 
nified an  "annual  income,"  but  in  a 
more  general  sense  it  is  now  applied 
to  •Y^itXt^  ^%N|p<«\t,Yk\s  of  various  kinds. 
In  this  sense,  an  Annuity  is  the  annu- 
al, semi-annual,  quarterly,  monthly 
weekly,  or  daily  payment  of  a  certain 
or  varying  sum,  whether  the  payment 
be  regular  or  intermittent,  for  a  given 
term  of  years,  for  life,  or  forever. 

ANSV/Ef\.—  To  reply  to  a  letter  or  que 
ry;  to  discharge  a  debt  or  obligation;  to 
be  responsible  for;  a  written  defense 
made  by  a  defendant,  to  the  charges  of 
a  plaintiff  in  an  action. 

A.NTAJ_. —  A  wine  measure  in  Hungary, 
holdina  about  13^  gallons. 

A.PPEA.L — The  removal  of  an  action 
from  an  inferior  to  a  superior  court 
for  re-examination  and  review.  Appeal 
Book,  the  papers  upon  which  an  appeal 
is  to  be  heard. 

A.PPEAJ^A.NCE. — The  formal  proceeding 
of  a  party  summoned  into  court.  A  fail- 
ure of  the  defendant  to  appear,  entitles 
the  plaintiff  -tojudgtnent.  A  failure  of 
the  plaintiff  to  appear,  entitles  the  de 
fendant  to  a  dismissal  of  the  proceeding. 

A,PPELLAJVT.— One  who  makes  an  appeal 
from  one  court  to  a  higher. Appellee,  the 
one  against  whom  an  appeal  is  made. 


.— The  act  of  making  a 
request;  the  formal  preliminary  pro- 
cess  Cot  obtaitlinp  insurance.  Apply,  to 
appropriate  in  a  particular  way;  as,  ap- 
piuing  proceeds  i-n  the  payment  of  a 
specified  debt. 

J'PFVMSE. — To  set  a  pi-ice  upo-n,  o-r  to 
value.  Appraisal,  the  act  of  placittp  a 
value  on  goods.  Appraisement, valua- 
tion of  merchandise  OT  other  property. 
Appraiser,  one  who  sets  a  value  upo-n 
poods;  a  government  official  whose 
duty  it  is  to  examine  and  report  the 
dutiable  values  of  imported  -merchandise. 
.PPHEflTIC^. —  The  relation  o/ an 
Apprentice  is  established  by  a  written 
agreement,  by  which  a  male  OT  a  female 
•minor,  with  the  consent  o(  his  or  her 
parents,  agrees  to  serve  as  ari  •a.^texv 
Vxte.or  servant,  to  some  one  in  a  cer- 
tain trade  or  employment,  until  twentu- 
one  years  of- ape,  or  for  a  less  period. 
|n  return  for  these  services  the  -master 
is  to  teach  the  mirror  the  trade .  The  was- 
ter may  punish  his  apprentice, and  is 
liable  for  his  support.  The  officers  hav 
ing  charge  of  the  poor,  may  bind  out 
pauper  children  in  this  way. 


This  indenture  of  apprenticeshipbrtwee 
John  Bolton,  father  of-  Henry  Bolton, on 
the  one  part,  and  Milton  J.Mallery,pf  the 
other  part,  witnesseth:  That  the  said  Hen- 
ry Bolton,  aged  15  years  on  the  20th  day 
of  August,  A.D.  19 — ,  is  hereby  bound  as 
an  apprentice  under  the  said  Milton  J.Mal- 
lery,  from  the  date  hereof  until  the  20th 
day  of  August,  19 — ,  to  learn  the  trade 
and  art  of  a  printer:  and  is  faithfully  to 
serve  the  said  Milton  J.Mallery,and  cor- 
rectly to  conduct  hirnself  during  the  term 
of  his  apprenticeship. 

And  the  said  Milton  J.Mallery  hereby  w 
enants  thai  he  will  teach  the  said  Henru 
Bolton  the  said  trade  and  art,  and  will 
furnish  him,  during  said  apprenticeship 
with  board,  lodging,  washing,  clothing, med 
ic'me,  and  other  necessaries  suitable  for 
an  apprentice  m  sickness  and  in  health; 
and  will  send  him  to  a  suitable  publ  ic 
school  at  least  three  months  during  each 
of  the  first  three  years  of  the  said  term; 
and  at  the  expiration  of  the  said  appren- 
ticeship will  furnish  him  with  two  new 
suits  of  common  wearing  apparel,  and 
one  hundred  dollars  in  money. 

In  testimony  whereof,  the  parties  hereto 
have  set  their  hands  and  seals  this  twen- 
tieth day  of  August,  A.D.  19  — . 

Executed  in  presence  of  )  .      . 
A.P.PARKER,         I*""*" 


A,PPr\OVEF^. —  One  who  confesses  a 
crime,  and  accuses  others  of  the  same 
crirne  to  save  himsclf.-Also  called 
giving  State's  Evidence. 
^PPUKTE]NAjNCE|S.  —  Minor  rights, 
or  property,  connected  with  real . 
estate,  which  pass  to  the  successive 
owners  of  the  land.  Thus  a  transfer 
of  land  carries  with  it  all  houses, 
trees,  and  everything  standing  or  grow- 
ing upon  it,  and  ail  wines  and  quar- 
ries beneath  the  surface-.  The  trans- 
fer of  a  house  carries  with  it  the 
doors,  blinds,  keys,  etc.,  although 
they  may  be  at  the  time  tempora- 
rily detached,  and  not  upon  the 
property. 

A.f\BiTF\Ajiotl. —  The  adjustment 

of  a  disputed  point  by  a  person  or 
persons  chosen  by  the  parties  i  n 
dispute.  Arbiter,  one  chosen  to 
decide  a  matter  in  dispute.  Arbi- 
tration of  Exch an pe,  thededuc 
tiori  of  a  proportional  or  vtoVm.- 
•<v)  \iXfc  of  exchange  between  two 
places  through  an  intermediate  place, 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  most  advan- 
tageous method  of  drawing  or  remit 
ting. 


I  hereby  consent  to  the  foregoing  inden 
ture,  and  agree  to  conform  to  the  terms 
thereof  in  all  things  on  my  part  to  be 
performed. 

Dated  this  twentieth  day  of  August,  in 


A.PPHOPHIATIOfl.—  A  sum  of  money 
set  apart  (or  a  certain  purpose.  Appro- 
priate, to  take  to  one1:  self  with  or  with 
out  authority. 


fretr  a//  -men,  That  acontro- 
versy  exists  between  the*  undersigned,  L.J. 
Bozell  and  Peter  Miller,  concerning  the 
boundary  and  division  lines  of  the  follow- 
ing tract  of  land,  situated  in\\\«Ai  _ta- 

' 


That  said  L.J.Bqzell  and  Peter  Miller  do 
hereby  submit  said  controversy  to  the 
abitrament  of  Absalum  Sumner  and  Joseph 
George. 

That  said  award  shall  be  made  in  wri 
ting  under  the  hands  of  said  arbitra- 
tors, ready  to  be  delivered  to  said  parties, 
or  such  of  them  as  way  desire  the  same, 
on  or  before  the  second  day  of  Febru- 
ary next. 

That  said  award  shall  in  all  things 
by  us  and  each  of  us  be  well  and  faJth 
fully  kept,  observed  and  performed. 


In  presence  of 
VB.UWBERT, 


'ftoiv  A//  meft  6v  t/>ese presents: 
That  U.  Bozell  and  PcterMiller  have, 
this  —  day  of ,  A.D.  19 — .submit- 
ted their  -matters  in  controversy, concern 
ing  the  boundary  and  division  lines  of  a 
certain  tract  of  land  \to>ti\Xj«.\V\,  to 
Absalum  Sumner  and  Joseph  George,  to 
arbitrate,  award,  order,  judge  and  de- 
termine of  and  concerning  the  same. 

That  we, the  undersigned,  bind  our- 
selves,in  the  sum  of dollars,that 

said  L.J. Bozell  and  Peter  Miller  shall  sub 
mit  to  the  decision  and  award  of  said 
arbitrators,  provided  said  award  shall 
be  made  in  writing  on  or  before  the 
second  day  of  February, A.D.  19  — . 


200 


70  a// So  w/ro-vr  fAffj-e presents  sM/ 
co??ret  o-rTrra^/ '  co-rrce-r-r?,  ^-rrofis g/e '.' 
That  the  -matter  in  controversy  existing 
between  L.J.Bo2ell  and  Peter  Miller,  as 
by  their  submission  in  writing, bearing 
date  the —  day  of ,  -more  fully  ap- 
pears, was  submitted  to  Absalum  Sum- 
ner  and  Joseph  George,  as  arbitrators. 
That  said  arbitrators,  being  sworn 
according  to  law,  and  having  heard 
the  proofs  and  allegations  of  the  parties, 
and  examined  the  matter  in  controversy 
by  them  submitted,  do  make  this,  their 
award,  in  writing: 


In  wit-ness  whereo/,  we  have  here- 
unto subscribed  our  names, this  —  day 
of ,  A.D.  I9-. 


GENTLEMEN:  — You  have  been  chos 
en  a-rbitrators  on  behalf  of  the  under- 
signed, to  arbitrate  and  awa-rd  between 
them,  in  divers  matters  and  things,  set 
forth  in  their  sub-mission,  which  will  be 
produced  for  your  inspection  when  you 

meet  at — ,  in ,  on  the— day  of — 

at— o'clock  — .M.,  to  heat- the  allegations 
and  proofs. 


ARCHIVES.— The  place  where  public 
records  arc  kept;  the  records  them 
selves. 

A.HHAJ&N.—  To  call  a  wan  to  answer 
in  court  of  law. 

.HR.A)(. —  The  number  of  -men  surnrno* 
H  to  attend  court  as  jury-men. 
i;F\EAJ\S.  — That  which  remains  due 
a  sum  of  money  remaining  in  t  he 
hands  of  a  person  from  whom  it  is  due 

ARTICLES. — A  system  of  rules  estab 
lished  by  authority,  as,  articles  of  war; 
a  written  compact  or  agreement. 


PREAMBLE. 

For  the  purpose  of  organizing  for  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of; 


we,  the  undersigned,  citizens  of  the  State 

of ,  hereby  enter  into  the  following 

Articles  of  Association  under  the  Law< 

of  the  State  of ,of  19— ,19— , 

and  19— ,  governing  u.nincorporate< 
Joint  Stock  Companies. 

ARTICLE  I.   The  name  of  this  associa 
tion  shall  be  " 

ARTICLE  II.  The  office  a-nd  factory 
of  the  association  shall  be  located  in 


he  City  of -,and  State  of . 

ARTICLE  III.  The  object  of  the  associa- 

ion  shall  be  to  manufacture , 

and  sell to  thereta.il  and  jo bbin9 

rades. 

ARTICLE  IV.  The  capital  stock  of  this  as- 
iociation  shall  be  One  Hundred  and  Fifty 
Thousand  Dollars,  to  be  divided  into  Fif- 
een  Hundred  Shares.of  One  Hundred  Dol- 
ars  each. 

ARTICLE  V.  The  number  of  directors 
n  this  association  shall  be  seven,  as 
•rovided  by  statute,  and  shall  be  elected 
annually. 

ARTICLE  VI.  The  officers  ofthisasso 
ciation  shall  be  seven  directors, or  trus- 
ses, a  president,  secretary  and  treasurer, 
all  of  which  shall  be  elected  on  the  sec- 
ondTuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in 
January  of  each  year  after  the  first  elec- 
:ion.  Said  election  shall  be  byballot,edch 
stockholder  being  entitled  to  one  vote  for 
each  share  held  by  him,  provided  that  all 
assessments  due  upon  said  stock  shall 
have  been  paid. 

ARTICLE  VII.  This  association  shall 
continue  for  a  period  of  fifty  years, 
unless  sooner  dissolved  by  a  court:  for 
fraud  or  wismanagen-ient>. 

ARTICLE  VIII.  The  stockholders  way. 
by  a  vote  at  any  annual  election, devolve 
upon  the  president,  secretary,  and  treas 
urer.the  sole  management  of  their  busi- 
ness. 

ARTICLE  IX.  The  death  of  a  stock- 
holder, or  the  assignment  of  his  stock 
shall  not  work  a  dissolution  of  the  as 
sociation,  but  shall  continue  as  before. 

ARTICLE  X.  That  branch  of  law  gov- 
erning partnerships  as  regards  the  lia- 
bility of  stockholders,  is  recognized  b  y 
this  association,  and  nothing  in  these 
articles  of  association  shall  be  construe! 
as  having  organized  as  an  incorporate! 
Joint  Stock  Company. 

I-M  witness  whereo/,  we  have  here 
unto  affixed  our  hands  and  seals  this 
—day  of ,A.D.  19— . 


HENRY  MOORE,  [Seal 
JOHN  TANNER,  ^Seal' 
FLETCHER  ORR,  i'Seal' 


}&— ,     FLETCHER  ORR, 


JOHN  LISTEN,  Seal' 

M.T.SHEIL,  Seal 

S.T.HONALD,  [Seal. 

LEONARD  BEU,  [Seal] 


A^SS  A^\J  Li.  —  An  attempt  or  offer,  wit  h 
force  or  violence,  to  do  bodily  hurt  to  an 
other. 

^SS^TS. —  A  term  commonly  used  in 
trade  to  designate  the  funds, property, 
or  effects,  that  is,  the  stock  in  trade,  cash 
and  all  the  available  property  of  a  mer- 
chant, in  contradistinction  to  his  liabil- 
ities or  obligations.  Equitable  assets, 
those  assets  which  are  only  reached 
through  a  court  of  equity.  Legal  as- 
sets, the  property  of  a  deceased  person, 
which  the  common  law  can  reach  for 
the  purpose  of  satisfying  his  creditors 
Marshal  lino  o/  Assets,  a  technical 
phrase,  meaning  such  an  arrangement 
of  the  different  funds  under  administra- 


tio-ti,  as  shall  enable  all  persons  having 
equities  to  receive  their  share, -notwith- 
standing any  intervening  interests, 
liens,  or  claims. 

,SSI&^IVIEHT A  transfer  of  title 

in  any  property;  the  waking  over  to 
a  person  of  all  one's  property  and  ef- 
fects for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors.  As 
siptiee,  a  person  to  whom  an  assign- 
went  has  been  -made.  Assignment 
o/  Dower,  the  act  by  which  a  widow's 
share  in  her  deceased  husband's  estate 
is  fixed  and  secured  to  her. 


Know  all  tnen  by  these  presents, 
That  I,  ...........  ,for  value  received, 

-lave  sold,  and  by  these  presents  do 
grant,  assign,  and  convey  unto 
...............  \V\e-<eVw=>e-<X  a. 


To  have  and  *o  hold  the  same  unto 
the  said  ..............  ,his  execu-tors, 

admimistrators,  and  assigns  forever, 
bo  and  for  the  use  of  ^he  said  .........  , 

hereby  constituting  and  appointing  him 
my  true  and  lawful  attorney  irrevoca- 
ble in  my  name,  place,and  stead,  for 
the  purpose  aforesaid,  to  ask,  demand, 
sue  for,  attach,  levy,  recover,  a-nd  -re- 
ceive all  Such  sum  and  sums  of  money 
which  now  are,  or  way  hereafte»  become 
due,  owing  and  payable  for  or  on  account 
of  all  or  any  of  the  accounts,  dues,  debts, 
and  demands  above  assigned  to  him,  giv- 
ing and  granting  unto  the  said  attorney, 
full  power  and  authority  to  do  and  per- 
form all  and  every  act  and  thing  what- 
soever requisite  and  necessary,  as  fully, 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  I  wight 
or  could  do,  if  personly  present  with  full 
power  of  substitution  and  revocation, 
hereby  -ratifying  and  confirming  all  that 
the  said  attorney  or  his  substitute  shall 
lawfully  do  or  cause  to  be  done  by  virtue 
thereof. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereun 
to  set  my  hand  and  seal  the  first  day 
of  ........  ,  one  thousand  nine  hund- 

red and  ........  .  . 


,[Seal]_ 


Know  all  we*  by  these  presents 

That  I, ,  in  consideration 

of  one  hundred  dollars, the  receipt  of 
which  I  hereby  acknowledge,  do  hereby  as- 
sign, transfer  and  set  over  to , 

all  claims  and  demands  which  I  now 
have,arid  all  which,  at  any  time  between 
the  date  hereof  and  the ....  day  of .... 

next,  I  way  or  shall  have, against 

... ....... t  for  all  sums  of  money  due 

or  to  become  due  to  rnc  for  services  as.... 

That  I  do  hereby  appoint  and  consti- 
tute said and  his  assigns  my 

attorney,  irrevocable,  to  do  and  perform 
all  acts,  matters  and  things  in  the  prem- 
ises, in  like  manner  and  to  all  intents 
a-nd  purposes  as  I  could  if  person 
ally  present. 

In  witness  whereof,  etc. 


201 


ASSISTANCE],  VVHIT  OF.—  A  judicial 
writ,  directed  to  the  sheriff,cornflianding 
him  to  put  some  person  into  possession 
of  real  properly  pursuant  to  a  decree  or 
order. 

ASSOCIATION.—  A  joint  stock  cornpa 
' 


'. —  A  variety  of  goods  em- 
bracing all  or  -most  of  the  different 
kinds  within  the  range  of  the  avowed 
business;  a  quantity  or  variety  of  any 
kind  of  goods,  which  vary  in  form,col- 
01.  auality,  or  prica. 

A,SSUfv\E. —  To  undertake  or  promise 
to  perform  any  specified  service. 

ASSURANCE,. — A  writing  or  other  ev- 
idence_by  which  one's  property  is  secur- 
ed to  him,  or  under  which  a  certain 
sum  is  paid  on  the  death  of  an  individual. 

ATTAjCnjIvtENT. — A  writ  issued  by  a 
court,  by  which  the  sheriff  or  other  of- 
ficer is  ordered  to  attach  or  levy  upon 
certain  property  before  judgment;;  also 
a  process  against  a  person.  Foreign 
Attachment,  a  process  by  which  the 
poods  of  absent  debtors  are  seized, in  or- 
der to  compel  an  appearance,  or  in  de- 
fault, to  pay  the  claim  of  the  plaintiff. 

AJTA.IfJDEt\ — The  taint,  stain  or  cor- 
ruption of  blood,  which  the  law  attach- 
es to  a  criminal  who  has  been  convict- 
ed of  a  capital  crime. 

ATTEST.—  To  bear  witness  to;  to  certi- 
fy to;  to  affirm  to  be  true,  as,  to«XW>v 
acopy  of  record.  Attestation,  the  exe- 
cution of  a  will  or  other  writing  in  the 
presence  of  witnesses. 

ATTORNEY. — One  who  is  appointed 
by  another  to  act  for  him.  Substitu- 
tion of  Attorney,  the  right  of  a  party 
to  change  his  attorney  for  another,  up- 
on obtaining  an  order  of  the  court  to 
do  so.  Attorney  of  Record,  one  in 
whose  name  the  process  or  proceed- 
ings as  attorney  are  taken. 


Know  all  -rneti  by  these  presents: 
That  I,  the  undersigned,  of  ...........  , 

do  hereby  make,  constitute  and  appoint 
............  ,  of  ..........  »  my  true 

and  lawful  attorney,  for  -me,  and  in  -my 
name  and  stead—  \J<\e,x«,  \\v-,eAV  VV\«, 
t>\x\>V«X-^<\i.Vw<  o\  X\v«,  ^<5vm\,  to  do 
and  perform  all  the  necessary  acts  in 
the  execution  and  prosecution  of  t  he 
aforesaid  business,  and  in  as  full  and 
ample  a  manner  as  I  might  do  if  I  were 
personally  present. 


I  hereby  appoint  ..  .........  ,as  my 

substitute  and  in  my  sUad  to  do  and 
perform  every  act  and  thing  which  I 


•might  or  could  do  by  virt 
within  power  of  atorney. 


irtu-e  of  the 


Know  all  rmn  by  these  presents: 

That  I, ,of ,in  and 

by  my  letter  of  attorney,  bearing  date 
the  . .  ..day  of .did  make,  con- 
stitute, and  appoint  C.U.Keyes  my  at- 
torney, as  by  said  letter  more  fully  ap- 
pears. 

That  I,  the  said do  by 

these  presents  annul,  countermand, 
revoke  and  make  void  said  letter  of  at- 
torney and  all  authority  and  power 
thereby  given  said  attorney,  C. 0. Keyes. 
In  witness, etc. 

[L.S.] 

UCflOfJ. —  A  sale  of  property,  public- 
ly, and  to  the  highest  bidder.  Auction- 
eer, one  licensed  to  sell  goods  by  public 
outcry  or  vefldue.  An  auctioneer  i  s 
considered  the  agent  of  both  the  buyer 
and  the  seller. 

A.UDIJ. — To  examine  and  verify  accounts. 
Auditor,  one  who  examines  and  ver- 
ifies accounts;  an  officer  appointed  by 
the  government,  or  by  any  corpora- 
tion, to  examine  claims  upon  the  treas- 
ury, and  to  investigate  the  treasurer's 
accounts. 

JjTHOf\lTY. — The  lawful  giving  of 
power  to  do  something,  by  one  person 
to  his  attorney  or  agent.  Authorities, 
the  citation  of  decisions  of  courts  of 
justice,  and  opinions  of  legal  writers, 
and  statutes,  which  are  referred  to. 

AyEF\Ap-E, — A  fair  sample;  the  adjust 
ment_of  the  proportion  of  loss  sustain- 
ed by  insurers ;  the  -mean  time  for  the 
payment  of  the  whole  of  several  sums 
due  at  different  times;  a  voluntary 
proportion  of  loss  of  property, made 
by  all  persons  concerned,  for  the  safe- 
ty of  a  ship  and  cargo. (reneral  Aver- 
age, is  where  loss  or  damage  is  volun- 
tarily and  properly  incurred  in  respect 
to  the  goods  on  board  ship,  or  the  ship 
itself,  for  the  general  safety  of  both 
ship  and  cargo. Oross  Average,  that 
average  which  falls  on  the  ship, cargo, 
and  freight.— Distinguished  from  Par- 
ticular Average,  which  is  that  d  arti- 
age  less  than  the  whole,  falling  upon 
ji  particular  property. 
0/OIRDUpOlS. — Commercial  stand- 
ard of  weight  in  the  United  States,  Eng- 
land, and  Canada.. 
^/ULSlOpl. —  The  sudden  removal  o( 
land  or  soil  from  the  land  of  one  to 
the  land  of  another,  by  the.  action  of 
water  or  change  in  the  course  of  a 
.river.  The  land  still  belongs  to  the  first  owner. 

A.UXILIA.RY. — A  term  applied  to  vari- 
ous account  books  that  are  kept  as 
aids  to  the  principal  books. 

A\VA,F\D. —  The  judg_rnent given  by  a 
person  or  persons  in  a  case  submit- 
ted for  -review  and  decision,  by  arbitra- 
.liorj  or  otherwise.  ^>«*V'iN6\v<»Xi\<y<cCY 
fS. —  Those  sown 


during  the  last  year  of  a  tenancy,  but 
not  npe  until  after  its  expiration, and 


which  the  tenant  is  entitled  to- 


BAjL.  —  Those  persons  who,  on  release 
of  a'prisoner,  become  surety  for  his 
appearance  at  a  stated  time;  delivery, 
in  general.  Bail  Bond,  the  bond  given 
by  the  sureties,  with  the  prisoner  as 
principal,  for  his  appearance.  Common 
Bail,  bail  in  which  the  surety  is  mere- 
ly nominal.  Special  Bail,  a  person 
who  agrees  or  undertakes  to  be  an- 
swerable for  the  appearance  of  anoth- 
er. Bailable  Action,  that  certain  ac- 
tion, wherein  the  prisoner  is  entitled 
to  release  upon  giving  bonds  for  his 
reappearance. 

BAILEE.  —  A  person  to  whom  rner- 
chandise  is  consigned  for  a  specific 
purpose.  Bail!//,  a  person  intru-sted 
with  the  -management  of  the  goods  of 
another,  to  whom  he  must  account. 
Bailment,  a  delivery  in  the  hands  of 
another,  of  goods  in  trust,  to  be  d  i  s- 
posed  of  according  to  agreement  or 
direction. 

BAJ-A.NCE.  —  Scales  for  weighing;  the 
difference  between  the  debit  and  the 
credit  sides  of  an  account;  amount 
remaining  due  on  settlement.  Bal- 
ance Accou-tit,  an  account  used  to  con- 
tain the  balances  of  resources  and  li- 
abilities, comprising  an  epitomiied 
Statement  of  the  condition  of  a  busi- 
ness. Balance  o/Trade,  the  differ- 
ence_  between  the  value  of  the  exports 
and  imports  of  a  country. 

BA.LA.NCe;  SKE^T.  —  A  statement  in 
condensed  form  showing  the  condi- 
tion and  progress  of  business. 


Or. 


1900 

Jan.31  To  Mdse 
..A.  Bond 

!!C.S.'FOX 


Balance  Account. 


Cr. 


7015 
9510 

5500 
7360 


,R.T.Vard2505 


.Cash 
>,  Store 
»  Notes 


9015 
9500 
617! 
•M  10 


900 

JirJlByB.iCo 
„  L.Bel  I 
..C.  Mason 
..C.B.,net 

capital 
,,H.S.,tiet 

capital 


2210 

16300 
7560 

moo 

10000 


Balance  Sheet,  January  3 1,19-. 


Proprietor 

2  Cash 

2  Merchandise 

4  Expense 

A.Conly 

Alex.  Kaiser 

O.Crayctaft 

O.F.A-mes 

Comer  Bros. 

OordiLink 

Bills  Payable 

BillsRcceiv. 


m 


251 
H8J5J5Z5 


ira 


1  8" 


lit 


»r 


PROOF. 

TOTAL  RESOURC'S 

»  LIABIL'S 

PROP.  PRES.WOH 


202 


J  BUSINESS! 

JxtfrM* 

OlP"l'"-FORMsJ 


. —  Any  heavy  material  placed 
n  the  hold  of  a  ship  to  steady  it  in  the  water. 

BA.LLOOfllN(r.  —  To  work  up  a  stock  far 
beyond  its  intrinsic  worth  by  favorable 
stories  or  fictitious  sales. 

BA.LLOT. — A  term  used  to  designate  any 
small  bale  or  package;  a  Swedish  term 
signifying  ten  reams  of  paper. 

3  A.LSA,.  —  A  kind  of  raft  or  float  used  on 
the  coast  of  South  America  for  landing 
goods  through  a  heavy  serf. 

3ANCO. — A  comme-Tcial  term  used  at  Haiti 
burg  to  distinguish  bank  money  from  the 
common  currency;  days  of  court  sitting. 

BAJMI^. — An  institution  for  the  deposit 
and  withdrawal  of  money.  Bankable, 
funds  which  are  received  at  the  bank  at 
par  value.  Bank  Accounts,  are  kept  un- 
der the  names  of  the  banks  with  which 
we  deal.  The  bank  becomes  Or.  for  our 
deposits  in  it,  and  Cr.  for  our  checks 
drawn  upon  it.  When  our  deposits  are 
made,  whether  in  cash  or  cash  items, 
they  are  described  on  a  deposit  check 
made  by  us,  giving  the  name  and  sum 
of  each  item,  and  the  amount  of  the 
whole,  and  the  amount  is  entered  by  a 
bank  officer  in  our  deposit  book.  When 
we  want  any  money  from  the  bank,we 
write  and  sign  our  application  for  it 
in  a  paper  called  a  check,  stating  the  sum 
asked  for,  and  to  whom  we  wish  it  paid. 
Bank  Balance,  amount  on  deposit  at  banl 
subject  to  draft.  Bank  Book, the  book  of 
a  depositor  in  which  each  deposit  is  enter 
ed  by  the  receiving  teller,  and  whicbseri/es 
as  the  dealer's  voucher.  Bank  Bills  or 
Notes,  promissory  notes  printed  by  the 
government  and  issued  by  national 
Banks,  payable  on  demand,  and  used  as 
money.  Banker,  a  dealer  in  money;  one 
who  is  entrusted  with  the  funds  of  another 
Bank  Hours,  the  time  within  which  bus 
iness  is  transacted  at  a  bank,  usually 
from  10  A.M.  to  3  P.M.  Bankrupt,  a 
person  who  is  unable  to  pay  his  debts;  us 
ually  applicable  to  merchants  or  business 
men.  Bankrupt  Act,  the  Congressional 
act  or  law  providing  for  the  discharge  o> 
bankrupt  debtors.  Bank  Stock,  the  paid 
up  capital  of  a  bank,  usually  divided  into 
shares  of  a  certain  amount,  for  which 
certificates  are  given,  and  which  may 
be  transferred  by  assignment. 

BAJMI^  fjOT/E. — A  promissory  note  pay 
able  at  a  bank,  formulated  thus: 

*500f£  OENVER.COL.,  MAY  21,19- 

Thirty  days  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay-... 

H.B. Brown,  cashier, or  order 

Five  Hundred Dollars, 

value  received,  with  interest.  Payable   at 
Colorado  Nat'l  Bank. 
V«\^im»&  HOVER  M.SPRA&UE. 


C.P.ENDICOTT, 
L.S.  COM  STOCK. 


5ANKS. —  Corporate  institutions  char- 
tered by  Stale  or  Federal  authority  for 
the  convenient  transaction  of  mone- 
tary operations.  They  are  authorized  to 
issue  bank  notes  or  bills  for  circula- 
tion to  be  used  as  money,  to  receive 
deposits,  discount  notes,  buy  and  sell 
exchange,  gold  and  silver  coin,  bullion, 
uncurrent  money,  to  lend  -money  on 
surety,  etc.  Thei-r  special  privileges  in 
these  directions  are  granted  u-pon  the 
ground  of  the  benefits  which  they  con- 
fer, and  in  consideration  of  certain 
guaranties  upon  their  part  which  -ren 
der  -them  safe  and  reliable. 

3A.R.. — The  whole  body  of  lawyers  is 
called  the  bar;  a  perpetual  destruction 
of  the  right  of  plaintiff's  action;  place 
where  prisoners  are  arraigned. 

SAJ^OAJN A  contract  or  verbal  agree 

merit  between  two  parties;  often  us- 
ed in  the  sense  of  an  advantageous 
purchase,  as,"l  boujrhtitataVKuyiviv." 
ARQUE.  —  A  three-wasted  vessel  carry- 
ing no  square  sails  on  her  rniiTenrnast. 

A.H'WHY The  practice  of  stir-ring 

up  and  exciting  quarrels  and  litigation 
either  in  the  courts  or  out;  any  spe- 
cies of  fraud  on  the  part  of  a  shipmas- 
ter or -mariners  by  which  owners  or 
insurers  are  injured. 

Afl^El A  measure  o(  capacity  /o-r 

liquids,  grain,  salt,etc.  Barrel  Bulk,  a 
measure  of  capacity  for  freight  aqual 
to  5  cubic  feet. 

A^TEI^ A  traffic  or  trade,  by  ex- 
changing one  kind  of  goods  for  an- 
other. 

BAJTEF\Y. — A?  unlawful  physical  beat 
ing,  or  .other  violence  done  the  person 

A>DY  H<toSE A  house  of  ill  fame, 

kept  for  the  unlawful  resort  and  com- 
merce of  persons  of  both  sexes. 
A^AR,. — A  word  signifying  a  place 
of  exchange  or  general  market  place; 
a  repository  of  fancy  articles,  espe- 
cially of  dress. 

BEA,CO[0. —  A  signal  or  lipht  intended 
as  a  guidance  to  mariners.  It  is  usual- 
ly erected  at  governmental  expense. 

BE.LLlO-EF\E^TS — Nations  actually 
engaged  in  war.— Sometimes  applied 
to  persons. 

BE(Ar\. — One  who  tries  to  depress  the 
price  of  stocks,  etc.,  and  for  this  reas- 
on "goes  short." 

BEA.RER,. —  The  person  bearing, hold- 
ing, or  presenting  for  payment   a 
note,  draft,  or  check.    Bills  which 
are  payable  to  bearer  are  negotiable 
without  endorsement. 
EjNCH- — The  judges  as  a  whole,  as 
distinguished  from  the  lawyers;   the 
seat  where  the  judges  sit.  Bench  War- 
fan*,  an  order  issued  by  a  court  for 
the  immediate  arrest  of  a  person. 

BEQ)JEA%TI-J.  —  To  give  personal  prop- 
erty by  will. 

E|TROTHlv\EtlT. —  A  mutual  contract 
between  a  man  and  woman, by  which 
they  agree  that  they  will  marry  each 
other  at  some  future  day. 
E^TTERJVlEplTS. — Various  improve- 
ments made  to  an  estate  Tendering 
it  better  than  mere  repairs  would  be 
considered  as  doing. 


3I\.L.  —  A  statement  in  writing,  as  alist 
of  items  bought  or  sold,  or  of  service 
rendered;  a  general  term  for  negotia- 
ble paper;  as,  Bills  Payable,  Bills  Receiv- 
able, etc.  Bill  Book,  a  book  containing 
the  particulars  of  all  notes  and  drafts 
issued  and  received.  Bill  Head,  a  printed 
form  used  by  merchants  for  the'tr  bills 
and  statements  of  account.  Bill  Obliga- 
tory, a  bond  absolute  for  the  payment 
of  money.  Bill  of  Costs,  a  statement  of 
the  items  of  the  costs  of  an  action.  Bill 
of  Discovery,  a  bill  for  the  discovery  of 
facts  resting  in  the  knowledge  of  the  de- 
fendant, or  of  deeds,  writings,  or  other 
things  in  his  custody  or  power,  but  seek- 
ing no  relief  in  consequence  of  the  dis- 
covery. Bill  of  Exceptions,  a  wri»ten 
appeal  or  statement  of  objections  to  the 
decision  of  the  court.  Bill  of  Exchange, 
a  general  designation  given  to  drafts, 
whether  domestic  or  foreign.  If  for- 
eign, it  is  usually  drawn  in  sets  of  three, 
and  sent  by  different  steamers,  or  oth- 
er modes  of  conveyance,  so  that  one 
at  least  will  be  sure  to  reach  its  desti- 
nation. The  payment  of  any  one  of 
these  cancels  them  all.  Bill  of  Indict- 
ment, a  written  charge  against  one  or 
mo-re  persons,  of  some  specific  crime, 
presented  to  a  grand  jury.  Bill  of  Lading, 
a  written  receipt  given  by  masters  of 
vessels  for  goods  shipped,  whereby  they 
agree  to  deliver  them  at  their  destina 
lion.  Also  applied  to  railway  and  oth 
er  transportation  companies.  Bill  o/fiar 
cejs,  a  detailed  account  of  goods  5  old 
Bill  o(  Particulars,  a  detailed  state- 
ment of  the  plaintiff's  claim  for  ac- 
tion, or  of  the  defendant's  set-off.Bill 
o/  Purchase,  a  statement  of  goods  or 
wares  bought  at  one  time,  embracing 
both  the  quantity  and  price  of  each  ar- 
ticle and  the  amount  of  the  whole. 
Bill  of  Review,  one  which  is  brought 
to  have  a  decree  of  the  court  reviewed, 
altered,  or  reversed.Bill  of  flights,  a. 
list  of  rights;  a  paper  containing  a  dec- 
laration of  rights  of  individuals,  or  the 
declaration  itself.  Bill  of  Sale,  a  writ- 
ten contract  given  by  the  seller  to  the 
buyer,  transferrfng  the  ownership  of 
personal  property.  Bill  of  Samples,  a 
list  of  samples,  including  prices,  of  the 
various  articles  dealt  in  by  wholesale 
dealers,  and  sent  out  to  retailers.  Bit  Is 
Payable,  our  notes  and  drafts  payable 
to  other  parties.  Bills  Receivable,  other 
people's  notes  or  drafts  in  our  posses- 
sion, made  payable  to  us. 


MR.C.B.SHANKS, 


ST.  PAUL,  MAY  1  0,19—. 
L.S.  LITTIE. 


l2yds.Mous.de  laine,  @  .20 

I  doi.  Linen  Hdkfs., 

17yds.  Flannel,  .,  .45 

25  .-  Muslin,  »  .23 

12  I  bs. Brown  Sugar,  ..  .14 

5  <•  Green  Tea,  »  1.20 

10  » Java  Coffee,  »  .40 


*3048 


240 

00 

765 

575 

68 

6  00 
400 


203 


BlLlS,  CONTINUED  __ 

%\>xjRiSBircta 


SACRAMENTO.MAY  7,19 
MR.A.R.BENTON, 

"  EN  &.  Co. 


To  7yds.  Broadcloth,     @   3.25 
' 


.20  ..F-r.  Chintz, 
,.10  "frinaharti, 
,.l2x.Drillino, 
.48. .Muslin, 


Received  p&yment, 

H.&REEN  iCo. 


K,  OCT.  1,19-. 


.  Ao  O.S.&ULitCo., 


810 

25  bows  Cheese,  81  738    ©     .12 
lObaosFlairssed, 

1206-11°  1195 Ibs.Zia bus..,  3.30 

2  bbls.  EMS, 

I4l-6"l35doz.,          „     .25 

Rec'd  payment, 
I;-'1-1"!    O.S.&ULL&  Co., 
Is™*"!  per  L.C.  MORE. 


6402 

33,7 


MR.W.S.LOWOER, 

0.8.35, P««IO 
TE«MS,».TO*V 


.G-o,\\wo.,6,l9 — . 
A.C.KRINC-&.CO. 


365  20  2  doz.Men'sBU.Cas.Hats,@«4.00  *48  00 
1216  36  prs.Wometils  Balmorals,.,  2.10  75  61 
1301  36  ..Child's  Kid  Boots,  .60  2160 
Received  payment, 

.  A.C.KfliN&iCo. 

^pj        per  A.H.  PENCE. 


INDIANAPOLIS,  JUNE  8,19 — . 
MESSRS.  C.P.BROWN  i.Co., 
o.e.6,p«cE  i7.     ^oucjVx  cA  H  ANNA  &.  JENNER. 


Doi.Edo'd  Muffins,  &*  |5s(  n 
Mocco  Pitchers,  ^55,  r1^, 
Table  Tumblers,  @  1.25, 


20SetsW.G-tart.Teas,@|.|0, 

.  Bec'd  paymert  b«N««  at4  wos. 
HANNA  S.  JENNER. 


$4 


^XVVi^Q^ , 

CLEVELAND,  JULY  3,19— 
MR.  JAMES  MURRAY, 

\oJoHNNELSON,    \yv 


JAN. 
Feb.  14 


For  Professional  Services  i-n  Family, 
.  4  visits  to  ton,  John  Murrau, 
.3    .,     „ 


$1000 
500 
300 


41800 


LOUISVILLE,  MARCH  ,19  —  . 
MP..&EORCE  LEWIS, 

AoT.H.  MONROE, 


41575 
640 

il2J 


42440 


F^b.  10  ForRepaitinj  House,  as  pftConttsct, 
800  fee*  Pine  Boards,  @*8 
For  Lock  and  Key  for  door, 

Received  payment, 

T.H.MONROE. 

NEWORLEANS,  MAY  4,19—. 
MB.EOWABOCOAN, 

"\&  HENRYO.SMITH,     ^>i. 


For  htstrurtion  t>(  son,  Harry  Coa^i, 

rn  Enalish  Branches^  mos.,tl5.0(l 

in  French,  ,,     2000^2500 

i.  Instruction  of  dau?ht«EllaCoan, 

'm  English  Branches^ mos.,415.00 

in  Music,  >.      15.00 

,,  Use  of  Piano  10.00 

,.  Books  furnished  during  khefc™, 

Received  payment, 

HENRY  O.SMITH, 
per  S,T.  MARSH. 


4000 
350 


*7850 


LITTLE  Rock,  Nov.  23,19—. 
MR.S.B. KEARNEY, 

"\tt  M.P.WOLSEY.         ^"(. 


Apt  10  To5bbls.XeniaFlour,  . 
"  .  10 Ibs. Pearl  Starch, 


May  13 
19 

Aft. 
May 


@  $15.00  *75  00 


..2bbls.PrimePoTk, 


17.50 


CR. 

»,  $51.00 
25..  F.Chintj,   »    .40,    IO 

Balance  due, 
Settled  by  due-bill, 

M.P.WOLSEY. 


ilM  80 


o 

r-     ' 


I      * 


.      .      B 

„      *      trf 


S     gj" 


H-M 


«NO 
OSE 


:    :    f 


?  f   i 


180 

35,00 


CHICAGO,!!!.,  Nov.  1,19-. 

ExrHAN&E  FOR.! 

i.  50O.  1  Sixty  days  after  sipht,  o( 
this  our  First  o/  Exch&no*  (second  and 
third  of  the  same  tenor  and  date  unpaid} 
pay  to  th«  order  of  Addis  Youna,  Five 
Hundred  Pounds  Sterli-np,  vaiu-e  re- 
ceived, and  charje  the  same  to 

JOSIAH  SCOTT  kCo. 
To  *he  Union  Bank  of  London,  j 
No.87L  London,  Enj.j 


V\  t  V.^.  • 


W\4  \NOWS. 
TM^^.'i^VV) 


No.119.  SAN  FRANCISCO,  OCT.  3,19—  . 

SHIPPED  by  Philip  Keene,as  Apent.  in 
apparent  pood  oidef,  on  board  the  Pro- 
pellet  Vi-rainiaVinei/atd,  o(  Seattle, 
Wash.,  wher«of  Charles  O'Conner,  o< 
Salem,  0-re.,  is  Master,  the  follovvinp 
described  p-rope-rty,  to  be  transported 
to  the  place  o«  destination  without  un- 
necessary delay,  and  to  be  delivered  as 
addressed  on  thetnar^in  in  like  jood 
order,  in  the  customary  -ma-mier,  free 
li^hteraoe,  lipon  prompt  pay-merit  of 
freight  and  char9es  as  p-rescribed  in 
this  bill. 

The  freight,  charoes,  and  demurrape 
payable  *o  James  H  .  Osier,  CashierV««,\. 
^^CxoxN-sX^'s.-v^K  of  Seattle,  Wash.,  or 
order,  at  place  o<  destination,  who  is 
the  only  party  authorized  to  collect 
the  same,  and  whose  receipt  shall  be 
in  full  of  all  demands  on  this  carjo  or 
Bill  of  Ladina. 

l-n  witness  whereof,  the  said  Master 
of  said  boat  hath  affirmed  *p  three  Bills 
of  Ladinj,  one  -marked  "ori^itial"  and 
two  "duplicate,"  of  this  tenor  and  date, 
one  of  which  beino  accomplished  the 
others  to  stand  void. 

Order  of  Salem  Bank,    10,000  Bushels  Nol 
WittKrrWheat. 
FT't.Sc.perbu. 

NotifuS  ••NKtCo.,St»TIU.     , 

ft.  L.  MINOR. 
M.V.CRYSLER. 


0&OEN,UTAH,Stpt.l,l9  — . 

MRS. ASA  HULL, 

Bought  of  CLARA  BOYER. 

2  Lephom  Hats,  @  *l.87 *3.74 

2  Pah- Gloves,      „     1.62 3.24 

2    ..  SilkHose,  -.     1.00 2.00 

*  o  QQ 

Received  payment, 

CLARA  6ov£R. 

SPRIN&F-IELD,  Nov.  3, 19— . 

MRjERRvRuSK, 

Bought  oi  MAXWELL  i.  BODE, 

700  Seamless  Baos,@   .20 *  140.00 

600  Coffee  Bays,      „    .10 60.00 

Rec'd  paym'*,  by  Note  at  30  da. ,    *  i°°  -00 
MAXWELL!  BODE, 

per  WILCOX. 


204 


KNOW  ALL  MEN  by  this  instrument, 
that  I,  Howard  Carson,  of  Lexington,  Ky., 
of  the  first  part,  for  and  in  consideration 
of  Ei9ht  Hundred  and  Fifty  Dollars,  to 
me  paid  by  Edwin  Arnold,  of  the  same 
place,  of  the  second  part,  the  receipt  where- 
of is  hereby  acknowledped,  have  sold, 
and  by  this  instrument  do  convey  unto 
said  Arnold,  party  of  the  second  part,his 
executors,  administrators,  and  assipns, 
my  undivided  half  of  fifty  acres  ofo/rass, 
now  prowinp  on  the  farm  of  Munfprd 
Whisler,  near  the  town  above  mention- 
ed; one  pair  of  mules,  ten  swine,  and 
two  cows,  belonpinp  to  me,  and  in  my 
possession  at  the  farm  aforesaid:  to  have 
and  to  hold  the  same  unto  the  party  of 
the  second  part,  his  executors  a-nd  as- 
sipns, forever.  And  I  do,  for -myself 
and  lepal  representatives, apree  with 
the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  an  d 
his  lepal  representatives, to  warrant  and 
defend  the  sale  of  the  aforementioned  prop- 
erty and  chattels  unto  the  said  party  of 
the  second  part,  and  his  lepal  represent- 
atives, apainst  all  and  every  person  what- 
soever. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereun- 
to affixed  my  hand,  this day  of , 

one  thousand  nine  hundred  and...... 


SHORT    FORM. 

I ,of. ,in  consideration 

Of. dollars  paid  b; 


of  ................  hereby  sell  and  convey  to  said 

...............  the  followinp  personal  proper 

t  if  VVva-^'vixwA  vtaotaXt,  <A  vxwtomi\i  war 
ranted  against  adverse  claims. 
Witness  my  hand  this  ................  day 


COLUMBUS,FE8.7,19"" 

MORSE  &  Co., 

^o\x<J<*  o4  MUNSON  BROS 
Dealers  in  Dry  Goods. 


ARTICLES. 


doj.eacH.  Samples. 
876 

318 
674 
416 
520 


.2) 


AMT. 


800 
750 
550 

700 
450 
650 


3900 


Samples  less  than  dozens  are  sent  out  either 
fctiotl  dpz.each.  Bills  are  rendered  as  abov 
and  ra'i  OTJ  is  taken  as  the  case  may  be. 


JACKSONVILIE,FLAI,FEB.I,  19-- 
MR.C.B.BEECHUM, 
"\o  ELLSWORTH  BROS, &.  Co.,^\. 
Plu-mbe-rs  and  Gas  Fitter*. 


Jan 


2  For  WhoursonWaterPipe,  < 
„  14  ..     ..  helper,  > 
7  Repairino  G-as  Meter, 
17  28ft. -Hti.G-alv. Pipe, 
2  i-in.T's,  I 

Cuttirip  Pipe, 


560 
350 

224 
20 
40 


2  50 


14-44 

,, — To  oblipe  one  by  act 
of  court  to  yive  bonds  to  appear  and  an- 
swer, or  to  keep  the  peace.  B  indi-np  ou*, 
a  contract  of  apprenticeship  sipned  by  the 
auardian  or  parent  as  well  as  the  minor. 
LApKMAJI-. — An  illegal  extortion  of 
money  by  threats  of  exposure. 

BLOCKADE. — An  actual  shuttinp  up  of 
a  port  or  place  by  the  occupation  of  an 
enemy,  preventinp  coimrnmication  there- 
with. 

OAJID  OF  Aj-DEfMEN, — A  city  board, 
called  the  common  council, with  author- 
ity to  make  laws  for  the  citizens.  Alder- 
men rank  next  below  the  mayor,  and 
sometimes  act  as  justices.  BoArd  of  Su- 
pervisors, a  county  board, to  whom  the 
fiscal  affairs  of  the  county  are  intrusted, 
Board  o/ Trade,  an  association  of  busi- 
ness men  organized  and  maintained  for 
mutual  benefit,  and  for  the  regulation 
and  advancement  of  commercial  inter- 
ests; also  known  as  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
Merchants'  Exchanpe,  etc. 

30flD. — A  written  oblipation  under 
seal  bindiny  the  party  who  executes  it 
to  perform  certain  expressed  acts,  usu- 
ally to  pay  acertain  sum  of  money  at  a 
certain  time.  The  penalties  for  non-per- 
formance in  a  bond  are  usually  placed 
at  double  the  surn  mentioned,  for  the 
purpose  of  coverinp  cost  of  collecting, 
interest,  etc.  Bondape,  held  by  lepal 
oblipation.  Bonded  G-oods,  those  which 
are  stored  in  a  bonded  warehouse,  or  in 
bonded  cars,  the  owner  havinp  g  i  ven 
bonds  securing  the  payment  of  import 
duties  or  of  internal  revenues,  u-  p  o  n 
their  removal,  or  their  arrival  at  some 
inland  city  of  entry,  and  before  a  spec- 
ified time.  Bonded  Warehouse,  a  wane 
house  in  which  imported  merchandise  is 
stored  until  the  importer  makes  entry 
for  withdrawal  or  consumption,  and 
pays  duties,  or  until  he  withdraws  for 
re-exportation  to  a  fore ipn  country  with 
out  payinp  duties.  These  warehouses  are 
owned  by  private  individuals, who enpape, 
under  sufficient  guaranty,  to  perform 
their  duties  in  strict  accordance  with  the 
warehousinp  laws,  and  who  must  first 
be  desipnated  and  approved  by  the  Secne 
tary  of  the  Treasury.  Bonds-man,  one 
who  is  bound,  or  pives  security  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  any  contract. 


Know  all  men  by  these  presents, 
that  I  .............  ,  of  ...........  ,'n  the  Coun 

ty  of  .............  ,  am  held  and  finnlij  6oun< 

to  .................  of  .............  ,in  the  Coun 

t»  of.  ............  ,in  the  sum  of.  .....  dollars 


\  to  be  paid  to  the  said.. 


to  the  paynient  whereof  I  bind  myself 
and  my  Meirs  fh-wly  by  these  prese-nts, 
sealed  with  my  seal. 
Dated  the  .......  day  of.  .......  ,A.O.I9—  • 

The  condition  of  this  oblipation  is  sucK 
that  if  I,  the  said  .................  shall  pay 

to  said  .................  the  sum  of.  —  dollars, 

and  interest,  on  or  before  the  ......  .day 

of  ............  ,  19  .....  ,  then  this  obligation 

shall  be  void. 

VMKMM&  wfc  WwiexeA  i  r,  »•, 

V\%«sc«iuoV  ............    .............  I      -I 


Know  all  -men  by  these  presents, 
that'  we,  ...............  ,as  principal,  and 

................  and  ................  ,assuTe- 

ties,  all  of  ...........  ,  in  the  County  of  ......  , 

State  of  ............  ,  are  holden  and  stand 

firmly  bound  unto  .....................  o/ 

said  ...............  ,  in  the  sum  of..  ..dollars, 

to  be  paid  to  the  said  ...............  ,to  the 

payment  whereof  we  jointly  and  sever- 
ally bind  ourselves  and  our  respective 
heirs,  firmly  by  these  presents  sealed 
with  our  seals. 

Dated  at  ...........  this  ...........  day  of 

........  ....,  A.0.  19  ..... 

The  condition  of  this,  etc.(as  above). 

\.nec.\vVa\  «\vk  taX\>nw&  J   ...........  [L.  S.] 


BON\JS. — A  sum  of  money  paid  as  a 
premium  for  benefits  received,  or  for 
a  loan. 

BOOI^D^BT. —  An  entry  orcharje  on  a 
ledper;  called  also  an  open  account  in 
contradistinction  to  a  written  promise 
or  note.  Bookkeeper,  one  who  keeps 
the  accounts;  an  accountant.  Bookkeep 
i«jj,  a,  systematic  record  o_f  business 
transactions,  showing  the  kinds  and  a 
mount  of  property  and  debts  aM  he 
bepinninp,  the  debits  and  credits,  anci 
the  pains  and  losses  arisinp  from  the 
business  transacted,  and  the  net  re- 
sult of  the  business  as  a  whole.  Book 
Trade,  the  business  of  printin9,  pub 
lishina,  and  selling  books. 

BOSC/\GE. —  Food  for  cattle  derived  from 
wood,  bush es.and  trees. 
OfiftOW. —  To  receive  for  a.  lime  an  ar 
tide  or  a  substance  which  is  to  be -return 
ed  either  in  itself  or  its  equivalent. 
0"TTOfv\F(Y.— A  contract  in  the  nature  o, 
a  mortpape,  called  a  bottomry  bond,  by 
which  a  ship  is  hypothecated  to  secure 
a  loan  /or  the  use  of  the  ship  durinp  a 
voyape.  The  lender  loses  his  -money  in 
case  the  ship  is  lost. 

BOUGHT — Purchased;  the  past  tense  of  buy 
Bought  and  Sold  Notes,  memorandums 
of  a  sale  by  a  broker,  delivered  to  each 
party  to  the  contract. 
OUHDAJvf. — The  line  that  separates 
two  estates.  A  raJwcaN  boundary  is  one 
placed  by  nature,  as  a  river,  etc.  An  arts 
V\va\  boundary  is  one  established  by  man. 
Ol)N1\.  —  An  additional  payment  piv- 
en  to  encouraoe  certain  industries,  or  en 
terprises;  or  given  to  persons  to  \nf--- 
them  to  enlist  in  the  army. 

B  F\A,ND . —  A  mark  made  with  a  hot  iron  upon 
a  cask  or  case;  a  trade  -markeither  written.en 
ptaved  or  printed,  consistino  of  a  simple  device 
picture,  combination,  or  name.  Brand  ino . 
a  punishment  indicted  by  buminp  an  offeti< 
er  with  a  hot  iron;  a  mark  of  infamy. 


208 


4. — Violation  of  a  bond  or  contract. 
Breach  of  Promise,  the  breaking  or  vio- 
lation of  a  man's  word,  especially  when  ap- 
plied to  a  promise  to  marry.  Breach  of 
Trust,  the  misappropriation  of  anything 
intrusted  to  any  one  hi  confidence;  the 
violation  of  duty  by  a  trustee. 
HEA,OSTUpFS. —  A  term  applied  to  the 
various  kinds  of  grain, flour, meal, etc. 
HEA.KA.OE. —  Allowance  for  things  bro- 
ken; allowance  made  by  the  shipper  or 
seller  upon  certain  descriptions  of  frag- 
ile goods. 

HIBX- —  A  gi^  intended  to  corrupt;  a 
gift  or  reward,  by  any  promise  or  agree- 
ment, to  any  person  in  a  judicial  position, 
in  order  to  influence  his  action;  the  tak- 
ing or  giving  of  a  reward  for  appointing 
another  to  a  public  position. 

F\OI^ER An  agent  who  effects  sales 

or  purchases,  or  who  makes  loans  and 
contracts  for  another;  a  dealer  in  stocks. 
A  broker  does  not  usually  have  possession 
of  the  property  which  he  sells  or  buys  as 
agent.  Brokerage,  a  single  commission 
paid  for  simply  securing  or  effecting  a 
sale  or  purchase  of  merchandise,  stocks, 
gold,  land.or  other  property,  for  exchang- 
ing money,  negotiating  any  bargain  be- 
tween a  seller  or  buyer,  or  transacting  any 
similar  business  for  another. 
IHOTh\EL. —  A  common  habitation  for 
prostitutes;  a  lewd  place.— They  may  be 
indicted  as  common  nuisances. 

BULL. —  A  stock-exchange  term  applied  to 
a  person  who,  believing  that  a  certain  stock 
will  rise  in  the  market,  makes  his  contracts 
upon  that  faith;  a  brief  or  mandate  issuec 
by  the  Pope  of  Rome,  to  which  is  attached 
a  seal  of  lead  or  gold. 

BllLLlOpl. — Money  having  no  stamp;  a 
commercial  name  for  uncoined  gold  or 
silver  in  the  bulk. 

UFIDE>I  OF  Pty>OF. — In  a  case  at  law,the 
duty  of  proving  the  facts,  and  oereral  I  y 
lies  upon  him  who  asserts  the  affirmative. 

UHGLA.RJ. f^e  act  of  breaking  into 

and  entering  the  dwelling  or  business 
room  of  another,  with  the.intent  to  com- 
mit some  felony  therein. 

BUSHEL. — A  standard  measure  of  capacity 
used  mostly  to  measure  grain  and  other 
dry  products  of  various  kinds.  It  is  a 
cylindrical  vessel  I8i  inches  in  diameter 
and  8  inches  deep  inside,  containing 
2150. 41  cubic  inches. 

BUTTS. —  The-short  pieces  or  ends  on  ara 
ble  lands  left  in  plowing. Butts  and  Bounds, 
the  angles  or  points  where  the  lines  bound 
ing  an  estate  change  their  direction. 

BUSINESS Exchange  of  commodities 

and  of  commercial  values;  calling,  trade, 
DTofessjon,  or  any  regular  occupation. 

Accuracy-— Keep  accurate  accounts, and  know 
the  exact  condition  of  you-r  a/fairs. 
Advantages-— There  '5  more  in  the  \vs«  of 


advantages  than  in  the  -measure  of  »hem. 

Agents— Agents  are  responsible  to  their 
principals  for  errors. 

Appearances--  Trust  no  -man's  appearan- 
ces; they  are  often  deceptive,  and  assum- 
ed for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  credit.  It 
is  the  rogue  who  is  generally  dressed 
well;  the  rich  are  generally  plain  wen. 

Business-- Attend  to  your  own  business 
and  not  your  neighbor's. 

Business  Hours— Business  men, in  bus- 
iness hours,  attend  only  Robustness -mat 
ters;  social  calls  are  best  adapted  to  the  so- 
cial circle.  Make  your  business  known  in 
few  words,  without  loss  of  time. 

Choice- -Never  re-fuse  a  choice  when  you. 
can  get  it. 

Con/idcnce--.Cortf  ide  in  few;  treat  all 
with  respect;  wrong  no  man. 

Consideration— An  agreement  without 
consideration  is  void. 

Credit-" To  preserve  long  friendship, 
keep  a  short  credit;  the  way  to  get  cred- 
it is  to  be  punctual;  the  way  to  preserve 
it  is  not  to  use  it  too  much.  Be  well  sat- 
isfied before  you  give  a  credit  that  those 
to  whom  you.  give  it  are  men  to  be  trust 


tly  when  C  Aj 

bearing     th< 


Deb*—  Goods  in  store  are  better  than 
bad  debts;  an  outlawed  debt  is  revived 
should  the  debtor  make  a  partial  payment. 

Demand---  If  no  time  of  payment  is  speci- 
fied in  a  note  it  is  payable  on  demand.  _ 

Designs— Keep  y_our  designs  and  busi- 
ness from  the  views  of  others,  yet  beam  B 
did  to  all. 

Economy- --Be  economical;  a  gain  usu. 
ally  requires  an  expense  ;wbai  is  saved  is  clear. 

Fitm.d-.lt  is  afraud  to  conceal  a  fraud; 
a  note  obtained  by  fraud,  or  from  a 
person  intoxicated,  cannot  be  collected. 

Ignorance— Ignorance  of  law  excuses  no  one 

Indorsement— The  indorser  of  anote 
is  exempt  from  liability,  if  not  served 
with  notice  of  its  dishonor  within  twen- 
ty-four hours  of  its  non-payment 

Impossibilities  —  The  law  compels  no  one 
to  do  impossibilities. 

Interest --Notes  bear  interest  onl, 
so  worded;  if  they  are  interest-bearing 
•notes,  they  draw  interest  after  matun 
ty  until  paid. 

Intoxication— An  intoxicated  person's 
signature  to  a  negotiable  paper  is  inef- 
fective—it cannot  be  enforced  against 
him. 

|nves*Mien*i-Of  two  investments, chtMt 
that  which  will  best  promote  your business. 

Known— Become  known,-and  /avoraNii  known. 

Lost  orStolen— If  anote  be  lost  or  stolen,  it 
does  not  release  the  maker,  he -must  pay  it. 

Lunatic— A  contract  with  a  lunatic  is  void- 
Mean  Act— A  mean  act  will  soon  recoil, 
and  a  rnan  of  honor  will  be  esteemed. 

Memorandum— Keep  a  memorandum  bonk 
in  your  pocket,  and  note  every  particular 
relative  to  appointments, addresses,  and 
petty  cash  matters. 

Minor—  A  contract  made  with  a  minor  is 
invalid;  a  note  given  by  a  minor  is  void, 
unless  he  ratifies  it  after  becoming  of  zye. 

No— Never  be  afraid  to  say  no, and  always 
prompt  to  acknowledge  and  rectify  any 
wrong; 

Perfection- -Endeavor  tote  perfect  in 


the  calling  in  which  you  are  engaged 
Place—Have  a  place  for  everything,  and 

everything  in  its  place. 
Partners— The  acts  of  one  partner  bi-nd 
all  the  others;  each  individual  in  a  part- 
nership is  responsible  for  the  whole  amount 
of  the  debts  of  the  firm. 
Principals— Principals  are  responsible  for 
the  acts  of  their  agents. 
Reality—Reality  makes  no  allowances  for 
wishes  or  bad  plans. 

Receipt— A  receipt  for  money  paid  is  not 
legally  conclusive. 

Securi-ty-'-Be  cautious  how  you  become 
security  for  any  person. 
Signatures-- Signatures  made  with  a  lead 
pencil  are  good  in  law. 
Stranger— Let  your  dealings  with  a 
stranger  be  most  carefully  considered, 
and  tried  friendship  duly  appreciated. 
Sunday— Contracts  made  on  Sunday  can 
not  be  enforced ;  contracts  for  advertis- 
ing in  a  Sunday  newspaper  are  invalid; 
a  note  drawn  on  Sunday  is  void. 
To-morrow- -Leave  nothing  for  to-mor- 
row that  should  be  done  to-day. 
Tricks  of  Trade— Leave  "tricks  of  trade" 
to  those  whose  education  was  never  com- 
pleted. 

Value  Received—It  is  not  legally  necessa- 
ry to  say  on  a  note"for  value  received." 
Without  Recourse— An  endorser  can 
avoid  liability  by  writing"without 
.  recourse"  beneath  his  signature. 

y. — To  purchase  or  bargain  for.  Buy- 
ing Long,  buying  in  expectation  of  a 
rise  in  the  market  price. 
BY  EjSTIIvi/VnOfj. — A  phrase  used  in 
conveyances;  as,  the  property  is  de- 
scribed as  containing  so  many  acres 


,  -r^..-. — Local  or  subordinate  laws 
and  regulations  made  by  societies  or 
corporations  for  the  government  o( 
its  members.-Theu  must  be  made  in 
harmony  with  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  and  of  their  own  5tate;other- 
wise  they  are  void. 

AJJINEJ' — The  advisory  council  of 
the  chief  executive  of  the  United  States 
or  other  governments,  when  assem- 
bled -to  concert  measures  for  the  adrnrn 
istration  of  its  affairs. 

CALENDAR. — A  list  of  causes  pending 
trial  in  court.  It  contains  the  names 
of  tVie  parties, and  of  the  attorneys  who 
act  for  them. 

CALCULATE. — To  reckoner  adjust 
by  comparison;  to  ascertain  or  deter- 
mine by  mathematical  processes,  usu- 
ally by  rules  of  arithmetic. 

CALL. — Demand  for  the  payment  of 
an  instrument  due;  a  privilege  given 
to  another  to"call"  for  delivery  at  a 
time  and  price  fixed.  Call  and  Put,  a 
stock-broker's  term  relating  specially 
to  the  practice  of  betting  upon  the  fu- 
ture value  of  stocks. Calling  to  -the 
Bar.  admitting  a  person  to  practice  at 
the  bar. 

CANCEL. — To  erase  or  annul-  Cancel- 
lation, the  act  of  deitroying  a  writ- 
ing by  drawing  lines  across  it  in  the  shape 
of  a  cross .  Some  instmmonls  can  be  can- 
celed by  mere  revocation. 


206 


,  ,  . 

.  -  Money  of  other  property 
i-nvested  in  business.  Capital  Crime,  one 
for  which  the  penalty  of  death  is  inflict- 
ed. Capital  Stock,  'money  o-r  other  prop- 
erty raised  by  the  members  of  an  asso- 
ciation or  corporation,  and  divided  in- 
to shares.  Capi-tatioti,  a  tar  yearlyjaid 
upon  each  person;  a  poll-tax.  Captain,  a 
•master  of  avessel;  an  officer  in  the  po- 
lice force;  the  cortitnander  of  a  milita- 
ry company.  Captation,  the  act  of  one 
who  by  insidious  attentions,  show  of  a 
friendly  feeling,  or  other  means,  pains 
control  over  the  will  of  another. 
C^r\G-0.  —  The  poods  or  merchandise  car 
ried  in  a  vessel  or  ship  and  constituting 


BUSINESS  TERMS. 


_v. . .  v_  J. — The  act  of  examining  the -re- 
turns of  votes  for  a  public  officer. 
iAPAkClfy. —  A  compliance  with  the  -req- 
uisites for  the  performance  of  civil  acts; 
the  ability  to  receive  or  act, to  sue  and 
be  sued;  extant,  room,  or  qualification. 


.  —  A  technical  ph-rase 
used  in  an  indictment  charging  the  defen- 
datit  with  the_  crime  of  rape. 
/ySE.  —  A  suit  or  action  at  law  or  in  eq- 
uity; also  an  appeal  book.  Case  Stated,  a 
written  statement  o(  facts  agreed  upon, 
and  submitted  to  the  court  for  a  decis- 
ion upon  the  legal  points  involved,  in  or 
der  to  avoid  the  formalities  of  a  trial. 
^SH.  —  That  which  is  used  as  -money, 
such  as  bank  bills,coin,  bonds,  checks, 
and  any  paper  easily  converted  into  -mow 
r  u.  Cash  Account,  the  title  of  one's  ac- 
count with  money,  and  with  what  are 
known  as  Cash  Items;  as,  bank  checks, 
sight  drafts,  etc.,  which  are  payable  in 
money  when  called  for.  This  title  does 
not  include  notes  and  drafts  that  be 
corne  due  and  payable  at  some  future 
day,  but  simply  Cash  and  Cash  Items  in 
hand.  Cash  Balance,  the  balance  due  in 
Cash  at  any  required  date,  including  both 
debits  and  credits,  and  the  interest  aris- 
ing on  them  severally,  to  the  time  when 
the  balance  isrequired.Cash  Book,abool< 
containing  a  record  of  all  Cash  received, 
whether  frorn  sales,  from  notes  falling 
due,  for  services  rendered,  or  for  ar«  oth 
er  consideration;  and  of  all  sums  paid  for 
whatever  purpose.  Cash  Sales,  the  sales 
made  for  ready  money  in  contradistinc 
tion  to  sales  on  which  credit  is  given. 


CASH. 


IH 

K5^_ 

Alex.G-ibson  on  acct., 
Sold  F.Bode  bill  Mdsc. 

p? 

?0 

[I' 

£§. 

K>        CO 

':•".    3    ~j*    § 

i  § 

c_n  ^ 
1                    l? 

1 

Mdse.bo'tofC.S.Ladd, 

Rent  of  Store, 
^•a\*v\&&, 

—  •£«• 

1  '.  : 

ll£ 

tji 

en 

30 

5 

-•$? 
A 


CATCHING-  BARGAIN.— An  aareement 
made  with  an  heir  expectant  for  the- 
purchase  of  his  expectancy  at  an  inad- 
equate price. 

A^/EAJ. — A  warning  of  caution;  a  no 
tice  filed  in  the  patent  office,  by  one  pro- 
posing to  take  out  a  patent,  used  as  a 
bar  against  any  other  person  obtaining 
a  patent  (or  the  same  invention. 

CENSUS. — An  official  numbering  of  the 
people. -Made  in  the  United  States  once 
each  decade,  beginning  with  1190. 
EtfTEH  Of  POPULATION.— Ifacoun 
try  were  a  plane  without  weipht,  and 
so  poised  that  it  would  stand  exactly 
horizontal  when  supportin9  the  people 
of  that  country,  the  center  of  gravity 
thus  formed  would  be  the  center  of  pop 
ufetion.  In  the  United  States  the  cen- 
ter of  population  was  22  miles  west 
of  Baltimore, -near  the  39th  parallel 
North  Latitude,  in  1790  .  One  hundred 
years  later,  1890,  it  had  moved  west- 
ward, near  the  same  parallel,  to  a  point 
70miles  west  of  Cincinnati; haying 
traveled  westward  at  an  average  rate  of 
5. 1  wiles  per  year,  or  51  miles' each  dec 

EL^Bt\AT|OrJS. —  An  occasional  cel- 
ebration will  introduce  a  pleasinp  viri 
ety  in  the  routine  of  life.  These  com 
prise  picnics,  excursions,  dinners,  re- 
unions, festivals,  etc.,  and  are  usually 
aiven  by  some  society.  Whatever  be  the 
nature  of  the  celebration,  there  should 
be  appointed  a  part  or  all  of  the  follow 
ing  committees: 

I.  An  executive  committee,  usually 
of  three,  to  have  general  supervision 


Of  the  whole  affair. 

2.  A  finance  committee,  who  will  so- 
licit thenecessary  funds. 

3.  A  committee  on  grounds,  whose 
duty  will  be  the  selection  of  a  suitable 
place  for  holding  the  celebration,  fur- 
nishing speakers'  stand,  seats  for  the 
people,  etc. 

4.  A  committee  on  oratory,  who 
will  provide  speakers*  and,  if  for  the 
Fourth  of  July,  a  reader  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  etc. 

5.  A  committee  on  rnusic,  whose 
duty  will  be  to  provide  a  band,  sing- 
ing by  a  glee  club,  etc. 

o.  A  committee  on  procession,who 
will  induce  the  various  societies-and 
a  representation  from  the  different 
trades, to  appear  in  street  procession, 
along  with  a  representation  of  the  dif- 
ferent States  of  the  Union. 

7.  A  committee  on  fireworks,  who 
will  attend  to  the  ar-rangertients  for 
such  exhibition  in  the  evening. 

8.  A  committee  on  military  display 
who  will  organize  any  military  exhi- 
bition that  -may  be  thought  advisable, 
take  charge  of  firing  guns,  etc. 

9.  A  committee  on  amusements,  to 
have  special  charge  of,  and  organize 
such  street  display  of  burlesque,  etc., 
as  will  entertain  and  a-muse  the  people. 

:Er\T!FICATE  OF  DEPOSIT — Certifi- 
cates of  Deposit  are  used  when  money 
is  temporarily  deposited,  and  no  regu- 
lar bank  account  is  kept.  They  -may  be 
used  for  making  remittances  by  having 
them  made  payable  to  another  person's 
order.  


No.H96. 


CHICAC-ONATIONALBANK. 

Chica90,lll.,Feb.  21,19 
......  has  deposited  m  this 

iank  _  ft'Aa  ~S\\o\xv&.-Y\&  -  Ool  lars 
:o  the  credit  of....Mvwvje\\  .....  payable 

on  return  of  this  Certificate  properly 
endorsed. 


—The  certifying 
of  a  check  means  that  the  person  draw 
ing  the  check  has  funds  to  his  credit  to 
the  amount  of  the  check,  and  the  bank 
guarantees  its  payment.  To  have  the 
check  certified,  present  it  either  to  the 
paying  teller  or  the  cashier  of  the  bank 
on  which  it  is  drawn.  The  bank  of- 
ficer writes  across  the  face"Certified," 
with  the  date,  and  signs.  Another  form 
is"0ood  when  properly  endorsed."  No 
one  should  accept  an  uncertified  check 
from  a  stranger. 

HAfFERft — The  practice  of  buj 
and  selling ;  beatino  down  the  price  of  aoods. 
HArv\BEROF  COfWVEljCE  — Same  as 
Board  of  Trade.  Cha-mbe'rs,  the  private 
room  of  aiudge.-Any  hearing  before 
a  judge  which  does  not  take  place  while 
sitting  in  court,  or  during  a  te-rtn  of 
couTt,  is  said  to  be  ax  tNv&wtae'xi. 
VjANCI^LLOfV — A  judicial  officer  appoint 
ed  to  preside  over  a  court  of  chancery, or 
court  of  high  equity. 
CHANCE-MEDLEY.—  The  accidental 
killing  of  a  man  in  self-defense. 


207 


. — The  explanation  by  the  court 
to  the  jury  of  those  principles  which  they 
are  to  consider  and  apply  in  giving  their 
verdict  in  the  trial  of  an  action;  the  instruc- 
tions given  by  a  judge  to  the  grand  jury. 
HA.rVTA.BLE  USE,S. — The  gifts  or  grants 
of  property  -made  for  the  benefit  of  the  pub- 
lic, or  for  charitable  purposes. 
HALTER,. — A  paper  from  the  govemrrten 
defining  the  rights  and  privileges  of  aw 
poration;  an  evidence  of  things  done  be 
tween  man  and  man.Charter-pa.rty,  a 
contract  by  which  the  owner  of  a  vessel 
lets  the  whole,  or  any  part  of  it,  to  anoth- 
er for  a  particular  voyage,  in  consideration 
of  the  payment  of  freight. 
nAJTEl-S. — Any  kind  of  properly  excepl 
real  estate;  as,  -merchandise,  notes  a-nc 
accounts,  animals,  leases  of  real  estate,  etc 
Chattel  Mortgage,  a  mortgage  on  persona 
property,  given  by  a  debtor  to  a  creditor,! 
security  for  the  payment  of  a  sum  or  sum; 
that  may  be  due.  A  true  copy  of  the  wort 
gage  should  be  filed  in  the  Clerk's  or  Recor< 
er's  office.  The  person  holding  the  mort 
gage  should  be  empowered  to  take  possess 
ion  of  the  property  at  any  time  he  may  deem 
the  same  insufficient  security  for  his  claims 
Chattel  Note,  a  note  similar  to  any  oth 
er  note  with  the  addition  of  "what,  when 
and  where  delivered."  The  number  of  dol 
lats  -must  be  definitely  stated,  and  the  wake 
may  pay  the  money  or  the  chattels  at  his 
own  option.  If  the  conditions  of  deliver 
are  broken,  the  payee  may  then  deman 
payment  in  money.  A  chattle  note  is  no 
negotiable. 


*  THIS  INDENTURE,  made  and  enterec 

into  this day  of ,  one  thousam 

nine  hundred  and , between.... 

,  of  the  town  of ,  of  the  Conn 

ty  of ,  and  State  of. ,  party 

of  the  first  part,  and ,of  the 

same  town,  County,  and  State,  party  of  the 
second  part, 

Witnesseth,  that  the  said  party  of  Ih 
first  part,  for  and  in  cons:deT?tion  of  th> 

sum  of dollars,in  hand  paid,  th 

receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged 
does  hereby  grant,  sell.convey.and  con 
firm  unto  the  party  ol  the  second  part 
his  heirs  and  assigns  forever,  all  and  sit 
ular,  the  following  described  goods  arid 
chattels, to  wit: 


Together  with  all  and  singular,  the  a 
purtenances  thereto  belonging,  or  in  any 
wise  pertaining;  to  have  and  to  hold  the 
above  described  goods  and  chattels, unto 
the  said  party  o/ the  second  part, his  heirs 
and  assigns  forever. 


Provided,  always,  that  if  the  said 
mortgagor  shall  pay  to  the  mortgagee, 

on  the day  of ,in  the 

year ,the  sum  of dollars, 

then  this  mortgage  is  to  be  void,  other- 
wise lo  remain  in  full  force  and  effect. 

Provided,  also,  that  the  properly  hew- 
by  sold  and  transferred  is  ko  remain  in 

possession  of  the  said until 

default  be -made  in  the  payment  of  the 
o'ebt(and  interest)  aforesaid,  or  some 
part  thereof;  but  in  case  of  a  sale  or 
disposal,  or  attempt  to  sell  or  dispose  of 
the  same,  or  a  removal  of  or  attempt 

to  remove  the  same  from  the  said 

aforesaid,  the  said -may 

take  the  said  property,  or  any  part  there- 
of, into  his  own  possession, and  shall 
sell  the  same  at  public  or  private  s  ale; 
and  after  satisfying  the  aforesaid  debt, 
and  all  necessary  and  reasonable  costs, 
charges  and  expenses  incurred  by  him, 
out  of  the  proceeds  of  such  sale,he  shall 

return  the  surplus  to  the  said 

or  his  representative. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  said  party 
of  the  first  part  has  hereunto  set  h  i  s 
hand  and  seal,  the  day  and  wear  first 
above  written. 

Executed  in  presence)  n  QI 

of .  ...j  LL-a' 

;HA,lJD  K/IEDI.EY. — The  killiTi9  °'a 

person  in  an  affVay  in  the  heat  of 

jassion. 

jT^EATS. —  The  practices  of  de/rau-d- 
ing  or  attempts  to  defraud  another  of 
his  known  right. 

JHECK.S. —  A  Check  is  a  written  order 
or  request  upon  a  bank,  requesting 
the  payment,  on  presentment,  of  a 
certain  sum  of  money  to  a  person  there 
in  named,  or  to  his  order,  or  to  t  He 
bearer.  Altered  Check,  a  check  having 
all  the  original  writing,  except  the  sig- 
nature, date,  and -number,  taken  out 
by  means  of  chemicals,  which  leaves  the 
check  blank.  It  is  then  rewritten  for  any 
amount  the  swindler  desires  to  put  in. 
See  Certified  Check.  Raised  Check,  a 
check  having  the  wording  and  the  fig- 
ures altered, so  as  to  call  for  -more  wort 
ey  than  the  drawer  intended  to  pay.  It 
is  possible  only  when  the  check!; loose 
ly  written,  with  a  number  of  blank 
places  where  words  may  be  inserted. 


No.T7.  Portland, Oct.3,19— 

FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK, 
Pay  to.....^SXrt>o^Yo«vXi,....oT  Bearer, 
~~~~-Vv4«,NV\x\\&'<e^~^^.Too  Dollars 
*500,«.  JOSHUA  JUOKINS. 


Mo.2179.  Chicago.Sept.TJ? 

MERCHANTS'  NATIONAL  BANK, 
Pay  to....^K.Wv'«e\\V<\o/s  .....  or  Order, 
- 


^^. 
*l09i% 


NoTTT  St.louis,Jan.l3,l9- 

NATIONAL  PARK  BANK, 

Pay  to ^oVw^X.VNvtv^Yvc). ...  or  Order 

A***^V«Q  N\\vr\Vv«.&  --.-.TL.L, _,L  Dollars 
on  th<  31st  inst., without  JT»«.  Acceptance  waived. 
•200.  •'•"••—•  •"**>-  HENRY  M. WOOD. 


No.163.  *£Chicago,June5,l9-- 

LMCE  SIDE  I*  PARK  BANK, 

Pay  to .^oV\\|J'V*vO% .or  Order, 


CHOSE. — Personal  property. Chose 
Local,  anything  annexed  to  a  place.as 
a  mill.  Chose  Transitory ,  anything  of 
a  movable  nature,  which  way  be  ta- 
ken from  place  to  place.  Chose  in  Ac- 
tion, an  incorporeal  right;  a  thin? 
which  a  rnan  has  not  in  possession, 
but  has  a  right  to  sue  for.  Chose  in" 
Possession,  personal  things  which  one 
has  in  his  possession. 

CIH,C\JIT.— The  divisions  of  country 
appointed  for  a  particular  judge  or  a 
court  to  visit,  at  stated  times,  for  the 
trial  or  hearing  of  causes.  Circuit  Court, 
a  court  having  jurisdiction  over  that 
division  called  a  circuit,  which  usu- 
ally consists  of  several  States,  the  en 
tire  country  being  divided  into  nine 
circuits,  one  for  each  of  the  Supreme 
Court  judges.  The  Circuit  Court  ranks 
next  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

Clr\CbLATINO  fAEDIUIv\ — The  -me- 
dium of  exchange,  such  as  cash  and 
bank  notes  payable  on  demand. 

IHCUMSTANTIAJL  EVIDENCE; 

P-resuniptive  proof,  when  the  fact 
itself  Is  notVor  cannot  be  proved  by 
direct  testimony. 

CITA,TIO^. — A  summons  issued  for 
one  to  appear  at  court  on  a  day  named. 

CITIZEN  A,NO  AJLIE>I.—  A  citizen  is 
one  who  has  a  right  to  vote,  and  is 
qualified  to  hold  public  offices.  An  al- 
ien is  one  born  in  a  foreign  cqurtry, 
whether  living  here  or  not,  until  he.  be- 
comes naturalized. 

CIVIL  A,CTIOt>J.  — Any  action  prose- 
cuted for  the  redress  of  an  i  n  j  ury. 
the  prevention  of  a  wrong,  or  the  es- 
tablishment or  recovery  of  aright. 
Civil  Death,  regarded  as  dead  in  law. 
Civil  Law,  specifically, the  Romania^ 
as  comprised  in  the  Institutes,  Code, 
and  Digest  of  the  Emperor  Justinian; 
fjererically,  the  established  law  of  ev- 
ery particular  nation,  commonwealth, 
or  city.  Civil  Officer,  except  officers  of 
the  arrni)  and  navy,  any  officer  who 
receives  his  appointment  and  acts  by 
national  or  State  authority.Civil  Rem- 
edy, a  remedy  which  an  injured  pe-r 
son  has,  by  an  action,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  a  criminal  indictment. 

CLAJfv\. — A  demand  of  a  right,  or  chal- 
lenge of  interest  in  anything  which  i* 
wrongfully  held  by  another. 

CLA.USE. —  A  separate  portion  of  asen- 
tence;  a  part  of  a  treaty, deed,  will,  or 
flther  written  instrument. 

CLEA.fy\NCE. — A  document  given  by 
the  collector  of  a  port,  that  a  ship  has 
been  examined  and  cleared  at  the  cut- 
ton  house.  Clearing  House,  a  kind  of 
banking  e/change  established  for  t  he 
convenience  of  daily  settlements;  th? 
drafts  and  checks  on  each  other  we  exchang- 
ed without  presentation,  a  balance  struck, 
which  balance  only  is  paid  in  cash. 


COll\JSIO(4. — A  secret  agreement  and 
cooperation  between  two  or  more  per- 
sons, for  the  one  party  to  bring  an  action 
against  the  other_  for  some  evil  purpose, 
as  to  defraud  a  third  party  of  his  rights. 

rOL.OI^. — An  apparent  right  of  action. 
It  is  either  «/xy(«.y>  or'wo^Xve&.Colorof 
Office,  an  unjust  act  performed  by  the 
countenance  of  office. 
Olv\^EI\CE. —  The  exchange  of  -mer- 
chandise on  a  large  scale  between  dif- 
ferent places  or  communities;  -mercan- 
tile businessin  general,  as  carried  on 
between  individuals  or  companies  of 
different  countries,  or  of  the  same  coun- 
try. Commercial,  pertaining  to  com- 
merce and  trade.  Cowtnercial  Law,  thit 
law  which  seeks  to  regulate  the  rights 
of  property  and  persons  who  engage  in 
commerce  or  trade.  Cowmercia.1  Paper, 
bills  of  exchange,  drafts,  or  promisso- 
ry notes  given  in  commercial  dealings. 

COfvy^lSSIO^ Percentage  allowed  up- 
on business  done;  a  warrant  from  a 
court  to  certain  persons  to  take  testimo- 
ny of  an  absent  witness;  a  body  of  per- 
sons authorized  to  hear  or  determine  any 
cause.  Cotmtiissio-ti  Agent,  one  who 
buys  or  sells  on  commissioN.  Commit- 
•went,  the  sending"  of  a  person,  by  or- 
der of  a  court,  to  prison  for  any  crime 
or  cause. 

ONMON  ^SSUfV^NCEjS.— Deeds  which 
assure  to  persons  the  titles  to  their  es- 
tates. Cot/itnoti  Bail,  bail  having  the 
surety  merely  nominal. Co-mttio-H  Car- 
riers, those  who,  for  pecuniary  consid- 
eration, engage  to  transport  the  goods 
or  merchandise  of  those  who  may  o-f- 
fer  them.  Common  carriers  are  priv- 
ileged and  restricted  by  law  both  for 
their  own  and  the  public  bene/it.Theu 
are  responsible  for  the  safe  delivery  or 
the  goods,  and  are  answerable  for  neg- 
ligence. Cotti-rHoti  Council,  the  city 
council,  which  is  a  kind  of  legislature^hav 
ing  the  power  to  pass  such  laws(ordinan 
ces)  as  the  government  of  the  city  re- 
quires. Cowwort  Law,  the  unwritten 
law,  as  opposed  to  the  written  o_r  statute 
law.  It  consists  of  rules  of  action  which 
have  become  binding  from  long  usage 
and  established  custom.  Common  Nui- 
sance, one  affecting  the  general  health 
or  happiness. Commonwealth, the  so- 
cial state  of  a  country  without  regard 
to  its  form  of  government;  a  country 
having  a  republican  form  of  government. 

COtv\P/\CT. —  A  covenant  or  agreement 
between  persons  or  nations. 
Olv\P^Ny. — A  corporation;  a  term  us- 
ed in  a  firm's  name  to  indicate  other 
partners  the  names  of  whom  are  n  ot 

CC^IvtP^NSAJ.IOfl. — Award  of  damages; 
that  which  is  paid  or  done  to  a  persori 
of  equal  value  to  that  which  he  has  beer 
deprived  of. 

OK/IPEJE.NCY — Qualified  to  act  in 
any  capacity;  sufficiency;  the  leaal  abil 
ity  of  a  witness  to  testify  on  a  trial. 

COfV\PLAJNA,NT. —  The  one  who  com 
mences  a  prosecution  or  proceeding 
against  another.Co-jtiplain*,  a  for- 
mal allegation  or  charge  made  to  an 
officer  that  some  person  has  been  guilty 


BUSINESS  TERMs: 


CLEF\ICAj-  E^HOF^. —  An  inadvertent 
error  in  calculation  or  other  accident- 
al error  on  books  or  documents. 

CLIENT.  —  Any  one  who  seeks  advice 
from  a  lawyer  on  legal  subjects,  or  em- 
ploys him  to  manage  a  suit  at  law  (or 
hitn. 

CLIQjJE. — A  combination  of  operators 
controling  large  capital  in  order  to  un- 
duly expand  or  break  down  the  -market. 

COAJJT/IOfl. — A  cornbination  o-r  alli- 
ance for  unlawful  purposes,  between  per- 
sons or  States. 

CODE,. —  A  system  or  collection  o(  laws 
established  by  act  of  legislation.  Codex, 
the  Code  of  Justinian;  a  book  or  scroll. 

CODICIL.  — An  addition  to  a  will,  de- 
signed to  explain,  modify,  or  chance  for- 
mer bequests  made  in  the  body  of  the  will. 
It  should  be  done  with  the  same  cane  and 
precision  as  was  exercised  in  the  making 
of  the  will  itself. 

COIfvl. — Pieces  of  metal  stamped  with 
certain  impressions  fixing  their  value  as 
a -medium  o(  exchange.  Coiriage,  the 
assaying  and  conversion  of  pieces  of  wet 
al  into  coins  or  money. 

COllAJE^L. —  That  which  is  by  the 
side,  and  not  the  direct  line:  that  which 
is  added  to  a  thing. Collateral  Facts, 
facts  which  are  not  in  the  direct  line  of 
evidence. Col  lateral  Issue,  an  issue  tak- 
en upon  some  matter  aside  from  the 
main  issue.  Collateral  Note,  a  note  giv- 
en with  stocks  or  other  property  as  seen- 
n'ty,  empowering  the  payee  to  sell  if  the 
note  should  not  be  paid  when  it  becomes 
due. Collateral  Security,  security  given  ftr 
the  performance  of  an  agreement,orthe 
payment  of  money. Collaterals,  pledges 
of  stocks,  notes,  or  chattels,  for  security 
of  loans  and  other  indebtedness. 


ATLANTA, OCT.I,  19 
Sixty  days  after  date,!  prom 
se  to  pay  to  the  order  of....V>\v<\W-w«\ 

cation,  for  value  received 

Having  deposited  XircOwA "3'    "    ' 
'    of  the  nominal  value 


WHICH  I  AUTHORIZE  THE  HOLDER  OF  THIS  NOTE,  UP- 
ON THE  NON-PERFORMANCE  OF  THIS  PROMISE  «T  MA 
TURITY.  TO  SELL  EITHER  AT  THE  BROKERS'  BOARD  OR 
AT  PUBLIC  OR  PRIVATE  SALE.WITHOUT  DEMANDING 
PAYMENT  OF  THIS  NOTE  OH  THE  DEBT  DUE  THEREON 
AND  WITHOUT  FURTHER  NOTICE,  AND  APPLY  PROCEEDS 
OR  AS  MUCH  THEREOF  AS  MAY  BE  NECESSARY, TO  THt 
"AYMENT  OF  THIS  NOTE  AND  ALL  NECESSARY  EXPEN- 

ES  AND  CHAR&ES,  HOLDING  Wt«M  RESPONSIBLE 

OR  ANY  DEFICIENCY. 


COLLECTOR — The  chief  officer  o(  acol- 
lection  district  or  custom  house;  one  who 
collects  bills  or  accounts. 


of  an  offense,  and  offering  to  prove  tha 
fact  and  seek  a  remedy. 

COIvyPOSIJIOfl. —  The  adjustment  of 
a  debt,  or  avoidance  of  an  obligation, 
whereby  the  creditor  accepts  a  part  of 
such  debt,  and  the  whole  is  discharged. 

COrv\POl)fJDI^G-  \  FELONY—  The  ac- 
ceptance of  a  consideration  for  forbear- 
ing to  prosecute,  when  the  party  robbed 
knows  the  felon.  It;  is  a  criminal  offense. 

COlVlPHOIv\ISE. —  A  settlement  of  adis- 
pute  between  parties  by  mutual  consent 
reached  bu  concessions  on  both  sides. 
OfotPTHOLLErV — An  officer,  in  sortie 
States  called  a.\x&xox,  whose  duty  it  is 
to  examine  and  adjust  accounts,  su- 
perintend the  collection  of  money, and 
draw  warrants  when  money  is  paid  oat. 
- One  who  swears 


that  he  believes  the  oath  of  another  per 
son,  wade  in  defense  of  his  own  innocence. 

CO{JCE\Uv\ENT. —  Suppression  of  facts 
and  circumstances  by  one  of  the  parties 
to  a  contract,fro-m  the  other,  which  in 
justice  ought  to  be  made  known. 
O^ClUsiVE  EVIDENCE;.— That  evi- 
dence which  cannot  be  contradicted  or 
controlled  by  any  other  evidence. 
'OplDEIVlN^TIpfJ. — The  act  of  judi- 
cially condemning  or  adjudging  guil- 
ty, unfit  for  use,  or  forfeited;  asentenc* 
0|NDI"flO|^. — A  restraint  in  a  con- 
tract or  agreement;  a  restriction  or 
qualification  in  the  conveyance  of  per- 
sonal property  or  real  estate. 

COfiFE,DEF\A.CY. — A  league  or  compact 
between  individuals,whether  persons  or 
nations;  an  agreement  between  two 
or  more  States  or  nations,  by  which 
they  unite  for  their  mutual  protection 
and  good* 

rOflF^SSIOfJ. — The  acknowledgment 
by  one  under  arrest  of  the  crime  charg- 
ed against  him. 

lOfJFID^NTIAj.. — Secret; trusted  in, 
or  trustworthy.  Confidential  Cowwu.- 
nication,  statements  which  are  made 
to  others  in  confidence,  and  when  made 
between  husband  and  wife?  or  to  a  coun- 
selor, clergyman,  or  physician,  in  an  of- 
ficial capacity,  are  not  subjects  to  be 
disclosed  on  judicial  inquiry.  Coti/iden 
•tial  Creditors,  those  whose  claims  are 
of  such  a  character  that  they  take  pre- 
cedence of  other  creditors.  Coti/ioett- 
•tial  Debts,  debts  which  have  been  incur- 
red for  borrowed  money,  and  regarded 
as  having  precedence  to  the  payment 
of  other  debts. 

COplF(SC/\T^.— To  take  property,  or 
condemn  it  to  be  taken,  as  forfeited 
to  the  public  treasury. 

COfJFUSlOfJI  OF  GOODS. -The  inter- 
mixture of  the  goods  of  two  or  more 
persons,  making  it  impossible  to  distin- 
guish the  goods  of  the  different  parties. 
Confusion  of  Rights,  a  method  by  which 
debts  are  extinguished,  by  uniting  the 
qualities  of  debtor  and  creditor  in  one 
and  the  same  person. 

COf)G-F\ESS. —  The  national  legislative 
body,  divided  into  the  Senate  and  House 
of  Representatives;  an  assembly  of  en 
voys,  deputies,  etc.,  from  different  coun- 
tries, who  meet  for  their  common  good,  or 
to  treat  of  their  mutual  concerns. 


209 


.—  Corrupt  or  guilty  as- 
sctit,  indirectly  given  to  another,  that 
he  way  do  some  illegal  act:  ati  accessory. 
O^S/vNGUl^lTX.—  Blood  relationship 
as  distinguished  from  the  -marriage  af- 
finity; the  relation  existing  between  per- 
sons descending  from  the  same  ancestor. 

C 0 fl SEflT.  —  Capable,  deliberate, and  vol- 
untary agreement  arid  assent  of  opin- 
ions, which  way  beeither  expressed  or 
implied.  Age  of  Consent,  the  390  fixed 
by  statute,  and  varying  in  different  States 
and  countries,  at  which  one  is  adjured 
competent  to  give  consent. 
OplSlOERATIOlJ —  That  which  is  done, 
or  promised  to  be  done,  in  exchange  for 
a  promise;  the  price  or  inducement  of- 
fered a  person  to  enter  into  a  contract. 
OtJsiGfjEE^. — The  person  to  whom 
9oods  or  other  things  are  sent  or  con- 
signed. Consiptitne-H*,  goods  sent  by  one 
person  to  another,  to  be  sold  on  the  for- 
mer's account.  Consignor,  one_  who  con- 
signs or  transmits  goodsAjitfcSvCvymc.r&Y 

CONSOLS.— A  fund  formed  by  the  con- 
solidation of  different  annuities,  and  is 
in  use  in  various  European  countries. 

CONSPIRACY. — An  agreement  or  combi- 
nation between  two  or  more  persons  to 
accomplish  some  unlawful  purpose. 

COfJSTAJJLE. — An  officer  of  limited  pow 
er,  whose  duty  is  to  serve  all  writs  and  pro- 
cesses issued  by  justices  of  the  peace;  an  of 
ficer  whose  duty  is  to  keep  the  peace  with- 
in the  district  assigned  him. 

CONSTITUTION. —  The  fundamental,  or 
panic  law  of  a  nation,  state,  society,  or 
other  organized  body  of  men,  securing 
to  each  member  his  rights  and  defin- 
ing his  duties. 

The  follow/ing  form  for  a  lyeeum  o-r 
literary  society,  will  serve  as  a  model,  il- 
lustrating the  general  form,  articles,  sec 
tions,  by-laws,  etc. 


PREAMBLE; 

We  the  undersigned,  beino  desirous  of 
acquiring  and  disseminating  Literary  arx 
Scientific  Knowledge;  and  believing  that 
in  order  to  fit  ourselves  for  the  varied  du 
ties  of  life  we  should  cultivate  a  correct 
mode  of  speaking,  and  qualify  ourselves 
by  practice  to  express  our  opinions  in  pub 
lie  in  a  correct  manner;  knowing  that 
these  ends  can  in  no  other  way  be  s  o 
speedily  accomplished  as  by  forming  an 
association  for  such  a  purpose,  have  or 
ganiied  a  Society  for  Mutual  Improvemenl 
in  Elocution.Composition  and  Oebate,and 
have  adopted  the  following  constitution, 
by-laws,  rules  and  regulations  for  our 
povernment: 


ARTICLE  I.— NAME. 

The  title  and  name  of  this  Society 
shall  be 


ARTICLE  II.— OBJECTS. 

The  objects  of  this  Society  shall  be  the 
free  discussion  of  any  subject  corning 
before  its  members;  also  the  in-iprove- 
ment  of  all  connected  with  it,m  debat- 
ing, social  advancement,  and  general 
literature. 

ARTICLE  HI.-OFFICERS. 

The  officers  of  this  Society  shall  con- 
sist of  a  President,  two  Vice-Presidents, 
a  Corresponding  Secretary,  a  Recording 
Secretary,  a  Treasurer,  a  Librarian,  a 
Critic  and  Censor;  all  of  whom  shall 

be  elected by  ballot, 

on  the in  each , 

said  officers  to  hold  their  position  until 

their  successors  are  elected  and  installed. 

ARTICLE  IV.-MEMBERSHIP. 

Section  I. — Any  lady  or  gentle-man 
way  become  a  member  of  this  Society 
by  the  consent  of  the  majority  of  t  he 
members  present,  the  signing  of  t  h  e 

constitution,  and  the  payment  of 

as  membership  fee. 

Section  2. — It  shall  be  the  privilege 
of  the  Society  to  elect  any  person  whose 
presence  may  be  advantageous  to  the  So- 
ciety, an  honorary  member,  who  shall 
not  be  required  to  pay  'membership  fees 
or  dues. 
ARTICLE  V.-DUTIES  OF  OFFICERS. 

Section  I It  shall  be  the  duty  of 

the  President  to  preside  at  the  So- 
ciety; to  call  the  meeting  to  order  at 
the  proper  time;  to  enforce  a  rigid  ob- 
servance of  the  constitution,  by-laws, 
rules  and  regulations  of  the  Society;  ap- 
point all  committees, and  see  that  the 
pf/icers  perform  their -respective  ditties: 
inspect  and  announce  the  result  of  all 
ballotings  or  other  votes.  He  shall  never 
vote  except  in  case  of  a  tie  vote,  when  he 
shall  give  the  casting  vote;  he  shall  nei- 
ther make  no-r  second  any  motion  or 
amendment,nor  take  part  in  any  dis- 
cussion while  in  the  chair;  he  shall 
draw  upon  the  Treasurer  for  all  sums 
of -money  that  way  have  been  voted 
for;  preserve  order,  and  decide  all  ques- 
tions arising  therefrom. 

Section  2. —  The  first  Vice-President 
shall  preside  in  the  absence  of  the  Presi- 
dent, and  in  case  of  the  absence  of  both 
the  President  and  first  Vice-President,  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  second  Vice-Pres- 
ident to  preside. 

Section  3. —  The  Corresponding  Sec- 
retary shall  notify  absent  members  of 
their  duties, for  the  succeeding  meet- 
ings; also,  each  person  elected  a  mem- 
ber, of  such  election;  and  shall  write 
all  communications. 

Sectiott4. —  The  Recording  Secretary 
shall  call  the  roll  at  every  meeting, and 
report  delinquents;  and  shall  keep  the 
records  of4he  Society,  and  read  at  each 
-meeting  a  report  of  the  work  done  at 
the  preceding  meeting. 

Section  5. —  The  Treasurer  shall 
keep  the  funds  of  the  Society;  notify 
each  member  who  is  delinqu.ent,of  his 
dues  or  fines,  and  collect  all  money  due 
the  Society.  He  shall  make  no  payments 
without  a  written  order  f-t-om  *he  Pres- 
ident, and  countersigned  by  the  Record- 
ing Secretary;  and  at  the meeting 


Of  each he  shall  present   a 

written  report  of  the  financial  condi- 
tion of  the  Society. 

Section  6. —  It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  Librarian  to  keep,  in  a  careful  wan- 
ner, all  books,  records,  and  manuscripts 
in  the  possession  of  the  Society.  . 

Section!. The  Critic  shall  bea 

judge  of  literary  merit;  shall  carefully 
observe  the  speakers'  words  and  actions; 
correct  all  grammatical  errors  and  im- 
perfect pronunciation;  and  make  are- 
port  of  the  same  at  the  close  of  each  meet- 
ing- 
Section  8 The  Censor  shall  in- 

spectthe  manners  and  morals  of  the 
members;  watch  closely  their  conduct 
while  in  the  debating  hall,  and  fine  all 
refractory  or  disorderly  members, hand- 
Ing  over  the  list  to  the  Treasurer  every 
week  to  collect. 

ARTICLE  VI.-ELIGIBILITV  OF  OFFICERS. 
Section  I.  —  No  person  is  eligible 
to  an  off|ce  until  he  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  this  Society 

Section  2 No  person  shall  be 

elected  to  office  more  than  twice  in  sue 
cession,  and  a -majority  of  the  lepil  votes 
cast  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 

Section  3. — In  case  of  a  vacancy  oc- 
curring in  any  office,  the  Society  will 
go  into  an  immediate  election  to  fill 
the  same,  and  the  officer  elect  shall 
take  his  seat  immediately  after  such 

ARTICLE  VII.-REMOVALFROM  OFFICE. 

Section  I. —  Should  any  officer  or 
member  of  a  committee  ne9lect,or  be 
found  incompetent  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  his  office,  he  may  be  -remov- 
ed by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the -mem- 
bers present. 

Section  2. — All  places  of  absent- 
ees in  committees  may  be  filled  by 
said  committees. 

ARTICLE  VIII.— AMENDMENTS. 

No  addition,  alteration,  or  arnend 
ment  can  be  made  to  this  constitu- 
tion, neither  can  any  part  be  repeal- 
ed, without  a  four- fifth  vote  of  the 
Society  and weeks'  notice. 


ARTICLE  I.-MEETINOS. 

This  Society  shall  assemble  every 

,  unless  otherwise  ordere-d. 

The  hour  for  -meeting  during  the  months 
from  October  to  March  inclusive  shall 
be  seven  o'clock  P.M., and  varied  dur- 
ing the  rest  of  the  year  as  the  Society 
sees  best.  The  President  may  call  a. 
special  meeting  of  the  Society  at  a  re- 
quest of  five  members. 

ARTICLE  II.— aUORUM. 

At  any  meeting  of  the  Society  seve» 
members  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 
ARTICLE  III.-MEMBERSHIP. 

Section  I When  a  member  pro- 
poses a  candidate  for  -membership,  he. 
shall  submit  his  name  and  residence, 
and  inform  the  Society  that  the  candi- 
date has  read  acopy  of  its  constitution 
and  by-laws,  and  that  he  approves  of 
them.  The  Society  will  then  determine 
his  entrance  by  ballot;  a  majority  vote 
being  necessary  to  elect. 


210 


Section  2. Every  candidate,  upon  be 

mg  initiated,  shall  sign  the  constitution 
and  by-laws,  and  thereby  agree  to  sup- 
port the  same,  and  pay  all  legal  demands 
against  him  as  long  as  he -remains  a -member. 

ARTICLE  IV.-INITIATION. 

Section  I. Befote  taking  his  seat 

as  a  member,  every  petso-n  shall  pay  to 
the  Treasurer  an  initiation  fee  o( 


Section  2. — The  following  affirma- 
tion shall  be  required  of  each  person  be- 
coming a  -member:"!  do  hereby  solemn- 
ly  promise,  that  I  will  observe  and  strict- 
ly obey  all  the  laws, rules  and  regula- 
tions set  down  in  the  constitution,  of 
this  Society;  and  dp  further  declare  that 
I  entertain  no  ill-will  toward  any  mem- 
ber, and  will  endeavor  to  promote  t  h 
welfare  of  this  Society." 
ARTICLE  V.— INAUGURATION. 

At  the  inauguration  of  each  officer  he 
shall  be  required  to  -make  the  following 
affirmation:"!  do  hereby  solemnly  pro-it 
ise  that  I  will  faithfully  discharge  tile  du- 
ties of  my  of_fice  to  the  best  of  my  knowl- 
edge and  ability." 

ARTICLE  VI.- DUES  AND  TAXES. 

Section  I.  —  Every  member  shall  pay 

the  sum  of. each 

in  advance,  into  the  treasury. 

Section  2. —  If  at  any  time  the  funds 
of  this  Society  should  be  exhausted.or  in- 
adequate to  meet  the  demands, there  shall 
be  an  equal  tax  upon  each  member  to 
make  up  the  deficiency. 

ARTICLE  VII.- ARREARAGES. 

Sectio-M  I. — No  member  in  arrears 
for  dues  or  fines  shall  be  privileged  to 
vote  or  speak  on  any  question,  until 
said  arrearages  are  paid. 

.Section  2. — Every  member  who 
shall  refuse  or  neglect  to  pay  his  dues 

or  fines  for  the  space  of weeks, 

shall  stand  suspended,  and  shall  not  be 

reinstated  until  all  arrearages  are  paid. 

ARTICLE  VIII.— FINES. 

The  chair  shall  have  power  to  impose 
the  following  fines: 

Section  I. —  Any  member  who  shall 
use  improper  language,  refuse  to  obey 
the  orders  of  the  chair,  or  be  guilty  of 
disorderly  conduct,  shall  be  fined  for  each 
offense cents. 

Section  2. A  member  failing  to 

attend  any  meeting  of  the  Society  with 
out  -rendering  asatisfactory  excuse,  or 
leaving  the  Society  before  adjournment, 
unless  excused,  shall  be  fined  for  e  ach 
time cents. 

Section  3. —  Any  member  failing  to 
perform  his  duty  as  assigned  on  the  pro 

gramme,  shall  be  fined 

for  each  tion performance. 


Section  4.  —  Should  any  officer  neg- 
lect to  have  at  the  Society  any  books  or  pa- 
pers necessary  for  use,  or  neglect  to  per- 
form his  duties,  he  shall  be  fined 

cents  for  each  offense. 

Section  5. —  For  any  acts  of  -negli- 
gence, or  violations  of  the  rules  and  reg- 
ulations, not  noticed  in  the  foregoing 
sections,  the  chair -may,  with  the  consent 
of  the  Society,  impose  a  fine  -not  less 

than cents,  and  not  exceeding 

dollar... 

ARTICLE  I  X.-APPEALS. 

Any  member  shall  have  the  right, 
when  fined, to  appeal  from  the  chair 
to  the  meeting,  and  unless  the  Society 
sustain  the  chair,the  fine  shall  be  -remit- 
ted. 

ARTICLE  X.-RESI&NATION. 

No  member  shall  resign  unless  his 
resignation  be  submitted  in  writing 
two  weeks  previous  to  the  time  of  res- 
ignation. No  such  resignation  shall  be 
•received  by  the  Society  until  all  arrear- 
ages are  paid. 
ARTICLE  XI.-SUSPENSION  AND  EXPULSION. 

Section  I. —  Any  member  who  shall 
refuse  to  conform  to  the  constitution, 
by-laws,  rules  and  regulations  of  this 
Society,  or  be  guilty  of  -repeated  disor- 
derly conduct,  shall  be  subject  to  sus- 
pension or  expulsion. 

Section  2. —  The  motion  for  the  ex- 
pulsion of  a  member  shall  be  announc- 
ed at  two  regular  meetings  previous  to 
action  being  taken,  when  the  accuse'd 
•may  be  permitted  to  show  reasons  why 
he  should  not  be  expelled.  If  three-fourths 
of  the  members  present  vote  in  favor  of 
the  motion.it  shall  be  carried. 
ARTICLE  XII.-COMMITTEES. 

Section  I . —  There  shall  always  be 
or.e  standing  committee,  and  special 
committees  may  be  appointed  by  the 
President. 

Section  2. — All  reports  of  commit 
tees  shall  be  presented  in  writing,  and 
signed  by  the  members  offerinp  the  same. 

•  R  U  L-.S  AN  3 .  SEC-y LAT1  y  ,N  S., 

The  rules  and  regulations  governing 
the  working  and  organization  of  pub 
lie  meetings  and  deliberative  bodies, will 
be  found  elsewhere  in  this  volume.  The 
whole  or  any  part  of  these  -may  be  a- 
dopted  for  use  in  this  Society. 
ORDER  OF  BUSINESS. 


1 .  Call  to  order. 

2.  Calling  of  »he  roll. 


3.  Reading  -minutes  of  1  1.  Corresponding  Sec 
retary's  report. 

12.  Unfinished  or  -mis- 
cellaneous  business. 

IS.uiterary  exercises. 

I4.0ebate. 


previous  -meeting. 
4.Propositions  for 
membership. 

5.  Inauguration. 

6.  Initiation. 


9.Secretztry's  report. 
10. Treasurer's  report. 


7.  Balloting  for  candidates  15.  Critic's  report. 

8.  Reports  of  committees.  16.  Adjournment. 

FRATERNAL  COURTESY. 
It  is  specially  enjoined  here  that  the 
members  of  this  Society  treat  each  oth- 
er with  due  respect;  that  all  personal  al- 
lusions be  avoided,  and  concord  and  good- 
fellowship  be  cherished  and  preserved  as 
the  vtonv«\s,\vv  feature  of  the  Society. 


. — An  official  appointed  ty  the 
government  to  reside  in  a  foreign  coun- 
try, to  watch  over  the  commercial  in- 
terests, and  to  protect  the  seamen,  of 
the  country  sending  h i rti .  General  Con 
sal,  a  consul  of  the  highest  rank, and 
stationed  at  a  principal  place,  or  at 
Several  minor  olaces. 

OflSUtyPTIO^ The  quantity  of 

any  thing  used  o-r  consumed. 
OflTIN'&EttoY. — An  event  or  occur- 
rence which  way  or  may  not  come 
ro  pass;  a  casualty  or  possibility. Con- 
tingent Legacy,  a  legacy  subject  to 
the  occurrence  of  some  uncertain  event. 
Contingent  Remainder,  a  remainder 
so  limited  that  it  is  made  to  depend  up- 
on some  event  which  -may  never  occur. 
Contingent  Use,  the  use  limited  in 
a  land  conveyance  which  may  or  may 
riot  happen  to  vest. 

CONTEMPT.— The  disobedience  to 
the  orders  or  rules  of  a  court  or  leg- 
islative body.  It  is  a  punishable  offense 
:0|<lTINUOUS  THIAjLBA.LA.NCE.- A 
Trial  Balance  continued  from  -month 
to  month  throughout  the  year.  The  fol- 
lowing form  illustrates  its  use.  The  ital- 
icized figures  show  the  balances  of  pre 
vious  months. 


LEDGER 
ACCOUNTS. 


Stock, 


4  Accts.Receiv., 
10  Accts.  Pay., 
16  Cash, 
21  Real  Estate, 
SI  Salary, 

Mdse., 

Month's  business 


1750  00 
87500 


20000 

SOW  OT 

800  00 


36K  00  2«5 


27500 
215000 


20000 


20000 


145000167500 
970  00  1500  Ot 

3110  00  list)  00 


Each  month  should  balance  as does 
January,  both  in  the  amount  of  business 
oone,  and  the  balances  of  previous -months. 
JOfjTR^. —  On  the  opposite  side;  fl- 
yer; against.  Contraband, trade  car- 
ried on  contrary  to  the  laws  of  acoun- 
try,  Contraband  Goods,  a-Kticles  pro- 
hibited by  law  to  be  imported  or  export 
ed  under  certain  restrictions. 
JOflTFlACT.— A  covenant  orengagement 
between  parties  to  do  or  not  to  do  a  spec- 
ified thing.  The  following  are  the 
rules  and  legal  requirements  of  con- 
tracts and  agreements: 
I.  Every  one  must  fulfill  every  agree- 
ment he  makes. 

2. A  contract  to  do  an  impossibility 
is  void. 

3.  A  contract  forbidden  by  law  is  void. 

4.  Contracts  made  by  minors,  lunatics 
and  idiots.is  not  binding  on  them. 

5.  A  proposition  not  assented  toby 
both  parties  is  not  binding. 

6.  A  promise  without  consideration  is  no»  bind 
ing. 

7.  A  contract  which  one  is  induced  to  make 


211 


cttoooobcooo 


through  fraud  or  deceit  is  not  binding 

on  him. 
8. Contracts  of  -much  importance  should 

be  in  writing. 
9. One  has  no  right  to  sue  on  a  contract 

unless  he  has  performed,  or  offered  to 

perform  his  part. 
IO.A  contract  wade  by  a  minor  becomes 

binding  after  he  becomes  of  age,  if  he 

then  ratifies  it. 

1 1. The  value  of  the  consideration  is  unim- 
portant. 

12.  A  guaranty  must  be  in  writing. 

13.  A  contract  which  cannot  be  performed 
within  a  year  must  be  in  writing. 
•**-- -x  \OYW\O\  \cov,V»xtx \y 


—  The  application  of  goods 
one  has  in  his  possession  to  his  own  use 
without  the  consent  of  the  owner. 

COrJVE\/\NCE. —  An  instruments  a 
deed  or  mortgage,  transferring  the  lille 
of  property  from  one  person  lo  another. 
Conveyancing,  the  science  and  art  of 
examining  the  lilies  of,  and  conveying 
properly  /row  one  person  to  another. 

,COP^f\T(lEr\SKIP The  joining  of  Iwo 

I  or  more  persons  into  one  fir-m  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  on  any  enterprise; 
the  same  as  partnership. 
OPYF\iO>lT.  —  The  exclusive  privilege  an 
author  enjoys,  of  printing  and  disposing 
of  his  original  writings. 

Copyrights  are  granted  for  a  period  of 
twenty-eight  years,  and  further  continued 
for  fourteen  years,  if  application  is  made 
for  such  continuance  six  months  before 
expiration  of  original  copyright. 

Those  desiring  lo  secure  copy  rig  his, 
if  inexperienced,  should  address  the"Li- 
brarian  of  Congress,  Washington,  D.C.,' 
for  circular  giving  latest  copyright  laws, 
which  will  be  sent  on  application. 

It  is  a  comparatively  easy  matter  to  se- 
cure a  copyright,  and  no  one  should  hesi 
late  to  make  his  own  application. 

Copyhold,  a  tenure  founded  upon  cus 
lom  and  usage. 

CORNER — A  stockbroker's  lerm  used 
to  express  a  monopolizing  arrangement 
entered  into  between  dealers  for  the  pur- 
pose of  creating  a  fictitious  value  in  any 
kind  of  produce,  stocks,  or  other  commodity. 

CORONER. — An  officer  who,  with  the  as 
sistance  of  a  jury,  inquires  into  the  cause 
of  any  violent,  sudden,  or  mysterious  death, 
or  death  in  prison, usually  at  the  place 
where  the  death  occurred.  Corresponds  to 
Medical  Examiner  in  some  Slates. 
ORPOR/VT10!*- —  A  name  applied  loan 
organization,  usually  consisting  of  sever 
al  persons,  authorized  by  law  to  transact 
business  as  an  association  or  individual 
under  some  name.  The  following  are 
legal  points  relating  to  corporations: 
I.  Corporations  are  formed  by  an  act  of 
the  Legislature. 


2. Corporations  have  power  to  do  only 
the  acts  expressly  allowed  by  the  law 
under  which  they  were  incorporated. 

S.Every  contract  of  guaranty  must  be 
in  writing,  and  signed  by  the  surety. 

4-Change  of  primary  liability  renders 
the  secondary  void. 

5.  After  a  surety  has  paid  the  debl,he  has 
a  claim  for  it  upon  the  principal  debtor. 

6. For  ordinary  business  contracts,lhe 
time  allowed  to  commence  suit  is  us- 
ually V\N4  or  s\*  years. 


STATE  OF. i 

CITY  OF J 

We,lhe  undersigned, , , 

, ; , .propose  to 

form  a  corporation  under  an  act  of  the 

General  Assembly  of  the  Stale  of , 

entitled  "An  act  concerning  corporations," 

approved ,'19....,  and  all  acts 

amendatory  thereof,  and  that,  for  the 
purpose  of  such  organization,  we  hereby 
state  as  follows,  to  wit: 

The  name  of  such  corporation  is.... 

The  object  for  which  it  is  formed  is  lo 

cary  on  the  business  of 

,  and  to  sell 

The  capital  stock  shall  be  Five  Hundred 
Thousand  (* 500,000)  Dollars, divided  in 
to  five  thousand  shares  of  one  hundred 
dollars  each. 


. 
STATE  OF 

CITY  OF 

I,  a  notary  public,  in  and  for  the  said 
City  of  ............  ,  and  State  aforesaid, 

do  hereby  certify  that  on  this  ......  day 

of  ..........  ..,  A.D.  IS....,  personally  appeal 

ed  before  me 

,  --  ,-—  -  >tome  personally 
known  to  be  the  same  persons  who  e> 
ecuted  the  foregoing  statement,  and 
severally  acknowledged  that  they  exe- 
cuted the  same  for  the  purp'oses  there 
in  set  forth. 

In  witness  whereof.  I  have  hereunto 
set  my  hand  and  seal,  the  day  and  jiear 
above  written. 

Also,  there  must  be  a  further  endorse 
merit  describing  the  nature  of  the  cor- 
poration thus:  Statement  of  incorpora 
tion  of  the  ..........................  , 

Location,  City  of  ................  ,  State 

of  ...............  Capital  slock,  «500,000. 

Object, 

\NY\SA\  Vv\tt  •fc 
w,\\x  xo  v\\»  StcwXMN)  ol 


To  __  , 

SECRETARY  or  STATE: 
The  commissioners  duly  author!? 
ed  to  open  books  of  subscription  to 
the  capital  stock  of  the  ............. 

.............  ,  pursuant  to  license  here- 


tofore issued,  bearing  date  the 

day  of A.D.  19 do  here- 
by report  that  they  opened  books  of  sub 
scription  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  said 
company,  and  that  the  said  stock  was 
fully  subscribed;  that  the  following  is 
a  true  copy  of  such  subscription,  viz.: 
We,the  undersigned,  hereby  severally 
subscribe  for  the  number  of  shares 
set  opposite  our  respective  names  to 

the  capital  stock  of  the 

,and  we  severally  agree  to 

pay  the  said  company  on  each  share 
the  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars. 

SHARES.         AMOUNT. 

1,000 

_ 1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

.1,000 


*IOO,000 
100,000 
100,000 
100,000 
100,000 


5,000  $500,000 
That  said  subscribers  met  al  t  he 
time  and  place  specified  and  proceed 
ed  to  elect  directors,  and  lhalthefol- 
lowing  persons  were  duly  elected  for 
the  term  of  one  year: , 


CORRESPONDENT. — One  who  carries 
on  intercourse  with  another  by  letter. 

CORRUPTION  OFBLOOD, The 

inability  to  inherit  real  estate  or  to 
transmit  it  to  others,  growing  out 
of  an  attainder. 

COSTS Expenses  incurred  in  liti- 
gation, or.during  t-he  progress  of  a 
suit  at  law. 

OUplSELOR  /\T  LAJW.  — An  officer 
retained  by  a  client  to  conduct  a. suit 
for  him.-Counselor  at  law  and  attor- 
ney al  law  are  different,  the  latter  be- 
ing employed  in  the  management  of  ihe 
more  -mechanical  parts  of  Ihe  sitit. 

COUNTERFEIT. — A  kind  of  forgery 
applied  to  false  coin  or  paper  money 

COUfJTERrviAND. —  A  contrary  order 
cancelling  those  already  given,  and 
may  be  either  «,\y(8.ss  or  °WA^X\«A.  A 
Counterclaim  is  a  kind  of  off set  de- 
manded by  a  defendant. 

COUfJTUJJC-ROOM. — A  room  in  which 
merchants  keep  their  accounts  and  do 
their  business. 

lOUflTY. —  A  division  of  a  country  or 
State, containing  several  towns. Coun- 
ty  CortitHistioners,  the  chief  corpo- 
rate body  of  a  County,  usually  consist- 
ing of  three  members.  (Called  Board  of 
Supervisors  in  a  few  Slates).  They  have 
charge  of  the  County  property,  and 
make  orders  and  contracts  in  relation 
to  the  building  or  repairing  of  thecourt 


house,  jail,  and  other  County  buildings. 

COUPOfl.  —  An  interest  certificate  at 

tached  to  bonds,  elc.,  and  at  stated 

times  is  cut  off  and  interest  collected 


COURSE  bF~EXcH~^N&E;".— The' sum 

merchants  pay  for  bills  of  exchange  to 
enable  them  to  make  remittances  from 
one  country  to  another. 
COURT. —  A  place  where  justice  is 
ad  ministered. -Courts  are  either  of 

The  national  judiciary  system  con- 


212 


sisls  of  three  grades  of  courts:  the 
tow(\,  the  t'«c.\x\\^o\>KX4,  and ,the\ 
towcx<i.  The  Supreme  Court  is  the  highest 
court  in  the  land,  and  was  established  by 
the  Constitution  itself.  The  others  were  es- 
tablished by  Con gress.  Court  iti  batic(il- 
so  spelled  batik),  the  full  court  sitting  at  its 
regular  terms.  Court  of  Appeals,  a  court, 
generally,  of  last  resort,  as  aState,orthe 
U.S., Supreme  Court. Court  of  Chancery  (or 


awarding  dances  for  his  not  doing  it, 
or  granting  an  injunction  against  otje's 
doing  an  unlawful  act. Court  of  Claims, 
a.  court  established  by  Congress,  in  which 
those  having  claims  which  they  believe 
ought  to  be  paid  by  the  United  State5,may 
bring  a  suit  In  the  ordinary  way,  in  form 
against  the  United  States,  and  this  court 
decides  whether  they  should  be  paid.CourJ 
of  Common  Pleas(orCountyCourt),a court 
of  original  jurisdiction, for  the  trial  of 
causes  according  to  the  common  law, and 
is  somewhat  higher  than  justices'courts. 
Court  of  Errorf,  a  court  of  review.  Court 
of  Kin  9 's  Bench,  the  supreme  court  of  co-m- 
mon  law  in  England.  Court  Martial ,  a 
court  having  jurisdiction  in  military  and 
naval  offenses. Court  of  Oyer  and  Terttii- 
ne<j  courts  of  criminal  jurisdictiqn.CoM.rt 
of  Probate,  a  court  having  jurisdiction 
over  the  probate  of  wills  and  settlement 
of  estates.  Court  of  Record,  a  court  hav- 
ing a  seal,  and  whose  acts  and  proceed- 
ings are  enrolled  in  parchment  for  a 
perpetual  memory  and  testimony. Court 
o-f  Sessions,  there  are  two,  <-,^»t\*.\ 
and  o,«,/Aa"(»N,  having  jurisdiction  'uteri™ 
inal  cases.  Court  of  St.  James,  the  usual 
designation  of  the  British  court. 


•t  C 


'OyEpAiNT. —  An  agreement  of  suffi- 
cient consideration,  between  two  or -mote 
persons,  in  writing  and  under  seal,  where- 
in one  of  them  promises  certain  things 
to  the  other;  a  certain  form  of  action 
which  liesto  recover  damages  fotakreach 
of  a  contract  under  seal. 

COVIfl. — A  collusive  agreement  between 
two  or  more  persons  to  defraud  and 
prejudice  another  of  his  rights. 
DAMPED. — Pinched  for  money  to -meet 
engagements. 

C^EDElNTIA.LS. — Papers  which  give  a 
title  or  claim  to  credit  or  confidence, and 
show  that  a  person  has  a  right  to  exercise 
official  or  other  power. 

CREDIT. — The  opposite  of  debit;  what  is 
due  another ;  the  transfer  of  goods  to 
another  with  the  expectation  of  future  re- 
ceipt of  payment;  the  ability  to  borrow 
money.  Creditor,  one  to  whom  some- 


thing  is  owing;  Creditors'  Bill,  an  equi- 
ty bill,  filed  by.  one  or  more  creditors  in 
behalf  of  all  the  creditors  who  shall  come 
In  under  the  decree,  for  an  account  of 
the  assets  of  an  estate.  Credit  Syste-m,  the 
system  of  selling  goods  on  time.  Credit  Mo- 
bilier,  a  joint-stock  company  establish- 
ed in  Paris  in  1852  ,  with  exceptional  ch« 
tered  privileges,  among  which  were:  I. 
To  originate  and  conduct  trading  enter- 
prises of  all  kinds  on  the  principle  of 
limited  liability.  1.  To  supersede  or  buy 
up  companies,  such  as  railroads  and  oth 
ers,  substituting  scrip  and  shares  of 
their  own  for  those  of  the  company.- 
The  term  has  become  familiar  to  persons 
in  this  country  through  the  Congression 
al  investigations  of  the  Credit  Mobilier 
Company  of  the  Pacific  Railroad. 

CF\ltv\t.  —  A  misdemeanor  or  felony; 
any  violation  of  law.  Crime  againstNa- 
*n.re,  sodomy.  Crimiiial  Action.  a  pros- 
ecution conducted  on  behalf  of  the  peo- 
ple against  one  charged  with  a  critni- 
nal  offense.  Criminal  Law,  the  divis- 
ion of  the  law  which  treats  of  cn'-mes. 
F^OpS  --  A  tenant  for  a  definite  tirtie, 
whose  lease  expires  after  the  land  i  s 
sown  or  planted,  and  before  harvest,!* 
not  entitled  to  the  crop;  but  if  the 
lease  is  for  an  indefinite  time,  or  if  it 
depends  upon  an  uncertain  event,  and 
K  terminated  before  harvest,  the  ten- 
ant is  entitled  to  the  crop. 
ROSS.  —  Persons  who  cannot  write 
their  names  are  required  to  use  as  a 
substitute  the  &O/A  of  the  cross(x).  An- 
ciently kings  and  nobles  used  the  same 
<=>\t)r\,  biU  not  ijnorantly,  as  it  was  us- 
ed by  those  who  could,  as  well  as  b  y 
those  who  could  not  write,  as  asyrnbol 
that  the  person  making  it  pledged  him- 
self to  the  truth  of  the  matter  to  which 
he  affixed  it.  Hence,  though  people  now 
\rn\t*  or  «b\x\>w<\>o8.  their  names,  they 
are  still  said  to  s-qw.  Cross  Action,  an 
action  by  the  defendant  against  the 
plaintiff  in  the  same  suit.  Cross  Bill, 
a  bill  brought  by  a  defendant  against  a 
plaintiff  in  or  against  other  defendants 
in  the  same  suit,  or  against  both.  touch- 
ing the  -matters  in  the  original  bill.  Cross 
Examination,  a  close  interrogating  or 
questioning  of  a  witness  by  the_  adverse. 
party,  in  order  to  test  the  examination 
in  chief. 

.  —  One  who  is  legally  appointed 
to  take  charge  of  the  estate  of  an  imbe- 
cile: a  guardian. 

UUBSfOflE  BF\OKE^.  —  A  term  applied 
to  a  stock  operator  who  does  business 
on  the  sidewalk  or  pavement. 

CUflr\ENCy.  —  Government  or  banknotes 
circulating  as  a  substitute  for  metal- 
lic money.  Cu.r're-H*,  passing  freely  from 
hand  to  hand  5  now  running 
U^TESY  --  A  freehold  estate  which  a 
man  has  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  and 
during  his  life,in  the  lands  which  she 
had  in  fee-tail  or  fee-simple,  provided 
they  had  issue  born  alive,  which  -might 
have  inherited. 

USTOty  --  An  unwritten  law  estab- 
lished by  long  usaoe-;  the  revenue  du- 
ties levied  on  imported  goods;  the  pat- 
ronage or  support  of  any  establish- 
ment. Customers,  habitual  purchas- 
ers from  any  establishment.  Custom 
House,  a  place  appointed  by  a  govern- 


•nietit where  poods  are  entered  on  im- 
portation, and  where  the  duties  are  to 
be  paid.Cu.»toiti-House  Broker,  one  em- 
ployed by  merchants  to  act  for  them 
in  the  details  of  the  custom-house  bus- 
iness, and  who  fro-w  the  experience 
in  the  routine  and  other  acquired 
knowledge  is  often  able  to  facilitate 
the  red-tape  processes  tffthe  custo-m- 
hou.se.  Custom-Hou.se  E-titry,  a.  state- 
ment made  in  writing  to5  the  collect- 
or of  the  district  where  tHe  owners 
are  consignees  of  goods.  CM-.stow- 
Hou.se  Officer,  a  legally  appointed  a- 
pent  of  the  government  WTO  attends 
to  the  details  of  the  custom-Hause-tus- 
toms,  taxes  or  revenue  duties  levied 
on  imported  or  exported  goods. 
^rV/lAyE. — A  sum  given  as  a  co-tftpfrtl' 
sition  for  an  injury.  Damaged  &ood», 
merchandise  injured  or  impaired,  from 
whatever  cause.  Damages,  the  estima- 
ted reparation  in  money  recoverable  by 
a  person  who  has  sustained  an  injury, 
from  him  who  caused  it. 

DATE. —  The  statement  in  a  letter,etc, 
of  the  day  of  the  month  and  year,  up- 
on which  the  letter,  etc.',  was  written. 

I/VY. — A  legal  day  includes  the-Vvhole 
twenty-four  hours,  without  reference 
to  the  season  of  the  year,  or  the  amount 
of  light  and  darkness.  An  obligation  to 
pay  on  a  certain  day  is  discharged  if 
the  money  be  paid  before  twelve  o|clock 
at  night.  Day  Book,  a  book  contain!  tig 
a  concise  history  of  one's  business  trans- 
actions, whether  with  few  or  many 
persons,  written  up  under  the  date  and 
in  the  order  of  their  occurrence,  and 
arranged  with  reference  to  the  conve- 
nience of  journalizing.  Days  of  Grace, 
three  additional  days  allowed  under  the 
common  law  for  the  payment  of  wimnw- 
cial  paper  after  the  time  named  in  the  pa- 
per for  its  maturity.  By  special  enact- 
ment in  some  of  the  States,  d  ays  o  f 
jjrace  are  not  allowed. For  a  list  of 
these,  see  Statistical  Bureau  of  the  Uni- 
ted States-index. 


St.  Louis,  Jan.  1, 19 . 


Proprietor  ( 

COMMENCED  BUSINESS  WITH 
THE  FOLLOWING  BESOUCES: 


B.S.CUSHINO,  CR 

SXWi-*..M?**V»MOXC*.. 


80000 

30000 
41500 

1300 


St.lou.is,Jan  1,19 . 


COMMENCED  BUSINESS  WITH 


SOLD  J.J. TOLIN 


20000  80000 
30000 


213 


DE/^L. —  To  buy  or  sell;  to  trade  or  traffic. 
Dealer,  a  trader  in  goods,  of  whatever 
kind;  the  regular  customers  or  deposit- 
ors of  a  bank.  Dealings,  transactions 
of  any  kind  between  two  or  more  per- 

il/VrK  OF  P/Vr\TtlEH.,  FOfW  OF  (Jo^CE. 

SIB, —  It  is  with  much  regret  that  I 

have  to  inform  you  of  the  decease  of 

my  friend  and  partner,  Mr. , 

which  took  place  on As 

managing  partner,  and  executor  of  Mt 

.the  charge  of  liquidating  the 

affairs  of  the  firm  devolves  upon  me, 
and  in  the  discharge  of  this  duty  I  shall 

henceforth  sign  " .VftXvtpixta.W*.? 

I  beg  further  to  state  that  the  business 
will  be  continued  in  future  on  my  own 
account,  and  that  my  best  care'  shall 
be  given  to  any  matters  which  you  may 
intrust  to  me.  I  am,  etc. 

D^BA,SE. — To  reduce  from  a  higher  to 
a  lower  state  or  grade  by  adulteration. 

DE.BEpJTUI\E. —  A  certificate  signed  by 
a  public  officer,  as  evidence  of  a  debt 
due  to  some  person;  a  certificate  giv- 
en by  the  collector  of  the  port  of  entry 
to  an  importer  for  drawback  of  duties 
on  imported  merchandise;  duties  on 
which  when  the  merchandise  is  export- 
ed are  to  be  refunded. 

DE.B|T.  —  A  term  used  in  bookkeeping  to 
express  the  left-hand  page  of  a  ledger. 
Bebt,  that  which  one  person  owes  anoth- 
er; obligation  or  liability.  Debtor,  one 
who  owes  a  debt. 

£jCIN\A,Li — Any  number  expressed  in 
the  scale  of  tens.  Decimal  Currency,  any 
currency  based  upon  the  decimal  system, 
such  as  the  United  States  money. 

DEiCLlflE. —  A  fall  in  value,  as  in  the  war 
kct  value  of  grain,  produce, etc. 
IE£D.  —  A  written  instrument  under  seal, 
duly  executed  and  delivered,  containing 
some  transfer,  bargain,  or  contract.— 
The  term  is  usually  applied  to  the  trans 
fer  of  real  estate. \.S«*' 


THIS  INDENTURE,  made  this  ........  day 

of  .........  ....  A.D.  19  .....  ,  between  ........ 


.....  of  .........  ,  County  of....  .....  ,  and 

State  of  ............  ,  and  .........  his  wife, 

of  the  first  part,  and  .............  ,  of  the 

same  place,  of  the  second  part, 

Wi*ne«set»«,  that  said  party  of  the  first 
part,  for  and  in  consideration  of  ........ 

.......  Dollars  in  Hand,  paid  by  the  said 

party  o/  the  second  part,  the  receipt  where 
of  is  hereby  acknowledged,  have  granted, 
bargained,  and  sold,  and  by  these  pres- 
ents do  grant,  bargain,  and  sell,  unto  the 
said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs 
and  assi9«9,  all  the  following  described 
lot,  piece,  or  parcel  of  land,  situated  in 
the  .............  ,  in  the  County  of  .........  , 

and  State  of  ...........  ,to  wit: 

\^»^t  ta«V\V»  vV\»  v^ovetVfV 

Together  with  all  and  singular  the 


hereditaments  and  appurtenances  l hew 
to  belonging  or  in  atiy  wise  appertain- 
ing, and  the  reversion  and  reversions, 
remainder  and  remainders, -rents,  issues, 
and  profits  thereof;  and  all  the  estate, 
-right, title, interest, claim,  and  demand 
whatsoever,  of  the  said  party  of  the  first 
part,  either  in  law  or  equity,  of,  in,  and 
to  the  above  bargained  premises,  with 
the  hereditaments  and  appurtenances. 
To  have  and  to  hold  the  said  premises 
above  bargained  and  described,  with 
the  appurtenances,  unto  the  sa-id  par- 
ty of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  as- 
signs forever.  And  the  said , 

and ,  his  wife,  parties  of  the 

first  part,  hereby  expressly  waive,  re- 
lease, and  relinquish  unto  the  said  par- 
ty of  the  second  part,  his  heirs,  execu- 
tors, administrators,  and  assi9ns,  all 
right,  title;  claim,  interest,  and  benefit 
whatever,  in  and  to  the  above  described 
premises,  and  each  and  every  part  there- 
of, which  is  given  by  or  results  from  all 
laws  of  this  State  pertaining  to  the  ex- 
emption of  homesteads. 

And  the  said ,  and , 

his  wife,  parly  of  the  first  part,for  them 
selves,  their  heirs,  executors,  and  admin- 
istrators, do  covenant,  grant,  bargain, 
and  agree,  to  and  with  the  said  party  of 
the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
that  at  the  time  of  the  ensealing  and  de- 
livery of  these  presents  they  were  well 
seized  of  the  premises  above  conveyed, 
as  of  a  pood,  sure,  perfect,  absolute, and 
indefeasible  estate  of  inheritance  in  law, 
and  in  fee  simple,  and  have  good  rijht, 
full  power,  and  lawful  authority  to  prant 
bargain, sell,  and  convey  the  same,  i  n 
manner  and  form  aforesaid,  and  that 
the  same  are  free  and  clear  from_all 
former  and  other  grants,  bargains 
sales,  liens,  taxes, assessments,  and  en- 
cumbrances of  whatever  kind  or  na 
ture  soever;  and  the  above  bargained 
premises  in  the  quiet  and  peaceable  pos- 
session of  the  said  party  of  the  second 
part,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  against  all 
and  every  person  or  persons  lawfully 
claiming  or  to  claim  the  whole  or 
any  part  thereo/,  the  said  party  of  the 
first  part  shall  and  will  warrant  and 
forever  defend. 

Iti  testimony  whereof,  the  said  part- 
ies of  the  first  part  have  hereunto  set 
their  hands  and  seals  the  day  and 
year  first  above  written. 

,0-« 

..,[L.SJ 

. —  Deduction  ordiscount; 
e'm  ben  lenient  of  money  by  an  officer 
having  it  in  charge.  Defa-wation, words 
spoken  of  another  tending  to  injure  his 
good  name.  Default,  the  non-perform- 
ance of  duty;  the  failure  to  appear  in 
court  at  a  specified  time;  the  failure  to 
take  certain  steps  necessary  to  secure 
the  benefit  of  law.  Defaulter, one  who 
is  criminally  deficient  in  his  accounts. 
E^FEA.SA/JCE. —  A  condition  relating 
to  a  deed,  contract,  or  agreement, 
which,  when  performed,  renders  the 
void. 
DE-FEflSE. — The  pica  or  answer  of  the 


defendant  in  a  suit  at  law;  resisting 
an  injury. -A  man  is  justified  iti  using 
force,  even  to  the  death  of  his  assail- 
ant, in  order  to  defend  himself  or  his 
family.  Defendant,  t he  person  who  is 
sued  in  a  personal  action. 

D^FOf\CErv\E(jT.  —  The  wrongful  hol<M 
ing  any  lands  or  tenements  to  which 
another  has  a  right. 

0  ELE.GAJ'E. —  A  representative;  a  person 
sent  by  another  to  act  for  him. 

DEFICIT. —  A  deficiency;  the  difference 
between  an  accountant's  statement  of 
assets  and  the  assets  themselves. 

DEL.  CRE^DEftE. — A  commercial  term 
signifying  a  guarantee  o/ the  solven- 
cy of  the  purchaser. 
E.LItJOvllE^T.  —  One  who  is  guilty 
of  some  crime,  offense,  or  has  failed 
to  perform  his  duty. 

DE.LlVEf\\. —  In  commercial  affairs 
the  transfer  of  the  possession  of  goods 
from  one  party  to  another.  Contracts, 
-the  acceptance  of  a  written  contract 
is  usually  made  by  keeping  the  paper,  and 
consequently  it  may  be  said  that  deliv- 
ery is  necessary  to  a  written  contract. 
Deeds,— delivery  of  the  executed  deed  to 
the  party  to  whom  the  property  is  trans- 
ferred is  the  last  and  most  important 
step  of  all,  and  without  it  there  can  be 
no  transfer.  G-ood*,-if  any  part  of  the 
goods  are  delivered  to  the  purchaser  and 
accepted  by  him  the  whole  contract  is 
binding,  though  not  written,  i.e.,  the 
seller  must  deliver  all,  and  the  buyer 
must  pay  for  all.  Delivery  is  not  essen- 
tial to  a  sale,  as  between  the  parties, bu-t 
it  is  as  to  third  parties;  for  instance,  if 
A  sell  an  article  to  B  and  not  deliver  it 
to  B,  and  afterward  sell  the  same  article 
a  second  time,  to  C,  the  first  sale  is  void, 
but  B  can  hold  A  responsible  for  fraud. 
IENWND. — The  asking  or  seeking  for 
what  is  due,  or  claimed  to  be  due. Hotel 
and  Drafts,-no  demand  is  necessary  to 
hold  the  maker  of  a  note  or  the  accept- 
or of  a  draft  responsible.  Suit  may  be 
brought  as  soon  as  the  paper  becomes 
due.  Iti  dorters, —  to  hold  the  indorser 
of  a  note,  or  the  indorser  or  drawer  of 
a  draft  responsible,  the  paper  must  be 
presented  and  payment  demanded  of 
the  indorser,  maker  or  acceptor  on  the 
very  diy  it  becomes  due.\5>«*^v4S7ow!&X\X^! 
Demand  Note,  a  note  made  payable 
by  its  terms  on  demand,  or  otie  having 
no  time  of  payment  specified. 


»IOO.  Indianapolis,  May  17,19.... 

On  demand  (or  one  day  after  4a.lt] 
promise  to  pay  ...>N \\V\a\v\ \>owe — 
or  order™i\\e  \\\vY\&\c&™-D  o  1 1  ars, 
value  received,  with  interest. 


DENlES(iE. — Lands  in  which  the  own 
er  has  absolute  property.  Demise,  the 
conveyance  of  land  in  fee, for  life,  or 
for  a  term  of  years;  used  synonymous 
IM  with  death. 

DE(v\OCf\A,Cx- — A  form  of  government 
in  which  the  people  rule. 

OE(v\Uf\RA,&E. —  An  allowance  made 
to  the  owners  of  a  vessel  for  detain- 
ing her  in  port  longer  than  a  spec 
if  led  time.  Demurrer,  a  pause  put 


to  any  action  upon  a  point  of  diffi- 
culty, which  must  be  determined  by  D 
the  court,  before  any  further  proceed- 
ings  can  be  had  therein. 
E^OplEflT. —  A  witness,  usually  giv- 
ing his  testimony  upon  oath, by  an 
affidavit  or  deposition.  Deposition, 
the  testimony  of  a  witness  given  in 
writing,  by  way  of  answer  to  i-Mter- 
rogatories;  also  a  kind  of  affidavit. 
DEPOSIT. — Money  paid  on  account  of 
a  purchase;  gross  amount  to  the  cred- 
it of  a  dealer;  -money  placed  in  a  bank; 
a  delivery  of  goods  to  be  kept  for  the  de- 
positor, without  reward,  and  to  be  re- 
turned when  required.  Deposit  Fund 
(of  U.S.),  in  1836  there  had  accumula- 
ted in  the  national  treasury  about  thir- 
ty-six millions  of  dollars  -more  than 
was  needed  for  the  support  of  the  gov- 
ernment. By  act  of  Congress  this  sur- 
plus was  distributed  among  the  States 
then  existing,  to  be  kept  by  them  until 
called  for  by  Congress.  It  hasnever,and 
in  all  probability, never  will  be  called 
for.  The  States  have  used  large  portions 
of  it  for  school  purposes.  Deposit  Book, 
a  small  book  furnished  by  the  bank  to 
the  depositor,  in  which  his  deposits  are- 
entered  by  the  bank.  The  book  is  held  by 
the  depositor,  and  constitutes  receipts 
for  his  deposits  from  time  to  tittie.\5>c.c< 

v>^t^oc,\v'%ooV,'y  Deposit  Tickets  ( or 
Checks), slips  for  the  use  of  depositors 
in  describing  the  funds  offered  by  them 
to  banks  for  deposit. 

\ra?os\t 


MERCHANTS'1  NATIONAL  BANK. 

Deposited  by 

Atlanta, Ind., May  I,  19.!.. 


$700 


250  00 
575 


1525 


00 


DESPOT. —  A  place  where  90ods  ate  de- 
osited; a  sto-re  or  warehouse. 
PUTY  —  One  who  is  authorized 
by  an  officer  to  act  in  his  place. 

DERELICT- — Anything  cast  away, for- 
saken, or  abandoned,  in  a  way  indi- 
cating that  the  owner  lays  no  further 
claim  to  it.  Derelict  Lands,  lands  left 
by  water  suddenly  receding  from  Us 
usual  water-mark. 

DESCENT Hereditary  succession. D«- 

scendants,  those  who  descend  as  off- 
spring from  an  individual  in  a  direct 
line. 

DE.SEFVnO{iJ. —  The  act  of  abandoning 


the  public  service,  as  of  the.  army;  also 
one's  wife  and  children. 
E,TA.If»Er\. — The  keeping  possession 
of  the  goods  of  another,  or  depriving 
him  of  his  liberty.  Detinue,  a  writ  to 
recover  goods  in  specie,  or  their  full  val- 
ue, together  with  damages  for  the  de- 
tention; -replevin.  Deterioration,  a 
damage  done;  lessening  in  price  or  val- 
ue from  any  cau.se. 

DEVlAJIOfl. — In  insurance,  a  depart- 
ure from  the  risks  described  in  the 
licy,  without  sufficient  cause. 
/IS^. —  To  give  real  estate, as  by 
a"  last  will  and  testament.Devisee,a 
person  who  -receives  a  gift  by  will  and 
testament. 

IFFEf\Ef)CE]S. — The  price  at  which 
a  stock  is  bargained  for,  and  the  rate 
or  day  of  delivery  not  usually  being 
the  same,  the  variation  is  termed  the 
difference. 

DlPLOf^A.C\. —  The  art;  and  practice 
of  conducting  negotiations  between 
nations  by  means  of  embassadors,etc. 

DISCHA.R&E. —  The  unloading  of  the 
cargo  of  a  vessel;  to  pay  off  or  to  clear 
by  payment,  as  a  debt.  Of  Employe's, 
an  employe'  may  be  discharged  at  the 
end  of  his  time,  without  aiiycau.se, 
and  without  notice.  If  hired  at  so 
much  per  week  and  for  -no  definite 
time,  he  may  be  discharged  at_theend 
of  any  week.  He  may  also  be  discharg- 
ed during  the  week,  or  at  any  time  be- 
fore the  close  of  the  period  of  His  cri- 
pagement,  and  has  no  right  to  insist 
upon  working  after  his  discharge;  but 
if  he  be  discharged  without  good  cause, 
he  is  entitled  to  payment  for  the  whole 
period  of  his  engagement.  Of  Debtors, 
the  making  of  an  assignment  does  not 

,  discharge  a  debtor  from  his  debts  un- 
til they  are  paid.  The  discharge -must 
be  granted  by  a  court,  under  certain 
conditions. 

DJSCO'UflT. —  The  deduction  -made  for 
interest  for  the  advance  of  money  up- 
on, or  the  purchase  of,  a  bill  or  note  not 
due.  Discount  Day,  the  day  of  the  week 
011  which  the  discount  board  of  a  bank 
meets  to  consider  paper  offered  for  djs- 
count. 

DlSCr\E(TIO(l. A  just  decision  as  to  -mat- 

fers  of  propriety  and  self-control;  the  abil- 
ity to  distinguish  between  good  and  evil. 
Ape  of  Discretion,  children  at  fourteen 
are  said  to  have  acquired  legal  discretion. 
Discretionary  Trust, one  which  can  on- 
ly be  administered  by  the  exercise  of 
prudence  and  judgment. 
|sVjOfJOr\ED. — A  check,  d-raft,  or  prom 
issory  note  is  dishonored  by  a  failure  to 
pay  it  when  due.  A  bill  of  exchange  is 
dishonored  by  a  refusal  to  accept  it. 

DISINHERIT. — To  debar  an  heir  from 
an  inheritance, which  otherwise  would 
be  inherited  by  him. 

(SOr\DEr\LY  H0bse|. — Any  house  the 
inmates  of  which  behave  so  badly  as  to 
become  a  nuisance  to  the  -neighborhood; 
a  house  of  ill-fame. 
ISSOLUTIOf'i. — The  breaking  up  of 
a  partnership  or  corporation. Of  Part- 
tiership,-either  the  transfer  of  an 


interest  or  the  death  of  a  partner, 
dissolves  a  firm  or  partnership.  Of  Cor- 
ppra.tip-Mi,-l.  If  formed  for  a  limited 
time,  it  is  dissolved  by  its  expiration. 
2.  By  the  voluntary  surrender  of  i  ts 
rights  to  the  State.  3.  In  some  cases 
by  a  law  passed  by  the  Legislature  which 
created  it.  4.  By  becoming  insolvent, 
unable  to  pay  its  debts. 

W  \W\\St  W  VXSWVXTCVBH  . 


The  copartnership  heretofore  exist- 
ing between  __  ,  _ 
and  _  _  _  ,  under  the  firm  name 
of  _  ,  _  ,&.Co.,  is  this  day 
dissolved  by  mutual  consent\5>\^v\w 


__  _  is  authorized  Resettle 
all  claims  against,  or  to  receive  all  a- 
•mounts  due,  the  above  named  firm. 

\jy\,V\V«\vi  ^a.-vX\\«.\  W\\\  <->'\o,\\\\\ 


>ov> 


and 


,VM\\O 


We, the  undersigned, do  -mutually 
agree  that  the  within- mentioned  part- 
nership be  and  the  same  is  hereby  dis- 
solved; except  for  the  purpose  of  final 
liquidation  and  settlement  of  the  busi- 
ness thereof,  and  upon  such  settlement 
wholly  to  cease  and  determine. 

Witness  our  hands  and  seals  this 
day  of ,A.D.  19.... 

[L.S.] 

[L.S.] 


F0r   HE^T. — The  taking 

by  a  landlord  of  personal  propertu  found 
upon  the  land,  for  the  payment  of  rent 
due.- Formerly  this  practice  was  very 
common.  Distraiti,  the  act  of  seizing 
the  personal  property  of  another  as  a 
pledge  for  the  satisfaction  of  a  demand. 

D(STF\IBljTlO(}. —  A  final  settlement 
of  the  estate  of  an  intestate,  or  the 
proceeds  of  real  estate,  by  dividing 
it  among  the  heirs,  after  all  debts 
and  claims.are  paid. 

DISTRICT  CO\lf\TS. The  lowest  in 

prade  of  the  national  courts,  the  oth- 
er two  being  the  Supreme  and  the 
Circuit.  They  hear  the  smaller  cases, 
and  appeals  are  taken  from  them  to 
the  Circuit;  Courts.  District  Attorney, 
a  lawyer  who  attends  all  the  courts 
i-n  a  county  in  which  persons  are 
tried  for  crimes,  and  conducts  the 
prosecution. 

DIVIDEND.— Division  of  the  profits 
received  by  stockholders  from  the 
earnings  of  a.  joint-slock  company; 
the  proportional  payment -made  to 
creditors  out  of  the  estate  of  one 
who  has  become  bankrupt. 

DlVOF\CE. —  The  separation  of  a. 
husband  and  wife  by  the  opera- 
tion of  law. 


215 


riOOO.  "CINCINNATI,  JULY  1,19.... 

At  sight,  pay  to...>^&o\«» — , 
tor  order — Ox**.  "\Y>O\>SKW> — :  Doll  ars, 
value  -received,  and  charge  the  same  to 
account  of 

To  C.AMES,BOSTOM,  MASS. 


DOCI^. The  space  occupied 

oners  in  a.  criminal  court;  «.slip 
or  water  way  between  two  piers 
or  wharves  tort-he  -reception of  ves- 
sels. Dockage,  charge  /or  the  use  of 
a  dock  /or  the  use  of  a  ship  or  vessel 
Docket:,  a  register  or  court  calendar; 
a  small  pjece  of  paper  or  parchment 
containing  the  effect  of  a.  terser  one. 

DOLLAR. —  The  -monetary  u-nit  of 
value  in  the  United  States.— Prior 
to  July  6, 1785, the  English  pou-tid 
was  the  -monetary  unit.  On  that  date 
the  Continental  Congress  establish- 
ed the  dollar  in  its  place. 

DOfV|AJN. — Land  lying  about  a. -man- 
sion and  belonging  to  it;  dominion, 
possessions,  or  estate.  Eminent  Do- 
main, the  right  of  A  State  to  take 
anyone's  property,  even  against  his 
will,  by  paying  him  for  it.  Were  itnot 
for  this  -right,  railroad  building  would 
be  impossible  in  some  cases. 

DOfJ/\TE. — To  voluntarily  transfer  the 
title  to  athing,without  any  considera- 
tion, OS  a  free  gift.  Donee,  one  who 
receives  a  gift  or  donation^  one  on 
whom  a  power  (or  execution  is  con- 

DCAJBlE  <NTlft.— A  system  of  keep- 
ing accounts  based  upon  the  /act  that 
whenever  one  person  or  thinj  becomes 
Dr.  some  other  person  or  thinp  becomes 
Cr.  for  a  like  amount.  It  opens  a  set 
of  books  in  equation,  each  transaction 
being  so  recorded  as  to  add  equal  sums 
to  both  sides,  and  thus  keepin9  the 
accounts  arising  from  the  transactions 
of  a  business  in  perpetual  equilibrium. 

DOWEr\. Usually  a.  life  interest  of 

one-third  part,  which  a  widow  has  in 
the  lands  and  tenements  of  her  hus- 
band, for  the  support  of  herself.  Oow- 
apar,  one  who  has  a  jointure;  a  widow 
endowed.  Dowry,  property  which  ft 
woman  brings  her  husband  in  -mar- 
riage ;  called  also  a  portion. 
rVKFT. —  The  number  of  feet  which 
a  ship  sinks  in  the  water;  a  deduction 
allowed  from  the  gross  weight  of  goods; 
a  written  order,  signed  by  one  person, 
ordering  another  person,  to  whom  i* 
is  directed,  to  pay  a  certain  sum  o/ mon- 
ey, at  ascertain  time,  to  a  third  person, 
o-r  to  his  order,  or  to  the  bearer.  Draw, 
to  make  a  draft.  Drawback, the  paying 
back  of  duties  by  the  government  on  the 
exportation  of  imported  poods.  Drawee, 
the  person  on  whom  the  draft  or  bill 
is  drawn.  Drawer,  the  person  or  par- 
ty who  makes  the  draft,  or  who  -requests 
that  the  pay-merit  be  made.  The  one  to 
whom  the  pay-men*  it  mute  i;  the  Payee. 


*I05I*M.  CMICAC-O,  Nov.  21,19.... 

Thirty  days  after  date  pay  t o 
the  order 


value  received,  and  charge  to  the  ac- 
tount  of  \>.V .Srtovwix  i.~ 

To  HENRY  COMER  &  Co..  New  YORK. 


S500  X« 


Denver,Col.,Oct.l,l9... 
Pay  to  the  order  of...M\iw(Y«* 

lollars.  DUPLICATE  UNPAID. 

M.SCHOFIELO,  ta&WX. 

ToMERCHANTS'BANK.  ST.  PHUL. 


No.418. 


To  OEO.H.TAU 


YORK,  MM  1,13... 

"o  Bearer- 

x Dollars, 

nt  o/ 
.H.WHEEUER. 


THE  UNION  BANK: 

ST.  Louis,-Mo.pFEB.I,l9... 

DRAFTS  WANTED. 


IN     FAVOR     OF 


Ourselves, 
L.S.Dixon, 
Ourselves, 

Our  No.  149  check 
herewith. 


435 


. —  Charoe  for  hauling  or  con 
veyino  aoods;  called  also  ov<v^&. 

Dr\ESS  GOODS. — Fabrics  for  the  gar- 
tne-nts  of  women  and  children, most 
comwonlji  those  made  of  mixed  mate- 
rials; as,  silk  and  cotton,  silk  and  wont- 
ed, etc. 

r\Ulv\MEr\. —  An  aaent  employed  by 
merchants  to  solicit  customers. 

D(\UNK/Vr\D8. —  A  person  while  intox- 
icated has  lost  the  use  of  His  faculties 
for  the  time,  and  therefore  any  con- 
tract that  he  makes  during  that  time 
he  may  refuse  to  fulfill;  but  if  he  a- 
dopts  it  after  becoming  sober,  he  can 
not  question  it. 

DR[Y  OOODS. —  A  ae-neral  name  for  text- 
ile fabrics;  as,  cottons,  woolens,  si  I  Us, 
laces,  etc.  D-ry  Wine*,  those  wines 
having  the  saccharine  matter  and  the 
ferment  so  evenly  balanced  that  no 
sweetness  is  perceptible 
U^. — That  which  is  owed.  Due-Bill, an 
acknowledgment  in  writing  of  a  debt 
due  another.— It  is  not  payable  to  order, 
nor  is  it  ass^nable  by  endorsement.  It 
is  subject  to  all  the  offsets  and  equita- 
ble tipHts  between  the  original  parties, 
and  action  most  be  brought  in  the 
name  of  the  original  obligee. 


*\W.  PHILADELPHIA,  Feb.3,19... 

Oue..^Mv'».«*'^(v^\»*o-s....for  val- 
e  received,— OH^.  V>\j^^>w^.\>_J)ollara, 
with  interest. 

ASA  TALMAN. 


Vo'Xct.  ~  BOSTON, JAN. 4,13... 

Due...^.^.^Kft.\iiE.T...f or  value  re 

ved-™~^ova-('.STo«.~~Dollars,paya 
jle  in  goods  from  our  store,  on  de 
-mand. PHILIPS  L  HUNTER 


«70°>!o0.  ATLANTA.NOV.7,19... 

D  ue...^^^  KV>^  O.^^PV^V  t .  ..for 

value  -received %tNtHT^ Dollars, 

payable,  Forty  Dollars  in  cash,  and 
Thirty  Dollars  in  goods  from  our  store 
on  demand. WALTON  &.WHISUER. 


I  OU—  5  \TTX- 


R.W.HAMILTON, 


OUrv\B  B(DDI(4& At  auction  where 

the  amount  which  the  owner  of  poods 
is  willi-ng  to  accept,  is  written  down  for 
the  auctioneer's  use,  and  no  bid  is  ac- 
cepted unless  it  equals  or  exceeds  this 
amount. 

DUJ4  . —  To  request  the  payment,  espe- 
cially to  press  urgently,  of  a  debt.  Dm 
nage,  pieces  of  wood  placed  in  the  hold 
of  a  vessel,  upon  which  the  carjo rests, 
to  oreserve  it  in  case  of  leakage. 

Dl)PLlCA.TE. — A  document  which  is 
essentially  the  same  as  another,  and 
differing  from  a  mere  copy  in  havinp 
all  the  validity  of  an  original;  an  orio 
inal  instrument  -repeated. 

DUF\E^SS. —  Any  unlawful  restraint, 
compulsion,  or -fear  of  imprisonment. 
It  may  be  either  toth«  v^w^,  or  to 
Jhe  opote. 

DUTIEJS. —  Taxes,  tolls,  i-mposts, or  cus- 
toms; excise;  any  sum  of  money  levied 
bj)  the  government  on  the  importation, 
exportation,  or  consumption  of  goods. 
-If  levied  on  persons  or  things,  it  is 
called  a  tax.  Specific  Duty,  a  specified 
amount  upon  each  article,  yard,  ton, 
etc.,  without  reference  to  value.  Ad-Va 
lorem  Du*y,  a  certain  per  cent  upon 
the  cost  of  the  goods  in  the  country 
from  which  they  wen?  imported. 
/VRLV  f\ISlH&.—  The  difference behwei 
rising  every  morning  at  six  a-nd  at 
eight,  in  the  course  of  forty  years, 
amounts  to  29,200  hours,  or  three 
years,  one  hundred  twenty-one  days, 
and  sixteen  hours,  which  are  equal  to 
eight  hours  a  day  for  exactly  ten  years. 
So  that  by  rising  at  six  will  be  practi- 
cally the  same  as  if  ten  years  of  life 
were  added,  wherein  we  may  command 
eight  hours  every  day  for  the  cultiva- 
tion of  our  minds  and  the  dispatch 
of  business. 

/^^N. —  In  marine  insurance  the 
premium  is  said  to  be  e/v<\\sA  if  the 
vessel  or  the  goods  are  upon  the  sea 
during  any  of  the  time  mentioned  in 
the  policy.  If  the  premium  is  not  earn- 
ed, it  must  be  refunded  if  it  has  been 
paid.  Earnest,  an  advance  in  payment 
made  by  the  purchaser  of  goods  to  bind 


216 


the  sellef  to  the  agreement. 

;/\SEIv\ENT.  —  A  liberty,  privilege,ora( 
vantage,  which  the  owner  of  one  parcel 
o<  land  has  to  use  the  land  of  another 
without  profit. 

E^ES-DR.OPpEt\S.—  Persons  who  lurk 
about  dwelling  houses,  and  other  places 
where  people  -meet  for  private  i-Mter- 
course,  to  hear  any  discourse,  arid  there 
upon  to  frame  glanderous  tales. 


upon  to  frame  gl 

E;CCLE|SI/\STIC>V.L 


corporation  whose  members  are  entire 
ly  spiritual  persons,  and  is  established 
for  the  advancement  of  religion,  and 
perpetuating  the  rights  of  the  church 
,-Also  called  VxfcXvsJvovM,  W\^v»X\o\\. 
;DICT. —  A  public  command  or  ordinance 
by  a  sovereign,  forbidding  or  corn-mane 
ing  something. 

EJECTIv\EfJT. — A  species  of  mixed  action 
whereby  a  person  -may  recover  possess 
ion  of  real  property,  together  with  darn 
ages,  while  unlawfully  detained  by  another. 

ELEIy\EfjT. —  A  f  unoamenta[  or  essen 
tial  ingredient;  one  of  the  simplest- 
parts  or  principles  of  which  anything  con 

Ete;EMOS'YN/VRY—  Relating  to  char 
ity,  alms,  or  almsgiviny.Eleettiosy-fi 
«ry  Corporation,  a  corporate  body  insti 
tu.te<!  for  the  perpetual  distribution  of 
the  free  alms  or  bounty  of  the  founde- 
of  it,  to  such  class  of  persons  as  he  has 
directed. 

ENIBA^OO.  —  An  edict  or  order  of  thi 
government  issued  in  time  of  war,  pro 
hibUing  vessels  or  goods  from  leaving  pori 
until  further  orders. 

EAJM-E . — A  gold  coin  of  the  United  State 
of  the  value  often  dollars.  Easy, not  pres 

_ed  for  money.  Effects,  available  funds;  o 
movable  property. 

ELL. —  An  English  measure.of  lenci>h,e<|i« 
to  VA  yards;  the  Scotch  ell  is  l%o  yards. 

Efv\BA,Hl^. To  proceed  on  board  ave 

sel;  to  engaoe  in  any  business. 

ENlBE£zLerv\EtlT.—  The  act  of  fraudu 
lently  appropriating  to  himself ,  by  an 
employe'  orclerk,  money  or  joods  en 
trusted  to  his  charge. 

E(v\BLEIv\EtlTS. —  The  growing  crops 
or  profits  of  a  crop,  arising  from  a  ten 
ant's  own  labor,  and  which  he  has  the 
'o  remove  after  his  tenancy  has 


rnv  nt£M,  pro* 

Free.  intercourse,boti 
immigrants  is  grant 


ed  by  all  civilized  nations,  and  it  -way 
be  evoected  that,  as  the  co-tti-mefce  of  the 
world  increases,  and  travel  becomes  wore 
and  wore  general,  it  will  in  time  become 
established  as  a  strict  ri9ht.  In  general, 
citizens  have  aright  to  leave  thei-t- 
countTM  whenever  they  choose. 
NlPLcfYEF\  A.ND  EMPtOYE.—  An 
agreement  to  work  for  another,  is  a 
very  common  kind  of  contract  m  bus- 
iness life.  The  two  general  classes 
are  (II  to  do  some  particular  thin?, 
and  plj  to  do  whatever  the  employer 
-may  direct. 


The  ni'ost  important  part  of  the 
employer's  agreement  is  to  pay  for 
the  services,  and  it  is  either  «/*Yce« 
or'wv\^\\a&.  A  fixed  compensation  be 
forehand  controls;  but  where^nothitij 
is  said  about  whether  the  services  wjH 
be,  paid  for,  or  how  much  wi[l  be  paid, 
nevertheless  such  a  contract  is  always 
im  plied.  W<\aY.  «*A^'\O6%  txi  xaoj**?^ 
' 


Vo  ^\\)  \NY<a.V  V\\6\^  tut  \NO-VV\\,  i.e.,  the 
usual  amount  paid  /or  such  services 
elsewhere.  Unless  there  is  a  special 
agreement  for  pay-merit  in  ad  vance, 
the  person  employed  is  entitled  to  no 
pay  until  the  whole  service  has  been 
rendered. 


The  empjoye  must  fulfill  his  aoree- 
ment,  but  if  anything  else  is  asked  o( 
him  he  need  not  do  it.  \XrVi  ->.\v 


NM\\\ 


..  If  the  person  employed  fails 
to  carry  out  his  contract  in  any  re 
spect,  he  is  entitled  to  no  compensation; 
no  matter  how  much  he  has  done. 

EiyiPOF\IUJv\.  —  A  center  of  *rade,espe 
cially  a  city  or  town  having  an  extens- 
ive commerce. 

fJCF\0^pH.  —  To  unlawfully  entet;step 
by  step,  or  by  stealth,  upon 
and  possessions  of  another. 

EflDO[\SE.  —  To  transfer  by  writing 
one's  name  on  the  back,  as  oti  notes, 
drafts,  etc.;  to  guarantee  payment.  CM 
dor$ee,the  person  in  whose  favor  an 
endorsement  is  made.  Endorser,  one 
who  writes  his  name  on  the  back  oj 
a  note,  etc.,  thus  becoming  responsi- 
ble for  its  pay-metit. 


IN   BLANK.        IN    FULL.        GENERAL. 


John  Doe. 


RESTRICTIVE. 


Pay 
Richard  Roe 

only. 
John  Doe. 


Pay 
Richard  Roe, 
or  order. 
John  Doe. 


QUALIFIED. 


Pay 

Richard  Roe, 
or  order, 
without  re- 
course. 
John  Doe. 


Pay 
Richard  Roe 
John  Doe. 


CONDITIONAL 


Pay 
Richard  Roe 
or  order, 
unless  paynen 
is  forbidden  t> 
fore  -matur 

John  Qoe. 


In  the  following  form  each  party 
js  responsi  ble  to  the  one  below  him: 
i.e.,  if  Nos.  I  pay  the  obligation,  all 
the  others  a-re  released;  if  Nos.  I 
fail  to_  pay,  then  Nis.i  are  next  re- 
sponsible, who,  if  they  pay,  Nos.  3,4, 
etc.,  are  released,  but  Nos.  I  are  -re- 
sponsible to  Nos.  X;  stc. 

IN  AN  UN- 


CERTIFIED  ORftFTjOR 
UNCERTI- 


I.  Maker. 

2.kl  Itidorsei 
3.2nd  , 
4.3rd   < 
Etc. 


I.  Acceptor. 
1.  Drawer. 


4.W    , 
Etc. 


LThe  batik.  I.Dtawer. 

Ikt  hidor 


4.3td 
Etc. 


4.3rd    ,1 

Etc. 


I-H  blank....  A  blank  endorsement 
•makes  a  note  transferable  by  m^re 
delivery  only,  but  the  endorser  is 
-made  liable  for  its  payment. 

l«  lull....  An  endorsement  in 
full  prevents  a  subsequent  \\O\^«A 
from  recovering  against  the  antece- 
dent parties,  unless  he  can.  deduce  a 
repttlar  title  to  the  bill  frow  the  per- 
son whose  name  stands  as  first  endor- 
ser. It  also  has  >he  same  effect  as 
an  endorsement  in  blank. 

Gene-ral...^  general  endorsement 
etititles  the  holder  of  a  note  to  t  he 
•money,  and  in  case  of  default,to  look 
to  the  endorser  for  payment.  It  has 
been  held  that  in  a  general  endorse 
went  the  holder  has  a  ri9ht  to  fill  in 
the  words  "or  order"  if  he  saw  fit,tna 
kino  it  a  t\£\  endorsement. 

Restrictive.... The  holder  of  a  note 
has  power  to  limit  its  payment  to  whom 
he  pleases.  A  restrictive  endorsement 
will  not  be  presumed  from  equivocal 
Iari9ua9e,  and  it  always  tends  to  itn- 
pairthene9otiability  of  a  note  or  bill. 

Guialified....  A  qualified  endorsement 
does  not  affect  the  negotiability  of  a 
note,  but  allows  the  holder  to  trans 
fer  it  without  being  held  liable  for  its 
payment. 

Cotidi*iptial....iTheconditioflalien 
doTsenient  is  explained  by  its  worditip 
and  is  used  only  in  special  cases.  One 
who  afterwards  accepts  it  is  bound  by 
the  condition. 

By  anAoe-n*....An  ayent  should  en 
dorse  either  v>  -w^vCv,  or  write  the 
name  of  his  principal;  otherwise  the 
endorsement  is  inoperative.  If  .compejl 
ed  to  endorse  notes  or  bills  over  to  his 
principal,  he  should  use_  a  restrictive 
form, to  avoid  responsibility. 

£«.«,  fewcittXNX 

For  Money  Paid — When  a  partia 
pa  umenl  is  -made  on  a.  note,  it  should  be 
endorsed  thus: 
&IOO.%o.  Received  on  the  within  note 

One  Hundred  Dollars. 

Sept.  10,19....  G-EOR6CLAM8. 

For  Col  lection.... 

Pay  to  Merchants' National  Bank, 
St.  Paul,  /or  collection. 

SAMUEL  PAUL. 


217 


E(J&f\OSS. —  To  write  out,orcopy,in 
a  lituc,  fair  hand,  on  paper  or  parchmetit; 
to  buy  up  large  quantities  of  goods  of 
any  kind  in  order  to  control  the  -mar- 
ket. 

ENJOIN. — To  corriniand,  require,  or 
prohibit  by  a  judicial  order  or  decree. 
fiVOY A  person  sent  by  a.  sover- 
eign or  government,  to  negotiate  a 
treaty  or  transact  other  business,  with 
ft  foreign  sovereign  or  government  .-If 
vested  wifh  full  power  he  is  called  an 


.'•—A  storeroom  for  the  de 
posit  of  goods;  a  bonded  warehouse; 
a  f»-ee  port. 

EfiTf\Y. —  The  lodgment  of  a  ship's 
papers  hi  the  custom  house  on  arriv- 
al at  a  port  of  entry;  the  reco-rd  of 
atiy  business  transaction. 
^UlPNlEflTS. A  coMective  desig- 
nation for  the  necessaries  o(  a-ri  ex- 
pedition or  voyage. 
IQjjITY. — A  b-ranch  of -remedial  jus- 
lice,  by  and  through  which  relief  is  af- 
forded to  suitors  in  the  courts  of  equi- 
ty. Equitable  Assets,  assets  which  are 
reached  only  through  a  court  of  equi- 
ty. Equitable  Estate,  a  right  or  inter- 
est in  land  which  requires  a  court  of 
equity  to  make  available. Equitable 
Mortgage,  a  claim  or  lien  upon  real 
estate,  recognized  in  a  court  of  equ-ity 
as  security  for  money  paid;  as  a  de- 
posit of  the  title-deeds  of  an  estate  with 
the  lender  of  the  money.  It  has  iksante 
effect  as  a  mortgage.  Equity  of  Re- 
demption, the  right  of  a  mortgagor  to 
redeem  an  estate,  after  it  has  been  for- 
feited at  law  by  the  non-payment,  at 
the  time  appointed, of  the -money  se- 
cured by  the  mortgage,  to  be  paid  b  y 
paying  the  amount  of  the  debt, interests 
arid  costs. 

;j\^OF\. — A  blunder  or  mistake;  a  le- 
gal writ  which  carries  the  suit  for  re- 
dress to  another  court.  E-rrors  Except 
ed,  a_reservation  made  in  all  cases  in 
furnishing  mercantile  accounts. 

E|SCHE/\T. — Lands  or  tenements  which 
fall  or  revert  to  the  lord  or  superior  be 
cause  of  the  failure  of  heirs,  or  by  for- 
feiture. 

£SCf\OW. — A  deed  delivered  to  astran 
ger,  to  be  the  deed  of  a  party  making  it, 
upon  a  future  condition,  when  a  cer- 
tain thing  is  performed,  and  then  to 
be  delivered  to  the  party  to  whom  -made. 

E.SPL^ES. —  The  productions  of  land; 
as,  the  hay  of  the  meadows,  herbage  of 
pasture,  corn  of  the  arable, -rents,  etc 


. —  The  degree,  quantity, nat- 
ure and  extent  of  interest  which  a  per- 
son has  in  real  property;  the  circum- 
stances or  conditions  in  which  the  own- 
er stands  with  regard  to  his  property. 
Estate  in  Comtnon,  a  joint  estate 
held  by  two  or  more  persons,  and  hav- 
ing several  distinct  titles.  Estate  l-n 
Coparcenery,  an  estate  held  by_  sever- 
al persons  as  one  heir.  Estate  in  Dow- 
er, the  life  estate  held  by  a  widow  i-H 
one-third  of  the  land  and  tenements 
of  which  her  husband  was  sehed  at 
a-ny  time  during  coverture,  arid  which 
estate  -might  have  been  inherited  by 
her  issue  if  she  had  any.  Estate  i  n 
Expectancy,  an  estate  in  Which  t  He 
right  of  possession  and_  enjoymentjs 
postponed  to  a  future  time. Estate  in 
Fee  (or  Fee-Siniple),  an  unqualified  own- 
ership of  lands  which  a  mart  and  his 
heirs  have  without  limit  or  end.  Es- 
tate in  Fee-Tail,  an  estate  which  will 
be  inherited  by  certain  classes  of  heirs. 
Estate  of  Inheritance,  any  freehold 
estate,  except  that  for  life,  which  way 
descend  to  hefts.  Estate  of  Joint  Ten 
ancy,  conveyance  of  land<  by  purchase 
to  two  or  wore  persons  jointly,either 
In  fee,  for  life,  or  for  years.  Estate /or- 
Life,  an  estate  which  one  has  aright 
to  use  during  his  life,  or  the  life  of 
some  other  person.  Estate  in  Remain 
der,a.n  expectant  estate  in  lands,  tene- 
ments, or  rents,  to  be  enjoyed  by  some 
third  party,  after  the  expiration  of  an 
intervening  estate.  Estate  in  Reversion, 
an  expectant  estate  arising  by  operation 
of  law;  the  residue  of  an  estate  which 
returns  to  the  grantor  after  the  deter- 
mination of  some  particular  estate, 
granted.  Estate  i-nSeveraJty,  lands  or 
tenements  held  by  a  person  in  his  own 
exclusive  right. Estate  at  Sufferance, 
the  lowest  estate  that  can  exist.  It  aris- 
es where  a  tenant  continues  his  pos 
session  after  his  tenancy  has  expired. 
Estate  at  Will,  an  estate  depending  up- 
on the  joint  wills  of  the  parties,  and 
not  limited  by  time. Estate  /orYears, 
an  estate  held  for  a  definite  time,  and 
may  be  for  any  length  of  time;  it  is  al- 
so called  VJAW.  \<y\  \>«,-Wb.  Future  Estate, 
the  interest  which  a  person  has  in  cer- 
tain land  to  whom  it  is  to  go  upon  the 
death  of  a  life  tenant,  or  upon  some 
other  contingency. Thus  the  heirs  of 
a  husband  have_  a  future  estate  in  land 
set  apart  to  a  widow  for  her  dower. 

'SJOppEL. A  legal  impediment  to  a 

right  of  action  arising  from  a  person's 
own  act,  or  where  he  is  precluded  from 
speaki-ng  against  his  own  deed. 
(SfOVEr^S.  —  Supply  of  needful  wood, 
for  repairs, fuel,  etc.,  a  legal  guaranty  to 
( tenants  from  their  demised  premises. 
;STf\A^fS. — Animals,  whose  owners  are 
not  known,  found  wandering  around. 

EVAJSIOf) A  shift  or  subterfuge  to  set 

aside  the  truth,  or  escape  the  punishment 
of  the  law. 

EVICTIOfl. —  The  recovery  of  lands  or 
tenements  from  another's  possession 
by  legal  proceedings.— A  landlord  has  a 
right  to  evict  when  the  tenancy  expires, 


and  also  whenever  the  tenant  does, or 
omits  to  do,  anything  for  which  t  he 
lease  provides.thc  landlord  shall  have  the 
rio,ht  to"re-eriter."  If  a  landlord  de- 
prives the  tenant  of  the  property  with- 
out right,  it  relieves  the  latter  from  pay- 
ing rent. When  the  landlord  has  aright 
to  evict,  he  may  do  it  himself  i/  he  can 
accomplish  it  without  force-not  other- 
wise; resort  must  be  had  to  the  courts. 
I/  some  third  party,  having  a  better  right 
to  the  property  than  the  landlord,  should 
deprive  the  tenant  of  it,  that  would  also 
relieve  him  from  paying  rent.  This  often 
occurs  in  -mortgaged  property. 
EVIDENCE Proof  var  testimony, ei- 
ther written  or  unwritten,  of  facts  at 
issue  between  parties. 

EX'VpTlON. —  The  act  of  demanding  or 
taking  with  authority;  awrdng.com- 
mitted  by  an  officer,  or  one  pretend- 
ing to  have  authority,  by  taking  a  larg 
erfee  than  the  law  allows. 

EXAMINED. — A  custom-house  officer 
who  examines  imported  merchandise 
and  compares  the  articles  with  the  in- 
voices; ati  officer  in  chancery  to  take 
depositions  of  unwilling  witnesses, 
where  notice  of  motion  for  decree  has 
been  given, or  where  issue  is  joined; 
ati  officer  i-s  the  Patent  Office  who  in- 
spects patents  and  records. 

E\CE]PTIOfJ. — The  act  of  excluding 

or  leaving  out  a  certain  nurnber;a.stop 

or  stay  to  an  action. 

EXcH'XN&Ej. — The  giving  one  vafuo 
for  another;  the  process  of  remit- 
ting money  values  by  weans  of  bills 
and  drafts;  the  discount  or  premium 
arising  from  the  purchase  or  sale  of 
different  classes  of  paper;  the  place 
where  merchants  of  a  city  meet  to 
transact  busines. Exchange  Broker, 
one  who  negotiates  foreign  bills  o( 
exchange. 

bXplSEj. — A  "a-*  or  duty  levied  on  ar- 
ticles produced  and  consumed  in  the 
sa-me  country,  as  on  wine,  whisky,etc. 

EXEC\JfE. —  To  carry  into  complete 
effect;  to  put  to  death  by  form  of  law. 
Executed, when  applied  to  contracts, 
signifies  already  do-nc, accomplished, ot 
performed.  Execution,  a  legal  war- 
rant or  order  to  carry  out  the  judg- 
ment or  sentence  of  the  court.Execu 
tor,  a  person  appointed  by  a  testator 
to  carry  out  the  provisions  and  direc- 
tions of  his  will.  Executory,  having 
authority  to  put  the  laws  in  force;  yet 
to  be  performed.  Executory  Contract, 
a  contract  to  be  performed  iti  the  fu- 
ture, as  to  build  a  house  in  six  months. 
Executory  Devise,  A  gift  of  a  future 
interest;  a  devise  depending  on  some 
contingency  which  must  happe-n  be- 
fore it  can  vest,  instead  of  at  the  death 
of  the  testator. Executory  Estate ,  an 
estate  which  depends,for  its  enjoyment, 
upon  some  contingency  or  subsequent 
event.  Executory  Trust,  an  incomplete 
trust,  requiring  a  further  actto'give 
it  its  full  force.  Executory  Uses, spring 
ing  uses  which  confer  alegal  title,  and 
answer  to  an  executory  devise, depend 
ing  upon  a  future  contingency. 


218 


,  DAMAGES.— Damages  al- 
lowed as  a  punishment  for  torts  com- 
mitted with  fraud,  maJice,  or  deliberate 
violence;  serving  as  a  warning  to  others. 
XEfVlP°nOpJ. — Freedom,  from  any  ser- 
vice, charge, appearance, etc;-thc  right 
of  a  debtor  to  retain  a  portion  of  his 
property  from  'execution.  Exe-ftipts,  per- 
sons who  are  by  law  excused  from  cer- 
tain duties  imposed  upon  others. 
'Xn'BlT — A  written  statement  show- 
ing the  condition  of  the  affairs  of  a 
merchant;  a  transcript  of  ledger  bal- 
ances. 

!XPAJT\l/^riOjJ. — Banishment  from 
one's  native  country,  voluntary  or  other- 
wise; *he  forsaking  of  one's  country 
with  the  intention  of  becoming  aciti- 
zen  of  another. 

LXPEfJSE. —  This  is  a  title  ^nder  which 
an  account  of  the  ex^»\\&es  incurred  in 
conducting  a  business  is  kept;  such  as 
freight,store  rent, clerk  hire,fuel,lights, 
etc.  It  includes  all  expenses  connected 
with  a  business  that  do  not  more  prop- 
erly belong  to  some  other  account.  \( 
it  be  desired  to  show  results  in  detail, 
separate  accounts  must  be  kept  with  Sal- 
aries, Freight,  Rent,  etc. Debit  Expense 
with  any  outlay  for  carrying  on  the  bus 
iness. Credit  Expense  with  returns  on 
anything  previously  debited  to  it. 


port  from  place  to  place,  the  goods, eta, 
of  any  one  when  offered  them. Express 
Contract,  an  agreement  definitely  and 
formally  expressed  in  words.  It  miy_be 
either  oral  or  written.  Opposite  of  im- 
plied contract. 

XT^NT. A  legal  warrant  by  which  the 

body,  lands,  and  goods  of  a  debtor  -may 
all  betaken  at  once  to  satisfy  a  claim. 
Extension,  the  extending  of  the  va- 
rious items  of  a  bill  to  the  final  dol- 
lar and  cent  column;  ati  agreement  on 
the  part  of  a  creditor  to  allow  further 
time  for  the  payment  of  a  debt.  Exten- 
uation, a  circumstance  which  renders 
a  crime  or  fault  less  heinous  than;  it 
would  be  without  it. 

X"rOHTIO[* To  gain  from  violence, 

threats,  or  injustice  ;*he  unlawful  tak- 
ing, by  an  officer,  under  color  of  his  of- 
fice, of  money  or  anything  of  value  not 
due  him. 

XTF\/^DIT.lol»' — The  surrender  by  one 
jiovernment  to  another,  of  any  person 
who  has  fled  from  justice. When  applied 
to  States  of  the  U.S.  it  is  c 


'or  Rent, 
,,OffeDes 
Books, 


•  Clerk  Hire,  1 00  00 


EXPENSE. 


IOOOO 
5000 
IOOO 


Stld  Office  Desk, 


M,  ftt  M 


4-000 


26000 


_. — Persons  skilled  in  a  science, 
an  art,  orin_a  profession;  persons  select 
ed  by  parties  in  a  cause,  to  give  evidence 
on  those  subjects  in  which  they  are  par- 
ticularly Skilled. 

iXPOf\T. —  To  carry  or  send  goods  or 
produce  out  of  a  country  in  the  course 
of  trade.  Export  Duty,  a  duty  imposed 
by  some  governments  on  the  exporta- 
tion of  certain  kinds  of  merchandise.Ex 
porter,  one  who  sends  goods  to  a  foreign 
country.  Exports,  goods  and  produce  ex- 

_ported  or  sent  out  of  a  country. 

iXPf\ESS. — To  transmit  moto  rapidly 
than  by  ordinary  maans;  a  regular  and 
quick  conveyance  for  packages,  liy  lit 
freight, etc.  Express  Company, an  as 
sociat!on?coming  in  the  class  of  Com- 
mon Carriers,  whose  business  is  to  trans 


. — One  who  sees  a 
thi-ng  done. 

FAJCE  OF  NOTE — The  amount  of  tnm 
ey  expressed  in  writing  in  the  body  of  a 
note  or  bill. 

AJJ-SliyilLE An  accurate  imitation  of 

an  original;  an  exact  copy  or  likeness. 

AJCfOf\ An  agent  employed  to  sell 

goods  or  merchandise  consigned  or  de 
livered  to  him,  by  or  for  his  principal 
for  a  compensation,  commonly  called 
factorage  or  commission.  Factorage, 
the  commission  allowed  to  factors  or 
commission  merchants  by  those  who 
employ  them.  Facture,  A.H  invoice  or 
bill  of  parcels. 

FAJU. — To  become  bankrupt  or  insolvent 
Failure,  inability  to  meet  mercantile  en- 
gagements; suspension  of  payment.  Us 
ed  mainly  of  persons  in  commercial 
life.  When  a  firm  fails, every  partner 
is  liable  for  the  whole  indebtedness  of 
the  firm;  i.e.,  not  only  the  cormti<ni,bi 
also  the  private  property  of  each  part- 
ner may  be  taken  to  satisfy  the  debts 
of  the  firm.  In  such  a  case,  if  proper 
legal  steps  be  taken,  the  private  prop 
erty  of  each  partner  may  be  reserved 
to  pay_  his  private  debts,  and  the  part- 
nership property  set  apart  to  pay  the 
partnership  debts.  When  either  class 
has  been  wholly  paid,  the  surplus  prop 
erty  is  applied  to  the  other  class. 

FAIF\ Honorable;  a  grade  above  mid 

djing;  a  market  held  at  stated  periods. 

FAJ-L. —  Ruin;  a  tumble;  decrease  in 
price  or  value.  Falling  Market,  a  con 
tinuous  decline  in  the  price  of  goods 
or  merchandise.  Falling  0/f,  a  dimi- 
nution of  sales. 

FALSE.  ACTlOpJ.—  An  acHon  the  words 
of  which  writ  are  false. False  j-mpris 
onwent,  any  illegal  restraining  of  per 
sonal  liberty;  the  arrest  or  detention 
of  a  person  without  warrantor  by  an 
illegal  warrant,  or  by  a  legal  warrant 
issued  at  an  unlawful  time.  False  Prc 
tenses,  deceit  or  misrepresentations; 


statements  made  with  a  fraudulent 
design  to  obtain  goods  on  credit.  Fal- 
sify,  to  make  something  appear  to  be 
true  which  is  really  false. 

FAMILY  EXPANSE;. —  An  account 
under  this  title  may  be  kept\J>s*V« 
^.xvwVsyx  4orw\,and  wade_Dr.  /or 
every  thing  bought  for  family  use,  in- 
cluding the  market  price  of  such  prod- 
ucts of  the  /arm  as  wight  be  used  by 
the  family. Where  a  family  expense 
account  is  kept,  the  books  would  show 
the  profits  from  farming,  the  cost  of 
living,  and  the  net  increase. 

F/\fVv\  ACCOUNTS These  may  be 

kept  in  simple  Ledger  Accounts,  the 
same  as  with  persons  or  Cash,  by 
•making  the  Farm,  or  any  portion 
of  it  with  which  an  account  is  kept, 
Or.  for  what  it  costs,  and  Cr.  for 
what  it  produces.  If  there  be  an  ex- 
cess of  the  Cr.  side  over  its  Dr.  side, 
it  will  represent  the  \&i  <yiw\  for  th« 
time;  if  the  excess  be  on"  the  Dr.  side, 
it  will  represent  •we'xAow.  \(  desired, 
accounts  way  be  kept  thus  with  one 
or  any  number  of  fields,  or  depart- 
ments of  farm  work,  for  one  year 
or  for  a  single  crop,  as  with  aWheat- 
field,  a  Corn-field,  a  Cattle  Account.etc 

FA/M  F\ECOf\D. — A  record  giving 
an  account  of  one's  fanning  oper- 
ations?  including  the  cost  of  labor  em 
ployed  in  preparing  fields  for  crops; 
the  cost  of  seed,  and  of  planting  and 
sowing;  the  cost  of  protecting  and  cul- 
tivating growing  crops,  and  of  harvest 
i-ng  them;  the  price  they  bring  when 
sold,  or  their  worth  as  used;  the  kind, 
quantity,  and  cost  of  fertilizers  em- 
ployed;  the  effect  of  the  rotation  of 
crops;  etc., etc.  Such  a  record  woiik 
be  of  great  value  in.  enabling  farmers 
to  profit  -most  largely  by  their  individ- 
ual or  joint  experience. 

AJW  LEGIST.  EF\ A  Time  Bookfo 

labor  performed.  It  is  kept  on  thege* 
eral  plan  of  the  Pay  Roll  or  Time  Book. 
\J>a«iXMe.w4v(  4o*<Y<C\.  Use  the  left  col- 
umn for  the  V\X\«>  of  speculative  ac 
counts,  or  branches  of  farming,  as 
Wheat-field,  Live  Stock,  Dairy, Orchard 
etc.,  and  enter  regularly  the  number 
of  days'  work  expended  upon  each  of 
these  branches.  Two  lines  wight  be 
left  for  each  title,  the  upper  for  day's 
work  of  -vvwv\,  and  the  lower  for  Va»*n 
which  would  be  at  different  rates, 
arid  the  amount  of  the  whole  extend- 
ed at  the  right. 

ANCY  STOCKS. — A  term  usually  applied 
to  the  stocks  of  joint  companies,which 
is  subject  to  fluctuation  in  price. 

FA.(\THlNG-. — A  copper  coin  of  England 
in  value  equal  to  about  one-half  cent. 

FA,l)TOf\S Supporters  of  others; per 

sons  who  aid  or  support  another  in  the 
commission  of  a  crime;  ati  abetor. 
A^/OF\. —  Support,  patronage,  or  good 
will;  to  assist, befriend,  or  afford  advan- 
tages /or  success. 

EAJLTY' — The  special  oath  of  fidelity 
which  a  tenant  owes  to  his  landlord. 

FEA.SA.NCE(. —  The  act  of  doing  or  wa- 
king anything. 


219 


FE(E.— Price  paid  for  services-  generally 
said  of  professional  men;esta_te,eithe» 
in  fee-simple  or  fee-tail ;  *hat  right  which 
a  vassal  Has  in  lands,to  use  the  same 
and  take  the  profits  thereof  *o  himself 
and  his  hei-rs,  rendering  to  his  lord  due 
services  therefor.  Fee-Smiple,  an  estate 
in  lands  o-r  tenements  of  which  theown- 
er  has  the  fullest  powsr  o( disposi-ng 
which  the  law  allows. Fee-Tail, an  esiate 
which  can  be  inherited  only  by  a.certa.'m 
class  of  heirs;  a  limited  inheritance. 

EJGtJED  t$T\0$ The  appeara-vice 

o(  aiming  at  or  offering  when  some- 
thing quite  different  is  intended;  such 
action, although  the  words  o(  the  writ 
are  tru«,  yet  the  plaintif  has  no  actual 
cause  of  action.  Feigned  Issue,  a  pro- 
ceeding brought  by  the  consent  of  the 
parties,  or  by  a  court,  to  determine  before 
a  jury  some  disputed  right  or /acts,  thus 
saving  both  time  and  expense. 

FE.LOfi. —  One  convicted  fen  having  com 
mitted  a  crime. Felonious  Homicide, the 
killing  of  a  person  without  justification 
orexcuse.Felo-ny,  every  species  of  crime 
which  occasions  the  forfeiture  of  land 
and  goods;  a  critne  punishable  by  im- 
prisonment in  a  State  prison. 
^OFpN\Ef4T. — A  conveyance  or gift 
in  fee  of  corporeal  hereditaments  accom- 
panied by  actual  delivery  of  possession. 
Feoff-men*  *o  Uses,  the  conveyance  of 
land  to  a  person  for  the  use  of  a  third 

^RF(V. — The  right,  granted  bu  act  of 
legislature,  to  maintain  a.  vessel  for  car- 
rying passengers  or  freight-  across  a 
river,  ba-y,  etc. 

FE.UD. — The  right  to  use  the  lands  of  a 
lord,  by  rendering  services  therefor,the 
property  in  the  land  still  -remaining  in 
the  lord.  Feudal  Law  (or Systetti), a  sys- 
tem of  tenures  cowmen  in  Western 
Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages!  from 
about  600  A.O.  to  1500),  by  which  real 
estate  was  held,  and  which  arose  from 
the  peculiar  political  conditions  of  those 
Countries. 

FICTITIOUS  ACTIOfl— An  action  brought 
c-n  a  pretended  controversy, in  order 
to  get  the  opinion  of  the  court  on  a 
point  of  law.  Fictitious  Quotation  », 
in  the  stock  exchanoe,  common  devices 
of  the  bucket  shops\\Na*Vs  w  (.icwtMnv- 

W*  V(YC\tV\ \\fcSK,  (yYOVHA  ON>.\  Vk^OYi  \\\t,  WWV 

Y<«Ao«N\>a^'vv\\tt<^e.c\v\<!s\ which  are 
usually  the  sending  of  false  telegrams 
from  the  main  source  of  information, 
or  furnishing  the  telegraph  operator 
with  the  figures  he  is  to  post  up  instead 
of  those  really  telegraphed. 

. — Land  held  of  a  superior  on  con- 


dition of  military  service:  a  fee,feod,or 
'  ud. 

.I^TIOli. — The  relation  of  achild 
to  a  father;  the  act  of  ascribing    a 
child  to  a  father. 

lU(BUSTEr\. — One  who  unites  with 
ptHers  in  attacking  a  foreign  country 
'n  tittle  of  peace  for  plunder  ot  conquest. 
N/^L  DE£CF\EE*. —  A  final  or  cpnclu 
sive  sentence  of  the  court,  terminating 
all  litigation  on  any  one  cause. Fi-riaf 
Judpwent,  a  decision  of  the.cour* 
which  puts  an  end  to  an  action,  by  an 
award  of  red-ress  to  one  party,  or  dis- 
charge of  the  other,  as  the  case  maybe. 

F|NA,NClEf\. — (Hie  skilled  hi  money 
matters;  o4ie  who  has  charge  of  t  he 
public.revenH.es. 

Flf\E  INSURANCE!. — An  indemnity  a- 
9ainst  loss  by  fire.  Fire  Policy, the  au- 
thorized document  setting  forth  the  nature 
and  extent  of  the  property  insured  against 
fire,  the  sum  to  be  paid  under  it  in_the 
event  of  fire,  and  the  annual  premium, 
payable  by  insurer. 

VOVkVN  V)V  V\V>^  VOXXW. 
N  o.47  5.  »5000. 


l-ti  Consideration  of  the  representa- 
tions of  the  assured,  of  the  conditions, 
limitations  and  -requirements  of  *His 
Policy,  hereinafter  -mentioned  and  ^of 
3rov,Tx-v\\j^. Dollars,  does  \Y(- 


X&a* f-rorn  the...S\\«x....day  of 

ta><)<jb*\ 19 ,at  12  o'clock  a* 

noon,  to  -the.....Vw%v day  of 

V\vq\>,'=& I9_,  at  12  o'clock  at  noon, 

*o  an  amount  -not  exceed in9....Sv>j^. 

"\*O\J%KW> Dollars,  against  loss  or 

damage  by  Fi-re  t-o  the  following  speci- 
fied and  located  property  only,  to-wit: 


And  -the  said  Gei-wa-n  Insurance  Cow 
patty  hereby  agrees  to  indemnify  a -rid 
make  good  unto  the  said  assured  allsucl 
immediate  loss  or  damage,  not  exceeding 
in  amount  the  sum  or  sums  i-risuret 
as  above  specified,  nor  the  i-Hteres*  of 
the  insured  in  the  property,  except  as 
herein  provided,  as  shall  happen  by  fits 
to  the  property  so  specified:  the  amount 
of  loss  or  damage  to  be  estimated  accord- 
ing to  the  actual  cash  value  of  the  prop 
erty  at  the  time  of  the  fire,  and  to  be  paid 
in  sixty  days  after  the  loss  shall  have 
been  ascertained,  in  accordance  with 
the  terms  and  conditions  of  this  Policy, 
and  satisfactory  proof  of  the  same  requir 
ed  by  this  Company  shall  have  been  made 
by  the  insured, and  -received  at  the  prin- 
cipal office  of  this  Company  in  Indiana? 
olis,lnd.,  unless  the  property  be  replaced 
or  this  Company  shall  have  given  notice 
of  its  intention  to  rebuild  or  repair 
the  damaged  property 

\\ww- 


l-ri  witness  whereof,  The  G-ERMAN 
INSURANCE  COMPANY,  of  Indianapolis, 
jnd.,  has  caused  these  presents  to  be  sign- 


ed by  its  President,  and  attested  by  its 
Secretary,  in  lndianapolis,lnd.,  but  the 
same  shall  not  be  binding  until  counter- 
signed by  .....  .^eo.^Aa.v^O'v  .....  Agent 

for  the  Co-mpatly  at....AwOka.\i\«,,V(A. 

ATTESTED:  5       \A.S>.V>t^t, 

WfcsX^vNsow,  1  President. 

Sec-rstary.  {  Q>W.^."\NXV.OV>, 

A  pent. 
Countersigned  this....4th....dayof...>«vx<). 

....19.... 


FOR  VALUE  RECEIVED  ......  hereby  trans- 

fer, and  set  over  unto  ................. 

all  ........  ri«ht,  title  and  interest  i« 

this  Policy  of  Insurance,  and  all  benefit 
and  advantage  to  be  derived  _therefrotn. 

WITNESS  ..........  hand  this  ........... 

day  of  ............  19  ..... 


APPROVED  at Agency, 

this day  of 19.... 

,, Agent. 

is. 

.19 


RECEIVED  of  the  G-ERMAN  INSURANCE 
COMPANY,  of  htd-ianapolis,  Ind.,  by  the 

hands  of , 

DOLLARS,  in  full  satisfaction  for  all 
claims  and  demands  whatsoever  for 
Loss  and  DAMAOE  by  fire,  to  property 
insured  by  said  COMPANY  under  this 
Policy, .and  which  property  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  on  the day  of 

I9,...,in  consideration  where 

of  this  Policy  is  hereby  cancelled  and 
surrendered  to  said  Insurance  Company. 


. — The  verdict  or  result  of 
trie  deliberations  of  a  jury  or  judicial 
body. 

Fl  fJ  E A  sum  paid  as  a  penalty,  as  a 

punishment,  or  as  the  price  of  exemp 
tion.  Fi-He  Force,  the  forcing  of  a  person 
to  do  that  which  he  can  in  nowise  help. 

FIF\IV\ The  name  or  title  under  which 

several  persons  or  partners  transact  bus 
incss.Fi-r-iti  Name,  this  generally  consists 
of  the  names  of  the  persons  composing 
the  Firm,  or  of  one  or  wore  of  them 
and  Co.:  as,  Smith  fc.  Brown, orSmith, 
Brown  fcCo.,  as  the  case  may  be.THe 
word  STO_CK  is  employed  to  represent 
the  firm  in  its  own  books  of  account. 
The  Stock  Account  is  Cr.  for  the  assets 
of  the  firm,  and  Dr.  for  its  liabilities. 
t  Flr\ST  CLASS. —  Of  the  highest  exce-l- 
'  lence.  First-Hand,  obtained  directly 
from  the  manufacturer  or  maker;  new, 
as  opposed  to  second-hand 

F(SC\I..  —  Pertaining  to  the  public  rev- 
enue or  treasury.  Fiscal  Year,  the  fi- 
nancial year  as  -reckoned  by  the  depart- 
•ment  of  finance. 

F(VE-FOF\TI^S. — A  commercial  term 
applied  to  bonds  issued  by  the  United 
States,  redeemable  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
Government  after  any  period  not  less 
than  five  years,  and  payable  at  any  pe- 
riod -no*  more  than  forty  years  from 
their  date;  *he  bonds  bear  interest  at 
the  rate  of  6  per  cent,  per  annum.  Five 
Twenties,  United  States  bonds  redeem- 
able at  the  pleasure  of  the  Government 
after  five  years  from  date,  and  payable 
in  twenty  years;  *Hey  bear  interest  at  654 


220 


FOREIGN  AJTApHNJE^T A  legal  pro 

ces  by  which  the  goods  of  absent  debt- 
ors are  seized,  in  order  to  compel  an 
appearance,  or  in  default,  to  paw  t  he 
claim  of  the  plaintiff.  Foreign  Bill  of 
Exchange,  a  bill  drawn  by  a  person 
residing  in  one  country  or  State  up- 
on a  person  residinp  in  another  coum- 
try  or  State. V^c-c,  v*7v\&c/*<  ^b\\^  to  Wro\ 
Foreigner,  one  not  a  citizen;  iti  the 
United  States,  one  no^born  herein, 
and  who  still  owes  allegiance  to  some 
foreign  country. 

FOF\EST/\,LL. — To  buy  merchandise 
on  the  way  to  market,  before  it  reach- 
es it,  with  the  intent  to  sell  again  at 
a  hiaher  price  ;*o  enhance  the  price 
of  victuals  or  other  provisionSjthrough 
some  device. 

FOF\FE]lTURJ=. —  Money  paid  by  way 
of  penalty  fora  criwe;*He  losing  of 
some  right,  privilege,  estate,honor,  or 
off  ice,  etc.,  by  some  offense,critne,oT 
neglect. Non-performance  of  a  con- 
dition way  forfeit  an  estate. 

FOR.GER.\.  —  The  crime  of  making  or 
altering  notes,  bills  of  exchanpe.or  oth- 
er instruments,  in  order  to  make  them 
pass  as  genuine.  Forped  Paper,  gener- 
ally the  endorsee  obtains  a  perfect  ti- 
tle when  paper  is  transferred  befo-re  -ma- 
turity; but  if  the  first  endorsement  be 
forged, no  title  rests  in  the  holder.  \( 
the  -maker's  name  be  forged,  the  hold- 
er has  no  recourse  against  him.  Nego- 
tiable paper  is  void  when  the  consider- 
ation is  either  contrary  to  the  general 
principles  of  common  law  or  is  prohib- 
ited by  statute. 

FOR.NICAJIO(J.— The  illicit  cowmerce 
between  unmarried  persons, or  between 
unmarried  and  married.  Where  both  par 
ties  are  married  it  is  called  •&A\xX1w<\>. 

FOF\S"WE/\F\. — To  swear  falsely,  or  de- 
ny or  renounce  upon  oath.l*  has  not 
the  same  -meaning  as  perjury. 

FOUND  PR.OpER.TY -The  law  of 

f  indinp  is  that  the  finder  has  a  clear  ti 
tie  against  every  one  but  the  owner.  The 
proprietor  of  a  hotel  or  a  store  has  no 
right  to  demand  property  when  found 
on  his  premises.  The  law  of  /indinj 
was  declared  by  the  King's  bench  in  a 
case  in  which  the  facts  were  these:  A 
person  found  a  wallet  containing  asuw 
of  -money  on  the  premises  of  ashopkeepei 
and  handed  it  to  the  proprietor  to  find 
the  owner.  A_fter  waiting  three  years, 
the  owner  did  not  call  for  the  proper- 
ty, and  the  finder  demanded  it.  Upon 
being  refused,  he  entered  suit,in  which 
it  was  held  that  against  all  the  world 
but  the  owner  the  title  of  the  finder 
is  perfect.  Receivers  of  articles  found 
are  trustees  for  the  owner  or  finder, 
and  have  no  power,  in  the  absence_of 
special  statute,  to  keep  an  article apainst 
the  finder,  any  mo-re  than  the  finder  has 
to  retain  an  article  apainst  the  owner. 
VSae-Vo^xV 


i. — That  part  of  the  famish- 
ing of  a"store,such  as  chattels  or  arti- 
cles of  a  personal  nature  affixed  to  -teal 
estate,  and  which  may  not  be  removed 
by  the  party  who  affixed  them. 

FL/\T. —  Inactive,  depressed,  or  dull  of 
sale;  the  dY»X  value  of  bonds  or  stocks 
is  their  value  without  interest. 

FLEE,T.: — A  number  of  ships  in  com- 
pany; a  navy  or  squadron.  Floden- 
•wark,  high-water  mark;  *he  mark 
which  the  sea  at  highest  mark  -makes 
upon  the  shore.  Flotsam ,  the  name  of 
goods  floating  on  the  sea. 

pOOLSC/\P.—  The  name  of  a  /olio  wri- 
ting paper,  about  13/i  by  16/4  inches. 

FUfEf\.- — A  small  side  operation, not 
employing  ojie's  whole  capital. 

pOC^L  D/\TE,. — A  date  to  reckon  from, 
adopted  for  convenience' in  computing 
averages.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  detertnin 
ing  the  •&N«A'io/«,  k»X«.  of  bills,  or  their 
«.wc8j)«.\«A-w  oV  o\«A\Xi.  The  earliest  or 
the  latest  date  of  the  several  bills  aver- 
aged is  usually  employed,  the  result,  be- 
ing the  s,ame  whatever  focal  date  is  taken. 

pOLlO. — .A  page  in  an  account  book; 
any  book  of  the  largest  size,  formed  by 
once  doubling  a  sheet  of  paper;  iti  VIA* 
wuV\\\C),  a  page  containing  a  certain 
number  of  words,  rangina  from  72  to 
90. 

FOOTJflG-. — The  expressed  amount  of  a 
column  or  columns  of  figures;  *he  act 
of  adding  columns  of  figures. 

POF\CE(IN  CONTRACTS).-Assent, giv- 
en freely  and  with  full  knowledt)e,is  tiec 
essary  to  a  contract.  If  it  is  obtained  by 
means  of  force,  as  throuph  threats  of 
any  kind,  the  party  upon  whom  the  force 
is  practiced  can  claim  there  isno  c  on- 
tract  if  he  wishes  to.  The  other  one  can- 
not, for  it  is  a  rule  in  law  that  one  can- 
not take  advantage  of  his  own  wrong-do- 
ing.Forced  Sales,  sales  of  poods  made 
under  necessity  or  compulsion.  Forc- 
ing Glitotations,  keeping  up  the  price 
o/a  stock,  and  preventing  its  falling 
out  of  sight-,  usually  by  making  a 
small  sale. 

FOR.ECLOSUR.E. — The  legal  process  by 
which  a  mortgagor  is  compelled  to  re- 
deem his  pledoe  or  property, or  lose  it; 
an  original  bill  in  chancery  by  a  mortga- 
gee, for  the  purpose  of  shutting  out  for- 
ever the  mortgagor  from  the  equity  of 
redemption. 


FACTION'S).  C\JRR.E(teY— Notes  is 
sued  by  the  United  States  Government 
for  the  fractions  of  a  dollar. 


. —  A  silver  coin  used  in  F-rance 
and  Beloiuw,  and  worth  I8fs  cents. 

FRANCHISE.. — A  privilepe  or  right 
g-ranted  by  government  to  one  or 
more  individuals;  privilepe, right,  or 
jiberty.  Franking  Privilege,  a  priv- 
ilege of  sending  certain  -matter  throuph 
the  mails  without  payment,  as  news- 
papers published  and  sent  to  -subscrib- 
ers within  the  same  countu. 

FR./^UO. —  Any  intentional  and  suc- 
cessful employment  of  any  cunninp,  do 
ception,or  artifice,  used  to  circumvent, 
cheat,  or  deceive  another.  Iti  contract! 
fraud  may  be  practiced  (I)  by  one  par- 
ty upon  the  other  to  induce  him  to 
-make  the  contract,  or  (i)  the  contract 
-may  be  a  fraudulent  device  between 
two  parties  to  cheat  some  third  party. 
If  the  fraud  is  practiced  between  two 
parties,  it  way  be  from  stating  facts 
known  to  be  false,  or  by  concealing 
facts  known  to  be  true,  and  which 
ought  to  be  revealed. The  effect  is 
that  the  dishonest  party  must  carry 
out  his  contract,  if  the  other  party 
wishes  to  treat  it  as  valid;  but  the 
party  de/rauded  need  not  carry  out 
his  contract  with  the  party_  who  de- 
frauded hint.  If  the  fraud  is  practic- 
ed on  a  third  party,  it  way  be  by  an 
agreement  between  two  parties  to 
cheat  the  third  party  by  an  illegal 
agreement, and  wholly  void,  o-r  by 
an  act  enti-tely  legal  in  itself,  suc^h 
as  a  debtor  transferring  his  remain 
ing  property  so  that  his  creditors 
shall  not  get  it.  If  an  agent  should 
act  fraudulently,  or  deceitfully,  he 
himself  is  responsible  to  the  third 
party,  and  not  his  principal. 

FF^OE,R.IC  D'OR.. — A  gold  coin  of  Prus 
sia,  valued  at  about  #4. 

FREE,  BO/VR.D A  strip  of  land  out- 
side the  fence,  about  2&  feet  wide, 
and  which  may  be  clai  med  by  the  own 
er.  F-ree  (roods,  goods  which  are  ad 
-mitted  into  a  country  without  the 
payment  of  duty.  Freeholder,  one 
who  holds  property  in  his  own  ripht, 
or  for  life.  Freehold  of  Inheritance, 
that  estate  or  interest  in  real  proper 
ty  which  extends  beyond  the  owner's 
life  to  his  heirs.l/  not  of  inheritance, 
the  interest  endures  only  during  the 
owner's  life.  Free  Trade,  commerce 
unrestricted  by  customs  duties  or 
traffic  regulations.  It  is  the  opposite 


OF  SPEECH  (AND  OF  THE 
PRESS).— The  liberty  to  speak  and 
print  whatever  we  choose,  provided 
we  do  not  abuse  the  riyht.Congress 
is  forbidden  to  pass  any  law  abridg- 
ing them.  This  is  intended  to  prevent 
all  use  of  those  weans  which  in  for- 
wer  times  had  beert  u-sed  to  repress 
the  people,  by  forbidding  them  to  speak 
or  write  on  certain  subjects  unless 
licensed  by  the  government  before- 
hand. The  object  o/this  provision 
in  the  Constitution  was  not  to  allow 
one  to  go  unpunished  who  uttered 
slander  or  published  libel. 


221 


BUSINESS  FORMS. 


:F\EE7ltf(rO\JT. — In  the  f« 
a  phtase  signifying  a  cunning  device 
by  which  the  little  margin  put  up  by  the 
lamb  is  jobbed.  The  commodity  fall  ing 
to  a  certain  price,  the  trade  is  declared 
closed,  and  ttw  loss  charged  up  against 
the-  amateur  operator. 
:F^E(GHT. —  A  term  used  to  express  va- 
rious articles  shipped  either  by  land  or 
water;  charge  made  for  the  carriage  of 
merchandise,  the  amount  of  which  is 
generally  specified  in  the  bill  of  lading. 


FREIGHT  OFFICE,Cor.  M  and  Pi-neSts. 

St.Pau.l,Mirm.,Ocl:.l,l3~  F\JN"D 
The  /ollowing  consi9ntnent  to  if  our 
address  is  now  ready  for  delivery, am  wil 
>e  put  in  store  at  your  risk  and  expense 
/not  removed  within  twenty/our  hours 
liter  service  oi  this  notice,  this  Company 
»eing  no  longer  liable  as  carriers. 


STATION  FROM. 


New  York. 


CAR   NO.     CHAR&ES- 


1273 


15  74- 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTY. 

1  boxes  Dry  G-oods. 


FREIGHT  A5ENT 


All  OIIS,  MOLASSfS,S»8 
UPS,  OR  lldUORS  OF  ANY 
KIND.ENTIRELY  AT  OWN- 
ER'S RISK  or  LEAKAGE; 

All  MACHINERY  «N5IU«NI 
TUBE  AT  OWNER'S  SiSK  OF 
CKATmcORWEAKAOE. 

r> 


I      * 

P 


FU&lTlVe,  CfVr*1.INA,LS The  off icials" 

of  one  State  have  no  power  in  another 
State  as  officials,  but  the  Constitution 
provides  against  the  escape  o/ criminals 
who  /lee  (ram  one  State  to  another. The 
Governor  o/  the  State  from  which  the 
fugitive  has  fled,  sends  a  <ieQ(>A'b\'vv»N  to 
the  Governor  of  the  State  in  which  he 
is  found,  demanding  hi;  delivery  to  the  G 
first  State. This  requisition  is  usually 
complied  with,  but  there  is  no  way  to 
compel  a  Governer  of  any  State  to  deliv- 
er up  an  accused  person.  If  a  crimi- 
nal escape  from  one  Nation  into  an- 
other, there  is  no  strict  obligation  up- 
on the  government  to  return  hint;  yet 
there  is  a  provision  made  /or  this  by 


>reaties,  known  as 

-  uLL  A.&E. —  Legally  regarded  as  mature 
aye. A*  SMMWMMN  'it  is  the  ayeo/twei 
ty-one,/or  both  males  and  females;  in 
the  c\N\\\tt*i  it  is  twenty- /ive  years;  fu-(  I 
aye  is  completed  on  the  day  preceding 
the  anniversary  o(  birth. 
ULL  HJDOHSECvlENT. — One  in  which 


payment  is  ordered  to  be  made  to  a  par- 
ticular person  named.  \J>««^.\\^iyx«,v*swx'' 
Fu.ll  Insurance,  insurance, the  total 
amount  o/  which,  whether  by  one  or  sev- 
eral policies, equals  the  value  of  the  prop 
.erty  insured. 

. —  Money  loaned  to  government 
/or  a_term  of  'years,  on  which  interest 
is  paid;  money  appropriated  as  the  foun- 
dation of  some  commercial  operation, 
Funded,  turned  into  a  permanent  loat 
on  which  an  annual  interest  is  piM.FiiiwI 
i+ig,  the  practice  of  borrowing  money 
to  de/ray  the  expenses  o/  government. 

FUNJGIBLE^S. —  Things  that  are  consum- 
ed by  their  use,  being  loaned  /or  that 
purpose,  such  as  corn,  wine,  or  money. 

FUTURE  E^STAJEJ. — Ari  estate  the 
enjoyment  of  which  is  limited  to  com 
mence  at  a/uture  day,  such  as  remain- 
ders and  reversions.  F-u*u.re», Dealing 
in,  a  system  of  stock  exchange  gambling 
which  is  virtually  betting  on  the  price 
of  a  commodity  at  a  /uture  day. 

fr/\pL  DELlVE(\\.  - — The  -rernova.1  .of 
all  the  persons  confined  in  a  gaol  for 
the  purpose  o/  trying  them, and  dis- 
charging those  whom  the  grand  jury 
/ail  to  indict.  Gaol  Liber-tie*,  certain  3V 
fined  limits,  considered  as  being  a  part 
of  the  prison,  and  within  which  pris- 
oners are  allowed  to  go  at  large-,upon 
•giving  security  for  their  return. Gaoler, 
the  legally  appointed  officer  who  has 
the  custody  of  the  place  where  prison- 
ers are  kept.  ' 

&;\F\BLE,S. —  The  dust,  soil,  and  other 
impurities,  which  have  been  sepa.rated 
from  good  spices, drugs, etc. 

GARNISH- —  A  name  formerly  given 
to  an  unauthorized  prison-fee  in  Eng- 
land, demanded  by  prisoners  from 
new-comers;  *o  warn  orgive  notice. 
0-arnishee,  a  process  of  attachment; 
a  person  in  whose  hands  the  property 
of  another  is  attached  till  the  claims  of 
a  third  party  be  satisfied. Garniihttient 
warning, or  legal  notice,  given  to  any 
one_  for  his  appearance,  in  a  cause  in 
which  he  is  not  interested, for  the  pur- 
se o/ giving  information  on  a  subject 
'EL-l^lKD. —  A  custom  in  some  parts 
England, as  in  Kent,  by  which  land 


descended  to  all  the  sons  in  equal  pro- 
portion; i/  no  sons,  to  the  daughters. 

&\UG-n4c-.  —  The  art  or  process  of  -neas- 
uring  the  contents  of  casks  or  other 
receptacles. 

0<NE/\,LO&Y  —  History  o/the  descent 
o/a  person  or  family,  showing  How 
they  are  connected  together. 
E.NI<RA^  ASSlCNtVlENT.  —  A  traris/er 
by  a  /ailing  debtor  of  all  his  T&maining 
property  to  some  one  /or  the  pu-rpose 
of  havinp  it  distributed  among  his  cred- 
itors. I/  it  were  not  /or  an  assignment, 
any  creditor  may  sue,  and  ori  obtain- 
ing judgment  have  the  sheri//  seize 
any  o/the  property  and  satis/y  His 
own  claim  fully  out  oi  it,  with  out  re- 
gard to  any  other  creditor,  thus  caus- 
ing it  to  be  a  race  between  the  credit- 
ors. An  assignment  stops  lhis.G-e«e/r- 
al  Average,  a  contribution  to  be  paid 
by  the  different  owners  of  a  vessel  and 
cargo  to  one  of  their  number,  when  his 
property  has  been  voluntarily  and  suc- 
cessfully sacrificed  to  save  the  rest.  Gen- 
eral Issue,  a  plea  which  denies  or  trav- 
erses at  once  the  whole  indictment  or 
declaration,  without  o//ering  any  spec- 
ial matter  to  evade  it.  General  0-roer 
S*ore,  a  government  bonded  warehouse 
to  which,  under  a"&eneral  Order,"  all 
foreign  merchandise  is  sent  that  is  riot 
claimed  by  the  owner  or  consignee  with- 
in a  certain  number  o/  hours  or  days 
a/ter  the  arrival  of  a  vessel  in  port. 

C-E,NEftAJIOtJ  --  The  interval^/  time 
which  elapses  between  the  birfch  o(  a 
father  and  the  birth  of  his  son,  and 
is  consequently  of  uncertain  length; 
it  depending  on  the  standard  of  human 
life,  and  whether  the  generations  are 
reckoned  by  eldest,  middle,  or  youngest 
sons.  Thirty-three  years  have  usually 
been  allowed  as  the  mean  length  of  a 
Generation,  or  three  generations  for 
every  hundred  years.  In  compiling 
pedigrees,  great  attention  is  necessa- 
ry to  the  number  o/  generations  m  any 
given  period,  as  they  form  a  guide  to 


the  probability  of  persons  having  sprung 
from  any  particular  individual. 


—  As  regards  genealogy,  it 
rneatis  whole  or  entire;  thus  brothers 
having  the  same  father  and  mother  are 
"brotHers-german;  "  children  of  broth- 
ers and  sisters  are  "cousins-gerrnan." 
-EF^rvi^NpEft  --  This  term  signi- 
fies the  division  o/a  State  into  districts 
/or  the  choice  o/  representatives,  in  an 
unnatural  and  un/air  way,  so  as  to  g_ive 
one  party  the  advantage.  I*  came  in- 
to use  in  Massachusetts  in  1811,  when 
the  Democrats  thus  took  advantage  of 
the  Federalists.  Elbridge  Gerry  was  the 
instigator  o/this  plan,  which  was  there- 
/ore  called  &«A*<v¥wv».\\k«A'\\\o,. 

GJFf-  —  A  voluntary  conveyance  of  ei- 
ther real  or  personal  property,  without 
consideration.  Real  property  can  only 
be  thus  conveyed  by  deed,  and  personal 
property  by  delivery  of  possession. 

(HSJ.  —  the  main  point  of  a  question, 
it  being  the  cause  or  foundation  upon 
which  an  action  lies,  and  without  which 
it  cannot  be  maintained. 
lVEK  NAjytE.  —  The  first  name  is 
called  the  q[\we\\  name  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  the  surnarne,which  is  inherited.  It 


223 


is  thouoHt  to  be  a, relic  of  Puritan  scrupu 
lousness:  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  objecting 
to  apply  the  term  GVvxV&vaxv  to  any  pet- 
son  tiot  'converted,'  which  of  cou-rse 
an  unconscious  infant  could  -not  be. 
Jews,  in  courts  of  justice,  are  often  ask- 
ed 'What  is  your  CtaAl&Kft  na-me?'The 
proper  question  would  be, 'What  is  your 

a8,\%o\p\  name?' 
-B^TW^EK- — An  intermediate  per- 
son who  acts  as  agent  for  both  parties'. 

GOLD  COIf/. —  Coin  -made  of  gold  alloya 
with  copper  or  silver  to  render  it  suffi- 
cit'titly  Hard.  Goldsmiths' Notes,  bank- 
ets' -notes;  so  rained  from  the  circu-m- 
stance  of  goldsmiths  and  bankers  for- 
rticrly  being  joined  in  the  same  trade. 

GOODS. Household  ( urn iture, wares, 

and  merchandise  o(  whatever  kind. 

GOOD  WILL. — The  benefits, reputation, 
Mid  patronage,  which  arise  front  the 
custom  o(  any  trade  or  business, beyom 
the  mere  stock  and  capital,  and  which  is 
supposed  to  inhere  in  it  whoever  -may 
be  its  proprietor.  It  fs  often  as  much 
a-watter  of  purchase  and  sale  as  any  oth- 
er commodity.  Its  value  depends  upon 
the  probability  that  force  of  habit  or 
other  cause  will  induce  its  for-tner  pa- 
trons to  continue  their  patronage. 
OVEHNMIENT.— The  principle  or  sys- 
tem under  which  a  State  or  nation  is 
ruled ;  the  ruling  power  in  a  State  or 
nation.  The  principal  forms  of  govern 
ment  are  as  follows:  VK^\*W>&*NV-, the 
earliest  form  of  which  we  have  a  n  y 
knowledge.  It  is  a  kind  of  tribe  or  fam- 
ily government.  Abraham  was  a  patri- 
archal ruler.  ~\V^.OM>.(>.V<,  a  oover-nwent 
by  those  who  are  also  religious  rulers; as 
the  government  of  the  Hebrews  just  af- 
ter their  departure  frp-m  Egypt.  VKo-AW- 
tw,  a  government  in  which  the  chief 
power  is  in  the  hands  of  one  person,  call- 
ed a  kin9,  emperor,  or  prince.  I*  may 
be  either  absolute  or  limited.  ^'E.SVOV 
\SN\,  a  -name  sometimes  applied  to  an 
absolute  monarchy,  in  which  the  mon- 
arch has  entire  control  over  his  subjects. 
V^,\v\pwAw< ,  a  form  of  9 over n men  t 
in  which  the  power  is  exercised  by  a  priv- 
ileged order  of -men,  distinguished  by 
their  rank  and  wealth. ^wvoc.w*,c,x,  a 
9overnnient  by  the  people.  In  such  a 
form  of  government  the  9reat  body 
of  citizens  meet  in  one  assembly  to 
wake  and  execute  the  laws.VvV.v\i^\_\c 
that  kind  of  democracy  in  which  the 


power  to  enact  and  execute  the  laws  is 
exercised  by  representatives,  who  anj  per- 
sons elected  by  the  people  to  act  for  them. 
OOVEF\NOI\. The  chief  executive  of- 
ficer of  a  State.  The  G-overnor  is  elect- 
ed by  direct  vote  of  the  people,  for 
terms  varying  from  two  to  four  years 
in  different  States;  but  in  a  few  States 
the  term  is  only  one  year.  Governor 
General,  a  governor  who  has  lieuten- 
ant or  deputy  governors  under  him. 
rF\/\CE. —  In  the  reign  of  Henry  ll.,the 
day  first  mentioned  in  each  term  was 
called  avboxq-A  &a.\),  because  the  cou,rt 
then  took  the  wso\^%,  or  excuses,  of 
those  who  did  not  appear  according 
to  the  summons  of  the  writs;  but  as 
by  custom,  traced  to  the  G-ermans  of 
the  age  of  Tacitus,  three  days  of  grace 
were  allowed  to  every  defendant  with- 
in which  to  appear,  the  court  not  sit- 
ting for  the  transaction  of  business 
until  the  fourth  day  after  that  time. 

rty^lN The  collective  name  for  all 

kinds  of  cereals;  the  smallest  weight, 
so  named  becau.se  supposed  of  equal 
weight  with  a  grain  of  corn(wheat). 
GHA.ND  ASSIZ^. — A  jury  trial  intro- 
duced by  Henry  II.,  giving  the  tenant 
Of  defendant,  in  a  writ  of  right,  the 
alternative  of  a  trial  by  battel,  or  by 
his  peers.  G-ratid.  Days, those  days  in 
the  terms,  which  are  solemnly  kept  in 
the  inns  and  court  of  chancery.6ra-«d 
Jury,  ajury  composed  of  not  less  than 
twelve,  nor  more  than  twenty-four  -men, 
returned  by  the  sheriff  of  every  county 
to  every  session  of  the  peace,  oyer  and 
terminer,  and  general  gaol  delivery, 
and  to  whom  indictments  are  prefer- 
red, and  which  must  be  found  by  them. 


the  stealing  of  goods  or  property  a- 
bove  a  certain  amount  in  value,  and 
is  a  state-prison  offense.  The  amount 
varies  in  the  different  States. 
•f\^NT. — A  term  applicable  to  all  trans- 
fers of  real  estate. 

fft\ATUITOUS. — &iven  without  an  equiv- 
alent or  consideration,  claim  or -merit. 
Gratuitous  Services,  these  give  -no 
claim  to  compensation.  There  is  no 
implied  contract,  because  the  services 
were  not  requested.  Yet  if  the  benefit 
of  anything  gratuitously  done  is  retain 
ed  when  it  could  have  been  refused, there 
arises  an  implied  contract  to  pay. 
rT.EE(s(B/\CKS. —  A  term  applied  to  bills 
originally  issued  as  money  by  the  Uni- 
ted States  G-overnmrfnt  during  the  Re- 
bell  ion,  186 1-5,  the  backs  of  which  are 
printed  with  green  ink. 

GF\OCEF\ One  who  deals  in  coffee, 

tea, sugar,  spices,  and  various  other 
commodities. Groceries,  a  general 
name  for  household  articles,  except 
meats  and  vegetables,  as  butter,  salt, 
cheese,  tea, coffee, spices,  sugar,  etc. 

&F\OSS. — Twelve  dozen;  Hiegreat gross 
is  12  times  12  dozen.  Gross  Avera9e, 
that  average  which  falls  on  the  ship, 
cargo, and  freight, as  distinguished 
from  ^&Vii\c\>Xv(  vM/ttt}*. Gross  Negli- 
9e+icet  that  degree  of  negligence  and 
omission  of  care  which  even  thought 
less  and  inattentive  men  never  fail  to 


take  of  their  ow  property. G-rotsWeight, 
the  total  weight  of  yoods  and  boxes, 
bags  or  chests,  in  which  they  are  pact 
ed. 

rF\OUf(D  RE^T. — An  annual  payment 
wade  to  another  for  the  privilege-  of 
building  on  his  land. 
r\JJW^NT[£E. — He  to  whom  a  guar- 
anty is  made;  an  engagement  to  see 
that  certain  stipulations  are  perform- 
ed, as  the  payment  of  a  debt,  in  case 
of  the  failure  of  another  person,  who 
is,  in  the  first  instance,  liable  for  such 
payment  or  performance.Cuaratitor, 
one  who  makes  a  guaranty,  or  engag- 
es to  secure  another  in  any  right  or 
possession.  Guaranty,  an  assurance 
made  by  a  second  party  that  his  prin- 
cipal will  perform  some  specific  act.  It 
must  be  (I)  in  writing,  and  upon  suf- 
ficient consideration;  (x)  where  t  he 
principal  is  an  infant  (minor)  he  is 
bound, though  the  contract  with  the 
infant  is  voidable;  (3)  the  principal  par- 
ties must  not  depart  in  any  material 
matter  from  their  contract  without 
the  consent  of  the  surety,  else  he  will 
be  no  longer  bound;(40  an  extension 
of  the  time  of  credit  beyond  the  date 
of  -maturity  releases  the  surety. Guar- 
anty Commission,  the  commission 
paid  to  a  commission  merchant  who 
guarantees  to  his  principal  the  payment 
of  the  money  for  which  the  goods  -may 


I  hereby  guarantee  payment  to  any 
person  who  shall  accept  and  -retain 
this  instrument  as  a  guaranty,  for 
all  goods  which  he  may  from  time 
to  time  su-pply  to....V>v«\^o^.....not 
exceedingat  any  time  the  amount  of 
....Ont  vviousww.... Dollars.  This 
to  be  a  continuing  guaranty  till  spe- 
cially revoked. 


For  value  received,  I  guarantee  the 
du,e  payment  of  a  promissory  note, 
dated... .OC.T  A  ,Vi....  whereby.. ..iwu 
VKW\&... .promises  to  pay....N-%vvi\s  i. 
^>OT*.\x....One  Hundred  Dollars  in  four 
months. 

ATLANTA,.  .$«/).,...  19.... 

Form  -to  be  Indorsed  on  a  Note. 
For  value  received,  I  guarantee  the 
payment  of  the  within  written  note. 


In  consideration  tha 
gives  to ...  .^\cv>V<Kn>vKVA> — additional 
time  to  the  extent  of  two  months,for  pay- 
went  of  the  indebtedness  due  him  from 
said.... ^^^SAKHHMV^.... guaranteed  by 
me,  I  hereby  continue  my  guaranty  for 
due  payment  thereof. 


In  consideration  of  the  performance  of  theapwnem 
specified  in  the  within  by. .\^... with  my  son. ..V.. I  do 
hereby  bind  myself  to  said... \^...fortlie  trueandfaitfc- 
(ul  observation  and  performance  of  all  the  matters  and 
thinos  by  said. ..V... agreed  and  covenanted  therein,""' 
that  he  shall  well  and  truly  serve  said  — 

Witness,  my  hand  this.. .1M. ..day  < 


223 


./. — When  a  minor  has  prop 
erty  of  his  own,  and  is  unable  to  take 
the  management  of  i*,  a  qp&tfv&w  is 
appointed  for  him  for  that  purpose.The 
guardian  way  use  the  property  for  the 
support  and  education.of the  child 
(called  his •**•<&)  during  its  -minority. 
He  may  sell  the  personal  property,  but 
the  real  estate  cannot  be  sold  without 
permission  from  the  court.  At  twenty- 
one  the  guardian  must  transfer  all 
the  property  to  his  ward, and  render 
an  account  of  all  his  transactions.  He 
is  responsible  for  any  loss  caused  b  y 
Jiis  wrong  or  negligence. 

GUILD. —  An  association, cowpany.or 
brotherhood  organized  for  commercial 
purposes;  *  religious  body,  organized 
ror  charitable  purposes,  or  /or  assis- 
tance in  parish  work. 

GUILT.  — The  crime  which  renders  of- 
fenders liable  to  punishment.The  law 
presumes  every  one  innocent  until  prov- 
ed guilty. 

UNKlK.k— Iti  the  slock  exchange,  a 
term  signifying  that  every  art  is  to  be 
used  to  p.roduce  a  break  in  a  stock, when 
it  is  known  that  a  certain  house  is  heav- 
ily supplied  and  would  be  unable  to  re 
sist  an  attack.  v 

ABE/VS  COf\P\J3 A  writ  command 

ing  the  body  of  a  prisoner  to  be  produc- 
ed_at  a  certain  time  and  place.  If  the. 
prisoner  thinks  tha.t  his  arrest  is  un- 
lawful, he,  or  any  one  in  his  jnterest, 
may  apply  to  any  judge  of  a  higher  court 
for  the.  above  writ.This  commands  the 
sheriff  to  bring  him  be/ore  the  judge, 
not  to  try  him,  but  simply  to  exam- 
ine the  case  to  see  whether  the  arrest 
is  lawful.  If  he  decides  that  the  prison 
erjs  lawfully  held,  he  remands  him  to 

.  prison;  if -not,  he  orders  him  released. 

HALF  TOf(&\JE — A  jury  equally  divid 
ed  between  two  nationalities;  as  naif 

.  Enolish  and  half  Oerman. 

H.A.Nq A  measure  of  the  hard's  kieadth 

four  inches,— used  in  measuring  heights 
of  horses:  the  stule  of  any  one's  hand- 
writing. Ha/tidbillt,  advertisements  prin 
ted  on  small  sheets  for  the  purpose  of 
being  distributed  by  hand,  or  posted 
in  public  places.  Hand-habcnd,  a  thief 
caught  in  the  very  act.  with  the  stolen 
property  in  his  hand.  Hand  Money,  won 
ey  paid  by  the  purchaser  at  the  closing 
of  a  contract  or  sale.  Hand  Sale,  an  an- 
cient custom  of  shaking  hands  to  bind 
a  bargain  or  contract.  The  custom  is 
Still  retained  in  verbal  contracts. 


HARBOR. — A  port  or  haven  where 
ships  can  anchor  with  safety, and  al- 
so load  and  unload. Harbor  Master, 
an  officer  whose  duty  is  to  execute 
the  regulations  respecting  harbors. 
VWWAftE.— r  A  general  name  /or 
all  wares  made  /rorn  iron  or  other 
tals;  as  cutlery,  kitchen  utensils,etc. 
~\4. — A  port  or  shelter  /or  ships; 
the  same  as  harbor. 

.. — An  itinerant  trader  who 
carries  his  goods  with  him  and  sells 
them  to  purchasers. 
H,EA,f\l  fIG-. —  An  investigation  of  a 
controversy;  *he  trial  of  achancery 
suit.  Hearsay  Evidence, thi  evidence 
of  a  witness  who  relates  what  was 
told  him  by  another  person. 
EIR. — One  who  succeeds  by  descent 
to  an  estate  of  inheritance.  Neither 
one  who  receives  personal  property 
in  that  way, nor  one  who  receives 
any  kind  of  property  under  a  will  is 
properly  called  an  heir. Heir  Apparent, 
one  who  has  an  indefeasible  right  to 
an  inheritance,  provided  he  outlives 
the  ancestor.  Heir  a*  Law,  after  his 
father's  or  ancestor's  death,  one  who 
has  a  right  to  inherit  all  his  lands,  ten- 
ements, and  hereditatnents.Heir-toow, 
personal  property  which  descends  to 
an  heir  along  with  the  inheritance, and 
cannot  be  devised  away  from  the  heir 

EPT^^C\\Y. — A  nation  divided  into 
seven  governments,  or  one  govern- 
ment exercised  by  seven  persons. 

HER,ED[TA,M,E{fTS Property  of  all 

kinds,  which  is  capable  of  being  in- 
herited, whether  real  or  p_ersonal, cor- 
poreal or  incorporeal. Heritable  juris- 
diction, the  grants  of  criminal  juris- 
diction bestowed  on  great  families  for 
the  better  execution  of  just!ce<Heri*a- 
ble  Rights,  all  rights  connected  with 
real  estate.  Heritage,  an  estate  which 
passes  from  an  ancestor  to  an  heir; 
all  kinds  of  immovables  which  can  be 
the  subject  of  property. 

H  E  F^rylA.PH.R.O  D  ITE> Persons  wh  ose 

sex  is  doubtful,  and  are  accordingly  ad- 
judged to  belong  to  the  sex  which  pre- 
dominates in'  them.  Hibrid,  one  whose 
parents  are  of  different  nationalities. 
.I&H,  SE/\S. — The  ocean  beyond  the 
limit  of  the  waters  usually  assigned  to 
nations^— that  is,  beyond  the  liwif  of 
three  miles. High-Water  Mark,  that 
line  of  the  sea-shore  to  which  the  wa- 
ters usually  reach  when  the  tide  is  at 
the  highest.  Highway,  a  road,  passage, 
street,  or  way,  either  by  land  or  water, 
which  every  citizen  has  a  right  to  use. 
An  owner  of  property  bounded  by  a 
road  or  street  usually  owns  the  prop- 
erty to  the  center  of  the  road  or  street 
The  public  have  the  right  to  use  it  as 
a  road,  but  do  not  own  H. The  adjoin- 
ing owner  may  use  it  in  any  way  that 
does  not  interfere  with  tha^righf, 
though  there  are  few  ways  in  which 
he  could  make  use  of  it  without  t  he 
obstruction  of  it,  or  otherwise  inter- 
fering with  its  use  by  the  public.lf  it 
should  be  abandoned  as  a  roadway,  it 
would  then  revert  to  the  owner. 


,„__.,.  —  A  person  who  carries  his 
goods  from  door  to  door,  and  sells  at 
retail, usually  small  articles  of  provis- 
ions, and  the  like. 
lOGSH.Ef\,D. —  A  measure  for  wine 
or  other  liquids, containing  two  bar- 
rels or  63  gallons.T/he  English  hogs- 
Head  usually  contains  only  54  gallons. 
'OLD  I  (to  OVER..  —  Holding  posses- 
sion of  larid  after  the  tenancy  has 
expired,  without  the  landlord's  consent. 
[OLJOP^S — Legal  holidays  are  those 
appointed  by  the  civil  authority  for 
general  public  observance.  As  a  rule, 
no  sect,  court,  or  public  body  has  any 
power  to  declare  a  holiday,whichcan 
bind  the  public,  or  the  rights  of  third 
parties. -Only  acts  of  the  govern- 
ment can  do  that. 
[OLloVv  Wf\RE. — A  corn-mercial 
term  for  camp  and  kitchen  utensils 
made  o/cast  or  wrought  iron. 
[OIV\ES"fEAJ). — The  ground  on  which 
a  house  stands,  and  the  inclosed 9rouitd 
surrounding  if. 

HOrv\IC(DE;. —  Destroying  the  li/e  of 
any  human  being.  l»  is  either  yviWiv- 
«\i\e.,«,ic\x.%tfo\e.,  or  Vtort&MM.  U  is  jus- 
tifiable^) by  an  officer  when  necessa- 
ry in  the  execution  of  his  duty  to  take 
or  prevent  the  escape  of  a  pris  oner; 
(X)  by  a  private  person  in  selfdefence, 
or  in  preventing  any  atrocious  cri-me; 
(3)  by  any  one  through  unavoidable 
accident  without  fault  on  his  par*. 
lOffOR,. — -To  accept  and  pay  when  due, 
as  a.  bill  of  exchange. On  One's  Honor, 
on  the  pledge  of  one's  reputation  for 
integrity.  Your  Honor,  a  co-mrmm  and 
familiar  title  of  respect  paid  to  persons 
by  many  of  those  in  the  humblerrank* 
of  life.  I*  is  also  given  to  judges.  Debts 
of  Honor,  debts  contracted  in  horse- 
racing,  gambling,  by  verbal  promise, etc. 
which  cannot  be  enforced  by  law. 

XOSTA.OE. —  A  person  given  upto  an  en- 
emy as  a  pledge  for  the  performance  of 
the  terms  of  an  agreement. 

HOJCVlPOT. — The  confused  mingling 
of  property  in  order  to  divide  it  equally. 
tOfEL  I^E^PER..— One  engaged  i  n 
the  business  of  supplying  board  arid 
lodging  to  travelers.  The  constituting 
elements  are^hree:)!)  he  follows  the 
work  as  a  business;  (i)  he  offers  his 
services  to  the  public  generally;  (3)  he 
provides  both  food  and  lodging. l«  9eti 
eral,  a  hotel  keeper  is  obliged  to  take  all 
who  apply  for  lodging  and  board,_and 
who  offer  to  pay  the  regular  price; 
he  is  in  general  responsible  for  all  in- 
juries to  the  goods  and  baggage  of 
his  guests, even  for  thefts.  But  for 
loss  caused  by  unavoidable  accident, 
or  by  superior  force,  as  robbery, he  is 
not  liable.  He  has  a  lien  upon  the  tag- 
gage,  or  any  other  property.as  a  horse, 
of  his  guests  for  the  payr/ient  of  their 
charges.  A  boarding  house  is  differ- 
ent from  a  hotel  in  two  particulars: 
(I)  it  is  not  intended  for  transient  9uests, 
but  for  permanent  boarders; (2) it  is 
not  open  to  the  public.  Only  those 
are  received  whom  the  proprietor  way 
Choose  to  accept.  He  has  no  lien  on  the  board 
er's  property,  and  is  not  responsible  for  its  loss. 


224 


^.— A  firm,  but  sometimes  applied 
to  a  commercial  establishment  carried 
on  by  a  single  person. House-bote, an 
allowance  of  necessary  timber  out  of 
the  landlord's  woods  for  the  repairing  and 
support  of  a  house  or  tenenient.Hou.se 
of  Call,  a  house  where  journeymen 
of  a  particular  trade  assemble  when  out 
of  work,  and  where  they  can  be  hired 
by  employers.  House  of- C«mi-nioiis,the 
lower  branch  of  the  English  Parliament, 
whose  members  consist  of  representa- 
tives'from  towns  and  counties.  House 
of  Lords,  the  upper  branch  of  Parlia- 
ment, whose  members  consist  of  prin- 
ces of  the  blood,  peers  of  the  realm, and 
certain  bishops  of  the  church.  House  of 
Representatives,  the  lower  branch  of 
Congress,  whose  members  are  elected 
by  direct  vote  of  the  people  of  the  dif- 
ferent States.  House  of  Correction, a 
house  where  disorderly  persons  are  con- 
fined. House  of  Ill-fanie,  a  house  where 
lewd  persons  meet  for  illicit  intercourse. 
The  White  House,  the  official  residence 
of  the  President  of  the  United  States.-So 
called  originally  from  its  beino  painted  whit*. 

IUISSIEF\. —  An  officer  whose  duty  is  to 
serve  processes;  a#i  usher  of  a  court. 

lut/DI\ED.— An  English  division  of  a 
county,  supposed  originally  to  have 
contained  one  hundred  families.  Hun- 
dred Court,  a  court  whose  jurisdiction 
is  over  a  particular  hundred. 

HUSBAND.— One  who  manages  the  con- 
cerns of  a  ship  in  person.^jJw/MAWvvi^ 
Husbaridape.an  allowance  made  to  the 
managing  owner  or  agent  for  attending 
to  a  ship's  business. 

HUSH  NIOKEY.— A  bribe  given.to  secure 

H^rfoTH.ECATIOK.— The  pledging  of  a 
ship  or  goods  for  advances  made;  *h at 
right  which  a  creditor  has  in  and  to  the 
property  of  another,  and  which  he  may 
cause  to  be  sold,  and  from  the  proceeds 
satisfy  his  claim. 

IDIOT/- — An  imbecile  person  who  has 
been  without  understatiding> from  his 
birth.  A  contract  with  an  idiot  Is  void, 
from  rhe  fact_that  an  agreement  is  an 
act  of  the  mind,  and  one  who  has  no 
wind  cannot  be  said  to  agree. 

|GKOF(A.NCE;  OF  LAW.— Every  one  Is 
presumed  to  know  all  the  law,  hence, 
the  universal  principle  HftiVMAtVAM 

reason  for  this  rule  is  the  impossibil 
ity  of  having  any  other.  One's  only 


feasible  course  is  to  ac»  according  to  what 
his  common  sense  teaches  him  is  just 
and  moral,  for  in  the  main  law  is  only 
common  justice  and  morality. 
ILLEGAL.  CONSIDERATION.— Any  con- 
tract, the  consideration  of  which  is  a 
forbidden  act  or  promise,  is  ille9al  and 
void.  Thus  a  promise  to  pay  a  bribe, 
or  to  pay  one  credito-r  more  than  the 
rest,  would  be  void. Illegal  Contract, 
a  contract  which,  on  account  of  its 
nature, the  law  forbids  any  onetotnake. 


\s  NO\^.  Thus  an  agreement  to  smuo- 
gle  goods,  to  bet,  gamble,  or  to  bribe, 
Is  wholly  void. 

IMAGINARY  ACCOUNT.— A  title  em- 
ployed to  represent  the  person  or  com- 
pany that  conducts  a  business,  or  to 
supply  the  want  of  some  personal  or 
real  title  in  keeping  accounts.  Any  ac- 
count neither  personal  nor  real  would 
come  under  this  head,  such  as  Interest, 
Stock,  Expense, etc. 

IMMORAL  CO(fTf\ACT.—  Any  con- 
tract founded  upon  considerations  oov 
VCi.VoYvO'i.  *«v<ms  (contrary  to  aood 
manners  or  morals)  is  void. 

IMMOVABLES.—  Things  fastened  in 
their  places,  and  which  cannot  be  re- 
tnoyed;^s,  lands, houses,pr fixtures. 
VltyU^iTY. —  A  particular  privilege;  as. 
exemption  from  serving,  or  performing 
duties  which  are  generally  required  of 
other  citizens. 

IMPANEL,.— To  enroll  the  names  of 
a  jury  in  a  court  of  justice  in  a  sched 
ule  or  piece  of  parchment. 

I M.P EACH. M.ENT-— The  formal  ac* 
of  charging  a  public  officer  /or  mal- 
feasance or  corrupt  conduct  in  office. 
It  is  not  a  conviction  of  the  offense, 
but  only  the  accusation. When  Feder- 
al officers  are  impeached,  it  is  the  du- 
ty of  the  lower  house  to  make  the  Im- 
peachment, and  of  the  upper  house  to 
try  it-l-mpeachmeti*  of  Waste,  a  re- 
straint from  committing  waste  upon 
lands  or  tenements. 
lyiPLlCATIOf*. — The  act  of  bringing 
into  connection  with,asaCTimeorfm.lf; 
a  possible  inference  of  something  not 
directly  declared.  I -HI  pi  led  Co«tract,ai 
agreement  which  is  implied  from  all 
the  circumstances  of  the  transaction. 
Implied  contracts  are  quite  common 
They  arise  in  those  cases  where,thouph 
there  are  no  v>~trds  of  agreement  by  ei- 
ther party,  yet  something  Is  said  or  done 
which  in  reality  amounts  to  an  agree 
inent.  One  Is  always  considered>  as  hav 
ing  agreed  to  whatever  he  knowingly 
leads  another  to  believe  he  has  apreed  to. 

IMPOLITIC. — Contrary  to  the  dictates 
of  policy ;w+l wise,  imprudent,  or  indis 
erect. 

lfv\PpF\T. —  Anything  brought  from  a 
foreign  country,  or  from  a  province, 
dominion,  or  colony  of  the  -mother 
country;  used  chiefly  in  the  plural, 

'• *"5.The  person  who' «--'•.>-- 

is  called  the \VA\O' 


,y  ~~i.  .-v.. — A  tax.toll,  duty,  or  ex- 
cise, prescribed  by  authority.  Imposts, 
taxes  laid  upon  imported  merchandise. 

IMPOSSIBLE  CONTRACT.—  A  con- 
tractto^o  a  thing  impossible'™  its 
nature  is  void.  There  are  three  kinds 
of  impossible  contracts :(\)  that  aris- 
ing from  the  nature  of  the  thing;  as, 
a  contract  to  sail  around  the  world 
in  a  week;  (51)  that  depending  upon 
certain  circumstances  which  might 
have  been  foreseen;  as,a  contract  to 
transport  goods,  when  prevented  by 
the  freezing  of  the  river.  (3)  that  de- 
pending upon  the  personal  disabil- 
ity of  the  contractor;  as,where  one 
agrees  to  do  certain  work,  and  finds 
that  he  has  not  the  skill. 

1  rv\Pr\l SOLENT  F0f\  DEiBT-—  For- 
merly this  was  quite  common,  but 
now  it  is  confined  to  cases  involv- 
ing fraud  and  dishonesty. 

IM.PF\OVEME|>fTS  \JPOff  LAXOS.-E* 
erything  above  the  land  which  is  af- 
fixed to  it,  such  as  houses,trees,  or 
crops,  belong  to  the  owner  of  the 
land.  Even  if  houses  are  built  upon 
the  land,  or  other  additions  made  to 
It  by  one  not  the  owner,  they  become 
the  property  of  the  owner  of  the  land. 
But  there  is  an  exception  to  this  rule. 
A  tenant  may  remove  from  rented 
property  articles  which  he  has  built 
upon  it  or  affixed  to  It,  if  they  were 
placed,  there  for  use  in  some  trade  or 
for  domestic  purposes.The  first  class 
would  include  such  things  as  steam-en- 
gines, or  other  machines  built  into 
the  ground  or  house,  or  even  build- 
Ings  themselves  when  used  for  man- 
ufacturing purposes.  The  second  class 
might  include  such  things  as  furnaces, 
pas-fixtures,  shelves  'pier-glasses, etc. 
I -tup  rove+ti  e*i*,  advance  In  prices, 
a  brisker  demand  for  goods, or  an 
alteration  for  the  better  in  the  quali 
ty  of  goods. 

I(\ICOM.E. — The  total  amount  of  earn- 
ings and  receipts  of  money  from  all 
sources,  l-ticowe  Tax,  a  tax  laid  up^on 
the  income  of  a  person  or  corporation 
beyond  some  prescribed  amount  which 
the  law  exempts. 

itfcorVOFjEAL  HEREDITAMENTS.— 

Anything  which  i_s  the  subject  of  prop 
ertu,  but  not  tangible  or  visible. 

IjICUIVlBnlAJ^CE. — Any  lien  or  claim 
attached  to  property,  such  as  a  mort- 
gage. 

INDEMNITY-- An  agreement  In  the 
form  of  a  bond  by  which  one  agrees 
to  indemnify  another  for  all  loss 
or  damage  in  any  matter. 
VOUVN  0V  \TO>t.WNV\X  ^OW. 
Know  all  men  by  these  presents, 

vww5SiOw\o....an-i  held  and /Irm- 
ly bound  unto.v.to.o*&ONKo*>*.*....of 
the  same  place,  in  the  sum  of... A\vt 
~\v,o\y=,Kvw.... dollars,  to  be  paid  to  the 
said . ...to.o\«>tVJ NVV.^.^ . ..., his  exec- 
utors or  administrators,  for  which 
payment,  well  and  truly  to  be  made, 
I  do  bind  myself, my  heirs.executors, 


225 


and  administrators,  firmly  by  these 
presents. 

Sealed  with  my  seal.  Dated  this.... 
\$™....day  of....Kvv.\v....l9....Whew 
as — ^w>&ON&\.vA.v,....is  about  to  em- 
ploy...;^ttwKvKV-,.... as  cashier  in  his 
store,  for  the  term  of....QH^H£.fe^.«.« 
fTOW....\*iM\'5\....l9 

Now  the  condition  of  this  obligation 
is  such  that  if  the  said....V.«wi  fc.t*«. 
shall  fully  perform  all  the  duties  of  His 
said  employment, and  promptly  and 
correctly  account  for  and  pay  over  all 
the  money  or  property  of  the  said.... 
^.ov>&ON*VY.^.... which  may  come 
into  his  hands  during  its  course,then 
this  obligation  shall  be  void;  otherwise 
to  remain  in  full  .force. 


. — A  written  covenant  or 
contract  between  two  or  more  persons 
in  different  interests. The  top  or  sides 
were  formerly  indented  or  scolloped 
hencethe  name. 

[4DE\- — An  alphabetical  table  of  ledg 
er  accounts;  atiy  table  of  reference  or 
titles  in  alphabetic  order. 
t^DlCTIv\E^T.— A  formal  accusation 
made  by  a  grand  jury  against  a  per 
son  that  he  has  cornmitted  a  crime 
The  process  of  indictment  is  as_f  ol- 
lows:  Some  one,  usually  the  district  at- 
torney, brings  the  fact  of  a  crime  to  their 
notice;  the  jury  then  summon  the  wit 
nesses  (none  who  favor  the  accused)  who 
are  named  and  examine  them;if  twelve 
of  the  jurors  vote  that  there  is  su/ficien 
cause  for  putting  him  on  trial,  the  in 
dictment  is  drawn  up  by  the  district  at 
torney,  endorsed  "a  true  bill"  by  the 
fore-man  of  the  grand  jury,  and  then 
sent  to  the  court.  These  proceeding' 
are  kept  secret  in  order  to  prevent  th, 
offender's  escape.  A  warrant  is  then 
issued  fo-r  the  arrest  of  the  accused.) 
arrested, he  may  give  Vi\\,  except  in 
cases  of  crimes  punishable  by  death 
like  murder.\S«*^>i\\  v<\&"Vvjy\ 
INDIRECT  EVlDEfifCE.-inJerentia 
testimony  as  to  the  truth  of  a  dispu 
ted  fact.  Indirect  Taxes,  tares  levie 
on  commodities  from  the  producer  o 


importer  only,th»  share  of  the  taxes 
to  th»  consumer  being  included>  in 
the  .price  he  pays  for  the  commodities. 
falVIOXJAJL  NOTE.-A  -tiotesiened 
by  one  p_arty,  who  alone  is  responsi- 
ble for  its  payment,  unless  indorsed 
brothers.  The  following  is  a  form: 


HELENA.  OCT.  3, 19. 
Three  months  after  date  I  prom 
ise  to  pau....Vsv«ONtsvtx....,or  order, 
....Qntvw\wt».... Dollars,  value 
received. 


, % .'.—The  same  as  En- 
dorsement, which  see.  An  o^cri  in 
dorsement  is  the  same  as  a  \>Vi.\\y 
endorsement.  It  way  be  converted  iti 
to  ai\x\\  endorsement  by  writing  the 
usual  limiting  words  over  the  indors- 
ee's name. 

KoUCEIvtEKT.— Anything  that  leads 
or  influences  the  mind  or  will  to 
act;  an  allegation  of  a  motive. — A 
term  used  in  pleading. 

(fDULO-EflCE.—  Extension  of  time 
of  payment,  or  forbearance  to  press 
for  payment. 

pfFAjvfy. —  Public  disgrace  and  con- 
viction of  a  crime. 

KFA.NT.— A  person, either  a  boy  or 
a  girl,  under  the  age  of  legal  matu 
rity,  usually  twenty-one  years.  The 
reason  why  an  infant  or  minor  may 
not  make  contracts  which  may  been 
forced  a9ainst  him  is  that  he  has  not 
had,  as  a  rule,  sufficient  experience 
to  prevent  others  from  gaining  the 
advantage  in  his  contracts. An  infan 
having  neither  parents  or  guardian 
•may  wake  binding  contracts  for  the 
necessaries  of  life,  as  food,clothino,ete 

I^JFOflMATIOt*. —  An  accusation 
or  complaint  against  a  person  for 
some  criminal  offense.  Iti/ofwcr 
a  person  who  complains  of  any  one 
who  breaks  a  law. 


he  making,  using,  or  selling,  of  a 
patented  article  without  the  permis 
sion  of  the  owner  of  the  patent\0^i 
t.  to\^V\cj\\V\.— The.  printing, publish 
ing, or  selling,  of  a  copyrighted  arti 
cte  without  the  permission  of  the 
owner  of  the  copyright. V.OV  «.V<a.te 
vrv»V\.— The  using  of  another^  trade 
mark,  or  an  imitation  of  it,  withou 
his  permission.  The  consequences 
of  an  infringement  are  twofold:  (I) 
the  infringer  must  pay  to  the  owner  o 
the  patent,  copyright,  or  trade-mark 
whatever  damages  the  latter  suffer 
through  the  infringement,  equivalen 
usually  to  the  profits  which  the  itifrim, 
er  has  made;  (51)  the  court  will  com 
pel  the  infringer  to  stop. 
fi  0-f\OSS.—  At  large, independent  o 
or  not  annexed  to,  or  dependent  up 
on  anything. lngrossi-Mg,the_copLi 
ing  in  a  fair  Hand,  of  a  deed  or  inslm 
went,  in  order  that  it -may  be  executed 
N^EHI.TANCE). —  Continual  posses 
sions  in,  or  a_  perpetual  right  to  an 
estate,  vested  in  a  person  and  his  heirs 


,.— A  writ  from  a  hi 
ertoa  lower  court  forbidding  the  pro- 
ceedings in  a  cause. 
NJ\JfJCTIO|>f.— The  writ  or  order 
of  a  court  or  judge  whereby  a  person 
is  required  to  do  a  certain  thing,  or 
is  restrained  from  doing  it. 
NJUfiY— Wrong  or  damage  done 
to  a  person,  property^rightSjirilerests, 
etc.,  of  any.  one. 

NU^ND  BILLS.—  Drafts  or  bills  of  ex- 
change drawn  on  a  party  i-n  the  same 
State  as  the  drawer.  In  I  and  Trade, 
trade  conducted  in  the  interior  of  a 
country. 


<  TlPTON,lNO.,FE8.l,l3.. 

At  sight  pay  to....^o>\«\\»>uu^.?,... 
or  or der. . .  .Ox*«. Vwwv^.<&. ..  .0  o  1 1  ars , 
value  received,  and  charge  to  the  ac- 
count of 

To . . .  . 


.-The  keeper  of  a  com- 
mon inn  for  the  accommodation  of 
travelers  in  general.  The  terms  \\vnv- 
,  and  Xvie.-'mVi 


w.all  mean  the  same.\J>M^\«XH«j^ 
INNOCENCE.—  The  absence  of  guilt. 
jn  law  everyone  is  presumed  to  be 
innocent  until  proved  guilty. 
^Q.bEjST.—  A  judicial  inquiry;  a, 
body  of  men  appointed  by  law  to  in- 
quire into  certain  matters.  A  grane 
Jury  is  sometimes  called  the  o/v-ayAX* 
<*^ve,sV.  A  coroner's  inquiry  into  the 
death  of  any  one  is  called  a  co 


an  inquest,  or  inquiry  into  certair 
facts  by  a  jury  impaneled  for  the  pur 
pose. 

fJSOVVEttfC'y. — The  condition  of  a 
wan  not  having  sufficient  property 
to  pay  his  debts.The  same  as  bankrupt 
cy.\Jbw.  Kv3\<yv\Y<v«.YO&  •a.'v\&^>'2rt\Y<<^V 
lnsolven*,not  having  sufficient 
property  to  pay  one's  debts.  I -H  sol- 
vent De  btor,  one  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 
lfJspe;CTOF\S  OF  El^CTlOfJ.- Per- 
sons designated  by  law, or  chosen 
by  the  electors  of  atown  for  the  pur 
pose  of  conducting  an  election.lt 
Is  their  duty  to  preserve  order,  and 
to  see  that  the  business  is  properly 
done.  They  are  also  called  °^vvio,«,«. 
o^  e\e,cV\oii\.  Two  or  more  persons  al- 
so serve  as  C\&WA,  each  of  whom 
keeps  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  per- 
sons voting,  which  is  called  a  vo\\ 

tJSTXU.iyiE^T.—  A  part  of  a  sum  o 
money  paid  or  to  be  paid  at  a  particu 
lar  time. 


WTW.  OBERLIN,OHIO,FEB.I,I9.. 

For  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  to.. 

^.t\)^....or  order,. ..'it\«0\\mwi«...Dol 

s,in  wanner  followinj, to  wit:  Two  Hund 

red  dollars  in  one  month  from  date;  Two  Hun 

dred  dollars  in  two  months;  and  Three  Hutidrei 

dollars  in  three  months,  with  interest  on  the 

several  sums  as  they  become  due. 


226 


l(f  STAJMC^.—  All  kinds  of  actions  and 
judicial  demands.  l-Mstatit,  a  day  of  the 
present  or  current  -month. 
NSTRUCTIONS  —  The  orders  given 
by  a  principal  to  an  agent  in  -rela- 
tion to  (He  business  of  'the  agency. 

lf(STF\UNVEraT.—  A  writing  containing 
the  terms  of  a  contract;  as,  a  deed  or 
_ttiort«a9e,etc.;  a*i  agent,  often  used 
in  a  bad  sense. 

fsUpFlCIEMcY—  A  kind  o<  demurrer, 
in  chancery,in  which  the  plaintiff  has 
six  weeks  after  fill-up  the  defendant's 
answer,  in  which  to  file  exceptions  to 


. 

INTEREST.—  One's  kter- 
est  in_ships  OT  poods  without  having 
any  right  of  control. 
pfSUFl|\NCE^.  —  A  contract  or  guaran- 
ty of  i-tidemnity  or  reimbursement 
for  any  joss.  TheVwwiNNWWi  is  the  saw 
paid  for  insurance.TheVv'iXe,  is  the 
percent,  on  the  amou-nfcitisu.red.The 
vo\'\o\)  is  -regarded  as  the  contract  of 
insw.rance.Thc  aAswieA  is  the  party  to 
whom  is  guaranteed  the  amount  men- 
tioned in  the  policy.  He  is  also  called  the 
^oXxt^-VoWrt.The  VM\A  of  insu.ra.tice 
of  of  the  policy,  is  the  time  which  the 
policy  is  in  force.  The  vavtatwtatir  is  a 
person  or  company  who  issu.es  the  pol- 
icies, and  is  responsible  for  the  payment 
of  the  losses.A-H'vw;ww<\w&jty«.YX  is  a 
person^who^cts  for  the  company  i-H 
assuming  risks,  collecting  pre-miutns,et 
A^  \YAwrfcy\w,  \>*<oVj8,\  is  one  who  ne- 
gotiates policies,  for  which  he  receives 
a  cotntnission.  A-H  'wjvH«.\\c.e.  wMHttyo* 
is  a  person_  who  examines  buildings  and 
classifies  -risks.  A-ttVxvwraavc*  cow^».\\\) 
is  a  corporation  which  insures  ajainst 
loss  or  damage.  <£>«*  VvxeA\\v»«v<\c,Q/, 


—  An  attempt  of  per- 
sonsto  prevent  the  execution  of  a  law; 
as,  the  Whisky  Insurrection  in  west 
ern  Pennsylvania. 

(QSUHA.NC£  CERTIFICATE.—  A  certif- 
icate  by  which  the  rights  under  an  in- 
surance policy  way  be  transferred  to 
any  one.  The  following  form  illustrates: 


NEwYoRK,Au&usT  14,19.... 
This  Is  to  certify  that  on  the%*<\day 
of  VM&MSV  IS....,  this  company  insured, 
under  policy  No.TS,\~Vb,made  for  VA. 
to,t>,x\*.,  the  amount  of  \*io\wMKt\« 
dollars  on  *XWi  barrels  of  flour,valued 
at  %\Q,QWj, shipped  on  board  the  ship 
'Avuswrt*,  at  and  from  KlewYorktoRio 
Janeiro,  and  it  is  hereby  understood 
and  agreed  that  in  case  of  loss,  such 


loss  is  payable  to  the  order  o 
on  surrender  of  the  certificate. 

This  certif  icate^epresents  and  takes 
the  place  of  the  policy,  and  conveys  all 
the  rights  of  the  original  policy-holder, 
so  far  as  the  goods  above  specified  are 
concerned.  \tam\\H  fc^o^*^, 

Attorneys. 

flTEfiDAJIT. — One  who  has  charge, 
management, or  the  superi*iletidaiice 
of  some  office  or  department. 

H4TERDICTI014.— A  prohibitive  Judi- 
cial decree  by  which  one  is  prevented 
from  exercising  his  civil  rights. 

flTEHEST. — A  share  in  a  business 
or  its  profits;  *he  sum  paid  for  the- 
use  of  money.  I-M  an  interest  or 
discount  account,  debit  interest  and 
discount  when  allowed  bji  us  to  oth 
ers;  credit  them  when  allowed  to.  us 
by  others.  I/  the  debit  side  of  the  ac- 
count is  the  larger,  the  difference  is 
a  \ow;  if  the  credit  side  is  the  larger, 
the  difference  is  a  qi\\\.The  above 
directions  will  apply  to  all  allowan- 
ces, such  as  exchange,  preniiuw, col- 
lection, storage,  commission,  etc. 


.-A  note 

does  -not  bear  interes*  until  after 
•maturity  unless  so  specified.  If  no 
rate  is  nientioned,the  lepal  -rate  is  uti- 
derstood.  The  following  for-m  illustrates: 


«i|00. 
S 


stood.  I  He  following  form  illustrates: 
00.  LITTLE  ROCK,ARK.,FEB.  1, 19.. 

jix  months  after  date. ..\... promise 
o  pay...V»>^.^\>H«M...,or  order,. ..0/v\«, 
toM\tae&... Dollars,  with  interest, for 
>alue  received.  ...VCX.NN\VN.\NVKS... 
TERLOCUTORY.— Something  that 


r. — Something  that 
is  not  final  or  definite, but  is  otilu  an 
incident  arid  done  in  the  middle  of  a 
suit,  deciding  some  one  point. 

ItiTERNAlL  HEVE^UE.-A  form  of 
indirect  taxation  from  which  a  part 
of  the  revenues  of  the  government  is 
collected  in  the  form  of  internal  duties. 

ifrEflNATIONA).  DATE  LlpfE.-The 
line  at  which  dates  change,  bcirij)  la- 
ter by  one  day  by  those  who  cross  the 
line  from  east  to  west,  and  earlier  by 
one  day  by  those  who  cross  it  from 
west  to  east.  If  a  man-  start  at  Lon- 
don at  nooti  on  any  day  and  trav- 
el eastward  180°,  i.e.,  half  way  around 
the  world,  he  will  find  that  the  time 
there  is  1 2  hours  later  than  at  Lon- 
don; i.e., noon  comes  there  12  hours 
before  it  does  at  London. Now,  anoth- 
er man  starts  at  London  at  noon  on 
the  same  day  and  travels  westward 
180  >  till  he  meets  the  other  man; 
he  finds  that  the  tinie  at  his  destina- 
tion is  12  hours  earlier  than  at  Lotidoit 
To  one  man  it  is  a  gain  of  12  hours, 
and  to  the  other  a  loss  of  12  hours.To 
harmonize  the  time  the  rule  is  to 
drop  out  a  day  when  crossing  the  in- 
ternational date  line  going  westward, 


and  to  add  a  day  to  the  week,ordoub 
lethe  day  when  going  eastward.Thu* 
when  a  ship  reaches  the  internation- 
al date  line  sailing  eastward  on  Mon- 
day,the  crew  call  that  day  and  also 
the  next  day  Monday;  sailing  west- 
ward, instead  of  calling  it  Monday 
they  call  it  Tuesday.  The  one  ship]s 
crew  have  two  Mondays  together  in 
the  same  week,  while  the  other  ship's 
crew  have  a  week  without  a  Monday 
in  it.  The  sailors  would  say  that  the 
one  ship's  crew  \p?X  the  Mondaji,and 
the  other's  v  " 

3  VWA«,\j\V&*X -\f\>iv»  \. 

INTERN  ATI  Of(X\.  LA>V.— Therutes 
recognized  by  Christian  and  civilized 
nations  to  be  binding  upon  thetn  in 
their  conduct  toward  each  other,  and 
to  each  other's  subjects.l-Htettiation- 
al  Copyright,  the  right  of  an  author 
to  protection  in  publishing  his  works 
In  different  countries,  as  secured  by 
treaties  with  other  nations. 
{ijTEFVLEAJDEFV.. — The  discussion 
of  an  incidental  point,  before  the 
principal  cause  can  be  determined; 
a  bill  in  equity  praying  for  the  safe- 
ty of  the  person  exhibiting  it. 

f/T^STA^CX. — The  state  of  dyi™  with- 
out having  made  a  valid  will.Tiie  or- 
der and  proportion  iti  which  the  rel- 
atives of  a  deceased  person, who  leaves 
•no  will,  share  in  his  property,  are,as 
a  rule,  that  all  brothers  and  sisters, 
yvhen  entitled,  share  alike, there  be- 
ing -no  preference  of  the  first-born 
over  the  others,  nor  of  the  -male  over 
the  female.  Of  *<«/& «AV«*,  if  there 
arc  children  they  take  it  all, or  if  any 
are  dead  their  children  take  their  par- 
ents'share.  If  there  be  no  direct  de- 
scendants, the  father  or  mqther,or 
brothers  and  sisters,  of  the  intestate 
will  be  entitled.©/  ^wtwivjX  ^xo^eA- 
V\^  the  rules  of  distribution  differ 
from  the  above  in  that  those  who  are 
entitled  do  not  take  possession  immedi- 
ately, but  await  the  distribution  of 
the  administrator. 
ff  T.OTO. — Entirely, altogether, or 
in  the  whole.  I-M  transitu,  during 
the  transit  or  voyage. 

f/TF\llSIO(l.— The  entru  of  astratt 
90r,  after  an  estate  of  freehold  Js 
determined  before  him  in  -reversion 
or  remainder. 

^VE^TOf\\.— A  list  of  goodsorwet 
chandise,and  sometimes  including 
debts  owing  to  or  by  us,  usually 
made  out  at  certain  periods  of  the 
business  year,  for  the  purpose  of  know 
ing  the  quantity  and  value  of  urtsojd 
merchandise, in  order  to  ascertain 
the  condition  of  the  business. 


INVENTORV.JAN. 31,19... 


VH*.^G\V  K.N  O  \S  t. 

15  bbls.Unl,3000  Iks.  0-084 


Pork  ......  9.00 

,  Beef  ......  12.00 

,  Salt  ......  1.25 

>  Flour  .....  5.00 

,  Suoar,l815lbs.0.06i 


.    ,          ,.. 
I  Och.  Tea,  600  Its.  0.50 


112500 
90000 
5000 
65000 
101  38 
30000  3401  88 


227 


,  „  ,  .— Th«  act  orproces 
of  examining  and  comparing  entries 
and  vouchers.  Investiture,  the  act  or 
right  of  jiving  possession  of  lands  by 
actual  seisin. 

•iVElSTNIlEKT.— That  in  whit 
thing  is  invested,  as  money  ;*he  -aci 
of  placing  out  money  to  interest  o  r 
profit  in  the  public  funds,  in  the  pur 
chase  of  shares  or  property,  etc. 
INVOICE,. —  A  full  account  of  goods 
merchandise,  in  which  the  mirks, rmm 
bcrs,  contents,  and  value  of  each  pack 
age  are  described,  together  with  t  he 
charges  for  commission,insura.nce 
packing,  etc.  Invoice  Book,  a  book 
containing  invoices  of  merchandise 
bought.  It  may  be  made  by  to^vfwtq 
invoices  received,  or  by  pasting  the  ir 
voices  themselves  into  a  book  preparec 
for  this  purpose. The  latter  -method  is 
preferable,  and  is  admissible  as  evidence 
of  the  accuracy  of  one's  accounts. 


Invoice  of  Merchandise, -marked as 
in  the  margin,  and  forwarded  by  J.C. 
ANCELL  t.  Co.,  New  York,  per  N  .  Y.  C. 
R.R.,  to  MESSRS.  M.C.ELLIOT  t  Co.,  Chi 
cago,  as  per  their  order  and  at  their  ml 


LlC.5CasesA  Sardi 


ines, 

500  boxes  @  35  c. 
bls.Currants,  266,154, 
236,264,244,743,260, 
260,260,260, 
Total.  2330 


2Z70@l8c. 
LLC«j|0  Boxes  Castile  Soap.406  Iks. 
Tais,8lbs.perl)o»,    80 

326@l4c. 
aas  Canary  Seed, 
1184  Ibs.-l5  lb».t»re=H69net, 

19%  bushels,  @  4.85, 
LICo.  25  Boxes  Valencia  Raisins. 
OTOSS  we'kjW,        710  lij. 


Rec'd  Payment, 


81335 


40860 


4564 


9449 


82085 


.—  Under  duress;  -no* 
proceedm9  from  choice.  Involved,  e-m 
barrassed  by  debts. 

HHEGULA.RlfV.—  Neglect  of  law,  form, 
or  method;  an  act  done  at  ati  umenon- 
abtotitnc.or  in  an  improper  warmer,  as 
in  omitting  to  do  something  that  is  nec- 
essary for  the  doe  and  orderly  conduct 


of  a  suit  at  law.  Irrtjular  Deposit,  a 
deposit  such  that  when  -made  it  need 
not  be  returned.  I  r-rcpleviable,  that 
which  cannot  be  rcplevied  or  delivers 
on  sureties.  Irrevocable,  that  which 
cannot  be  revoked,  -reversed,  or  nsci 
ed. 

ISSUE,.  —  All  persons  who  have  descent 
ed  from  a  common  ancestor;  a_cer- 
tain  -material  point  in  dispute  in  a 
suit  at  law;  the  givino  or  sending 
out,  as  of  banknotes.  Issuable  Plea, 
a  plea  upon  which  a  plaintiff  -may 
take  issue  and  proceed  to  trial  upon 
tho  -merits. 

ETS/VNUOR  JETTISON).-The  volun 
tary  throwing  of  poods  overboard,  or 
cutting  away  masts,  casting  away 
sails,  etc.,  in  cases  of  extreme  peril 
that  a  ship  -may  be  lightened,  and 
the  ship  itself,  and  the  rest  of  the  car- 
go preserved.  ieA,s*.\v\  is  where  (joods 
are  cast  into  the  sea,  and  there  sink 
and  remain  under  the  water;  <i\ov- 
v*wk  is  where  they  continue  to  float 
\\^«*v  is  where  they  are  sunk  in  the 
sea,  but  tied  to  a  cork 


JOBBER.  —  A  wholesale  merchant 
who  buys  goods  from  the  manufac 
turers  and  importers,  and  sells  *o 
country  or  other  -merchants  and  to 
retailers.  Job  Lot,  an  irregular  as- 
sortment of  goods,  or  the  goods  un 
sold  at  the  end  of  the  season. 

JOINOCI\  OF  ApnOff.—  The  act  of 
uniting  two  or  more  persons  orinat 
ters  in  the  sa-me  suit  or  proceeding 
Joinder  in  Demurrer,  the  joinirig 
of  an  issue  in  a  matter  of  law.  Join- 
der o/  Issue,  an  issue  of  fact  where 
the  fact  and  not  the  law  is  disputed. 
OlfJT  ^CT(Ofl.—  A-M  action  brought 
by  two  or  more  persons  as  plaintiffs 
against  two  or  -more  others  as  de- 
fendants. Joint  a-nd  Several  Bond 
a  bond  -made  by  two  or  -more  persons 
who  bind  themselves  jointly  and  sev 
erally  to  other  persons.  Su.it  may  be 
brought  against  them  either  joint- 
ly or  severally  for  the  whole  amount. 
If  one  obligor  pays  the  whole  amount, 
he  has  a  ri<jht  of  contribution  in  nis 
favor  against  the  other  obliyors.  Joint 
and  Several  No-te,  a  note  similar 
in  its  nature  to  the  preceding  bond. 
Joint  Contract,  a_  contract  in  which 
the  contractors  are  jointly  bound.  Joint 
Executor,  one  who  is  united  with 
another  in  the  execution  of  a  w  i  1  1. 
Joint  Note,  a  n  ote  made  by  two  or 
•more  persons,  who  are  jointly  liable 
for  its  payment.  Joint  Ownership, 
the  possession  of  the  sa-me  property 
at  the  same  finie  by  two  or  wore  per- 
sons. Each  joint  owner  has  an  un- 
divided share  of  the  whole,  and  the 
shares  may  be  either  equal  or  unequal; 
all  may  use  the  property  together, 
and  each  is  entitled  to  a  proportion- 
ate share  of  the  profits.  Each  may 
sell  to  any  one  his  individual  share. 
Joint  owners  may  divide  the  proper- 


ty among  themselves,  and  thusmak 
themselves  separate  owners  of  the 
separate  parts.  Should  they  be  un 
able  to  agree,  any  one  of  them  mai 
bring  a  suit  ,and  the  court  will  -make 
the  division  according  to  their  rela 
tive  interests.  Joi-nt  ownership  way 
an'se  jn  several  ways;  as, when  prop 
erty  is  given  by  deed  as  a  sinate  piece 
to  two  or  more,  or  when  a  person 
dies  without  a  will  his  heirs  become 
joint  owners  of  his  real  estateJoint 
Stock,  a  common  fund  or  stock  form 
ed  by  the  contributions  or  paid-u| 
shares  of  different  persons.  Joi-M* 
Stock  Company ,  a  number  of  in- 
dividuals united  in  partnership  for 
the  purpose  of  deriving  profit  from 
trade,  or  for  carrying  on  any  large 
undertaking,  whose  capital, when  ap 
portioned  among  its  •mernbets.aiKl  then 
called  shares,  may  be  individually  trans- 
ferred to  others  at  will.  Joi-nt  Ten 
ants,  two  or  -more  persons  to  whom 
are  granted  lands  or  tenements  *o 
hold  in  fee-siniple, fee-tail, for  life, for 
years,  or  at  will.  The  right  of  sur- 
vivorship belongs  to  an  estate  thu 
held. 


ANNISTCN,AL».,OCT.3,I9, 

One  year  after  date  we  jointly 
promise  to  pay....^.*.':>ox...,or  ordei; 
-,^v^H^"\\yo\)s».HO~^Dollars,  val  u-e 
received,  with  interest. 


One  year  after  date  we  jointly  and 
severally  promise  to  pay...>.tox..., 

or  order,__3>NO  >famwix» Dollars. 

value  received,  with  interest  it  six 
per  cent,  per  annum. 


JOIprrUfVE.— Ati  estate  settled  on  a 
married  woman  for  Hfe,  to  be  enjoy- 
ed after  her  husband's  decease. 
JOU^N^L.— A  book  in  which  the 
transactions  first  entered  in  the 
Day  Book,  Sales  Book, or  Invoice 
Book,  are  transferred  and  so  enter- 
ed as  Ho  make  the  sum  of  the  aitiomtis 
opposite  the  Dr.  titles  equal  to  thesu-m 
of  the  amounts  opposite  the  Cr.  titles, 
and  to  facilitate  their  transfer  to  the 
proper  side  of  their  respective  accounts 
in  the  Ledger.  Journal  Day  Book,  a 
book  combining  with  the  J  o  urnal 
the  essential  facts  commonly  record- 
ed in  a  Day  Book,  so  as  to  make  this 
one  book  serve  the  double  purpose 
of  Journal  and  Day  Book.  In  journal- 
izing double-entry  transactions,  it 
•must  be  observed  that  whenever  one 
or  more  persons  or  things  become 
Dr.,  one  or  more  o_ther  persons  or 
things  become  Cr.  in  like  a/vnount. 
There,  are  four  forms  of  Journal 
entries,  classified  as  follows:(l)Where 
there  is  but  one  debit  and  one  cred- 
it;^) Where  there  are  several  debits 


228 


and  but  one  credit;(3)  Where  there  is 
but  one  debit  and  several  credits,-(4.)Where 
there  are  several  debits  and  several  credit 


J.C.Scott,  Cr. 

Commenced  business  with  the 
following  resources: 
Cash.as  pet  Cash  Book, 
Store  and  fixtures, 
-12- 


INDIANAPOLIS,  JAN.  10,  19..... 


BakerWo.,  Boston,  Cr. 
Bo'tMdse.JOds.^lOds. 

A.BoTden,Cotrners,  Or. 

Soldoflacct.,30ds., 

5pcs.A.SIieeti™,256,  8* 

3  -.  C.Dtills,     125,  91 

4 ..  Y.Beitms    150,  16% 


1500  00 
2500  00 


II  88 

2500 


4000  00 


575 


Mdse.  Or. 
To  Cash, 

Sundries  Or.  to  Mdse., 
Cash, 
Caleb  Shank, 


DETROIT,M*Y  1, 19.... 


Mdse. Dr.  to  Sundries, 
To  Cash, 
,,W.S.Krat2, 

Sundries  Dr.  to  Sundries, 
Cash, 
M.Boies, 
To  Mdse., 
»  Real  Estate, 


50000 


17500 
ZOO  00 


50000 


30000 
25000 


500  00 
37500 


315  00 
185  00 


10000 
45000 


A.L.  Martin 
To  Cas  h , 


Bills  Rec. 
To  Mdse.,    -v\o\«, 


NASHVILLE,OCT.I,I9.... 


Carl  Bros.     ^ 
To  Bills  Pay.,  V 


ta  37500 


Expense 
To  Cash, 


\\ojv\\  Vv\\  \ 


Bills  Pay. 
Interest 
To  Cash, 


Etc. 


15000 


30000 


1575 


70000 
1515 


15000 
30000 


71515 


. — Presiding  officers  in  courts 
of  law,  who  also  award  punishment  to 
offenders.  Tlie  President  and  Senate 
appoint  the  judges  of  theSupreweCourt, 
and  of  the  Circuit  and  District  Courts. 
Of  the  State  Courts,  the  judges  are 
sometimes  elected  by  the  people,  some- 
times by  the  legislature,  and  sometimes 
appointed  by  the  Governor.  The  terms 
of  the  National  judges  are  for  life, 
and  those  of  the  State  judges  vary, be- 
ing generally  from  six  to  ten  years 
in  the  higher  courts,  while  in  the  low- 
er the  terms  vary  from  one  to  two 
years.  Ju-dex,  a  judge  who  conducts  a 
trial  from  beginnin9to  end.  Judge 
Advocate,  a  person  who  acts  as  pros- 
ecutor at  a  court-martial.  Judicial 
Decisiotis,  the  sentiments  or  opin- 
ions of  judges  in  causes  tried  before 
them,.  Judicial  Sale,  a  sale  by  an  au- 
thorized person,  b'y  order  of  a  court. 
JUDG-tyEflT. — A  decision  by  acourt 
upon  a  matter  ap_pearing  from  a  pre- 
vious proceeding  in  *he  su.it.  Ju-dg- 
+neti*  No-te,  a  note  given  in  the 
usual  form,  but  containing  in  addi- 
tion a  power  of  attorney  to  the  payee, 
or  other  person,  to  appear  and  confess 
judgment  for  the  sum  therein  con- 
tained, against  the  maker. 


For  value  received,  I  promise  to 
pay  to....'A^.wo<^i>>swo...,of  Topeka, 
or  order, — ,V\\Okwv\&«A.vx~>D  o  I  lars, 
with  interest,  on  the...4V<sX...day  of 
...\\oNe,Yi^oe'<...next.  And  further,  I 
do  hereby  empower  any  attorney  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  Shaw- 
nee  County,  or  any  Cour^  of  Record 
in  Kansas,  or  elsewhere,  to  appear  for 
me,  and  after  a  declaration  filed  there- 
for, to  confess  a  judgment  a9ains{  me 
in  the  above  sum, as  of  last,next,or  any 
other  subsequent  term,  with  costs 
of  suits,  release  of  errors,etc.,with 
stay  of  execution  until  said...VwsX/... 
day  of...^oM«AV\\>«.\...nex*. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal,  at  To- 
peka, Kan., this... Vv<«,v.. day  of...Va.\v 


JoHNMiLLER.[Seal] 


.JOHN  G-EOR&E.... 
.JAS.F.  DAILY 


IOR  PAJ\THE(l.-The  youngest 
member  of  a  firm,  or  one  who  has 
acquired  an  interest  in  an  establish- 
ed business. 

JURISDICTION— The  class  or  classes 
of  causes  in  which  a  court  has  power 
to  pronounce  the  law.  A  court  is  said 
to  have  <wcj\\va\  jurisdiction  when  the 
case  may  originat:e(beconiTnericed)in 
it;  \(  has  ^^JvaXe.  jurisdiction  when  it 
may  hear  the  case  on  appeal  from  a 
lower  court. 

JURIST — One  who  is  skilled  in  the 
science  of  law,  especially  civil  law. Jit- 
•ry,  a  certain  number  of  men(usual- 
ly  twelve)  selected  and  sworn  to  declare 
the  truth  according  to  the  evidence 
which  placed  before  them  onttietrial 


of  $hc  caii-sc.  v-w  «  »«.»»«  «~*  -^ ,. 

jbSTIceis  OF  THE  PEA.CE-- Publii 
off  icers,  having  authority  to  main- 
tain the  public  peace,  and  punish  the 
offenders.  There  are  usually  several 
of  these  officers  in  each  town  or 
similar  division.  Each  justice  holds 
court,  and  has  power  to  try  civil  cas- 
es which  involve  small  arnou.nts 
(usually  less  than  ^100),  and  to  try 
persons  who  have  committed  small 
offenses. 

JUSTIFICATION—  In  pleadin9,aplea 
of  sufficient  reason,shown  by  the 
defendant.  Justifiable  Homicide,  the 
killing  of  another  in  self-defence,  or 
to  preserve  one's  own  life. Justify- 
ing Ball,  proving  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  court,  the  sufficiency  of  the 
persons  put  in  as  bail  or  sureties, in 
matter  of  property,  etc. 

KJEELs. — Low  flat-bottomed  vessels 
employed  on  rivers  for  carruinocoal 

KJE\A.GE — Toll  paid  for  loading  or 
unloading  vessels  at  a  wharf-. 

"JDJIA.?.— To  forcibly  abduct  and 
carry  away  a  man,woman,orchild 
from  their  own  country.  I*  also  in- 
cludes false  imprisonment. 

K) LOG-HAM- — A  French  measure  of 
weight  equal  to  2/t  Ibs.  avoirdupois, 
or  15,442.42  grains. 
J(4Df\ED. — Related  to  each  other 
by  blood. \^«,«,V\e,Vs\\o\\sV\^\.Kiiis- 
bote,  a  compensation  paid  for  kill- 
ing a  kinsman. 

•|TH40-(OR  KITE-FLYING).-Expand- 
ing<  one's  credit  beyond  wholsome 
limits;  exchanging  checks  on  dif- 
ferent banks  for  the  purpose  of  ob- 
taining the  use  of  money  fora  sin- 
gle day. 

^NAvfc.— Formerly  meant  boy  or 
servant,  but  by  long  perversion, it 
has  become  to  mean  a  false, dishon- 
est or  deceitful  person.  . 
ABEL.—  A  small  slip  of  paper  or 
parchment  attached  to  anythin9,ott 
which  a  writing  is  inscribed  totell 
its  nature  or  contents, or  on  which 
an  address  is  written. 
,AJBOF\.— For  agreement  concern- 
ing labor,  see  Employer.  Laboring 
a  Jury,  the  act  of  tampering  with, 
or  persuading  a  juryman  to  riot  ap- 
pear. 

/^G-Afl.— G-oods  found  at  sea,  belong- 
ing to  the  finder.  Laity, all  persons 
who  do  not  belong  to  the  clergy. 

LAJv\E  DUCI^.— A  stock  exchanae term 
signifying  one  who  -fails  to  itieet  his 
engagements. 

AND — To  disembark;  to  unload 
a  ship's  cargo;  a«y  ground,soil,or 
earth.  Landcheap,  a  fine  paid  in 
certain  places,  upon  the  alienation 
of  land.  Landed,  taken  from  ayes- 
sel  and  placed  on  a  wharf  or  pier. 
Landing,  a  place  on  the  shore  where 
vessels  receive  or  discharge  goods, 
or  passengers.  Land-Jobber,  one 
who  makes  it  his  business  to  buy 
and  sell  land.  Landlady,  a  woman 


229 


who  has  tenants  holding  from  herjihe, 
•mistress  of  tn  inn  or  lodging-house.  land 
loid,  the  waster  of  a  house,  or  the 
keeper  of  an  inn,  tavern,  or  hotel; 
the  proprietor  of  houses  and  lands, 
and  who  rents  them  to  others.  Land- 
.  tax,  a  lav  laid  on  land  or  buildings. 

IA.NDLOFU)  AJ/O  TE;NA.NT.—  A^<y«\- 

«wV  is  one  to  whom  the  owner  of 
real  esta,te(theV&\\&\o<<&)  has  granted 
the  sole  and  full  use  of  for  a  time,  for 
a  consideration  to  be  paid  by  him.  This 
relation  arises  from  agreement,  and 
it  erists  as  much  in  letting  a  single 
room  in  a  house,  as  when  it  is  of  the 
whole  house  and  grounds.  The  dura- 
tion for  which  the  relation  is  to  last 
depends  altogether  on  the  contract, 
which  should  specify  some  definite 
time,  as  a  -month,  a  yearjfiveuears, 
et_c.\$>«*Q><mVx-».iVV  I  f  -no  time  is  spec- 
ified and  no  -rent  is  paid,  either  par- 
ty may  end  the  tenancy  at  any  time; 
but  if  rent  is  to  be  paid,  neither  party 
can  terminate  the  tenancy  until  the 
end  of  the  time  specified  in  the  con- 
tract, except  from  mutual  agreement. 
When  no  time  is  specified,  it  is  gener- 
ally understood  that  the  tenant  can 
hold  possession  for  one  yea.r.\S>M,\M\t- 


„  „    .—A  sailor  on  board  a 
ship  for. the  first  time,  and  consequent 
lu  without  -maritime  experience. 
.A,PSE(.—  Deviation  from  the  proper 
path ;  omission  to  present  a  bc_nef  ice 
in  due  time,  which  qives  the  right  to 
another.  Lapsed  Devise,  a  devise  hav- 
ing lost  its  effect  because  of  the  death 
of  the  devisee  before  the  testator. Laps- 
ed Legacy,  a  legacy  having  lost  its 
effect  because  of  the  death  of  the  leg- 
atee before  the  testator. 
A1ce;N\.— Usually  called  XV«AX  or 
%Xei\\v\q,  is  the  wrongful  taking  of  an- 
other's personal  property,  with  the  in- 
tent to  deprive  him  of itpermanently. 


.  .—  One  who  will  inherit 

lands  if  they  escheat  for  want  of  law- 
ful heirs.  Las*  Will,  a  document  by 
which  a  person  disposes  of  his  real  es- 
tate upon  his  death.  I/  applied  to  his 
personal  property,  it  is  called  a  XtsXl.- 
YnewV.  Laud  urn,  an  arbitrament  or 
award. 

LA,W.—  A  rule  for  regulating  the  so- 
cial relations  of  mcvt.  In  its  general 
signification,  it  applies  to  all  kinds  of 
actions,  whether  animate  or  inanimate 


rational  or  irrational. Law  boroh,a 

pledge  or  surety  for  appearance.  Law- 
bur-rows,  security  given  by  a  party 
that  he  will  behave  properly  and  keep 
the  peace.  Law  Day,  a  day  or  days  al- 
lowed for  open  co'urt;  the  day  desig- 
nated in  a  mortgage  when  the  money 
which  it  secures  isto  be  paid;  acourt 
leet  or  view  of  frank-pledge.  Law 
French,  a  term  relating  to  the  stat- 
utes of  Henry  III.  (!574-89),arid  some 
of  the  subsequent  reigns,  which  were 
partly  or  wholly  written  in  the  French 
language.  Law  Latin,  the  late,or  low, 
Latin, used  in  statutes  or  legal  instru- 
ments, at  various  periods  until  t  he 
reign  of  Oeoroe  1 1.  (1727-60).  Law 
Merchant, tha  body  of  rules  and 
usages  in  matters  relative  to  commerce. 
Law  of  Nations,  same  as  Inter-nation- 
al Law,  which  see.  Lew  of  Nature,  fclie 
law  prescribed  for  all  -men  by  the  Cre- 
ator, not  by  formal  promulgation  .but 
by  the  dictates  of  reason.  Law  of  Pri- 
mogeniture, in  cases  of  descent,  a  law 
giving  a  title  to  the  eldest  son, in  pref- 
erence to  the  other  children. Lawyer, 
a  solicitor  or  attorney,  or  one  skilled 
in  the  science  of  law. 

LAof. — To  allege  or  state,  as  to  lay  dam- 
ages; belonging  to  the  people;  per- 
taining to  the  laity  as  distjnct  froni 
the  clergy.  Lay  Corporations,  t'WA 
and  <NMAv\o*\ywax\) .  The  «W\\  are  es- 
tablished  for  a  variety  of  pur  poses,  and 
are  intended  to  facilitate  the  transac- 
tion of  business.  The  i\e*vi\osv>vvaL\\) 
are  constituted  for  the  perpetual  d  is- 
tribution  of  free  alms,  or  bounty,  of 
the  founder  of  them,  to  such  persons 
as  he  has  directed;  as,  hospitals, colleg- 
es,etc. Lay  Days,  days  allowed  to  a 
merchant  or  charterer  to  load  or  un- 
load a  cargo.  Layman,  any  one  not  a 
clergyman  or  an  ecclesiastic,  or  one 
who  does  not  belong  tothe  learned 
professions. 

L/\Z^F\Ef  S-— Places  whewpersons 
are  quarantined  who  come  from  in- 
fected countries;  ajso  where  ooods 
landed  from  ships  in  quarantine  are 
fumigated  previous  to  their  delivery. 
Called  also\.»T.i.i(-V\o\vw  orVvi/vxeXXo. 

LA.X  DOWfl.—  A  term  expressive  of 
the  entire  cost  of  a  commodity,includ- 
ing  transportation, etc.,  at  a  place 
remote  frorti  its  purchase  and  pro- 
duction. Lay  Up,  to  store  away  or  re- 
serve  for  future  u-se. 

LEA.DIN'O-CA.SE.— A  decision  from 
a  court  of  last  resort,  on  some  par- 
ticular matter,  and  serving  as  a  pre- 
cedent. Leading  Question,  a  ques- 
tion put  to  a  witness  in  such  a -man- 
ner as  to  suggest*  the  answer  wanted. 

LE^KA,G-E. —  An  allowance  of  a- cer- 
tain rate  percent,  for  the  waste  of 
liquors  by  the  leaking  of  casks. 

LEA.SE. —  A  letting  of  lands  or  houses 
for  life,  for  a  term  of  years,  or  at  will, 
or  for  any  less  interest  than  theV*v 
vn[or  person  whokts)has  in  the  prop- 
erty, for  a  rent  or  compensation  to 
be  paid  by  thc\A%sM,(the  person  to 


whom  the  lease  is  granted).  U  is  es- 
sential that  a  lease  contain  all  the  con- 
ditions and  -minor  details,  as  verbal 
promises  avail  nothing  in  law.  Dupli- 
cate copies  of  a  lease  should  always  be 
made,  that  each  party  rnay  retain  a 
copy.  A  new  lease  invalidates  an  old 
one.  A  lease  for  three,  or  -more  years 
should  be  signed  by  theCorn-tnission- 
er  of  Deeds,  and  recorded  in  t  he  Re- 
corder's ofi'ica,  as  a  bar  to  the  secret 
or  fraudulent  conveyance  of  the  leas- 
ed property,  and  to  obviate  the  neces- 
sity of  procari'ig  witnesses  to  authen- 
ticate the  validity  of  the  lease.A  lease 
on  property  that  is  mortgaged  ceases 
to  exist  when  the  person  holding  such 
mortgage  forecloses  it.  Neither  a 
guardian  nor  a  minor  can  give  a 
I  ease,  extend  in  9  beyond  the  ward's 
majority,  which  can  be  enforced  by 
the  lessee;  yet  the  latter  is  bound  un- 
less the  lease  is  annulled. 


This  Instrument,  made  »he..\»x 
...dayof...e>«^Xe-<Y\\je,\...,l9  .....  ,WU- 
nesset  h  ,  That  .  .  .Vj\\riVNa.<Aa^  ----  of 
the  city  of...O«\ta.'Y\&...>Stateof..&&- 
\tarvCva....,  hath  rented  frotn....^A.\A. 
\sXee..  ..,  of  the  same  place,  the  dwell- 
ing and  lot^  No.  m  Market  Street.sit- 
uated  in  said  town  of..  .0&&a.\\&..,  for 
five  years  from  the  above  date,althe 
yearly  ren  tal  .  .  rWweOfcwwVwA  .  ..Dol- 
lars, payable  monthly,  on  the  first 
day  of  each  month,  in  advance,  at 
the  residence  of  the  sai 


At  the  expiration  of  the  _said  a 
bove  mentioned  term,  the  said...Vfc\i 
VvjAXe,\%... agrees  to  give  the  said. ...\f 
\JV.^.%X «.«....  peaceable  possession  of  said 
dwelling,  in  as  good  condition  as  when 
taken,  ordinary  wear  and  casualties 
excepted. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  place  our 
hands  and  seals  the  day  and  year  a- 
foresaid. 


...J.W.METTLIN... 

...H.S.WARMftN.... 


[LS.] 


-  . 

TMII  INDENTURE,  made  this.  ..\\xsx 
...day  of...X\)t«)\>AV...,l9....,between 
...S\\ia.s\V«x)\e,4...^of  the  township  of 
Cicero,  county  of  Tipton,  and  State 
of  Indiana,  of  the  first  part,  and  ---- 
O.V.V\o«-s...,of  the  said  township  and 
county,  of  the  second  part, 

Witnesseth,That  the  said...V\\tt 
\Vs,q\e.\i)....for  and  in  consideration 
of  the  yearly  rents  and  covenants 
hereinafter  mentioned,  and  reserv- 
ed on  the  par*  and  behalf  of  the  said 
...S'vYjAHiojXav)..  .,his  heirs,execntots 
and  administrators,  to  be  paid,  kept 
and  performed,  hath  demised,  set  and 
to  farm  let,  and  by  these  presents  doth 
demise,  set  and  to  farm  let.  unto  the 
said.  ..Q.V.V^oaA...,  his  heirs  and  as- 


230 


id,  bounded  and  described  as  follows. 

Together  with  all  and  singular  the 
buildings  and  improvements,  to  have 
and  to  hold  the  same  unto  the  said...^. 
V.^o/jL^>...,his  heirs, executors  and  as- 
signs, from  the.  AVi*\...day  of...  V&.\v 
\>,V(\>)... next, for  and  during  the  term 
of  .  .tvie, . .. years  thence,  next  ensiiing,and 
fully  to  be  complete  and  ended, yielding 
and  paying  for  the  same,  urito  the  said 
...<:>\\a.li\\ac)\t\)...,his  heirs  and  assigns, 
the  yearly  rent,  or  sum  of^^J^tw^ 
V.\v\\&-<e,&~, — Dollars,  on  the  first  day 
of  August  in  each  and  every  year,  dur- 
ing the  term  aforesaid,  and  at  the  expi- 
ration of  said  term,  or  sooner  if  deter- 
mined upon,  he,  the  said...O.^.Vvoas.., 
his  heirs  or  assigns, shall  and  will  quiet- 
ly and  peaceably  surrender  and  yield 
up  the  said  demised  premises,  with  the 
appurtenances,  unto  the  said — Wai 
Vw,o,\ev>...,his  heirs  and  assigns,  in  as 
good  order  and  repair  as  the  same  now 
are, reasonable  wear,  tear  and  casualties, 
which  may  happen  by  fire,  or  otherwise, 
only  excepted. 

l*t  witness  whereof,  we  have  here- 
unto set  our  hands  and  seals  the  day 
and  year  first  mentioned  above. 

..SHERLEY  WALTON O.V.^\oM> [LSI 

.FRANKLIN  TEEL... 


THIS  certifies  that  I  have  let  and  rent 
ed,  this...  V\\«iX,...  day  of..  .^^...19..., 
unto...'^.VI\.'4,\a\x,-v\X...,my  house  and 
lot,  No.  1137  Sutter  Street,  in  the  city 
of  San  Francisco,  State  of  California, 
and  its  appurtenances;  he  to  have,  the 
free  and  uninterrupted  occupation  there 
of  for...  Owe,...  year  from  this  date,  at 
the  yearly  rental  of  —  ^Xo^XVwxT.toe.k  — 
Dollars,  to  be  paid  monthly  in  advance; 
rent  to  cease  if  destroyed  by  fire,  or  oth- 
erwise mada  untenantable. 


.  . 

THIS  certifies  that  I  have  hired  and  la- 
ken  from.  ..Vv\\CA\j>\a.Y\C\e.M&..,  his  house 
and  lot,  No..XVX\  S\x.\\a-»  ...Street,  in  the 
city  of  San  Francisco,  State  of  California, 
with  appurtenances  thereto  belonging,  for 
..fyv\a...year,  to  commence  this  day,  at  a 
yearly  rental  of  _  &!\<$i>x>\M*vtae&  _  -Dol- 
lars, to  be  paid  monthly  in  advance;  unless  said 
house  becomes  untenantable  iron  (ire  or  other 
causes,in  which  case  rent  ceases,  and  I  further  agree 
toaiveand  yield  said  premises  one  year  from  this... 
Vvw*...dai/  of..  \toM)...  19...,  mas  good  condition  as 
now.ordinary  wear  and  casualties  excepted. 


i. — An  instrtf 
went  conveying  the  right  or  interest 
in  lands  or  tenements,  which  in  law 
amounts  to  a  feofmenl. 
-E^O&Eft.—  A  book  employed  for  gath- 
ering from  the  Journal  and  books  of 
original  entry,  and  entering  under 
their  respective  titles,  the  Or.  andCr. 
sums  belonging  to  the  several  accounts 
arising  in  one's  business.  1+1  a  very 
limited  business  the  Ledger  may  be 
the  only  book  required. 


Cr. 


Dr. 


M.S.MONSFORO. 


Mat! 


Feb.3ToMdse. 
1 

II 
21 


To  Balance 


2110 
1500 
1715 
1510 
20  »! 
885! 


3  4  By  Cash 

1    1 1 

,19 


..Van** 


1000 
2000 
1500 
1000 
3335 


. — A  gift  by  will,  of  goods, mon- 
ey, o'r  other  movable  property. 
LE.O-/VL  AJSSE/TS.  —  That  portion  of  the 
property  of  a  deceased  person,  which 
the  common  [aw  can  reach  for  the 
purpose  of  satisfying  his  creditors.  Le- 
9 al  Holidays,  certain  days  appoint- 
ed by  law  upon  which  it  is  recommend- 
ed that  people  refrain  from  their  ordi- 
nary bu.siness.Vjb<w!,V»oV\kA.\ySv  In  prom 
issory  notes,  whenever  the  last  day  of 
grace  falls  upon  a  Sunday  or  legal 
holiday,  the  note  is  due  the  day  before 
Legal  Kate  o/  Interest,  that  rate 
established  by  law  applicable  to  all  cas 
es  where  interest  is  allowed,  but  in 
which  the  parties  themselves  have 
not  specified  any  ra 


that  kind  of  money  which  by  law  can 
be  offered  in  the  payment  of  a  debt. 
&old  coins  are  legal  tender  for  any 
amount. Silver  coinsldollars)  are  le- 
gal tender  for  any  amount,  but  the 
fractional  coins  for  sums  not  exceed- 
ing &IO.  Copper  and  nickel  pieces  for 
sums  not  exceeding  25  cents.  Nation- 
al Bank  Bills  and  U.S. Notes  are  not 
legal  tender;  neither  are  any  foreign 
gold  or  silver  coins. 
.ji^G-ISLAJ'OF^.— A  member  of  the  leg- 
islature, who  is  elected  to  assist  in  the 
enactment  of  laws.  Legislature,  that 
body  of  men  chosen  for  the  purpose 
of  enacting  new  laws,  and  revising 
or  repeal  ing  old  ones.Lejitj-ttiateChil 
dren,  those  who  are  born  in  wedlock, 
or  in  a  lawful  manner.  All  others 
are  \\\e4\V\\v\tfve . 

.£,510(4. — ft  hurt  or  injury  suffer- 
ed, inconsequence  of  inequality  of 
situation,  by  one  who  does  not  receive 
full  equivalent  for  what  he  gives  in 
a  commutative  contract. Le*see,one 
to  whom  a  lease  is  rnade.Lessor,one 
who  grants  a  lease.  Let,  a  Hindrance 
or  obstruction;  to  lease. 
.E(TTER.—  A  written  or  printedmes- 
sage,  folded  and  sealed,  sent  by  one 
person  to  an  other. Letter  Book,  a 


book  in  which  letters  are  copjedor 
transcribed.  Letter  Box,  a  mailbox 
in  which  letters  are  deposited.  Let- 
ter Carrier,  a  postman  who  delivers 
letters.  Dead  LeWer,  a  letter  address- 
ed to  a  person  who  cannot  be  found, 
or  who  is  dead;  that  which  has  lost 
its  force  or  authority. Letter  o/ Ad- 
vice, a  letter  giving  notice  of  a  trans- 
action; a  book  containing  informa- 
tion of  a  shipment  of  goods, of  abill 
of  exchange  being  drawn  on  the  par- 
ty addressed,  or  of  some  act  done  by 
the  writer  of  the  letter  in  which  the 
person  to  whom  it  is  written  has  an 
interest.  Letter  of.  AWorriey,  same 
as  Power  of  Attorney,  which  s«>. Let- 
ter of  Credit,  a  letter  from  a  cor- 
respondent to  another, a-uthoriiing 
credit  to  a  certain  amount  of  mon- 
ey to  be  given  to  the  b earer. \Jbex. \xr\- 

Letter  oS  License,  a  customs  per- 
mit; permission  or  privilege  granted. 
Letter  of  Marque,  the  license  or 
permission  given  by  Government  to 
a  private  ship  in  lime  of  war  to  seize 
on  the  ships  of  another  State,  under 
pretense  of  satisfaction  for  injuries 
received.  Letter  of  Revocation, an 
instrument  revoking  some  power  or 
authority  granted-^iKVio^-fts,^  Vo* 
Uv™y  Letter  oX  Substitution,  an 
instrument  appointing  some  one  else 
to  act  for  one  who  has  been  vested  by 
a  party  with  legal  power-to  act  for 
him.V^^-  ^xxorvNCA}  *o"<  ^.orvxV^. Letters 
of  Administration,  ajegal  instru- 
ment giving  the  administrator  full 
power  to  administer  the  goods, chat- 
tels, rights,  and  credits  which  belong- 
ed to  the  deceased.  Letters  Patent, 
a  document  granted  by  Govern- 
ment, authorizing  a  person  to  do 
some  act,  or  to  enjoy  some  right, 
to  the  exclusion  of  others;  as,a  pat- 
ent right. 

L4TJEFI  COpfTTVVCTS.—  Whenever 
there  has  been  an  offer  made  by  let- 
ter, and  it  is  accepted  by  letter.the-re 
is  a  contract.  The  offer  may  remain 
open  for  a  number  of  days  unless 
withdrawn,  but  the  contract  i  s 
complete  the  instant  the  letter  of 
acceptance  is  put  into  the  mail,  if 
it  is  properly  directed.  It  matters  not 
whether  the  letter  of  acceptance  ev- 
er reaches  the  first  party  or  not.rior 
that  the  latter  has  meanwhile  with- 
drawn his  offer.  The  offer  mag  be 
withdrawn  at  anytime  before  it  is 
accepted,  but  notice  of  the  withdraw- 
al must  reach  the  other  party  before 
he  has  mailed  his  acceptance.!/  an 
order  for  goods  is  sent  by  mail,and 
acted  upon,  it  is  a  written  contract, 
so  far  as  the  writer  is  concerned, but 
not  as  to  the  other  party;  he  must  ac- 
cept by  letter,  before  there  is  a  writ 
ten  contract  between  both  parties. 
A  telegram,  in  the  same  way,  mag 
be  a  written  contract. Great  care 
should  be  exercised  in  guarding  against 
mistakes ;  use  the  telegraph  U  necessary. 


281 


[. — To  raise  or  collect,  said  of  tu- 
ts or  troops,  hi  general  it  is  raising  of 
•money  by  assessment  for  which  an  ex- 
ecution has  been  issued. 
.1  ABILITIES.— The  pecuniary  obli- 
gations of  any  one,  including  all  the 
debts  he  owes,  whether  expressed  in 
notes,  in  accounts,  or  otherwise.  Lia- 
bility,  the  state  of  beino  bound  or  o- 
bliged  by  law  to  take  the  legal  consequen- 
ces of  a  certain  thing's  being  or  not 
beino  done. 

LIBEL.— A  malicious  or  defamatory  wri- 
ting, reflecting  on  the  character  of  a 
person,  and  punishable  by  law;awrit- 
ten  statement  by  a  plaintiff  of  a  cause 
of  action;  *o  proceed  against  by  filing 
a  libel,  as  against  a  ship  or  goods. 
,lBEF\"n( — Freedom  to  exercise  and 
enjoy  one's  rights,  and  is  ei 


ing  to  the  particular  class  of  rights  re- 
ferred^. The  rights  guaranteed  by  the 
constitution  or  political  law  is  called 
VK\V\6s\\\^e|(X^.  Those  secured  by  civ- 
il or  municipal  law  is  called  oW\\\\V 
«t\\t.F-reedom  of  religious  opinion  and 
worship  is  called  •<(e\\o/\o\vi\\\>a\\\$. Free- 
dom to  enjoy  I  ife,  pursue  happiness,efax, 
is  called  \\fcVxraN XVoerXN). 

LICENSE — Legal  permission  to  do  a 
certain  act,  or  pursue  a  certain  bus- 
iness- as, to  sell  a  certain  article, to  en- 
gage in  the  practice  of  medicine,  etc.L>- 
eentiousness,  the  doing  of  what  one 
pleases, disregarding  the tiyhts  of  others. 
Uegc,  a  subject;  bound  by  a  feudal 

u  tenure. 

LI  ^N . — A  hold  or  claim  which  one  per- 
son has  upon  the  property  of  another, 
by  way  of  security  for  some  debt  or 
Charge.  Who  have  *he*ti?-JIHv&- 
&x  oVqoota(unless  selling  on  creditjuntil 
the  price  is  paid;(2)  A  WW<VYAOA\  cvrVvt* 
until  his  charges  are  paid. 13)  A  VoV«\ 
VM^W, until  his  charges  are  paid(4)  A 

^ASO\\\\O\&W\Of  ^O^$/X\\!>  3A  1.  ^\£&0.fc , 

until  the  debt  is  paid.  (5)  A  \w,v*  W 
^ayi'viNO,  ^xo^AViy, until  charges  are 
paid.  (6)  A  OOYI\YK\S<\O\\  YA^cVtwx, un- 
til all  commission,  advances,  and  ex- 
penses due  are  paid.(T)  A^e.xsov>Vo\&- 
v*ai  Vyot^vivKft*  /or  money  against 
real  estate  or  other  property,  until  the 
judgment  is  paid.(8JA^.-».  wANtOns*1-., 
untill  all  taxes  due  on  personal  or 
•real  property 'are  paid. 


,  An  of 

f  icer  elected  in  many  States  to  fill  the 
vacancy  in  the  office  of  G-overnor  in 
case  the  latter  should  die,  resign,  be 
removed,  or  otherwise  become  incom- 
petent. The  Lieutenant  G-overnor  has 
but  few  duties.other  than  to  preside 
in  the  senate,  m  which  he  has  only  a 
casting  vota. 

IF^.—  The  sum  offerees  by  which 
existence  is  -maintained  and  death 
resisted.  Li/«  Annuity,  an  annual 
income  paid  during  a  particular  life, 
and  terminating  with  the  death  of 
the  person.When  limited  to  a  given 
number  of  years  of  such  life,  i  t  i  s 
called  aX«,vt\^o\*.xvyX\V«.  WftNtttot.!/ 
it  begin  a  certai-H  number  o/years 
hance,  it  is  called  a  MhMWtXfowm*' 
\v\^.|/  it  depend  on  the  joint  cqntin- 
uance_  of  two  or  wore  lives,  it  is  call- 
ed a'yiwv\\\lw,  VWVV»A\V}.  Various  ta 
bles  have  been  constructed  to  illus- 
t  rate  the  probabilities  of  life  at  vari- 
ous ages.  V^e*  ta,VC\3k«,~VaJo\«.  o 


,  .,,. 

Li  /e  boat,  a  boat  of  peculiar  construc- 
tion.made  so  as  not  to  be  possible  to  be 
sunk,  for  saving  life  in  case  of  shipwreck. 
Li/e-buoy  ,  an  article  constructed  from 
cork  or  other  light  material  for  keeping 
a  person  floating  in  water.  Also  called 
XxVer-^wjivifcx.  Life  Estate,  an  estate 
to  be  enjoyed  for  life  only.  Li/e  l-ti- 
SHrance,  a  contract  by  which  t4tc  in- 
surer agrees,  in  return  for  certain  y&- 
««vv«««  received,  to  pay  a  certain  saw 
to  the  heirs  or  assigns  of  the  insured, 
on  the  death  of  a  person  designated 
in  the  policy,  or  wheti  he  reaches 
a  certain  age.  The  object  of  life  in- 
surance is  to  give  those  who  are  de- 
pendent upon  a  certain  person,  some 
means  of  support  if  he  should  sud- 
denly die.  Life  Insurance  policies  are 
either  >w\\o\e.-\\Ve,  o-rXs/m  policies. 
Under  X«,*wv  policies  the  sum  assured 
is  payable  at  a  certain  age,  l(  the  party 
live,  or  at  death,  if  that  occur  sooner. 
A  person  may  insure  his  own  I  Ife. 
in  as  many  companies  as  he  chooses, 
and  to  any  amount  that  he  chooses, 
provided  he  is  willing  to  pay  the  pre- 
rniuttis.  A  person  -may  not  only  in- 
sure his  own  life,  but  also  that  of 
another  person,  in  whom  he  has  a 
pecuniary  interest;  as,  a  wi/e  that  of 
her  husband,  or  a  child  that  of  his 
father;  also  a  credito1"»naiy  insure 
the  life  oi  his  debtor.  The  insurance 
ceases  if  the  premium  is  not  paid 
when  due.  A  policy  may  be  assign- 
ed by  obtaining  the  Company's  con- 
sent. I/  any  deception  is  practiced 
in  any  way  in  applying  for  and  in 
obtaining  a  policy,  it  renders  it  void. 
Life  Ownership,  the  possession  of 
property  during  one's  life  only.  I* 
differs  /row  a  Vv^owwA'S.VX^IIj  He 
cannot  sell  or  mortgage  the  proper- 
ty. (i)  He  cannot  control  the  disposi 
tion  of  it  at  his  death.  (3)  He  can  do 
nothing  with  it  which  will  decrease 
its  value,  at  by  taking  down  buildings 


A  li/e  ownership  may  arise  in  the  io\ 
lowing  ways: (I)  A  full  owner  -may 
give  a  li/e  ownership  to  one  for  whom 
he  wishes  to  provide  but  to  whom  he 
does  not  care  to  give  the  power  to 
dispose  of  the  property;  as.  a  fath 
er*o  a  spendthrift  son. (51)  A  wid- 
ow's dower,  or  li/e  interest  in  one 
third  of  her  deceased  husband's  prop- 
erty. (3)  A  widower's  interest  iti 
his  deceased  wife's  property,  provid 
ed  a  child  has  been  born. 


No.44,911.  »5000. 

THE  08IEKT  UFE  INSURANCE  CfiMPANY. 

In  Consideration  of  the  represen- 
tations made  to  them  in  the  applica- 
tion /or  this  policy,  and  of  the  sum 
^,Q'V\e.<^>»r«\^\«,^ — Dollars,  and 
,,..„  /urther  sums  of — 0*<\eA\\xv\V<ek- 
Dollars  to  be  paid  on  the..Vv\«....day 
of  January  and^July  of  each  year 
during  the  continuance  of  this  pol- 
icy, do  insure  the  lifeof...^vc.o^K\.- 
w\sw..., of..T?«,oV\a.,...in  the  coun- 
ty o/.3./vraN>ie<l\..., State  o/.."Wiv<«>\v. 
in  the  amount  of_Sm"\\\o\\,^a\\& — 
Dollars  for  the  term  of  his  natural 
life.  Arid  the  said  Company  does  prom 
ise  and  agree  to  pay  the  amount  of 
the  said  insurance  at  its  office  in 
Boston  to...^vcw> Vv.wx&v.V*.... legal 
representatives f-in  sixty  days,  after 
due  notice  and  satisfactory  proof  of 
his  death  during  the  continuance  of 
this  policy. 

In  witness  whereof  the  said  Ori- 
ent Life  Insurance  Company  has 
by  its  president  and  actuary  sign- 
ed and  delivered  this  contract  this 


ABDELYOUNO-,      MARTIN  WYNNE, 

PREMIUM^  100, PAYABLE  SEMI-AMNUHI.LY. 
LlG-A/4. — G-oods  sunk  in  the  sea, but 
tied  to  a  buoy, that  they  may  be  re- 
covered again.  Lighters,  small  ves- 
sels used  in  unloading  or  loading 
larger  x)nes. 

.II^ITATlOpf  OF  APTlOfl.— A  cer- 
tain time, regulated  by  statute,  with 
in  which  an  action  must  be  brought, 
The  reason  for  limiting  the  time  in 
which  to  bring  suit  is  two-fbld:(l)0ld 
and  stale  claims  are  likely  to  be  ill- 
founded;  for  if  just, some  attempt 
would  have  been  made  to  enforce  'it. 
(H)  It  is  considered  best  that  a  per- 
son should  not  be  troubled  with  an 
old  claim, though  it  he  just, because 
he  has  been  led  to  believe  that  it 
would  not  be  pressed.  The  time  in 
which  suit  -way  be  brought  varies 
in  different  classes  of  cases  ffow  one 
to  twenty  years,  and  differs  iti  differ- 
ent States. For  ordinary  business 
contracts  the  time  allowed  in  which 
to  commence  suit  is  five  or  six  years. 
For  oral  or  open  accounts  niany 
States  make  six  years  the  limit,  but 
on  written  contracts, especially 
those  having  a  seal  attached,  such  as 
judgments,  the  *i'we  is  from  ten  to 


232 


twentu  years.  In  -most  of  the  States 
the  time  on  promissory  -notes  is  s  i* 
y  ear  5.\£><w.SVax;\'b\AG3\  ^\>>,-X<!,IIL\\,  o\  \V\«,\i  - 
\\'\\a&Sxax«,<i- \\v4e. \\.Kfter  the  time 
has  expired  the  debt  is  said  to  be  ovOt- 
YisNeA.and  cannot  be  enforced.Chaitge 
of  ownership  does  not  affect  the  tirtie. 
The  period  of  limitation  begins  to  ru-n 
on  the  day  when  the  deb*  is  due;  but 
if  at  any  time  after  this  a  part  pay- 
ment is  made,  that  renews  theclaiw, 
a-nd  the  period  be9ins  on  that  day. 
Also  if  the  debtor  at  any  time  after  it 
is  due  makes  a  written  promise  that 
he  will  pay  the  debt,  that  has  the  same 
effect  as  a.  part  payment.  Limitation 
of  Estates,  the  settlement  o(  an  es- 
tate, determining  how  long  it  shall 
continue.  Limited  Oivo-rce, separa- 
tion frc-m  bed  and  board. Limited 
Partnership,  one  formed  by  special 
law,  in  which  there  are  one  or -more 
partners  whose  property  cannot  be 
taken  to  pay  the  firm's  debts, beyond 
the  amount  they  have  contributed 
toit. 

iplE.— The  relationship  existing  be- 
tween persons  descended  in  aright 
line. Li-He  of  Deposit,  the  average 
amount  kept  by  a  merchant  to  his 
credit  in  bank. Line  of  Discount, the 
average  amount  borrowed  by  a  mer- 
chant fro-m  a  bank  upon  notes  and 
bills  discounted  by  such  bank  for  hi-m. 
Lineal,  in  a  direct  line.  Li-Heal  De- 
scent, the^scent  of  estates  from  one 
to  another  in  a  direct  line,  as  fro-m  an 
cestor  to  heir. 

LIGlUIDATlOp —  The  winding  up 
or  final  settlement  of  the  affairs  of 
a  commercial  house,  in  adjusting 
and  settling  of  all  its  debts. Liquid 
ated  Damages,  damages  determined 
beforehand,  and  inserted  in  an  agree 
rtient,  which  would  result  f  ron-i  a 
breach  of  the  agreement. 

LlTHEF\A&E.  — The  price  paid  for  an 
loading  ships  by  lighters  o-r  boats  us 
ed  to  convey  the  goods  on  shore-Lit 
igation,  a  judicial  contest  or  lawsuit 
(V^  P/\PEF\.-Nlotcs,etc., that  have 
not  yet  matured.  Overdue  or  protest 
ed  paper  is  termed  &cn.i.Livery,  de- 
livery of  possession  of  lands  to  ten 
ants.  Livery  of  Seisin,  de-livery  of  pos- 
session of  lands,  tenements,  and  her- 
editaments, unto  one  who  has  the 
right  to  the  same.  Live  Stock, agen- 


p.ral  term  for  the  domestic  animals 
of  the  far-m.  Living  or  livelihood, 
means  or  income  (or  subsistence. Liv 
cry-stable,  a  stable  where  horses  and 
carriages  are  kept  for  hire. 

Lloyd's,  a  marine  insurance  society 
at  London,  driving  its  name  I" row 
the  coffee,  house  where  it  originated. 
The  underwriters,  for  a  premium, 
grant  an  indemnity  to  merchants 
against  risks  at  sea.  The  records  of 
this  society  contain  a  complete  histo- 
ry of  the  sea  so  far  as  concerns  the 
number  of  shipwrecks, collisions,fires, 
piracies,  mutinies, etc.  Lloyd's  Rejis-' 
ter,  an  annual  register  of  vessels.giv- 
ing  the  tonnage,  age,  build, character 
and  condition  of  each  ship  whose  own- 
ers conform  to  their  rules.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  annual  issue  of  avolutne, 
there  are  occasional  supplements  when 
alterations  or  additions  are  necessary. 

LOAD.— An  undefined  quantity  of 
different  articles  or  commodities, as 
a  cart-load,  boat-load, etc.;  a  defined 
quantity,  as  a  load  of  flour  is  10  bar- 
rels;  of  bricks, 500;  of  cotton,  3  bales. 

LOA.N.— A  bailment  without  reward; 
that  which  is  lent  for  a  temporary 
purpose.  Loan  0//ice,  a  place  where 
small  sums  of  money  are  lent  at  high 
interest  to  be  repaid  by  installments; 
a.  pawnbroking  o/f ice. Call  Loan,  a 
sum  of  money  loaned  by  a  banker  or 
other  person,  secured  by  the  deposit 
of  stocks,  bonds,  or  other  marketable 
securities,  to  be  paid  when  called  for. 
A  failure  to  make  good  the  loan  with- 
in a  certain  time  (usually  twenty-four 
hours)  is  regarded  as  authority  to  the 
lender  to  sell  the  securities  in  his  pos- 

,  session. 

LOCAL  ACTIONS.— A  term  applied 
to  actions  when  all  the  principal  facts 
on  which  they  are  founded  are  of  a 
local.nature.  Local  Train,  a  train 
making  stops  regularly  at  all  thesta- 
tions  along  a  line. 

LOG-  BOOI^.— A  book  used  in  measur- 
ing the  rate  of  a  ship's  velocity, as  in- 
dicated by  the  \oc),  with  notes  on  the 
state  of  the  weather,  incidents  of 
the  voyage,  etc.  The  \oc>  is  a  little 
board  so  fixed  as  to  remain  upright 
and  -motionless  in  the  water  while 
the  ship  moves  on,  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  the  rate  of  sailing. 
OflG-.  — A  stock  exchange  term. One 
is  said  to  be \o-v\9  when  he  carries 
stock  or  9raiti  for  a  rise.Lo-ngMeas- 
wre,  measure  of  length. ^SecWeXqVx 
ttv\&>tMW.<bw<e,s.,— Vv\4.e*V  Long  P-rice 
price  after  the  duties  are  paid.Long- 
Boat,  ths  largest  boat  belonging  to  a 
ship  of  war.  Lo-iig  Dozen,  one  or  two 
more  than  a  doieti.  Long  Hundred, a 
term  for  six  sec-re, or  1 20.  Long  Ton, 
in  t -upland  the  ton  contains  124-0 
pounds, and  is  sometimes  called  the 

\(yv\^Vor>,  In  the  United  States  the 
ton  contains  2000  poundb,  and  some 
times  is  called  the  sV<m  VOK\.  Long 
Sho-remen.  men  employed  in  unload 
ing  and  loading  vessels  about  docks. 


LOSS.— Destruction,  injury,  fa  Hun?, 
waste,  leakage,  or  that  which  is  lost. 
Loss  and  0-ain,  a  general  term  us- 
ed to  express  fluctuation  in  value. 
When  applied  to  an  accou/nt.it  has 
reference  to  a  collection  of  particu- 
lar losses  and  gains  of  a  business, 
the  result  of  net  loss  or  net  gain 
being  shown  by  either  side.  An  ac- 
count exhibits  a  Noss,  if  that  which 
it  represents  has  cost  more  thaii  it 
has-produced.  An_  account  exhibits 
a  <yai\\v,if  that  which  it  represents 
has  produced  wore  than  it  has 
cost.  All  accounts  which  show  loss- 
es or  gains  is  closed  into  the  Loss 
and  G-ain  account. 


LOSS  OF  PF\OP^f\T\.-lf  one  ha 

another's  property  in  his  possession, 
and  through  his  carelessness  it  be 
injured  or  lost,  the  careless  one  is 
not  only  entitled  to  no  compensa- 
tion for  what  he  has  done,  but  -must 
compensate  the  owner  for  his  loss 
or  injury;  but  not  if  the  loss  occurs 
in  spite  of  ordinary  care.  Common 
carriers  are  responsible  for  any  loss 
or  injury  occurring  to  goods  which 
they  are  transporting. Carriers  b_y 
sea  are  responsible  for  loss  or  inju- 
ry to  goods,  except  damages  occur- 
ring through  some  extraordinary 
peril  of  the  sea.  If  the  property  of  a 
guest  is  lost  while  he  is  in  the  hotel, 
unless  through  his  own  carelessness, 
the  hotel  keeper  is  responsible  for  it. 
^a«.^oX«\  Vvaa^aVy  For  lost  proper- 
ty found  by  any  one,  see  Lost  Prop- 
erty under  Etiquette,—  Index. 

LOW-VVATEFl  rv\Aftl( — That  line 
on  the  sea-shore  to  which  the  waters 
recede  when  the  tide  is  lowest. 

LOjAL.— True  to  one's  country, or 
faithful  to  a  prince;  legal  oraccotd- 
ing  to  law. 

LUN/\TIC.  — The  legal  designation 
of  insanity;  also  *hat  state  of  the 
mind  known  as  •xwwwm^o1;  we-wVvs. 
A  contract  with  a  lunatic  is  void. 
\£>e.a \&\o\"\ .  Lu-r9ulary,the  casting 
pf  any  corrupt  thing  into  the  water. 

LjNCH  LA>/V. -Popular  vengeance 
inflicted  by  a  mob;  the  practice  of 
inflicting  an  injury,  or  committing 
an  outrage,  upon  a  person,  for  a 
crime  or  offense,  by  private  per- 
sons without  the  sanction  of  law, 
In  England  this  iscalledViMo'x&Va.1*. 
The  American  system  of  Lynch  Law 
began  in  Piedmont  count y,Va., which 
was  in  early  tim«s  the  western  front- 
ier, and  having  no  law-  of  its  own, 
and  being  seven  miles  from  the  near- 
est court  of  criminal  jurisdiction, 
controversies  were  constantly  refer- 


233 


•ed  to  men  67  sound  judgment  and 
•mpartiality  in  the  district,  whose  de- 
cisions were  regarded  as  final.  Promi- 
nent amono;  these  was  a  man  whose 
awards  exhibited  so  much  justice, 
judgment,  and  impartiality, that  he 
was  known  throughout  the  country  as 
Judge  Lynch.  In  the  course  of  titne 
criminals  were  brought  before  him, 
and  he  awarded  such  punishment  as 
he  considered  just  and  proper.  Judge 
Lynch  being  the  most  conspicuous 
of  these  arbiters, the  system  took 
his  name,  and  was  called  Lynch  Law. 
This  was  a  compliment  to  his  integ- 
rity and  high  character.  Subsequent 
ly  the  term  has  been  regarded  as  a 
reproach,  because  violent  and  unprin 
cipled  men,  such  as  Judge  Lynch  was 
wont  to  punish, have  set  the  law  at 
defiance,  and  while  inflamed  with 
passion,  have  usurped  the  preroga- 
tives of  the  courts  o/justice.The  cor- 
ruption that  has  found  its  way  into 
the  courts  has  doubtless  made  Lynch 
Law  seem  to  be  a  necessity  in  many 
cases. 

M.A.&lSTr\ATE.-A  public  civil  officer 
invested  with  executive  or  judicial 
authority;  as  a  justice  of  the  peace 
or  a  governor. 

4A.GNA  CriA,FVTV— The  great  char 
ter  of  English  liberty,  granted  byKin? 
John  June  15, 1215.  It  was  called  Mag- 
na  Charta  on  account  of  its  great  im 
portance  in  securing  the  liberties  of 
the  people. 

fv\A.IM,. —  To  deprive  a  man  of  any 
necessary  part  of  his  body, so  as  to 
render  him  less  efficient  in  fighting 
or  defending  himself. 
/lA^IL  .—Newspapers,  letters, etc. ,tn»s 
•mitted  in  bags  from  one  post-office 
to  another.Mail-ba;,  a  leathern  bay  or 
sack  Hi  which  assorted  letters, etc., art 
placed  for  a  particular  destination 
to  be  there  distributed. Mail-coach, a 
car  or  vehicle  for  conveying  mail-bay 
from  one  place  to  another.  Mail-tram 
a/ast  train  by  which  mails  are  car- 
ried. Mail-carriers,  persons  employ- 
ed by  the  government  to  convey  the 
mails. . 

4AJplPf\ISE —  Deliverance  of  a  pris- 
oner, who  might  otherwise  be  commit- 
ted to  prison,  upon  security  being  giv- 
en f orchis  appearance  at  a  certain  titne. 

IV\AJ(lrttNA.NCE;.-Aid,  assistance. 


or  means  of  support;  assistance  to 
another  in  a  suit  at  law  by  one  who 
has  no  interest  in  it,  for  the  purpose 
of  stirring  up  a.  quarrel  or  continuing 
the  litigation. 

M.AJOHES.-Male  descendants  be 
the  sixth  degree.  Majority,  the  full 
age;  -more  than  half, as  in  theelec- 
Hon  of  some  officers  a  nwaiymi^  of 
all  votes  cast  is  necessary  to  a  choice. 


— In  a  note,  the  person  who 
promises  is  called  t he  *M\MK. The  per- 
son named  in  the  body  of  the  note  is 
the  ^&\yie.  The  maker  may  be  respon 
sible  to  either  the  payee,  or  to  t  He 
person  to  whom  he  way  transfer  jt. 
Making  his  Law.  a  legal  phrase  sig- 
nifying the  act  of  a  person  who  wa- 
ges hfs  law. 

\^L^I=/VCTOf\.-One  who  has  either 
committed  a  crime,  or  been  convicted 
of  having  committed  one.  Mal/eas- 
ance,  the  act  of  committing  an  un- 
lawful deed.  Mai  ice,  an  intention- 
al mischief  done  to  another  without 
cause  or  excuse. Malice  prepense,dc- 
liberate,  predetermined  malice.  Mali- 
cious Mischie/,  wanton  or  reckless 
destruction  of  property  or  injury  to 
the  person.  Malicious  Prosecution, 
the  act  of  prosecuting  any  one  in  a 
criminal  or  civil  suit,  without  just 
cause.  Malversation,  frau.du.lent 
practices  in  office  or  employ;  as  ex- 
actions, contortions,  and  larceny. 
M.A.NBOTE.—  In  Anglo-Saxon  times 
a  compensation  paid  to  the  relatives 
of  a  murdered  man,  by  the  murder- 
er's friends. 
ANDAMUS.—  A  writ  or  command 
issued  by  a  court,  and  directed  to 
anu  person, corporation,  officer, or 
inferior  court,  requiring  them  to 
do  some  particular  thing. Its  chief 
use  is  to  enforce  the  performance 
of  public  rights  or  duties. Mandate 
a.  summons,  or  judicial  charge,com- 
mand,  or  cpmmission. 
l/VMlFEJST.—  A  particular  account 
of  a  ship,  with  the  list  of  the  names 
o/>he  passengers,  a  description  of 
the  cargo,  number,  and  marks  o  f 
the  packages,  etc.,  with  the  ports  of 
destination,  made  out  and  signed  by 
the  master  before  leaving  port,  to  be 
exhibited  at  the  Custom  House.  Also 
applied  to  railway  shipments,  as  an 
invoice. 


MANIFEST  No.  976. 

Pittsburo,  Pa..U*\O...I9. . . 
SHIPMENT-COAL  MX  Boro.Fox  LCo., 


It  THUS 


CJUS. 


ANTHRACITE. 


16   58 


MAN  |FE>TO.—  A  public  written  dec- 
laration or  motives  or  in  tent  ions,  by 
the  authorities  of  a  nation,  partic- 
ularly before  commencing  a  war,as- 
signing  reasons  fqr  its  public  acts. 
\A.N I pOLD  \Wf\ITE^r\.  —  A  copying 
book,  the  sheets  composing  which,be 
ing  covered  with  a  preparation  ofpkm 
bago,  and  inserting  between  them 
blank  paper, and  writing  thereon 
with  a  style,  several  copies  of  t  he 
writing, may  be  obtained  at  once. 


(filing  of  any  person,  in  sudden 
heat.or  excitement,  and  without 
malice. Man-slayer,  one  who  kiljs 
another  unintentionally  and  with- 
out malice.  Man  Stealing,  an  ex- 
pression sometimes  used  in  place 
of  kidnapping.  Mani*cap*or,  one 
who  stands  bail  for  another. 

HAJNb  FA.CTU  FJEr\.— One  who  works 
raw  materials  into  articles  suitable 
for  use.  ManH.facit.res,  wares  and 
articles  which  have  undergone  the 
processes  which  preparetneniforu.se. 

VXA.NUM.IT.— To  release  from  sla- 
very, or  from  the  power  of  another. 

V\/\f\G-lfl.— Money  deposited  with 
a  broker,  in  stock  transactions,  to 
protect  him  against  loss  by  the  de- 
preciation of  stocks  held  bu  him  for 
another  party.  Also  the  difference  be- 
tween the  value  of  securities  depos- 
ited as  col  lateral,  and  the  arnounHoan- 
ed  upon  them. 

wu  N  E  i  tfsU  KANcC-A  contract 

to  pay  the  owner  of  certam  property 
a  certain  proportion  of  his  loss  if  it 
is  damaged  or  destroyed  while  on 
the  sea.  The  time  of  the  insurance 
is  sometimes  specified,  as  for  a  year. 
Vessels  are  often  insured  in  this  way. 
Sometimes  it  is  for  a  particular  voy- 
a9e,  without  reference  to  time. Both 
vessels  and  goods  may  be  insured 
in  this  way.  Another  way  in  which 
goods  may  be  insured  is  to  specify 
a  time,  as  a  year,  the  policy  to  cover 
all  goods  shipped  during  the  period  of 
ti-me.Su.ch  a  policy  is  called  ano^e.-" 
VoV\e\^.TI«e  risks  assumed  in  the 
policy  are  those  of  ^W- vev'\\*  0<*  *V* 

exjj^e, and  vaNxiaqt..  unless  otherwise 
provided,  the  policy  is  valid,  whether 
the  premium  is  or  is  not  paid  when 
due.  The  premium  is  said  to  be  *a*n\- 
«,&  if  the  vessel  or  the  goods  are  upon 
the  sea  during  any  part  of  the  time 
mentioned  in  the  policy.  If  not  earn- 
ed the  premium  need  not  be  paid. 
If  not  provided  for  in  the  policy,  in 
case  of  change  of  ownership,the-new 
owners  should  obtain  the  consent 
of  the  company,  or  the  policy  will  be 
void.  Except  from  necessity,  if  a 
vessel  deviate(change  its  risk)  from 
the  specified  voyage,  the  policy  is 
rendered  void.  The  amount  of  insur- 
ance to  be  paid  in  case  of  damage  or 
loss,  is  that  proportion  of  the  loss 
which  the  amount  of  the  policy 
bears  to  the  val  ue  of  the  property  insur- 


234 


ed.  Consequently  the  company  does 
not  pay  the  whole  of  any  loss,unless 
the  amount  of  (He  policy  equals  the 
value  of  the  property.  Policies  -maybe 
obtained  in  seve-ral  companies, .but 
then  each  company  pays  only  its 
proportion.  Sometimes  the  place /or 
valuation  in  a  pojicy  is  left  blank,and 
the  value  determined  at  the  time  of 
the  loss;  if  the  value  is  inserted,  that 
cotitrols,  and  it  is  called  aNAu«^^o\'\c^. 
Misrepresentations  render  a  policy 
void.  Additional  or  minor  agreeitients 
are  inserted  in  almost  all  policies.Sea- 
worthiness  o/ the  vessel  is  always  an 
implied  condition'X.o'bX  (ycvxoV  \osxy 
occurring  in  a  policy,  means  thatthe 
company  will  pay  the  insurance, even 
if  the  property  is  already  lost  at  the 
time  the  contract  is  wade.  t^a.'A^a^ 
YM/wX  is  the  right  of  the  insured  to 
give  up  to  -the  company  what remains, 
(provided  the  loss  is  more  than  half 
in  value  of  the  property)  and  claim 
the  full  amount  of  the  policy. 
TOTOK  W  VtNNMfe.  VkSWMKK.  WOSN . 
No.15,213. 

BY  THE  ATLANTIC  INSURANCE  COMMNY.OF  BOSTON. 

Geo. C.Howe,  on  account  of  whom  it 
ma«  concern,  in  case' of  loss  to^epaid 
in  Boston  in  funds  current  to  hirn,does 

•make  insurance  and  cause 

vioWttKv*.  *°  De  insured,  lost  or  not  lost, 
\wNtsa,  at  and  from  Boston  to  Liver 

***»•  pool onlXOObbls 

?v«*\wv,  flour. laden,  or  to 

*K>s».  be  laden  on  board  the  9ood 
ship  called  the...N\\»A%o\\ 

The  said  goods  and  merchandises 
hereby  assured  are  valued  (premium 
included)  a*  &5000. 

Touching  the  adventures  and  perils 
which  the  said  assurer  is  contented  to 
bear  and  take  upon  itself  in  this  yoy 
age,they  are  of  seas, -men-of-war, fires, 
enemies,  pirates,  -rovers,  thieves,  jetti 
sons,  letters  of  mart  and  counterniarl 
reprisals,  takings  at  sea,  restraints,  ar 
rests,  and  detainments  of  all  kin9s,prin 
ces,  or  people  of  what  nation, quality, 
or  condition  soever,  barratry  of  the 

master  and  mariners 

having  been  paid  the  consideration 
for  this  insurance,  by  the  assured  at 
and  after  the  -rate  of  one  and  a  quarter 
per  cent 

Provided  always,  atid  it  is  hereby 
further  agreed,  that  if  the  said  assured 


shall  have  made  any  other  assurance 
upon  the  premises  aforesaid,  prior  in 
day  of  date  to  this  policy,  then  the  said 
assurer  shall  be  answerable  only  for  so 
•much  as  the  amount  of  such  prior  as- 
surance_  may  be  deficient  towards  ful- 
ly covering  the  premises  hereby  assur- 
ed .............  A-tid  in  case  of  any  insur- 

ance upon  the  said  premises  subsequent 
in  day  of  date  to  this  policy  the  said  as- 
surer shall  nevertheless  be  answerable 
for  the  full  extent  o/  the  sum  by  it  sub- 
scribed hereto  ............  ...Other  jnsur- 

ance  upon  the  p-remises  aforesaid  of 
date  the  same  day  as  this  policy  shall 
be  deemed  simultaneous  herewith;  and 
the  said  assurer  shall  not  be  liable  for 
•more  than  a  -ratable  contribution  in 
the  proportion  o/the  sum  by  it  in- 
sured to  the  aggregate  a-mounf  of  such 
simultaneous  insurance  .............. 


l4t  witness  whereo/  the  attorneys 
of  the  Atlantic  Insurance  Company  have 
subscribed  their  names  and  the  sum 
insured,  at  Boston,  this.  ..1&\&...  day 
of...  \Vo\w,  vcto«/v...  19... 
(&5000).  Five  thousand  dollars. 


Attor-neijs. 

_.— An  allowance  or  por 
tion  given  with  a  daughter  in  ttiairiajie. 
Marital,  pertaining  to  a  husband. 
/IA.RJTINIE  lLAty.-Law  relating  to 
harbors,  ships, and  seamen. 
VVIt — A  device,number,or  letter 
put  upon  boxes  or  packages  shipped, 
or  upon  manufactured  goods,to  dis 
tinguish  them  from  others. 

MARKET.— A  public  place  or  building 
•for  buying  and  selling;  exchange,  pur 
chase, and  sale;  as,  an  ».cV\we  oraiviXX 
market.  Market-9ardetier,  one  who 
raises  vegetables  and  fruits  for  sale 
Market-overt,  an  open  or  public  mar 
ket.  Ma-**,  a  place  of  sale  or  traffic. 

MAR.KJNG-&OODS.— It  is  usual  with 
merchants  in  marking  their  goods, 
to  make  use  of  a  private  mark, phrase, 
or  key-word, to  designate  thecost  and 
selling  price,  the  object  being  to  con- 
ceal these  points  from  all  except  their 
own  salesmen.  The  followjng  words 
and  phrases  present  a  choice  fr  o  m 
which  to  make  a  selection: 


(dwXWo.  OU 
Each  word  or  phrase  contains  ten 
letters, no  two  alike,  the  object  being 
•to  use  letters  instead  of  figures  in  mark 
ing  -the  goods.  As  an  example  take  the 
phrase       G-AS  FIXTURE. 
I  23  4561890 
In  marking  the  cost  and  selling  price 
on  a  ticket,  we  assume  that  the  cost  i_s 
^3.25,  and  the  selling  priee*4- 31;  this 
would  be  represented  by  the  dumb  let- 
ters s-aiv- tex.  The  cost  price  is  usually 
placed  upper-most  on  the  tag,  the  selling 
price  below  it, thus  |^   .A+i  extra  let- 


ter,  styled  a  repeater,  is  used  to  obvi- 
ate the  repetition  of  a  letter  orfigurt, 
as  well  as  to  prevent  the  disclosure  of 
the  private  mark;  for  instance,  instead 
of  writing  366  by  the  key-word,whicli 
would  be  <b*x,  use  as  a  repeater  the 
letter  o,  and  make  it  reid  VW.  Frac- 
tions way  be  written  thus:  456%  = 
V\nV*.  I*  sometimes  happens  that 
the  selling  price  contains  three  fig- 
ures, while  the  buying  price  contains 
but  two.  To  prevent  this  difference 
f-rorn  being  noticed,  the  letter  denot- 
ing the  cipher  is  prefixed  to  the  buy- 
ing price.  A  sentence  containing  ten 
words  may  be  used  Instead  of  a  word 
or  phrase,  and  the  initial  letters  of  the 
words  taken,  thus:  In  walkingdown 
Broadway  James  sees  -wiany  very  cu- 
rious  things,  l-tistead  of  letters,  ar- 
bitrary signs  may.  be  used,  thus: 


345 


. 
7890 


as  Letter  of  Marque,  which  see. 
MARRIAOE  ARTICLES.-  An  agree- 
ment between  partie_s  who  contem- 
plate marriage,  and  in  accordance 
with  which  the  marriage  settlement 
is  afterwards  drawn  up.  Marria9c 
B-roka9e,  the  act  by  which  a  person 
for  a  consideration,  negotiates  a 
marria9e  between  a  man  and  a  wo- 
man.VJbMft'fowOvie,  o4  ^fcY  V\aqe  -JA 
^wXaX.VjeAAflL-Y'Afc.tyz.V  For  Marriage 
License,  Form  of  (Jeremony,etc.,see 
under  Love  Letters,—  hide*. 


That of i-n  the 

State  of and of 

in  the  State  of...v.... 

were  at.. in  the  said  County, 

by  me  joined  together  itj 

—  HOLY  MATRIMONY, — 

On  the day  of in  the 

year  of  our  Lord,  Otie  Thousand  Nine 
Hundred  and 


MARRIED. 

.  LISTON— MILLER,— In  this  city,at 
the  residence  of  the  bride's  father,  Oc- 
tober 17, 19....,  by_the  Rev.&eorgeBa- 
ker,  rector  of  Christ  Church,  Mr. John 
Liston  and  Miss  Mary  B. Mille-r,daujh 
terof  Isaac  Miller,  Esq., all  of  Atlanta. 
' 


*200.  New  York,  Feb.  13, 19... 

One  year  after  date. ,.\... promise  to  pay 
Wood  L  Lprin.oT  order,. .^y<o\\\w\^ite^... 
Dollars,  with  interest.  And  I  hereby  charge 
my  individual  property  and  estate  with 
the  pay-ment  of  thist.ote.  ^^.^ 


235 


ri 


whatever,  but  -now,  in  -most  States, 
»h«y  •may  (I)  Make  any  contract  con 
nected  with  property  which  they  own 
separately,  but  -not  otherwije,eicept 
in  connection  with  lheir  separate  bus 
inejs  |J)  They  may  carry  on  a  busi 
ness  apart  from  their  husbands,  and 
bind  themselves  by  any  contract]  con 
nected  therewith.  A  woman  havin9 
no  husband,  whether  mar-tied  or  siti- 
9!*,  can  make  contracts  as  freely  as 
a  man.  Married  women  may  a  ct 
as  agents  (or  others,  even  in  maki-n9 
contracts.  In  buying  articles  -neces- 
sary for  themselves  or  the  household, 
they  may  not  be  sued  (or  payment, but 
their  husbands  may  be.  Also  when 
employed  as  clerks  or  otherwise  ein 
ploytrs  are  bound  by  their  acts.  In 
a  few  States  a  married  woman  can 
not  become  a  member  of  a  partner- 


OF  ASSETS. -Such 

an  arrangement  of  the  different 
funds  under  administration, as  shall 
enable  all  persons  having  equities  to 
receive  their  share,  notwithstanding 
anu  intervening  interests  or  claims. 

M,/\l\TI/\l  LAVv.-Military  rule  e.ist 
ing  in  time  of  war.  It  supersedes  civ- 
il proceedings  which  con/lid  with  it. 
<\A.STEH  OF  CEREM,OplC>.-Anof 
ficer  whose  duty  is  to  determine  the 
forms  to  be  observed,  and  superintend 
their  observance  during  a  public  occa 
sion.  Matter  in  Chancery,  a  clerk  in 
the  court  of  chancery,  who  acts  as  as- 
sistant to  the  chancellor.  Master  of  the 
Rolls,  an  officer  of  chancery  who  has 
the  keeping  of  the  rolls  and  grants  which 
pass  the  great  seal,  and  the  records  of 
the  chancery. 

MATTER  OF  F/\CT.  -  In  le^al  actions 
matte*,  the  truth  of  which  is  determ- 
ined by  the  evidence,  and  left  to  the 
jury  to  decide.  Matter  of  Law,mattei 
the  truth  or  falsity  of  which  is  deter 
mined  by  the  established  rules  of  law, 
or  by  reasoning  baud  upon  them,  the 
decision  in  these  matters  is  referred  to 
the^udge  Matter  of  Record,  facts 
which  may  be  proved  by  the  pro  due 
lion  of  arecord. 

4 A,TUr\IT\.- Arrival  o»  the  time  fit 
ed  for  i  he  payment  of  a  debt;  becom- 
ing due;  termination  of  the  period 
which  a  demand  has  to  run;  state  of 
perfection  or  completeness,  as  of  age 


cwptancu.  and  the  proper  notices  serv- 
ed, lh«  holder  may  at  once  proceed 
against  the  drawer  and  endorsers. 
Legal  holidays  are  uniformly  excepted 
in  the  maturity  of  commercial  paper. 
Where  grace  is  not  allowed,  paper  fall- 
ing due  on  a  holiday  becomes  legal- 
ly due  the  day  following;  but  where 
grace  is  allowed,  on  the  preceding 
day. 

I.  — An  established  principle 
iding  truth."    -"    ' 


Mayhem,  unlawfully  depriving  an- 
other of  a  member  proper  for  light 
or  defense.  Mayor,  the  chief  -magis- 
trate of  a  city.  Mayor's  Court,  t  he 
name  of  a  court,  usually  heldincit 
ies,  consisting  of  the  mayor,  record- 
er, and  aldermen. 

M,EA,SUf\E.—  The  contents  or  dimen- 
sions of  anything,  reckoned  accord- 
ing to  sortie  standard.\^w.V^«,'\C)\\X«, 
*v\&>As,a«)\»«e*,-V»\ka-»y  Measure  of 
Da-mages,  a  method  or  rule  by  which 
the  damage  sustained  is  to  be  estima- 
ted or  measured.  Measurement  Goods, 
goods  on  which  freight  is  charged  by 
measurement. 

M.EOIA.TOr\.-Upon  differences  aris 
ing  between  merchants,  a  person 
who  interposes  and  assists  the-m  in 
adjusting  their  difficulties. 
A.\. 


M.EOICA. 

testimony  given  by  physicians  or  sur- 
geons as  professional  e»perts.  Medi- 
cal Jurisprudence,  the  application 
of  medical  science  to  the  determina- 
tion of  certain  questions  in  courts  of 
law. 

M>EM,Or\f\NDllM..-  A  note  or  record 
of  something  intended  to  assist  the 
memory;  an  informal  writing  of 
some  transaction,  or  an  outline  of 
some  intended  action  or  instrument. 
Memorandum  Check,  a  check  given 
as  an  acknowledgment  of  a  debt.with 
the  understanding  that  it  will  not 
be  presented  at  the  bank  unless  trie 
maker  fails  to  take  it  up  on  the  day 
the  debt  becomes  due.  It  usually  has 
written  on  its  face. 


fROM 

MORSC  V  C»t LOU, 

Columbus, 0. 

IT  C  Street. 


.?*.... 
..  19.., 


tentlemenr—  On  February  15th  we 
propose  making  three  days'  sight 
draft  on  you,  favor  First  National 
Bank, for  Si»  Hundred («600)DollaTs, 
on  account,  which  please  protect 
and  oblige, 

VOUTS  very  respectfully, 
MORSE  t»  CAVLOR. 


M.EIv\OI\lf\L.  — A  written  address  of 
solicitation  or  ci 


per  or  note  ir 
subscription 


omplaint;  a  state  pa 
which  there  is  neither 
or  address, -much  used 


To  THE  SENATE  AND  HOUSE  oe  REP- 
RESENTATIVES Of  THE  UlMlTEOSlATES, 
IN  G-ENERAL  AsservlBLV  CONVENED: 

The  E  jrecutive  Committee   ...... 

were  charged  with  the 

duty  of  preparing  and  presenting  to 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States  a 
memorial. -V^a^e, 


OF  Mt^N.  -Legally,  the 
memory"  of  man  is  supposed  to  ex- 
tend back  to  Che  time  of  Richard  I., 
A.D.  1 189;  but  proof  of  a  regular 
usage  for  twenty  years,  not  eiplain 
ed  or  contradicted,  was  evidence  up 
on  which  many  public  and  private 
rights  were  held,  and  sufficient  for 
a  jury  in  finding  the  existence  of  an 
immemorial  custom.  — Ve\o\v\>eX. Men- 
ace, a  threat  to  injure  another . 

NlEFtC/KNTllE  /\ND  COMJv\Ef\Ci;\,L 
H»irc«»\V\\«.  applies  to  the  sale  of  tner 
chandise  and  goods  when  brought 
to  market. C.OWW\«AC\»\  is  the  wider 
term,  and  relates  to  the  freighting, 
shipping,  forwarding,  and  other  bu- 
siness connected  with  the  txwwnxeirce 
of  a  country,  whether  internal  or 
external.  The  terms  are  often  used 
interchangeably. Mercantile  Agen- 
cy, an  agency  the  purpose  of  which 
is  to  procure  information  relating 
to  the  standing  and  credit  of  country 
merchants,  for  the  use  of  city  mer- 
chants or  others  with  whom  they 
deal.  Mercantile  Letters,  for  a  va- 
riety of  forms  of  these  see  Busi- 
ness Letters,-  Inde*.  Mercantile  Pa- 
per, acceptances  or  notes  given  by 
•merchants  for  goods  bought  or  re- 
ceived on  consignment. This  term 
is  contradistinctive  from  accom 
modation  paper,  which  see. 

M,EFtCH/\NDlSE.-A  general  term 
for  goads  bought  and  sold  by  mer- 
chants. l-*i  the  merchandise  account 
merchandise  is  Or.  for  its  cost,  and 
Cr.  for  the  receipts  from  sales. When 
the  Cr.  side  of  the  account  is  in eicess, 
the  difference  represents  profit;  i  f 
the  Dr.  side  be  in  eitcess,  a  loss.  Mer- 
chandise Broker,  an  agent  employ- 
ed to  make  contracts  in  the  sale  of, 
merchandise. 

^OWA  0V  WEffCAMIWS*.  MXAVMCt  . 
Or.  MERCHANDISE.  Cr. 


Cash, 
.Bilk  Pay. 


.Bills  Ctf 


III  N 
*N 


i;i'  a 


II 


631 1C 


h*|2Bi/Ca?h, 

,0  ..S.Cojn, 
..Cash, 
..J.Coais, 
..Cash, 
..Bills  Dec, 
..Cash, 


it;  so 
;  i  no 

7  CO 

10  M 

1000 

11  no 
21  to 

800 
(TIM 


931  M 


meet  in  one  and  the  same  person. 
M.ESf(E.  —Middle  or  intervening,-  ap 
plied  to  a   writ  or  process  issued  dur- 
ing the  progress  of  an  action.  Mesne 
P-ro/itS,  the  prof  its  of  land  while 
held  by  a  wrong  owner. 
rvl^SS/V>e;.-A  formal  official  com- 
munication, as  of  the  President  to 
Congress,  or  a  Governor  to  a  State 
legislature.  l*i  the  Governor's  mes- 
sage is  given  information  of   the 
condition  of  the  affairs  of  the  State, 
and  such  recommendations  as  the 
Governor  judges  necessary  and  ex- 

in the  first  six  weeks  from  concep- 
tion. \(  between  that  time  and  the 
end  o/  the  sixth  month,  it  is  Call- 
ed I\>O-VV'\OYV.  If  delivery  is  after  the 
si>th  month,  it  is  called  yre.'wa.Wfe 
Woo'X.  In  law  all  are  termed  w"»%- 
caciVvjutte. 

..-..        BUSINESS 

"  g'SLj  i  1||    F=-c»Firvis 

rV\ISDEfV\E^NOF\.—  Any  crime  less 
than  a  felony.  Mise,  expenses  used 
in  the  entries  of  judgments,  in  per- 
sonal actions;  an  issue  in  a  writ 
ai  right.  Misfeasance,  a  trespass 
or  misdeed.  Misjoinder,  the  improp- 
er uniting  of  parties   or  causes  in 
one  suit.Miskenning,  a  variance 
in  a  plea,  or  a  wrongful  citation. 
Misnomer,  a  wrong  name.  Mis- 
pleading,  the  act  of  omitting  some- 
thing essential  in  a  pleading.  M  is- 
prision,  the  concealment  of  a 
crime;  any  misdemeanor  which 
has  not  a  specific  name  given   it 
by  the  law.  Misreading,  an  incor- 
rect reading^  as  when  a  deed  is  in- 
correctly read  to  a  blind  or  illiter- 
ate man.  Misrecital,  in  a  plea  or 
an  agreement,  the  incorrect  reci- 
tal of  a  matter  of  fact.  Mistake,  an 
unintentional  or  negligent  error 
in  a  record,  contract,  or  deed.  In 
contracts,  the  law  does  not  allow 
for  any  mistake  of  which  one  or 
the  other  parties  is  ignorant.  Eve- 
ry one   must  know  at  his  peril  the 
language  used,  its  meaning,  aM.its 
legal  effect.lt  is  a  general  principle 
that  •wvowe.v)  v^\4  \XYV&«/<  t.  Yv\'\%va.V*. 
vtwiX  \>e.  •xeiuwie.i. 
M.ITKW\TIOf4.-  Abatement  of 
anything  penal,  harsh,  or  painful; 
the  lessening  of  the  amount  of  a 
judgment. 
IN/llXED  Ay,CT|O(4.  —  An  action  com- 
bining a  real  with  a  personal  ac- 
tion, as  where  real  property  is  de- 
manded In  conjunction  with  dam- 
ages for  a  wrong  sustained.  M  ix- 
ed  Fabric*,  those  fabrics  compos- 
ed of  two  or  more  kinds  of  fibers, 
the  principal  ones  being  flax,  cot- 
ton, sil  k?  wool,  alpaca,  mohair,  and 
jute.  Mixed  Larcetiu,  compound  larceny. 
rvlOD|nCA,TIOpf.-The  act  of  chang 
ing,  or  giving  new  forms  or  mean- 
ings; as,  the  modification  of  a  con- 
tract. The  fundamental  rule  of  law 
is  that  e,\ieir\)  owe  vwviV  t«.\V\\\  cv-    . 
MVJ  a.o,teevi\«.x\X  \\«.  vnaVes.  If  two 
parties  make  an  agreement,  and 
afterward  modify  it,  the  first  as 
modified  by  the  second  must  be  kept. 
rVJOf/EY-—  A  recogniied  measure 
of  value,  as  a  coin,  stamped  by  the 
povernrnent.  I*  is  the  creation  of 

WMttWMMMMfc*NMfiMmiNBl 

pedient-.  TMC  President's  messa9e  is 
sent  to  Congress  at  every  session,  and 

Chica9o,Feb.l.l9... 
Messrs.  Sontag  L  Evans,  17  Broadway. 
We  have  sold  to-day  on  your  accoun 
to  L.S.Whitney.  149  West  Harrison  Strec 
the  following  goods:    2000  ounces  Sul 
phate  of  Glwinine   A.  and  H,  at&2.75 
pet  ounct. 
Respectfully, 
COLLINS  &.DARBV, 
^>"«oVa  •<(•>. 

tions  of  the  passage  of  such  measures 
as  he  deems  expedient. 
rV(ESS\J/V&E.-A  dwelling-house  with 
the  adjoining  buildings  belonging  to 
it;  a  tenement. 
M.ET/\LLlC  CUF\REf(cY-The  silver 
and  gold  coins  forming  the  circula- 
ting medium  of  a  country. 
MILEA.GE.-  An  amount  allowed  by 
law  to  officers  and  wit-nesses,  as  a 

MEMORANDUM  (rlVEIM   TO  THE    BuVER. 

compensation  for  trouble  and  expense 

Chica90,Feb.l,l9.. 
Mr.  L.S.Whitney,  149  W.  Harrison  St.: 
We  have  to-day  bought  tot  your  ac 
count,  from  Sonta9  U.  Evans  the  Col 
lowing:   2000  ounces  Sulphate  of  Qu 
nine    A.  and  H.  at  *2.75  per  ounce. 
Respectfully, 
COLLINS  &.  DARBY, 
%'<oV»a\«,. 

when  traveling  on  public  business,  or 
to  attend  a  trial. 
M.ILITI/V-  AM  the  able-bodied  men 
in    the  nation)  between  certain 
ages,  and  not  included  in  the  sxi-nV 
Vxvoy  •j.-xvr^  ),  and  liable  to  be  called  in- 
to service  in  time  of  war  ot  insur- 
rection. Irt  the  United  States  the 
ages  a-ce  front  18  to  45.  Those  who 

VWWV  0*  MSSWMttttASt  ntfTC. 

are  e»empt  are,  generally,  members 

9*1000.                    Denver,  Oct.  3,  19.. 
For  value  received,  on  ot  beforu 
the  ...V\i-iX,...day  of...MVwtV\...next 
we  promise  to  pay...y^&i«w\  Vto.. 
or  order,  —  Q\\e  \V\o\x<b*/v\&  —  Dollars 
in  good  merchantable  White  Wheat 
at  our  warehouse  in  this  city,  at  the 
-market  value  on  the  maturity  ofthi 
note.                      toTv^v  V  SN\\A  \\. 

of  the  state  legislative,  executive  and 
judicial  departments,  clergymen,  fire- 
men, teachers,  physicians,  and  mem- 
bers of  military  companies  who  have 
served  a  certain  time;  and  in  many 
States  those  who  have  conscientious 
scruples  as  to  whether  war  is  ever 
right,  such  as  the  Quakers.  Members 
of  the  national  legislative,  executive 

TV\Ef\CH/\NT.—  Generally,  any  persor 
who  buys  and  sells  90005.  In  some 
places  the  term  is  not  applied  toshoi 
keepers  and  small  dealers.  In  s  o  ni  i 
countries  the  teftn  is  applied  only  to 
those  enga9t;d  in  foreign  conimerce 
Merchantable,  fit  for  market  ;  su.c.^1 
as  may  be  bought  and  sold  in  marke- 
at  current  prices.  Merchant  Marine 
a  term  signifyin9,  collectively,  the  ve 
sels,  ships  and  steamers  licensed  and 
registered  by  any  9overnment  to  en 
9396  in  commerce.  Merchant  Ser 
vice,  the  general  management    of 
navigation  and  shipping  employee 
(o-r  commercial  purposes.  Merchant1 
Exchange,  the  place  of  meeting  of  the 

and  judicial  departments,  pilots,war- 
iners,  and  a  few  others,  are  exempt 
In  most  of  the  States  there  are  vol- 
unteer companies  or  regirnents,call 
ed  the  -wjAXorvaX  ^\v3tt&,or,popu,laTly, 
the  '«\\\\VVJL.  These  organize  themselves 
elect  their  own  members  and  offi- 
cers, select  their  own  uniform,  and 
the  branch  of  the  service  to  which  they 
will  attach  themselves.  The  State  usu- 
ally grants  them  mo-re  or  less   aid, 
in  the  wau  of  arms,  armories,  etc. 
Military  Law,  rules  and  regulations 
for  the  government  of  an  army. 
NllfJoKlTV.-The  condition  of  a 
mi  nor,  \S»t.  \-v\4  a\\Vy,*he  lesser  tiumbe-r 
IV^IflT.—  A  place  under  governmen 

and  where  the  latest  information  te 
yarding  shipping  prices  a.nd  news   i 
to  be  obtained.  Merchant  Ships,  ITU 
ing  ships,  or  those  carrying  passenger;, 
or  cargoes,  or  both. 
M.EH&EF\.-  The   absorption  o(  a  less 
er  thing  into  a  g-reate-r.as  where  a 

ed.  Minute  Book,  a  book  kept    by 
the  clerk  of  a  court,  or  other  organ 
i2ed  body,  in  which  minutes  o/its 
proceedings  are  entered.  MUadvetrf- 
ure,  the  accidentally  injuring  of  an- 
other, when  a  -man  is  doing  a  law 
ful  act. 
M.ISCAIW/V»E.-The  act  of  enpell; 

thing  that  will  facilitate  commerce 
or  wholesale  barter.  Money  Market, 
those  conditions  which  regulate  the 
value  in  which  the  various  moneys 
of  account  are  held.  Money  o/  Ac- 
count, the  denomination  in  which 
accounts  are  kept,  as  whether   in 
dollars^in  oounds  sterljnj^jj  r,  i.*i. 

237 


some  other  denomination;  *he  stand 
trd  by  which  values  ate  measured.  - 
Motiey  Order,  ati  order  drawn  on  a 
third  party  requesting  hint  to  pay  to 
the  person  _named  a  certain  sum  of 
rnotieu.lt  is  not  negotiable. 


OMAHA,  APRIL  29,19... 
MESSRS. OWFN.PULEY  &.  Co., 

teA\x,\«.w«,Y,'.— Please  pau  to...\\.%. 
Co%%*n...,  or  order,— ^Vi»Y«vM\Vi«A 
Oollars.  and  charge  to  my  account. 


Money  Counts,  the  COWKSOYV  co\w\V* 
in  an  action  of  assumpsit  at  common 
law.  Money  of  Adieu,  earnest  money. 

IV\ONA4F\C)^'.  —  The  form  of  govern- 
ment in  which  the  supreme  power 
is  in  the  hands  of  one  person  called 
a  -vv\<mvrcV\.  I*  is  a.  general  name  for 
a  single  ruler,  whether  he  is  called  a 
king,  emperor,  or  prince.  If  all  the 
power  reside  in  one  person.it  is  call- 
ed an  a\>to\uX«  monarchy. \^t«,<io«. 
vrvev^. 

MiO^lTlOfi.—  Instructions  having 
the  nature  of  a  summons,  u-scd  in 
the  civil  law.  Monomania, insanity 
upon  one  particular  subject  only. 

MOKOPOL\.-The  sole  right  to  wake 
or  sell  a  Certain  article,  or  to  deal  in 
any  species  of  goods,  or  to  deal  with 
a  country  or  market,  obtained  either 
by  engrossing  the  articles  in  market 
by  purchase,  or  by  a  license  from  gov- 
ernment. 

fv\Of/TH-— In  business  transactions, 
the  word  -movAVi  is  considered  a  cal- 
endar month,  and  extends  t-o  the  same 
day  in  the  following  month.  A  month 
from  Feb. 27th  extends  to  March 27th; 
but  a  month  from  Feb. 28th(or  29th 
in  leap  years)  extends  to  March  31st; 
always  from  the  last  day  in  any  one 
month  to  the  lact  day  in  the  follow- 
ing month.  In  computing  interest 
the  month  is  considered  30  days,  ex- 
cept in  axcwjXa  interest. 


MONTHLY  STATE MEMT. 

CINCINNATI,  JULY  31,19... 
MESSRS.  C.S.  H AUY  It  Co. , 

"\o  M.D.HtAiokCo.,      Or. 


o  M<Ke.  at  «er  KN  iti*nde3tmi. 

''    "      '' 


3-01. 


133 


318  00 
12375 


•84875 


- — To  ar9ue  or  plead  on  a.  sup- 
posed cause  by  way  of  exercise-  and 
practice.  Moot  Court,  a  court  where 
moot  questions  are  argued. 
OF\TG-^GE.  — A  conveyance  of  re- 
al estate  by  a  debtor  to  his  creditor, 
as  a  pledge  or  security  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a.  sum  of  borrowed  money 
The  person  owning  the  property; 
and  giving  the  pled9e  is  called  the' 
VMxXx^qoK.  The  person  Iendin9  the 
money,  and  receiving  the  pledge  is 
called  the  «M*MM%M» M  is  differ- 
ent from  a  pledgejof  personal  prop- 
erty), which  see.  When  a  tnortpape 
is  q  iven.it  is  usual  for  some  instru- 
ment, as  a  bond  or  note,  to  be  given 
to  represent  the  loan.  A  mortgage 
is  good  without  a  bond  or  note, pro- 
vided a  real  debt  exists.  The  main 
clauses  in  a  mortgage  and  deed  are 
the  same;  but  there  is  one  important 
difference,  viz.,  that  in  the  mortgage 
there  is  an  additional  clause,  provid- 
ing that  the  grant  shalj  be  of  no  ef- 
fect if  the  money  is  paid. A  worto^e 
must  contain  all  the  essentials  of  a 
deed;  it  must  be  delivered, and  oii9ht 
to  be  acknowledged. TJie  to/(ec\Q«v<*e. 
of  a  mortgage  is  the  method  by  which 
the  land  is  appropriated  to_satisf y  the 
debt,  and  resujts  in  depriving  the  wort 
gagor  of  his  ownership.  The  usual 
method  of  foreclosing  a  rnortaa^  is 
for  the  mortgage  to  bring  a  suit,In 
the  course  of  which  it  is  decreed  that 
the  property  be  sold.  Mo  riches  and 
deeds  should  be  recorded  in  the  Coun- 
ty Recorder's  Office,  in  order  to  prevent 
fraud,  by  affording  a  way  by  which 
any  one  who  intends  to  buy  landi 
can  ascertain  whether  the  seller  has 
the  right  to 


THIS  INDENTURE  -made  the  ... 
day  of.. .i\w\«...., 18...,  between. .M 
S.\.Knej*iowtw< ...  of  ...N\e\«,\yx,Ho\\ 
of  the  first  part,  'and.  .&vsWo*  Vox.. 
of...\V«,%awe  vYicu..,  of  the  second 
part,  wltnetseth:  That  the  said  party 
of  the  first  part,  in  consideration  of 
~ry\>j«"^\\o\v5'aY\&~~Dollars to  him 
paid,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  ac 
Knowledges),  hath  granted,  bargained, 
sold,  released,  and  conveyed,  arid  by 
these  presents  does  grant, bargain, sell, 
release,  and  convey  >o  the  said  party  o- 
the  second  part,  and  his  heirs  and  as 
signs  forever,  all  that \\wntMcVtM 
yo^e,vXV\,  with  all  hereditawewts  and 
appurtenances  thereto  appertaining. 

To  have  and  to  hold  the  said  pre-m 
ises.with  the  appurtenances,  to  said 
party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs 
and  assigns,  to  his  and  fheir  use  and 
>ehoof  forever.  Provided  always,  and 
these  presents  are  upon  conditions, 
that  if  said  party  of  the  first  part,  his 
teirs  or  assigns,  shall  pay  to  the  said 
>ar*iy  of  the  second  pat t,  his  creditors, 
administrators,  or  assigns, the  sum 
of — ,V\ve~\V\ow.%fc\\&^ — Dollars,  on 
or  before  the...'WvV\...day  qf...V*.\\e, 
...19..,  with  interest,  according  to 


•  h«  condition  of  a  bond  V0*  •vaoWN 
of  the  said...V\.<3.V*v\«»'«OA(XV\\)....to 
the  said...  fceo\qe.Vox...,  bearing  even 
date  herewith,  then  these  presents  shall 
Devoid. 

But  upon  any  default  in  the  payment 
of  the  money  above  mentioned,  or  of 
the  interest  thereon,  said  grantee,his 
executors,  administrators  or  assigns, 
may  sell  the  above  granted  premises, 
with  all  improvements  that>may  ba 
thereon,  at  public  auction  in"  said 
..."\ovnv  o4  V\eVaY\a.,...f  irst  publishing 
a  notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  sale 
once  each  week  for  three  successive 
weeks,  in  one  or  wore  newspapers 
published  in  said...Ao\m\  oi^Xew, 
and  in  his  or  their  own  name  or 
names  as  the  attorney  of  the  said 
grantor,  may  convey  the  same  by 
proper  deed  or  deeds  to  the  purchaser 
or  purchasers,  absolutely  and  in  fee 
simple;  and  such  sale  shall  forever 
bar  the  grantor,  and  all  persons  claim- 
ing under  him,  from  all  right  and 
interest  in  the  granted  prernises.whrth 
er  at  law  or  in  equity.  And  out  of 
the  money  arising  from  such  sale, 
the  said  grantee  or  his  -representatives 
shall  be  entitled  to  retain  all  sums 
then  secured  by  this  deed,  whether 
then  or  thereafter  payable,  including 
all  costs,  charges  and  expenses  incur- 
red or  sustained  by  reason  of  any 
failure  or  default,  on  the  part  of  the 
said  grantor  or  his  representatives, 
to  perform  and  fulfill  the  condition 
of  this  deed,  or  any  covenants  or  a- 
greements  herein  contained;  render- 
ing the  surplus,  if  any,  together  with 
an  account  of  such  costs,  charges,  and 
expenses,  to  the  said  grantor,  h  is 
heirs  or  assigns. 

And  it  is  agreed,  that  said  grantee, 
his  administrators,  executors,  or  as- 
signs, or  any  person  or  persons  in 
his  or  their  behalf,  may  purchase  at 
any  sale  made  as  aforesaid,  and  that 
no  other  purchaser  shall  be  answer- 
able for  the  purchase  money  ;  and 
that,  until  .default  in  the  performance 
of  the  condition  of  this  deed,  the 
grantor  and  his  heirs  and  assigns 
may  hold  and  enjoy  the  granted 
premises  and  receive  the  rents  and 
profits  thereof. 

And,  for  the  consideration  afore- 
said, I...V\a\e.v\V\.Vj.\\o/*JO'vV\\>)...wife 
of  the  said.  .  .\V..S.Vv«\o/\NO'<\V\v)  ...do 
hereby  release  unto  the  said  grantee 
and  his  heirs  and  assigns,  allrigh* 
of  both  dower  and  homestead  in  the 
granted  premises. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  parties 
of  these  presents  have  hereunto  set 
their  hands  and  seals,  the  day  and 
year  above  written. 


. 
...CHARLES  WOOLFORD... 


[Witnessed  and  acknowledged  like  any  other  deed] 


BUSINESS 
TERMS. 


This  debt,  secured  by  the  mortgage 
dated  the...\Wv\...day  of...i\x\\«,,\^..., 
and  recorded  with  mortgage  deeds  vol- 
ume...^.., page. ..V\?>..,  has  been  paid 
to  me  by  ...t\\oc\\^«.\w\'\%..,  and  in  con- 
sideration thereof  I  do  discharge  the 
mortgage,  and  release  the  mortgaged 
premises  to  said. ..twscWfcs/wvNxs... and 
his  heirs. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this.^V 
...day  of...WNi,...l9... 


ttlOOO.  TOLEDO,  MARCH  13,19..  . 

.;     One  year  after  date  I  promise  to 
~ 


ollars,  at  the  First  National  Bank  o( 
Toledo,  Ohio,  with  interest  at  the  -rate 
of.  .A*.  ..per  cent  per  annum,  for  val- 
ue received.  This  -note  is  secured  by  a 
mortgage  of  even  date  herewith,  on  a 
certain  tract  or  parcel  of  land  situate 


.. 

^.•nicvxXdk  A\\&  ^H\\M-\ 
em&\\\yra.teA\C£  o&  V 
...CALVIN  toss...  .  I 


CITY  OF  DAYTON, 

State  of  Ohio,    )       June  19,  A.  0.19..  . 
The  said.  ..Vvo/m.e,>lva.\vY\...  acknowl- 
edged the  foregoing  instrument  to  be 
his  free  act  and  will, 
re.  -ma, 
CLARENCE  BISHOP^ 


_ 

I  hereby  assign  the  above(or  within] 
mortgage  to... tVa.V^We'AeA}... 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this..Vrt. 
day  of...HoN8.w\>e,x  ...19... 


By  virtue  of  a  pover  of  sale  contain- 
ed in  a  certain  mortgage  deed  given  by 
. .  .^Yw\«,\  t-iVes  ...to..  .6\\)&e\<\Y*\\>aN\ . . , 
dated. ..\JVzi\)  \$..,  19...,  and  recorded 
with  mortgage  deeds  volume. ..\1>...pa0e 
...TA6..,  will  be  sold  at  public  auction  up- 
on the  premises  (  or  at  the  office  of..£. 
\S.V\c\>es..,  No..  .V55  VIVvVsX...  Street..., 
Cleveland, Ohio,)  on..N\ojnta^...the...1iVh.. 
day  of...Mi\\^...  I9...at...\\...o'clock  in  the 
forenoon,  all  and  singular  the  premises 
conveyed  by  said  mortgage  deed, name- 
ly i^Veia  tow'fae.  ^no^ctV^V 
oi 


. — A  proposal  made  atanas- 
sembly'or  meeting;  a-H  application 
•made  to  a  court  by  one  of  the  parties, 
or  his  counsel,  in  order  to  obtain 
some  rule  or  order,  which  he  thinks 
•necessary  in  the  progress  of  a  suit. 

M.OVA.BLES.— That  property.of  what- 
ever kind,  which  attends  adman's 
person  wherever  he  goes,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  things  immovable. 
Mulct,  a  fine  of  money,or  penalty. 
Mulier,  a  wife;  a  virgin;  awornan 
in  general.  Multitude,  the  precise 
number  has  never  been  fixed  by 
law,  but  according  to  some  author- 
ities all  above  ten  persons.  Mult- 
ure, the  toll  that  a  miller  takes  for 
grinding  corn. 

M.llNlClPAjL.-Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  city. Municipal  Courts,  courts 
established  in  the  larger  cities 
and  villages,  having  jurisdiction 
of  offenses  committed  in  viola- 
tion of  city  ordinances.  They  way 
also  try  civil  and  criminal  cases. 
These  courts  usually  consist  of  one 
judge  elected  by  the  people  of  the  city. 

IV\llF\DEH.— The  killifl?  ofahuwan 
being  deliberately  and  maliciously, 
and  with  the  intent  to  effect  the 
death  of  the  individual;  or  the  kill- 
ing of  a  person  in  committing  some 
other  crime,  and  not  with  a  design 
to  effect  death.  The  former  is  des- 
igna-ted  murder  In  the  Vw<&  tacycee, 
and  the  latter, sewwfc  &eo/«ee..  M  u-r- 
drutn,  the  killing  of  another  in  a 
secret  manner. 

M^UfE.— When  a  prisoner,while  be 
ing  arraigned,  either  cannotspeak, 
or -refuses  to  do  so,  he  is  said  to 
stand  -mute.  Mutiny,  a  sedition, 
revolt,  or  insurrection  aga.inst  a 
constituted  %auKiorfty,  especially 
military  or'naval  authority. 


. 

company  in  which  the  profits, after 
deducting  the  evpense  of  the  busi- 
ness, are  divided  among  the  insured, 
or  so  applied  in  renewal  of  insur- 
ance,!^ reduction  of  premiums, 
that  the  insured  pays  onlyforthe 
amount  of  his  actual  risk,i-n theory. 
Mutuality,  acting  in  return,  or 
a  reciprocity.  Mutuutti,  a  loan  of 
such  nature  as  to  be  consumed  by 
the  borrower,  and  to  be  returned 
to  the  lender1  in  the  same  kind 
and  quantity. 

^TV\E.— The  designation  of  arne-r- 
cantile  house  or  firm. The  firm 
name  under  which  a  business  has 
grown  up  being  valuable,  it  is  oft- 
en continued  for  years  after-  t  he 
individuals  who  composed  thefirm 
have  ceased  to  have  any  pecuniary 
interest  in  the  business. 
(^,TIOf4.— A  body  of  persons  living 
within  a  certain  territory  under  a 
sovereign  government  organized 
for_the  purpose  of  administering 
universal  justice. National  Batiks, 
';  banking  institutions  established  un- 


der the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Con- 
gress, the  object  of  which  is  to  uni- 
fy the  currency.  When  banks  are  or- 
gan ized_  under  this  act,  they  can  is- 
sue their  individual  notes  only  up- 
on the  basis  of  United_States  bonds 
deposited  in  the  archives  oftheU-ni- 
ted  States  Government. The  chief 
officer  of  the  department  oftheUni- 
ted  States  Treasury  has  general  su- 
pervision over  all  National  Banks, 
attends  to  the  printing, registering 
and  issuing  to  them,  of  their  cir- 
culating notes  and  orders,  and 
receives  their  periodical  reports. 
National  G-uard,  see  under  Militia. 


born  out  of  lawful  wedlock; those 
by  procreation  as  distinguished  from 
children  by  adoption.  Natural  Law, 
see  Law  of  Nature. Natu-raliza- 
tion,  the  act  by  which  an  alien  is 
-wade  a  citizen.  The  process  of  nat- 
uralization consists  of  two  steps: 

(1)  The  declaration  of  intention  to 
become  a  citizen  bf  the  UnitedStates. 
This  must  be  made  on  oath  before 
a  circuit  or  district  court  of  theUni 
ted  States;  or  before  a  State  court 
of  record  having  common  law  ju- 
risdiction, a  clerk,  and  a  sealjwhen 
a  certificate  is  given  to  the  person. 

(2)  At  least  two  years  must  elapse 
before  the  second  step,— the  oath 
of  allegiance.  The  person  -must  prove 
b^  witness  upon  oath,  that  he  has  re- 
sided in  the  United  States  at  least 
five  years,  and  in  the  State  in  which 
he  wishes  to  be  naturalized  at  least 
one  year;  and  that  during  thistirne 
he  has  borne  a  good  moral  character, 
and  has  been  well  disposed  toward 
the  Constitution  and  government. 
He  then  makes  a  written  declara- 
tion, and  supports  it  by  oath,  that 
he  renounces  allegiance  to  all  for- 
eign powers,  and  that  he  will  «u.p- 
port  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.  A  certificate  of  citizenship 
is  then  given  him  by  the  court.  — 
Natural  Liberty,  the  freedom  to 
exercise  our  natural  rights  with- 
out any  restraint.Natural  Riejhts, 
freedom  to  gratify  one's  inclina- 
tions to  the  fullest  ex  tent,  is  suppos- 
ed to  represent  the  condition  of  men 
without  society.  It  exists  only  in 
theory. 

/^ia/VJIOtf. -Navigable  waters 
are  all  those  capable  of  floating  ves- 
sels, boats,  logs,  rafts,  or  any  prod- 
ucts of  the  country  through  which 
they  flow.  They  are  subject  to  the 
use  of  the  public,  as  navigable  high- 
ways, the  soil  beneath  thern  remain 
ing  the  property  of  the  riparian  pro- 
prietors, or  the  State.  Navigation 
Laws,  those  laws  which  provide 
for  light-houses,  buoy  s, signal  sta- 
tions, and  life-saving  stations  along 
the  coast;  improving  harbors,  pre- 
scribing the  number  of  passengers 
to  be  carried,  quarantine,  etc. 


239 


_ .  —  The  whole  of  the  ships  of  war 
jelongirig  to  a  ruler  or  nation,  con- 
sidered collectively.  I-M  time  of  peace, 
of  the  United  States  Navy,  a  part  o  f 
the  vessels  are  at  the  navy-yards,  and 
>h»  others  are  stationed  in  the  differ- 
ent waters  of  the  globe,  to  protect: 
the  interests  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  persons  and  property  of  Her  citi- 
zens. Ocean  surveys  are  also  made,  to 
ajd  in  the  construction  of  charts. 

~—  Such  things  as  ar« 
proper  and  essential  for  the  s  uste- 
nance  of  a  person.  The"  necessaries 
for  which  a  minor  may  bind  himself 
by  contract,  are  all  things  essential 
or  appropriate  for  the  sustenance  or 
convenience  of  the  minor  m  his  way 
of  life.H4etwvi\e»  include  food, cloth- 
ing, lodging,  mediciite.and  education. 
E>AJlVE  AXEFWEKT.  —  An  aver- 
ment in  the  pleadings  of  some  uses, 
in  which  a  negative  is  asserted.  Neg- 
ative Pregnant,  the  negation  of  one 
thing  which  i-mpljes  the  affirmation 
of  another. Negligence,  the  habit  of 
omitting  to  do  things  which  ought 
to  be  done. The  question  of  neotigenci 
's  generally  one  of  fact  for  a  juryASae, 
\. Negligent  Escape 


the  escape  of  aorisoner  from  the  cus- 
tody of  a  sheriff  or  other  officer,  with 
out  consent. 

E>OTI  A.B\.E.  —  A  term  applied  to  a 
contract,  the  right  of  action  on  which 
is  capable  of  being  transfer-ted  by  deliv- 
ery, or  indorsement  and  delivery .  Ne 
gotiable  Paper,  notes,  drafts,  and 
other  written  obligations  which  are 
transferable  and  pass  readily  from 
hand  to  hand.  Negotiable  Not*,  an 
ordinary  promissory  note,  on  which 
a  right  of  action  passes  by  its  assign- 
ment by  mere  endorsement.  Negotia 
ble  Securities,  all  kinds  of  instruments 
which  are  evidences  of  indebtedness, 
besides  commercial  paper,  negotiable 
in  form.  Negotiable  Words,  the  words 
vita*  and  Wa«tx  are  called  negotia- 
ble words,  because  the  use  of  one  of 
them  is  necessary  to  confer  negotia 
bility.  Negotiate, to  transact  or  ar- 
range business;  to  treat  with  others 
in  regard  to  public  affairs  or  private 
matters. Negotiability, the  quality  of 
Wing  salable  in  the  market  without 
difficulty; -Hie  quality  in  commercial 
paper  of  being  enforceable  by  one  per 


son  who  receives  it  under  certain 
circumstances,  even  though  not  en- 
forceable' but  he  one  from  whom  he 
receives  it.  THe  following  are  the  wa 
4\V\«m*  oV  «\tqjoX\«Xn\\>h)  ••  I  — As  to 
For-Mi :  1 1)  Certainty  of  DATE  OF  PAY- 
MENT.!^ The  words  ORDER  or  BEARER. 
(3)  Payable  UNCONDITIONALLY.!*)  Pay- 
ment in  MONE>.  (S)Certainty  o(  A- 
MOUNT.  IE.— As  to  Ma-Mtier  of  *ra*s- 
fer:(l)  If  payable  to  bearer.either 
originally, or  by  blank  endorsement, 
no  condition. (3)  If  payable  to  or- 
der, must:  be  endorsed  by  one  to 
whose  order  payable.  HI  — As  to 
Ti*tie  of  transfer;  Must  be  before 
maturity.  IV.—  As  to  Consideration 
for  transfer:  The-re  must  be  consid- 
«ration.~V.— As  to  Knowledge  of  de 
.feet:  There  was*  be  no  knowledge, 
except  in  accommodation  paper. 


•  400.  NEW  YORK,  Nov. 3, 19 

Three  months  after  date...\... 
promise 
or  order,  < 
value  received. 


,  jrNEAT).— Clear  of  all  charges; 
the  evact  weight  or  amount  after  all 
deductions  are  counted  out.  Net  Pro- 
ceed*, the  amount  or  sum  which 
goods  produce  after  every  charge  is 
paid.  Net  Profit,  the  profit  after  de- 
ducting all  expenses.  Net  Sutti,  the 
sum  remaining  after  all  proper  de- 
ductions are  made. Net  Weight,  the 
weight  of  merchandise  after  allow- 
ance has  been  -made  for  the  casks, bags 
or  any  enclosing  material. 

N"EbTrMLITY.— The  state  of  being 
•neutral, or  not  taking  any  part 
with  either  side;  as,  when  two  na 
t  ions  are  at  war. 

N"EVV  MSSIGflNVEKT.-ln  a  legal  ac- 
tion, the  new  statement  of  a  cause 
in  which  the  plaintiff  assigns  _a- 
f-resh  his  ground  of  com plamt, with 
more  certainty  and  particularity  than 
he  had  previously  done  in  the^decla- 
ration.  New  Style,  the  Gregorian  or 
present  method  or  reckoning  time, 
as  distinguished  from  Julian  methoc 
or  Old  Style.  New  Trial,  in  a  suit  at 
law,  the  rehearing  of  the  parties,  up 
on  disputed  facts,  before  another  ju 
ry,  granted  by  the  court,  on  -motion 
of  the  dissatisfied  party. 

NE^T  OF  KJN ._  The  nearest  Vn  re 
lationship,  whether  of  consanguin- 
ity or  affimty;  and  to  whom, by  the 
statute  of  distribution,  the  personal 
estate  of  the  deceased  would  descend. 

pOMIN^L. —  Existing  in  name  on 
ly. Nominal  Damages,  when  a  loss 
or  injury  is  not  serious,  or  where 
rights  have  been  invaded,  but  no 
loss  shown,  a  small  sum  awarded  the 
plaintif.  Nominal  Plaintiff,  one 
who  is  named  as  plaintiff  in  an  ac 
tion.but  who  has  no  interest  in  it. 

fJO^IN/VTION'S.— The  constitu- 
tion and  laws  of  the  several  States 
prescribe  minutely  the  mode  of  e- 


lecting  the  various  officers;  but  the 
selection  of  candidates  is  left  to  be  de- 
termined by  political  parties  into  which 
the  people  are  divided,  and  by  them  the 
whole  matter  is  systematized.  Each 
party  has  a  State  committee  to  look 
after  the  general  interests  of  the  par- 
ty and  to  promote  its  success.  The-re 
is  also  a  committee  in  each  county;  in 
each  township,  city  and  ward  in  the 
county  ;  and  in  each  representative 
and  senatorial  district.  The  Sta.te. 
committee  issues  a  call  for  a  con- 
vention to  nominate  candidates  for 
the  State  offices.  Upon  receiving  this 
notice,  the  local  committees  issue  calls 
for  otMXWM*.  These  are  meetings  of 
the  voters  of  a  party  in  a.  township 
or  ward,  for  the  purpose  of  choosing 
delegates  to  the  convention,  or  of 
nominating  candidates  for  local  of- 
fices. Sometirnes  the  delegates  to  the 
State  convention  are  chosen  at  a 
county  convention,  which  may  be 
aw&s&convention  of  all  the  voters 
in  the  party  in  the  county,  or  compos- 
ed of  delegates  from  the  wards  and 
townships.  The  delegates  from  all  the 
courities  meet  at  the  appointed  time 
and  choose  candidates  for  all  the 
State  offices  that  are  to  become  va- 
cant at  the  end  of  the  official  year. 
National  and  most  judicial  aiidcou.n- 
tu  officials  are  similarly  -nominated. 


.-The  refusal 
of  the  drawee  to  accept  a  draft,  which 
is  then  said  to  be  ^\sVor\o-V4^.  It  should 
be  at  once  protested,  and  notice  sent 
to  all  the  parties  who  are  liable.  The 
protest  should  be  made  by  a  notary 
public;  but  in  his  absence,  any  respect- 
able citizen  can  make  the  protest.\5>ea 
VToWiVy  Non-Age,  in  some  -ases 
under  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and 
in  others  fourteen  or  twelve_years. 
Non-Clai-tti,  the  neglect  or  omission 
to  make  a  claim  by  one  entitled  to  it, 
within  the  time  limited  by  law.Non- 
Cotnbatants,  citizens  of  belligerent 
nations  who  take  no  part  directly  in 
carrying  on  the  war.  They  are_not 
subject  to  capture  or  molestation, 
and  their  property  cannot  be  legally 
taken,  though  sometimes  when  nec- 
essary for  the  support  of  an  army, 
the  inhabitants  may  be  compelled  to 
give  up  the  property  wanted  atafair 
value,  and  in  extreme  cases  without 
compensation.  Non-feasance,  the 
non-performance  of  some  act  which 
ought  to  be  done.Non-l-titerest-Bear- 
i«g  Note,  a  note  which  does  not  bear 
interest  until  after  maturity,  or  in 
case  of  a  demand  not*  after  demand. 
Non-joitid«r,  a  plea  in  abatement,for 
the  omission  of  one  or  more  persons 
as  co-plaintiff  or  co-  defendant.  Non- 
jurtM's,  all  persons  refusing  to  take 
the  oaths  required  by  law,  for  the 
support  of  tne  government.  Non- 
speculative  Accounts,  accounts  that, 
from  their  nature,  have  neither  Now 
nor  qi«\  connected  with  them,  unless 


240 


BUSINESS 
TERMS. 


it  arises  incidentally;  as.  Cash,  Bills  Re 
ceivable,  Bills  Payable,  Personal  Accou.nts,ctc. 
Notisu.it,  a  judgment  given  against  a 
plaintiff,  when  he  is  unable,  or  refuses 
or  neglects  to  go  on  with  his  suit  after 
issue  has  been  taken. 
^tWMv  0*  \WMJKBq\VKBOE.  Wre. 


&200.  HARRISBUR&,MAY  10,19... 

Sixty  days  after  date  I  promise  to 

pay 

,  value  received. 


o  MESSRS.&.H.CORY,S.F.UDD,  R.T.Mo- 
LINE,  and  each  of  them: 

^JWT\.^>N«S, — You.  will  please  take 
notice  that  a  -note  for  #500,  signed 
by  Martin  t-G-oodrich,  dated  hu.gu.st 
3, 19...,  due  December  1, 19...,  a-n  d 
endorsed  by  you.,  was  daly  presented 
by  me,the  holder, to  the  makers  -for 
pay-men*  and  was  not  paid, and  that  I 
shall  look  to  you.  (of  payment  thereof. 
Respectfully, 


*400.  CmcA&o,Nov.n,l9... 

Six  months  after  date,  I,  the  sub- 
^.riber,  residing  itl...\W\flL,\'Kv»A\\\ 
...County,  and  Sta-te  of...\\\5k'ww3i.., 
promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  YOUNC-, 
BARTER  t. Co.... 'S-owv  Y^wv^YeA... Dollars 
for  value  received,  negotiable  and  pay- 
able without  defalcation  ordiscount,anc 
without  relief  froni  any  valuation  orap- 
praisement  law,  with  current  rate  of 
exchange  on  Chicago,  III. 

No..AV\... 


&IOO.  NASHVILLE,  SEPT. 7,19... 

Thirty  daws  after  date  I  pro-wise 

to  pau...^N.^.CvtN^ou*...,or  order, 

0-v\e^NW\&\«&,v~v Dollars,  payable 

at  the  First  National  Bank,  value  received. 

' 


ST.Louis,ApRiL27,l9.... 
Three  months  after  date.  I  promise 
o  pay  to  the  order  of  myself~~~,0  'Ae 
\\\o\>i,v\.\\k~~v~  Dollars,  wit  hou.t  defal- 
cation. Value  received. 


. 
TO  OHVS  OHH  WSrail. 


^500.  SAN  FRANCISCO,  OcT.1,19... 

Thirty  days  after  date,without9race, 
I  promise  to  pay  to...Yw>\3*\,Vfvo';>*v?v.., 
or  order,^x~,f\N4^wi\^(a^~\xw/D  o  I  lars, 
value  received. 


.     . ...SoWN.bvM-^... 

.  PUBLIC.— A  public  officer  be- 
fore  whom  acknowledgments  of  deeds 
and  other  instruments  are  made,  in 
order  to  render  them  available  as  ev- 
idence of  the  facts  therein  contained 
in  any  other  country. 
40TE.— A  written  obligation  to  pay 

/OTG-UlLTY.— In  criminal  actions,the 
plea  by  way  of  traverse,  and  general  issue. 
JOTICE,.— A  paper  that  communicates 
information ;  a  warn ing.Notice,  Aver 
•wietit  of,  the  statement  in  a  pjeading 
that  notice  has  been  given. Notice, Cpti- 
structive,  that  which  the  law  implies; 
as, notice  by  record.  Notice  o/  Dishon- 
or, the  protest  of  a  bill  of  exchange  or 
promissory  note  for  non-payment. No 
tics  to  Produ.ce  Papers,  the  giving  to 
an  adverse  party  notice  to  produce  a- 
ny  written  instrument  in  _his  posses- 
sion, and  which  is  required  inevidence 
on  the  trial  of  the  cause.  Notice  *o 
ftu.it,  a  writing  from  a  landlord  to 
his  tenant  requesting  him  to  quit 
the  premises  leased,  and  to  give  pos- 
session of  the  same  at  a  day  named. 


To  ROBERT  RAIKES, 

•aw.— Please  observe  that  the  term 
of  one  year,  for  which  the  house  and 
land,  situated  at  1249  M ission  Street, 
and  now  occupied  by  you-, were  rent- 
ed to  you.,  expired  on  the  first  day  of 
March,  19...,  and  as  I  desire  to  repossess 
said  premises,  you.  are  hereby  request- 
ed and  required  to  vacate  the  same 
by  the  10th  inst. 

Respectfully  yours, 


)iego.  March  2,19... 


U I SA^NC^.  —  Anything  offensiveo 
injurious,  and  unlawfu-lly  worketh  in- 
convenience, hurt,  or  damaoe. 


And  the  said. ..VKai(\o\\VoVVs..., for 
himself,  his  heirs  and  assigns,doeshere 
by  covenant  to  and  with  the  said...Gr. 
Vl.\\oWV\...,his  heirs, executors  and 
administrators,  that  neither  the  said 
. ..^\'&.Y\o'v\^?oXXs...,nor  his  heirs  or 
assigns  shall  or  will  at  any  time  here- 
after erect  or  permit  upon  any  part 
of  the  said  lot  any  slaughter-house,  fur- 
nace, forge,  smith-shop,  stearn-engine, 
brass-foundry,  nail  or  other  iron  fac- 
tory, or  any  manufactory  of  gunpow- 
der, glue,  varnish,  vitriol,  ink,  or  turpen- 
tine, or  for  the  tanning, dressing  or 


preparing  skins, hides, or  leather,  or 
any  brewery,  distillery,  or  any  other 
noxious  or  dangerous  trade  or  business. 


, . .     , 

NULLITY—  The  state  of  being  null  arid 
void ,  or  of  no  force, 

KoricVJPEHACTlVE  "WlLL.-An  oral 
will,  declared  by  a  testator  V<\«,xV\*- 
wi\<=,, before  witnesses,  and  afterwards 
reduced  to  writing. 

NU(\TUI\E.— The  act  or  right  o/ tak- 
ing care  of  children  until. the  age 
of  fourteen  years. 

0/VTrl.— A  solemn  affirmatio-M  or 
declaration  o/tru.th-telling,rnade 
with  an  appeal  to  G-od  as  witness. 
Oath  ol Alleoietice, members  of 
all  state  and  national, legislative, 
executive,  and  judicial  departments 
of  the  government,  are  required , 
on  taking  off  ice  to  *a.ke  the  oath  of 
allegience,  i.e., to  supportthe Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States_.They 
are  also  requ-ired  to  swear  to  discharge 
the  ditties  of  their  offices  to  the  best 
of  their  ability. 


I  do  solemnly  swear  or  affirm  that 
will  faithfully  execute  the  office 
of  President  of  the  United  States,and 
will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  pre- 
sere,  protect,  and  de/end  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States. 


Test  Oath,  an  oath  or  a  declaration 
in  favor  of  or  against  certain  relig- 
ious opinions,  as  a  qualification  for 
office.  Forbidden  in  the  United  States. 
Oath  Decisory ,  an  oath  which  one 
of  the  parties  in  an  action  defers  or 
refers  back  to  the  other  for  the  de- 
cision of  the  cause. 

OBIT.— A  funeral  solemnity  or  office 
for  the  dead;*he  anniversary  office. 

OBLIGATION — Any  act  which  binds 
one  to  do,  or  forbear  to  do, something 
to  another,  or  for  hi-m;  a  bond  con- 
taining a  penalty,  with  a  condition 
annexed,  binding  ^a  person  to  some 
performance. Obi igec,  the  person 
in  whose  favor  an  obligation  is  con- 
tracted. Obligor,  the  person  who  en- 
ters into  an  obligation. 

OCClJP^NC\.-The  act  of  takitio pos- 
session of  those  things  which  before 
did  not  belong  to  any  one.  Occu.- 
parit,  one  who  first  possesses  a 
thing;  he  who  has  actual  possession 
to  the  exclusion  of  others. Occitpa- 
tioti,  the  act  or  state  of  occupying; 
use  or  tenure;  bM-siness  or  trade. 
pF^NS^.— A  misdemeanor  or  a 
crime;  a  crime  not  indictable,but 
punishable  summarily,  or  by  the  for- 
feiture of  a  penalty. 

OFF|CE.— A  department,  as  of 
state;  a  house  or  apartment  where 
commercial  men,etc.,tTansacttheir 
business;  a  right  to  exercise  a  public 
or  private  employment, and  totake 
the  fees  and  emoluments  belonging 
thereto.  0 //ice Copy,  an  authentic 
transcript  of  a  proceeding  filed  in 
the  proper  office  o/  a  cou-rt.  Officer, 
one  legally  invested  with  an  of/ice, 


211 


and  authorized  to  perform  some  pri- 
vate or  public  duty.  Official, ont  who 
holds  an  office;  done  by  virtue  of  au- 
thority; an  ecclesiastical  judge  appoint- 
ed by  a  bishop,  with  charge  over  a  spir- 
itual jurisdiction.  OfYicial  Matiaoer,a 
managing  officer  appointed  to  oversee 
the  winding  up  of  the  affairs  of  a  joint-  O 


stock  company 


(or  SET-OFF). -A  claim  which 
one  party  has  against  another  who  Has 
a  claim  against  him;  a  counter-debt.!* 
ordinary  cases  debts  owed  by  two  par- 
ties to  each  other  offset  and  destroy 
one  another,  but  this  is  not  always  so 
with  negotiable  paper  before  it  is  due. 

OL.D  AjCCOll^TS.—  Open  ledger  balances 
ft  long  standing, or  unsettled  bills. 

OLEF\ON  LA>Vs;-Laws  pertaining  to 
maritime  affairs;  so  called  because  sup- 
posed to  have  been  -made  by  Richard  I., 
when  at  the  island  of  Ole-ron. 

OLIGARCHY.  —  A  form  of  government 
wherein  the  power  of  administration 
is  in  the  hands  of  a  few  persons  self- 

l. —  A  writ  or  document  whol- 
ly written  by  the  person  making  it. 
INf\ISS(0(<. -Neglect  of  that  which  duty 
requires,  which  renders  void  many  pro- 
ceedings, and  sometimes  is  placed  a- 
mong  crimes  and  offenses. 0-winiu.rti, 
a.  term  signifying  the  aggregate  value 
of  the  different  stocks  in  which  a  loan 
is : funded. Onerous  CauM,  a  legal  c 
sideration.  Onerous  Contract,  one  -made 
for  a  given  consideration.  Onomastic, 
a  signature  made  in  a  different  H  and- 
writing  from  that  in  the  body  of  the 
instrument. 

if^SAj-E. —  A  term  signifying  that 
goods  or  merchandise  has  been  left 
with  another  person  than.  the  owner 
for  sale. 

OPEN. —  To  vacate;  as,  to  open  a  judg- 
ment, or  open  an  order  of  the  court; 
*o  begin;  as,  to  open  a  case.  Open  Ac 
count,  a  running  account  on  a  mer- 
chant's books,  of  debits  or  credits, with 
an  individual  or  firm.  Open  Cou.rt,  a 
court  during  the  time  in  which  it  is  en- 
gaged in  the  transaction  of  business. 
Opening,  a  term  used  for  the  day  on 
which  dry-goods  merchants,  i-ni  I  li- 
ners,etc.,  display  new  goods;  *he  first 
address  of  a  counsel  in  a  caust. Opening 
Book*, in  Book-keeping, is  making  the 
necessary  entries  for  indicating  the  ex- 
act condition  of  affairs  at  the  time  of 
beginning  business.  In  the  Journal,  the 
several  kinds  of  property  carried  into 
the  business,  or  devoted  to  it,  should 


each  be  made  Or.,  under  its  propar 
title,  for  its  value;  and  Stock  should 
be  made  Cr.  for  the  amount  of  t  he 
whole.  l*i  case  of  easting  liabilities 
at  the  time,  Stock  shou-ld  be  made  Dr. 
lor  their  amount  to  the  several  titles 
of  account  representing  them.  Open 
Policy,  an  insurance  policy  intended 
to  cover  all  Bipods  shipped  by  a  certain 
person  within  a  specified  time;  each 
special  shipment  and  the  amounts  of 
insurance  to  be  indorsed  upon  the  pol 
icy,  as  the  shipments  are  made. 
p'IfllOJi.—  Settled  judgment  or  be- 
lie/ of  the  mind;  *he  formal  decis- 
ion of  a  judge  pronounced  upon  a 
case.  I/  there  be  several  judges,  and 
they  fail  to  ajree,  the  opinion  of  the 
majority  is  called  *ht  ^ve>i&>\\\NO,  oijviv 
of  the -minority  is  called 


the  &\^c,\\v\YvC)  OVVY\\O'V\. 

OPPRESSION.— The  imposition  of  u* 
reasonable  burdens  or  exactions  upon 

,  under  pretense  of  law. 
.  ... —  A  tertn  used  in  the  stock- 
exchange  for  taking  or  delivering  at 
a  future  day  a  certain  -number  of  shares 
of  a  given  stock  at  a  price  agreed  upon. 
Optional  W-rit,  an  alternative  writ, 
commanding  the  Defendant  to  do  the 
thing  required,  or  show  cause  why 
he  has  not  done  it. 

.—  Spoken,  as  opposed  to  written; 
as,  oral  testirnony.or  oral  law.  Oral 
Contract,  a  contract  made  by  word 
of  mouth,  and  may  be  either VMjtaA 
or  «,«.ytew.  An  express  contract  is  one 
definitely  expressed  in  words;  and  an 
implied  contract  is  one  implied  from 
all  the  circumstances  of  the  transaction. 
0-rato-r,  an  advocate,  or  the  party 
who  files  a  bill  in  chancery.  0-Hea.l, 
an  ancient  manner  of  trial  in  prim 
inal  cases  to  determine  guilt  or  inno- 
cence by  causing  the  accused  to  pass 
through  fire  or  water,  or  by  the  waoer 
of  battle. 

Or\DEr\. —  A  mandatory  act;  a  writ- 
ten request  to  deliver  goods  or -money 
to  some  person  mentioned,  or  to  his 
order,  or  to  the  bearer,  on  account  of 
the  person  signing  the  request.  It  i  s 
used  by  the  person  -receiving  it  as  a 
voucher  that  the  person  signing  it 
is  responsible,  and  that  the  thing  or 
things  mentioned  have  been  deliver- 
ed. Orders  may  fee  made  negotiable; 
but  the  persons  on  whom  they  are 
drawn  are  not  under  obligation  to  pay 
them  unless  they  have  been  accepted. 
WUkVO*  VflHVt. 


RALEIGH, N.C.,SEPT.  10, 19... 
MR.C.L.K.NLEY: 

Please  pay  to. ..^."b.NN  N\A.. . , 
or  ordeij— "Vjwu^^v-iDollars,  due-  on 
my  account,  and  oblige 
Yours,respectfully 


WASHINGTON,  MAY  29, 19... 
MH.  WM.  CROWE: 

Please  pay  to...^A.\ox... 
or  bearer,— S\TiV\$ — Dollars  in  goods 
from  your  store,  and  place  to  account 
of  '  *•  ••• 


B  ALT  i  MO  RE,  FEB.  19.. .. 
MESSRS. CHLOE,M»RSH  LCo.: 

Please  deliver  to 
the  bearer, . . .?»\\.\» ^o»>^* . . ,suth goods 


as  he  may  desire  from  your  store, not 
ixce«ding  in  value  the  sum  of~5\rv<- 
lollars.and  charge  the  same  to  my  ao- 
:ount. ...V.NX.W'vKnvmL. . . 


LAFAYETTE,  MARCH  3, 19... 
MESSRS. WHEWELL  kCo.: 

Please  deliver  to.. .7. 
toss..,  or  order— ~^Yvc^\x\\Ci\c& — 
Barrels  of  Flour,  stored  by  me    in 
our  warehouse. 


UNION  CITY,  JUNE  1,19... 
MR.W.W.  PARSONS, 

Please  send  me,  per  kear- 
err — !f\v*«.«.^~v Barrels  of  Flou.r,Ex- 
tra  Drifted  Snow,  and  oblige 
Yours  truly. 


BUFFALO,  JAN.  (,  19. 
MESSRS. HAVWARD, Cox  t  Co., 


Please  serid 


.~«- 

Imperial  Tea,  Hugo  li  Otto,  If  I0,as  per 
sample  cent  us,  and  oblige 
Yours  truly 


*50.40.        SPRIN&VALLEY,  Oct.1,19.. 
MESSRS.  A.  B.S  EARLS  t*.  Co., 
Philadelphia. 

Please  send  to 

...VX.Coox.tx...,  Richmond,  Va.,~^v<io 
^ozvn copies  of  Wolford's  Inter- 
nation  Law  at  introduction  price, 
""1. 10),  and  charge  to -my  account. 


OF\OEf\  BOOK..  —  A  book  containing  a 
record  of  all  sales  of  merchandise  on 
account  or  for  cask. 


S  T.LOUIS,  MARCH  1,19. 


5i.B»Ker,  Traven 

30  da.,2*IOd».,  U.S.Ex. 

Mdu.Hose  10.00 

3.,    .,  7.00 

Case  #1 50.  % 


BardtCo.,"  Xenia. 

Cash,!"*,  Mer.Dis. 

30  yds.Sheetinfl,        2.0/. 
50  .>^.\S 


Case  #751. 

M.S.Metts, 
30  da. 


30  ioi.  Buttons, 
Case  #152. 


ft 

Tipton 
U.S.Ex. 

50^. 

30?. 


10000 

35  10  i35  }0 


25  o? 
r  M 


HSU 


.  "\  V\  e. 


The  above  represents  copies  of  ar«J«T> 
sent  out.  A  book  similarly  ruled  also 
contains  copies  of  orders  received. 
OF\DEr\  p/Oft.  —  There  are  two  kinds 
of  notes,  those  payable  (I)  to  order, 
and  (2)  to  bearer.  So  also,  there  are 
the  same  two  kinds  of  drafts  or  checks. 
A  note,  draft,  or  check,  -not  contain- 
ing one  of  the  words"order"  or"betf 
er"  i  s  not  negotiable.  It  is  useless  to 
every  one  eircept  to  him  whose  -name 
is  mentioned  as-  payee. 


242 


OFJDI[i//\.NCf*.— A  law,  statute,  decree, 
teou-latiovi;  usually  applied  to  the  laws 
passed  by  a  city  council.  Ordinary,  a 
dismantled  ship  laid  up  i-n  harbor;  of  a 
•medium  quality;  a-tt  officer  who  has 
authority  to  take  cognizance  of  causes 
in  his  own  riyht,  and  not  by  deputation. 
Ord-Ha-MC8,all  kinds  o(  large  911115. Or/ 
9ild,a  payment  /or,  or  restitution  of 
cattle. 

F\IGlNf\L. —  A  first  or  primitive  au- 
thentic instrument,  or  that  which  pre 
cedes  all  others  of  its  kind,  and  serves 
as  a  model  from  which  copies  way  be 
wade.  When  documents  are  printed 
all  the  impressions  are  considered  as 
originals,  and  -can  be  used  as  evidence 
Original  Entry,  iti  Rook-keeping, the 
first  entry  of  a  transaction. Such  eti 
try,  to  be  admissible  as  evidence, -must 
be  made  in  a  proper  book.  Original  Ju 
risdictioti,  that  which  is  given  to  a 
court  in  the  first  instance. Orphan's 
Court,  a  probate  court. 

OSTENSIBLE;  PP^I\T^EI\.-One  who  is 
a  real  partner,  and  whose  name  ap- 
pears as  a  member  of  the  firm.  Ous 
*er,  an  eject-went  or  dispossession 
over  and  -more. 

JUTplT.  —  Equipments  or  supplies;as 
of  a  ship  for  a.  voyage. Outhouses, build 
ings  belonging  to, and  adjoinino  dwell 
iiiu-houses.  Outlaw,  one  who  isdepriv 
ed  of  the  benefits  of  the  law,  or  putoui 
of  its  protection.  Outlawed,  to  Have 
existed  ( as  a  debt)  for  a  certain  length 
of  time,  after  which,  on  that  proun 
alone,  the  law  prevents  its  being  erv 
fa  reed  .\5izaVvw\\X  aXXo-A  <A  KcV\w\^  .6  u-t 
-fa9e,  open  and  wanton  violence  ei- 
thtt  to  a  person  or  thing;a  wanton abus 
Outstanding  Accounts,  book  debts  an 
claims  which  are  yet  to  be  collectec 
Outward  Bound,  ships  departin9  fo 
&  foreign  port. 

OvEF\.—  Surplus;  ««oney  -not  requires 
for  the  day's  payment;  cash  onhanc 
not  accounted  for.  Overdraw,  to  draw 
a  greater  sum  than  one  has  to  his 
credit  in  a  bank. 

WKNV  ov  wnvce  w  OM  WOTJKVK  . 


rule,  to  disregard,  -make  void,  or  annul 
Overseers,  persons  appointed  to  pro- 
vide for  the  support  of  paupers  who 
have  no  near  relatives  to  support  them 
Overstock,  a  supply  beyond  what  is 
demanded.  Overtrading,  the  purchase 
of  90ods,  beyond  the  demand,  or  beyond 
the  means  of  payment.  Over*,  appar- 
ent, public,  or  open  to  view. 
0\WE.—  To  be  indebted  to.  Owelty, 
the  difference  paid  by  one  coparcen- 
er to  another,  to  equalize  partition  be- 
tween them.  Owlers,  ater-m  used 
to  designate  persons_who  carried  wool 
or  sheep  to  the  sea  side,  by  niipht,  iti 
order  to  be  shipped  off  contrary  to  law. 
Vv"i4E5\SHIP  —  Rightful  orjustclaim 
or  title.  Ownership  of  real  estate  ex- 
ists in  different  degress,  the  -most  com- 
plete of  which  is  iu\\  o\N\\e/vs\\\^,  or 
to  use  the  leaal  term  —  it  is  owned  in 
W-=>\Y<\^\«..  0+ie  may  do  what  hechoos 
es  with  property  he  owris  infull,pro- 
pided  he  does  not  use  it  in  such  a  mati 
ner  as  to  injure  others  or  their  property 


THIRD  NATION ALBANK. 

ST.  Louis,  Mo.^Se.'VV 


Your  account  appears  to  be  over 
drawn~~-*XV\.';>0~~,. Please  bring  inyout 
book  to  be  written  up  and  deposittheaimHOT 
Of  the  overdraft.  _\..%&OMt..,CASt 


.— A  charge  at  a  higher 
rate  than  what  is  customary,  or  that 
implied  or  agreed  upon. Overdue,  an 
obligation  or  note  remaining  unpaid 
after  the  time  ayreed  upon. Overload- 
ed, a  stock  exchange  term  signifying 
that  the  "bu!is"cannot  take  and  pay 


for  the  stock  they  have  purchased.Over-  P^H^.P 


Exchange, the  established  value  of 
the  coin  or  standard  value  of  one  coun- 
try expressed  in  the  coin  or  standard 
of  another.  Paraae,  equality  of  blood, 
name, or  dignity,  especially  of  land 
in  the  partition  c(  an  inheritance 
between  co-heirs. 


—  The  goods  brought 


by  a  wile  to  a  husband,  over  and  a- 
bove  her  dower.  Paraphernalia,  tne 
clothing,  jewelry,  ornametits^tc^of 
a  wife  which  she  possesses,*Trf  which 
are  suitable  to  her  rank  and  condi- 
tion of  life. 


-  —  AS  -wuch  land  as  an  ox  can 
plow  durin9  the  proper  season,  reckon 
ed  from  15  to  20  acres.  Oycr,  to  hear. 
Oyer  atid  Terttii-Mer,  to  hear  and  deter 
mine;  a  criminal  court  constituted 
by  commission  to  hear  and  determine 
causes.  Ouez,the  introtuctory  cry 
of  an  official  connected  with  a  court 
of  law,  or  any  public  crier,  requ!rin9 
silence  or  attention,  which  is  thrice 
repeated. 


,. — To  delude,  or  deceive  by  false 
appearances;  as,  to  ^a.tV>  Vywc^.  Pack- 
age, a  bundle  or  bale  of  goods.  Palace 
Court,  a  court  having  jurisdiction  in 
personal  actions,  held  in  England  once 
a  week  before  the  steward  of  the  house 
hold  and  knight  marshal.  Pandects, 
the  Justinian  books  of  the  civil  law. 

P/^NEL. — A  schedule  or  roll  containing 
the  names  of  certain  persons  s  urn- 
mon^ed  by  a  sheriff  to  act  as  jurywen 
Panic,  a  monetary  crisis;  as, among 
business  men,  the  result  of  overtra- 
ding or  speculation. 

P/^PEH  BlOClOVDE.-A  decree  or 
der  declaring  a  certain  coast*  or  coun- 
try in  a  state  of  blockade,  without  a 
force  stationed  there  to  maintain  it. 
Paper  Currency,  bank-notes  and  bills 
of  exchange,  which  represent  money 

*/V1« — Equality  iti  nominal  and  act 
U3l  exchange. When  a  security  will 
bring  its  full  value. 3n  tVietnarVet,it 
is  said  to  be  -aX  ^a-v.  When  it  will  not 
bring  as  much,  it  is  said  to  be  \>«J 
\*x.  When  it  is  worth  wore  than  its 
face  value,  it  is  said  to  be  «.\>OM&  v 
or  to  command  a  premium.  Par  of 


.  —  One  who  is  the  imme- 
diate tenant  to  one  who  holds  of  an- 
other, or  who  is  the  lowest  tenant  of 
the  fee.  Parcel,  a  package.  Pardon,  a 
remission  of  a  penalty  or  punishment. 
The  President  may  grant  pardons, 
but  only  in  cases  of  convictions  by 
the  United  States  courts.  A  Govern- 
or also  has  power  to  grant  pardons, 
e  xcept  i-n  cases  of  impeachment,  and, 
in  some  States,  of  treason.  He  way 
also  GowvwiiAa  a  sentence,  which  is 
to  exchange  one  penalty  or  punish- 
ment for  another  of  less  severity. 
PAJlEtfT  /\NO  CHILD. -Parents  are 
obliged  to  provide  for  the  cupportanc 
education  of  their  children  during 
their  minority,  or  while  they  are 
u.nder  twenty-one  years.  Even  if 
the  children  have  property  of  their 
own,  the  father  is  so  bound, but  not 
the  mother.  If  a  parent -neglects  to 
provide  necessaries  for  his  child, oth- 
ers way  do  so  and  sue  the  parent  for 
their  value. -The  parent  has  the  right 
to  the  custody  of  his  child, and  way 
legally  punish  it  for  good  cause,  but 
not  cruelly.  The  father  has  a  right 
to  the  labor  and  services  of  his  chil- 
dren, and  may  recover  their  wages 
from  any  person  employing  them 
without  his  consent.Children  who 
are  a_ble  are  in  general  bound  to  sup- 
port indigent  parents. \5>«-«.  Kj^ww 
Vvoa,  -a,\\&  Cr\x-Kv&vj.\\V  Parent  icide, 
one  who  murders  a  parent;  or  the 
crime  itself. 


I.—  An  ecclesiastical  division 
oVatown  or  county, subject  to  the 
oversight  and  -ministry  of  one  pastor; 
a  division  of  country. Park,  an  en- 
closed portion  of  grass-  and  decorat 
ed-land  in  or  near  atown  or  city  for 
amusement  or  exercise;  ati  inclosed 
chase  extending  only  over  a  man's 
own  grounds. 


-  The  general  and 

supreme  legislative  body  of  G-reat 
Britain,  comprising  the  houses  of 
lords  and  the  house  of  commons 
.—  Verbal,  or  by  word  of  -mouth, 


also  applied  to  written  contracts  -no) 
undersea!.  Pare  I  Con  tracts, verba 
contracts; -those  -not  under  seal  at 
common  law.Parol  0<*tiurrer,  a 
plea  to  stay  or  stop  the  pleadings  in 
an  action.  Parol  Evidence,  oral  ev 
idence  as  opposed  to  written.  Parol 
Lease,  an  oral  agreement  by  one  per 
son  to  let  to  another  a  certain  estate 


243 


tights  arid  duties  as  they  agree  upon. 
I*  is  implied  (  if  not  expressed)  that  each 
partner,  wHo  is  to  contribute  his  time 
or  labor,  shall  exercise  all  skill,  care, 
arid  diligence  in  (he  business,  and 
without  other  compensation  than 
his  agreed  share  of  the  profits.  Each 
partner  has  full  authority  to  act  (or 
the  firm,  in  any  matter  connected. 
with  its  appropriate  business.  This  is 
«  legal  consequent  of  the  relation, 
whatever  the  agreement  provides. 
Each  partner  is  liable  for  the  whole 
indebtedness  of  the  firm,  and  not 
only  the  corn-men  property,  but  al- 
so all  the  private  property  or  each 
partner  may  be  taken  to  satisfy 
the  debts  of  the  firm.^teA-iiAwxaV 
As  to  debts,  a  dissolution  mates  no 
change;  but  as  to  authority,  each 
partner's  act  binds  the  firm  only 
for  the  purpose  of  wind!  119  up  the 
affairs,  and  not  in  any  new  trans- 
action. Upon  a  dissolution,  the  old 
partners  are  responsible  for  Tte_w 
debts,  unless  they  have  given  notice 
of  the  c 


FORMS. 


PAROLE.—  The  word  of  honor  of  a 
prisoner  of  war,  that  he  will  not  take 
up  arms  against  those  who  captured 
him,  until  regularly  exchanged.  Parti 
eid«,  one  who  murders  his  mother, 
father,  or  children;  or  the  crime  it 
self.  P*»*  Owmrs,  those  who  own  a 
thing  in  common. 

PAATfC\jLA.I\  \VEfV\pE. -That  dam 
age  less  than  the  whole,  falling  up- 
on a  particular  property;  a  loss  to 
be  borne  by  the  particular  owner  or 
his  insurer.  Parties,  persons  who 
are  named  in  a  deed  or  other  jnstrit 
mrnt;  those  engaged  in  an  action  at 
law. 

AATIT'lOpJ.  — A  division  into  distinct 
parts;  applied  especially  to  the  dividing 
of  lands,  tenements  or  hereditaments., 
which  have  descended  by  common  law, 
or  by  custom,  among  co-heirs  or  par 
ccners.  where  there  are  at  least  two. 

PA.f\Tf«(ER;.— A  -member  of  a  part- 
nership, or  an  associate  in  any  J>us 
iness  or  occupation.  Partnership, a 
voluntary  contract,  whereby  two  or 
more  persons  agree  to  combine  their 
money,  property,  labor,  or  skill  in  some 
lawful  business, and  to  share  its  profits. 
A  V'vmv, Vvou.se,  or  co^MVY\e-«5Vi\^,e8cl 
has  a  similar  meaning  to  partnership 
No  one  can  be  made  a  partner  against 
his  will.  A  partnership  is  formed  sim 
ply  and  only  by  agreement.  The  d  u 
ration  of  a  partnership  may  be  for  a 
specified  time  (as  two  years),  or,  as  is 
generally  the  case,  no  time  may  be  a 
freed  upon. Where  no  time  is  speci- 
fied, any  partner  may  dissolve  a  part 
nership  at  will.  I/  the  partnership  is 
for  no  definite  time,  a  partner  mayse! 
his  interest  in  the  common  property  ti 
any  one  a*  any  time.  A  transfer  of  \n 
terest  dissolves  the  firm. The  death  of 
any  partner  dissolves  the  firm. Upon 
dissolution,  each  partner  may  dernanc 
that  there  shall  be  an  accounting  »f  the 
affairs  of  the  firm,  that  the  commen 
property  be  sold,  and  that  he  be  paid 
his  proportionate  share  of  what  is  left 
after  paying  its  debts.  A  common  course 
is  for  a  retiring  partner  to  sell  his  in 
terest  to  some  of  th'e  old  partners, or 
to  some  one  else  whom  they  will  re 
ceive  as  a  partner,  and  have  the  bu< 
irtess  continue  as  before. The  part 
ners  have,  v>Xo  aitV\  oWvet,only  such 


o  u5..\. 

A  person  Iendin9  his  name  to   a 
firm,  or  allowing  the  same  to  be  us- 
ed after  he  has  withdrawn,  is  still 
responsible  to  third  persons  as  a 
artner. 


3y  agreement. 


By  Legislature 


A  collection  of 

•natural  persons 


Has  powers  of  ihe|H 
•natural  persons 
composing  it 


All  partners  lia 

bit- for  all  debts. 


Bg  partners, dis 
solves  partner 
ship. 


Of  pittner,  dis- 
solves the  part 
nership. 


A  fictitious 
person. 


las  only  the  pow 
ers  conferred 
by  law. 


In  40  me,  stock 
holders  liable 
to  a  limited 
ette«t;in  oth- 
ers, not  liable. 


Stockholders 
•new  stockhoU 
er  takes  his 
place. 


OfslockhoUe- 
those  obtain 

ing  his5tockb 
come  stockhold 
ers. 


This  Ag-ree-ment,  made  this..  AVtsv 
day  of.  .  .V*>\e...,  13...,  between...  iov.u 
' 


witnesseth  : 

I.-The  said  parties  hereby  agree  to 
become  co-partners,  under  the  firm 
name  of...V4\\_«w  t>.Sw«>>»^.«.v., 
as  such  partners,  to  carry  on  together 
the  business  of  buying  and  selling  all 
sorts  of  dry  goods,  at  No...\~V\  Y 
Sv»»e*...in  the  city  of...V«VkvW\\\e 

HI.—  The  said...  Sow*  Vi'xvsow  ...aarees 
to  contribute  •~~3iVvra«"V<\o\>^>a.'\r\k^~ 
Dollars  («3000),  to  the  capital  of  said 
firm;  and  the  said...  VN  .\\  A\»*WIH 


Dollars  (9*2000), to  the  same;  the 

sum  of  93500  of  said  capital  to  be  ex 
pended  in  the  purchase  of  a  stock  in 
trade. 

TO!. -All  the  net  profits  arising 
out  of  the  business  shall  be  divided  in 
the  following  proportions;  vii., three 
fifths  to  the  said...  V>l\\.i<m...  and  two 
fifths  to  the  said  . .  Avtv«\Yv\t«.s . . . 

I\T.  —  Each  partner  will  devote  all 
his  titne  to  the  said  business,and  wih 
use  his  best  efforts  to  make  the  busi- 
ness successful,  and  promote  the  in- 
terests of  the  firm  in  every  way. 

"V".  —  If  on  the  closing  out  of  said 
business  there  shall  have  been  a  net 
loss,  it  shall  be  borne  in  the  same  pro- 
portions  as  the  profits. 


No..A»r...  BOSTON,  ..Se^oA,..  19... 

One  month  afterdate,  w  ith  out 

grace,  we  promise  to  pay  to  the  order 

Of..  .0\X\«*V4«r<i . .  .  ,  ,~J\*IO  \\WV\\TeA  Vft& 

,  at  any  bank  in 
Boston.  ..NNt^wt*  b-Co... 

19  UNION  sau»KE. 


Ajr: 


.—A  partition  wall,  or 
ted  on  the  line  of  two  ad- 
joining estates,  half  on  each,  for  the 
use  of  both  parties.  In  a  party-wall 
each  party  owns  that  par»  which  is 
on  his  own  land,  and  also  owns  the 
right  to  have  the  rest  of  the  wall  stand 
though  it  is  not  on  his  land.  Neither 
has  the  right'to_take  down  even  that 
part  which  is  his  own,  without  the 
consent  of  the  other.  Par  Value, 
a  nominal  value  placed  upon  the 
stock  of  a  corporation  by  its  or^atm- 
ers  at  its  organization. 
PAJSS.— A  free  journey-ticket  o-n  a 
railway;  *o  be  transfer-red;  as.to  pass 
as  the  fixtures  with  the  sale  of  a  house; 
to  decide  upon;  as,  the  jury  have  pass- 
ed upon  the  case;  to  be  entered;  as, 
let  the  judgment  pass  for  the  plain- 
tiff. Passage  Money,  the  money  paid 
for  conveyance  at  sea.  Pass  Book, 
a  smajl  book  furnished  by  bankers  to 
their  customers,  in  which  are  entered 
all  payments  and  receipts  of  cash. 


Feb.3 

.  10 

Mn.  I 

..16 


To  Cash,  i 8000 00 
140000 
30000 

ISO'OO 
500000 


Balance 


Feb.'iBvCash..f  800JIO 
,,9       .,        4i 
•tffl      ..        5 

Mat.1  ,.  101000 
,,6  .,  '300000 
\2»«.  S07975 


[.  -A  traveler,  or  one  ;ou' 
neying  by  railway, steamboat  ot  coach 
Passive, all  the  sums  of  which  one 
is  debtor.  Passport,  a  document  car 
ried  by  neutral  merchant  vessels  'ITI 


241 


• •    .   •       .   •  •    .   '       .  •   . 
»%.;•":*...'":»...»;?:>»..•":.•":••..»!?:••..« 


lime  of  war  to  certify  their  national- 
ity, and  protect  them  from  belligerents; 
a  government  license  for  the  safe  pas- 
sage of  any  one  from  one  place  to  an- 
other. Passports  are  issued  bytheUniitd 
States  only  to  it:  own  citizens,  upon 
application,  supported  by  proof  of  cit- 
izenship. When  the  applicant  is  a  na- 
tive citizen  of  the  United  States  he  is 
required  to  transmit  his  own  affida- 
vit of  this  fact,  stating  his  age  and  place 
of  birth,  with  the  certificate  of  one  oth- 
er citizen  of  the  United  States  to  whom 
he  is  personally  known,  stating  that  the 
declaration  made  by  the  applicant  is 
true.  The  affidavit  must  be  attested  by 
a  notary  public,  under  his  signature  and 
seal  of  office.  t(  the  applicant  be  a  nat- 
uralized citizen,  his  certificate  of  nat 
uralization  must  be  transmitted  for 
inspection.  The  application  should  be 
accompanied  by  a  description  of  the 
person,  stating  the  following  particu- 
lars, vi:.r  Age:  —  years.  Stature:— feet 
—  inches.(.English  measure).  Forehead: 
— .  Eyes;  —  .Nose: — .Mouth: — .Chin 
— .  Hair: — .  Complexion:  —  .Face: — . 
If  the  applicant  istobe  accompanied 
by  his  wife,  minor  children,  or  servants 
it  will  be  sufficient  to  state  the  namts 
and  ages  of  such  persons,  and  their  re 
lationship  to  the  applicant,  when  a  sin- 
gle passport  for  the  whole  will  suffice. 
A  fee  of  one  dollar  must  accompany 
each  application,  made  payable  to  the 
^'ssWYsvYio.  C\e\V.  of  the  Department 
of  State.  The  application  should  bead 
dressed  to  the  ^e«a.iv \v\i\\V  a  4  Sv^Ve, 
\Na.sVvw\o,Vorv,^.C>.  A  passport  is  good 
fo-r  only  two  years.  Persons  desiring 
to  obtain  passports  for  themselves, will 
be  furnished  blank  forms, by  applying 
to  the  Department  of  State,  indorsed 
"Passport  Division."  I-M  applying  for 
forms,  state  if  for  •*\a\"wa  or  •wjAvcuj.X 
\iei  citizens. 

*ATEj4T.  — The  grant  by  the  govern- 
ment to  some  person  of  an  exclusive 
right  to  manufacture, sell,  and  u.se 
an  invention  made  by  him.Patentte 
one  to  whom  a  patent  is  grantcd.Pat 
etit  Off  ice,  the  office  through  which 
applications  for  patents  are  rnade.and 
from  which  they  are  given.  Patent 
Medicine,  medicine  the  composition 
of  which  is  a  secret,  and  the  right  of 
sale  limited  by  the  government  to  the  PA] 
proprietor. — Any  person, whether 
a  citizen  or  alien,  may  obtain  a  pat 
ent  for  any  -new  invention  or  discov 
ery.or  any  improvement  made  by  him 


and  not  before  known,  o-r  used  by  a- 
ny  one  else  in  this  country,  and  not 
at  the  time  patented,  or  described  by 
any  printed  publication  in  this.orany 
foreign  country.  Patents  mac;  be  sold: 
(I)  By  Territorial  Rights,  which  concede 
to  the  purchaser  the  same  exclusive 
right  as  of  the  owner,  to  sell  the  pat- 
ented article  within  a  specified  terri- 
tory, and  sotnetimes  may  include 
the  Tight^  tg  -manufacture;  (ft)  By 
Shop  Rights,  which  give  the  privilege 
»o  -manufacture  or  use  the  patented 
article  in  a  specified  shop  or  estab- 
lishment', and  if  no  other  placc;(3) 
By  Royalty,  which  is  a.  certain  sum 
paid  the  inventor  by  the  manufac- 
turer, on  every  article  -made  or  sold. 
The  duration  of  a  patent  is  seven- 
teen years.  The  application  for  a  pat- 
ent must  be  made  iti  the  name  of 
the  inventor,  who  can  alone  sign 
the  papers.  I*  is  almost  impossible 
for  one  not  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  the  patent  office  proceedings, 
to  obtain  a  patent  without  employ- 
ing a  patent  attorney  to  prepare 
the  papers  and.  conduct  the  corre 
spondcnce.  Joint  inventors  are  en- 
titled to  a  joint  patent.  An  inventor 
can  assign  his  entire  right  either  be 
fore  or  after  the  issue  of  the  patent. 
A  caveat  runs  for  one  yea-r,  and  pre- 
vents the  issue  of  a  patent  without 
the  knowledge  of  the  caveator,to  any 
person  for  a  similar  device.  Caveats 
may  be  renewed  at  the  expiration  of 
each.  year.  The  fees  required  for  ob- 
taining patents  vary  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  article,  whether  it  be 
a  design,  an  original  patent,  a  cave- 
at, etc.  For  a  caveat  the  fee  is  *  10; 
with  application  for  .an  original  pat 
ent,*!5;  and  when  the  patent  is 
issued,  *20  more.V.^vv.\\\v.to-w»!t« 
«»  Ha  Vvceioir-wi,  •tuAe,*,  eVc.,wi\\>tt 


provided  for.  Pavi»9C.,  taiei  or  money 
paid  for  paving  streets  or  highways. 
PAJWN.  —  Any  movable  property  depov 
ited  as  security  for  trie  repayment  of 
a  loan  of  money.  Pawnbroker  .,  one 
whose  business  is  to  lend  or  advance 
•money  on  the  security  of  movable  prop- 
erty deposited.  A  pawnbroker  cannot 
retain  goods  illegally  pawned,  as  hi  the 
case  of  stolen  property.  Pawnee,  ore 
who  receives  a  pawn  or  pledge  as  se- 
curity. Pawttor,  one  who  pawns  or 
pledges  property  as  security  (or  money 
borrowed  . 

'AX-  —  To  discharge  a  debt,  or  make  suit- 
able return  for  expense  or  trou.blii.Pay 
able,  that  may  be  paid,  or  justly  due. 
Payee,  the  one  i-n  whose  favor  & 
•note  or  bill  of  exchange  is  drawn,  or 
who  is  to  receive  the  money  .  Payer, 
the  one  who  paus,  or  is  under  obli- 
gations to  pay.  Payment,  the  dis- 
charge of  a  debt  or  obligation.  Pay- 
•me-Ht,  Equation  o/,  finding  the  av- 
erage time  for  the  payment  of  an 
entire  debt,  where  several  sums  be- 
corne  due  at  different  times,  so  that 
neither  party  shall  sustain  loss.This 
average  time  is  intermediate  among 
the  several  times  or  dates,  for  par- 
tial payments,  and  so  fixed  that  the 
Ojivw  to  the  debtor  from  retaining 
one  or  more  sums  •aAvev  they  become 
due,  shall  exactly  equal  the  \ossby  him 
from  paying  one  or  more  other  sums 
\je.4oxe  they  become  due.Pay-ttietit 


vw  VVie. 


. 
0  4  tV 


PAJE^TWfCnV^Vwrit'not  cl'osed 


. 

or  sealed  up.  Pate-fMaJ  P- 

estate  or  other  property  which  descends 
from  the  father  and  other  ascendants 
o/the  paternal  stock.  Patriarch  a 
C-over*ii«eii*,  a  form  of  govern- 
ment in  which  the  father  and  ruler 
is  the  head  of  a  family;  as  was  com- 
mon in  the  early  ages  o(  the  world. 
ATfllNlONY  —  ft  right  or  estate  in- 
herited, from  a  father;  a-My_k!nd  of 
property.  Patricide,  one  guilty  ofmitr 
dcring  his  father,  or  the  crime  itself. 
Pa#rio*,one  who  loves  his  cpuntry 
and  exhibits  great  zeal  in  its  interests 
Patron,  one  who  countenances  and 
protects  either  a  person  or  a  work;  a 
person  who  has  the  gift  and  disposal 
of  church  preferment.  Pa*ro«a9e,S|>e 
cial  countenance  or  support;  the  right 
of  appointing  to  office;tke  right  of 
presentation  to  a  church  orecclesias 
tical  benefice. 

AllPER.—  One  who  is  so  poor  that  h 
has  to  be  supported  atthe  public  e> 
pense.  In  some  States  there  is  iti  each 
county  a  poor-house,  to  which  the  pan 
pcrs  of  the  several  towns  are  sent  to  be 


ourt,  upon  admitting  either 
the  whole,  or  a  part  of  the  plaintiff's 
claim,  a  deposit  by  the  defendant,  of 
a  sum  of  money  with  the  court  for 
the  benefit  of  the  plaintiff,  and  in 
answer  to  his  claim.  This  generally 
relieves  the  defendant  from  payment 
of  costs,  unless  judgment  is  obtained 
for  a  larger  sum  than  iHat  paid  iti.  Pay 
Roll,  the  same  as  Time  Book,  which  see. 
^CbLATIO^.—  The  applying  to  one's 
own  private  use  of  public  money  or 
goods,  or  of  property  intrusted  to  his 
care.  Pedajiuiti,  money  paid  for  the 
passing  of  foot  or  horse  through  any 
country. 

P^ERS.—  Those  of  the  same  rank  or 
station;  «««mbers  of  the  House  of 
Lords;  those  who  are  impaneled  !n 
an  inquest  upon  any  man,  for  the 
convicting  orclearing  him  of  any 
offense  for  which  he  is  called  inqites- 
t  ion;  this  is  called  trial  by  one's  peers. 
Pe-*ial  Action,  an  action  for  the 
recovery  of  a  statute  penalty.  Penal- 
ty, punishment  inflicted  by  law,  ei- 
ther on  the  person,  or  by  a  fine. 

PE>l|Te.NTIAAY  —  A  prison  for  the 
nishment  of  convicted  criminals. 
.  —  An  allowance  made  to 


. 

any  one,  without  art  equivalent,  for 
valuable  services  performed  by  h  inn. 
1*1  this  country  pensions  are  grant- 
ed by  the  government  to  those  who 
have  been  disabled  in  war.  I/  a  sol- 
dier was  killed,  a  pension  isgranted 
to  his  widow  and  children.  State  and 
city  governments  sometimes  allow 
pensions  for  valuable  services,  as  in 
the  case  of  firemen.  Pensioner,  one 
who  is  supported  by  an  allowance  at 
the  will  of  another;  a  discharged  sol 
dier  who  receives  a  pension. 


PEOPLE.  — A  nation  or  state  taken  col- 
l«ctively; -the  body  of  persons  who  com- 
pose a  community.  Peppe-rco-rn  Rent,  the 
reservation  of  only  a  nominal  rent  it 
frequently  confined  to  "one  peppercorn." 

•e^E^PTOHIOUS —  The  quality  of  be- 
ing peremptory;  that  which  takes  away 
or  destroys  forever.  Peremptory, final, 
posi  tive,  absolute, or  determinate. rWetnp- 
tory  Challenge,  an  authoritative  chal- 
lenge given  to  jurors  without  cause.  Per- 
emptory Exception,  a  defense  which 
denies  the  ground  of  action.  Peremp- 
tory Mandamus,  a  mandamus  demand 
ing  that  a  thing  be  done  absolutely. Per- 
emptory Plea, a  plea  so  founded  that  it 
tends  to  destroy  the  right  of  action. 

•ifUFOFirwVVNCe.—  The  normal  and 
natural  -mode  of  discharging  an  obli- 
gation; the-  carrying  out  or  completion 
of  a  thing.  Perils  o/ the S«t,  extraordi- 
nary risks  attendant  upon  a  sea-voyage, awl 
which  cannot  reasonably  be  foreseen  and 
provided  against.  Perishable  Goods, -mer 
chandise.jucH  as  ice, fruits, etc.,  which 
loses  its  value  and  becomes  worse  from 
being  kept. 

'ffRJUHX.  —  Willfully  swearing  or  affirm- 
ing falsely  to  any  material  matter,  upon 
an  oath  legally  administered. To  insti- 
gate another  to  swear  falsely,is  «,\Ooo'<- 
«\Y\*X\OYV  oA  wt^vtnf.  Both  are  punish- 
able offenses. Pe*H»ii«,  a  written  license 
from  the  Excise  Office-  to  permit  the  re- 
moval of  excisable  goods  upon  which  duty 
has  been  paid, from  one  place  to  another. 

'E^SOK/SlL  ACCOUNTS Accounts  kept 

with  persons.  Each  such  account  bears 
the  name  of  the  person  with  who-m  It 
is  kept.  In  case  of  firms  or  companies, 
the  titles  employed  are  the  names  under 
which  they  transact  business.  I/ a  name 
is  not  sufficient  to  identify  a  firm  or  per- 
son, add  the  location. X>»V\v  a  person  when 
he  gets  into  our  debt, or  we  get  out  of  his 
debt.C*to\X  him  when  he  gets  out  of  our 
debt,  or  we  get  into  his  debt.  I/  one  buy 
goods  without  paying  for  them,  the  trans 
action  is  o-n  aceowwt.  I/  the  debit  side  is 
the  larger,  he  owes  us;  if  the  smaller,  we 
owe  him. 


^  *  To  Mfce.. 


L.S.MARSHFIELD. 


i  Plaster, 

ToBalatw. 


.    4: 


N  N 
800 


.,  ISO(CA\.  /VCTlOt*.— In  case  of  hiwct 
of  contract,  or  other  injuries,  «suit 
brought  for  the  recovery  of  chattels 
and  goods.  Personal  Chattels, foods 
movables,  wearing  apparel, and  oth 
er  personal  effects  which  can  be  car 
ried  about  the  person.  Personal  Lib 
erty,  primarily, the  right  to  go  ant 
come  without  restraint;  but  its 
•meaning  has  been  extended  to  covet 
freedom  of  speech  and  of  the  press 
tha  right  to  assemble  peaceably  for 
discussion,  the  right  to  petition  the 
government,  and  freedom  from  un 
reasonable  search  o/ property  and 
papers.  Perso*ia.l*«f}  personal  prop 
erty,  as  opposed  to  realty.  Personal 
Propcr-ty  ,evct-w  species- of  property 
except  real  estate;  the  right  or  in 
tcrest  which  one  has  in  things  per- 
sonal. Personal  Security, mright 
to  enjoy  life,  body,  health,  and  repu- 
tation. I*  means  not  merely  the 
right  to  live,  but  to  live  in  safety  aru 
tranquillity,  without  fear  and  with 
out  the  necessity  of  self-defence.  No 
greater  reproach  can  be  brought 
against  a  state  than  to  say  that  hu- 
man life  is  not  secure  within  its  te-r 

^TlTiO((. — A  paper  or  document 
containing  a  written  request  or  sap 
plication.  l*i  the  enactment  of  laws, 
it  is  common  for  the  people  to  bring 
a  measure  to  the  notice  of  the  leg- 
islature by  petition.  Petitions  arc 
usually  sent  to  those  members  who 
represent  the  counties  or  districts 
in  which  the  petitioners  live,  and 
are  by  these  members  presented  to 
the  leg!slature.VS><!,iV<Vttw\o-vYa\V 

- 


-Governor »f  the  State  o/I 


rrszr: 

Your  petitioners  -respectfully  rep 
resent V\«w\ 


To .President  of  the  United  States: 

The  petitioners  undersigned  -respect-  P 

fully  solicit  of  you .\V\a\z. 

w\se.t*  vAvaV  \*  ^eX\X\OA\a^. 

We  refer  to  accompanying  papers, 
A,B,  C,  D,  etc. 

With  the  greatest  respect, 
Atlanta,  Oct.  1, 19.... 


othe  Honorable,  the  Senate  and 
Houteof  Representatives  of  the 
State  of  _  ,  iii  Legislature  assembled: 
The  undersigned  petitioners,  -res- 
'dents  and  taxpayers  of  the  city  of 
respectfully  represent  that 


hey  .........  \ 


Sip-Mad  I • 


To  the  Board  of  Directors  of  t  he 

Spring  Valley  Water  Company: 

.v\*\*me*v.  —  As  the  vacant  lot 

:djo!ning>your  works,  etc. 

Respectfully, 


To  the  Hon.  Justices  of  the  _  County  Court 
The  undersigned,  residents  of__ 
_  _  Township,  respectfully  peti- 
tion, eto.  l  __ 

•!  ^^^  ^ 
(  m 


Signed 
County  of.  ....... 

State  of  ......... 

Date  ............. 


To  the  Mayor  and  CommonCounci 

of  the  City  of : 

&a-v\X\e.-w\e.\v. — Your  petitioner! 
citizens  and  taxpayers  of  the  fint 
second, and  third  wards  of  this 
city,  respectfully  petition  your  hon 
orable  body,  etc. 


City  of 

State  of. , 

Date -..., 


/ 

Signed  \  :==  j 


X\o\\e-< ,  4,w  Xt*e,  •wxo.  XVviX  xVew  ta 


&  XVv&X,  oi 


Vf  \vt\  . 

PEftlTlor  PETTY).—  Small.diwin- 
utive,  or  little  in  figure.  Petit  Jury, 
an  ordinary  jury,  as  opposed  to  the 
grand  jury.  Petit  Larceny,  steali-ng 
of  goods  below  a  certain  amoutit.1* 
is  punishable  by  a  fine  or  imprison- 
ment in  jail  or  both.  The  amount  va 
ries  in  the  different  states.  Pettifog 
per,  one  pretending  to  be  a  lawyer, 
without  the  necessary  qualification;; 
a.  tricky  lawyer. 

E.TT\  C/VSH-  —  Money  kepi  in  hand 
to  -meet  current  expenses.rVttyCasli 
Book,  a  book  for  entering  small 
receipts  and  payments.  Its  form 
is  the  same  as  the  ordinary  cash  book. 
Petty  Expense  Book,  a  small  book 
in  which  trifling  expenditures  are 
entered,  before  being  transferred  to 
the  cash  book.  Pe-tty  Ledger,  an  aux 
iliary  ledger  in  which  all  accounts 
are  opened  that  are  not  likely  to  be 
permanent,  active  accounts.  Ati  ac- 
count called  Petty  Accounts  is  open- 
ed in  the  main  ledger,  to  represent 
these  transient  accounts,  and  to  keep 
it  in  balance.  The  Petty  Ledger  does 
not  balance,  but  may  be  proved  by 
finding  the  difference  between  the 
sides  of  the  Petty  Ledger,  and  compar- 
ing it  with  the  difference  between 
the  sides  of  the  account  with  Petty 
Accounts  in  the  Main  Ledger,  which 
differences  should  agree.  The  form 
of  the  Petty  Ledger  is  the  same  as  the 
Main  Ledger. 


Way 


1-nk,ll)fc  fenV^?;HoJder,25 
Lautidry,75d;  Paper, 50 1, 

4  Wrapping  Paper, 


MAY    a,  19.... 


1  Charity,75  e;  Postage,  50 1, 

Total  for  week, 
Entered  inC.  B.,fol.  24. 


248 


.„ y.  -  — v.  f. — A  physician's  book 

of  sufficient  siza  for  recording  his  dai- 
ly visits  to  patients,  so  arranged^ as  to  be 
convenient  for  the  pocket,  serving  as  a 
reliable  book  of  original  entry,  and  as 
an  auxiliary  to  his  complete  set  of 
account  books. 

TO***  ov  TOisvcxNtffc  ^\KW. 

DAILY  RECORD  FOR  WEEK  ENOINO  FEB. "7,19.... 


A.Cox 
S.S.Oiv 
C.Mott 


REMARKS. 


IT  9  EAIE  STREET 
>*WR«\S 
4I9  IOTH  STREET 
TWWft  TOTC« 
FMMEH.CMSS  RB. 


T. — One  who  cunningly 
steals  from  another  by  picking  his  pock- 
et while  in  a  crowd  or  public  place. Pig- 
tius,  a  pledge,  pawn,  or  security.  Pig- 
«went,  any  substance  used  for  paints 
or  colors;  generally  applied  to  materi- 
als for  oil  pairting.  Pillory,  a  wooden 
machine,  in  which  the  head  and  hands 
of  a  criminal  are  placed,  as  a  means  of 
punishment. 

1*1(4  fv\OffEY-—  Money  allowed  awi/e 
by  her  husband  for  private  expenses.?!- 
racy,  robbery  or  forcible  depredation 
on  the  high  seas,  without  lawful  au- 
thority, in  the  spirit  of  universal  hostil- 
ity, and  which  if  committed  upon  land 
would  amount  to  felony.  Piscary,the 
right  to  fish  in  the  waters  of  another. 
'LA.IffTIFp.  —  In  both  civil  and  crim- 
inal cases, the  party  who  commences 
a  suit  against  another.  Plaintiff  i« 
Error,  the  party  who  sues  oat  a  writ 
of  error. 

'LA.TFOF^^. — In  political  nominating 
conventions,  a  series  of  resolutions, 
adopted  before  or  after  the  nomina- 
tions are  made,  setting  forth  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  party  which  the  nominees 
arc  supposed  to  represent. 
LEA^.  —  In  a  legal  action,  the  answer 
given  by  the  defendant  to  the  declara- 
tion and  de-wand  of  the  plaintiff, set- 
ting forth  his  defence,  by  giving  t  he 
reasons  whu  he  thinks  he  should  riot 
be  compelled  to  do  what  the  plaintiff 
demands.  Plea  in  Abate-metit,  a  plea 
which  tends  only  to  delay  an  action. 
Plea  in  Avoidance,  A  plea  admitting 
a  matter  as  a  fact,  but  showing  some 
new. matter  t-o  destroy  its  legal  effect. 
Plea  in  Bar,  a  plea  denying  that  t  he 
plaintiff  has  any  cause  of  action. 


PLEAjDI(fO-.  —The  proceedings  in  a  sui 
consistiti9  of  the  written  statements 
of  the  contending  parties.  I/  the  plead- 
ings agrea  as  to  the  facts, the  matter 
is  then  j>resented  to  the  court, and  it 
makes  its  decision,  without — what 
is  popularly  known  as— a  trial.  But 
if  the  pleadings  do  not  agree,  the  dis- 
pute must  be  settled  by  a  trial.  Pleas 
o/*he  Crown,  the  English  crimi- 
naJ  la.w  department, in  which  tkekinj) 
is  a  party. 

LE^DGl^. — A  warrant  given, as  one's 
faith  or  word;  any  personal  pToperty 
given  as  security  for  a  debt  or  enya^c- 
ment.  The  word  ^»VM-\\  (q.v.)  means 
nearly  the  same,  and  both  words  are 
flften  used  to  mean  the  property  pledg- 
ed,  as  well  as  the  agree  rue  tit.  A  pledge 
being  a  contract,  three  elements  are 
essential  to  it:  (I)  a  debt: (2)  an  actaal 
delivery  to  the  creditor  of  the  property 
pledged;  (3)  art  agreement  that  it  shall 
stand  as  security.  The  creditor  may 
Keep  the  property  pledged  to  him  until 
the  debt  is  paid;  or  if  not  paid  when  due, 
he  may  sell  the  property. Unless  there 
is  an  agreement  to  the  contrary,  before 
the  pledge  can  be  sold  a  demand /or  the 
pay-ment  o/  the  debt  must  be  wade  upon 
the  debtor,  and  notice  must  be  gfven 
him  of  the  time  and  place  of  sale. Un- 
til it  7s sold  the  property  belongs  to 
the  debtor,  who  tnay  at  any  time  be 
fore  it  is  sold  'vetaewN  his  property  by 
paying  the  debt. 

LXNAjft .—  Fu.ll,  entire,  or  complete 
Ple-Hipote+itiary ,  havina  full  power; 
as,an  ambassador,  who  is  invested  with 
full  powers -to  negotiate  a  particular 
business  or  a  treaty. Plow  bote,  wood 
for  instruments  of  husbandry. 

PUUFV/vLlT\.— Iri  elections.the  re- 
ceptio-H  by  a  candidate  of  a  higher 
number  of  votes  than  any  other, 
though  su-ch  -number  be  less -than 
half  of  all  the  votes  given. Pluries, as 
often,  or  very  often.  A  writ  that  is- 
sues after thefirst  and  the  V 
ond)  have  been  ineffectual. 

PpJ\CH.I  NO-. — The  act^of  steal  1119  game 
itithe  nightti-tne.  Poi-fidrH9,a  pro- 
cess by  which  the  property  of  the  debt- 
or's movables  is  transferred  tothe cred- 
itor; distramyen-ient  or  djst-ress. 
Poi'Wf,  a  question  or  proposition  aris- 
ing in  a  case.  Poi-nter,  in  the  stock 
erchange,  a  theory  or  fact  regard  in 9 
the -market  on  which  one  bases  an 
intended  speculation. 

POUC^.— The  internal  regulations  of 
a  town,  citu,  or  district, /or  the  pres- 
ervation of  order,  cleanliness, health, 
etc.;  a  body  of  civil  officers  employed 
to  enforce  the  laws  respecting  good  or- 
der, cleanliness, etc. Police Cou-v*,  a 
minor  cou-rt  to  try  persons  brought 
before  it  by  the  police.  PoliceCoitrmit- 
siotier,  a  civil  officer  commissioned 
to  regulate  and  control  the  appoint- 
ment, duties, and  discipline  o/the 
police. Police  Static*, the  headquar- 
ters of  the  police,  where  they  assemble 
for  orders,  and  to  which  they  take  ar- 
rested persons;  also  of  a  sect  ion  o/ 
them. 


t,  PoLlC\._A  ticket,  warrant  or  writ- 
ten contract  for  money  iw  a  public 
fund  or  society;  the-  writing  ori-nstru- 
ment  in  which  a  contract  of  insurance 
is  embodied.  An  \-v\Veta-sV  \oV\c^ shows 
by  its  form  that  the  assured  has  a  real 
interest  in  the  matter  insured.\5>«.c 
o\\c\cs. 


POLITIC. — Pertaining  to  or  promo- 
ting a  policy;  well  advised  or  accord- 
ing to  good  policy.  Political, pertain- 
ing to  public  policy,  or  the  adminis- 
tration of  State  affairs.  Political 
Libwty ,  those  who  have  a  voice  in 
the  conduct  of  public  affairs  are  said 
to  have  political  liberty. The  line  of 
division  between  those  having  and 
those  not  having  political  liberty  va 
ries greatly  indifferent  states.Col- 
or,  poverty,  religious  belief,  sex,  and 
illiteracy,  are  the  chief  elements 
that  mark  the  line.  Political  Du- 
ties, the  chief  of  these  are:(l)  Duty 
to  support  -the  government  by  obey- 
ing its  laws;j[5.)  Du*y  to  disobey  a 
law  which  violates  his  conscience, 
and  suffer  the  penalties  of  disobe- 
d  fence  ;(3)  Duty  to  support  the  gov- 
ernment financially,  and  by  service 
if  necessary  tojts  defence;(4-)  Duty 
to  vote, if  practicable,  at  every  elec- 
tion: (5)  Duty  to  aid  in  armed 
revolution  as  a  last  resort;  on  I  y, 
however,  if  success  is  probable.  Po- 
litical Righ-ts,  the  chief  of  these 
are: (I)  Right  o/ all  to  establish  a 
government;  (2)  Right  of  each  to 
share  in  it,  by  voting;  (3)  Right  of 
each  to  protection  by  the  g  overn- 
ment,  unless  said  right  be/or/eited. 

POLL.— A  head;*he  entry  o/  the 
names>  of  persons  qualified  to  vote 
for  civil  officers. To  ^o\\  ajury,isto 
examine  each  one  individually  as  to 
his  verdict.  Poll-list,  alist^o/t  he 
names  o/the  persons  voting  atari 
election.  Polls,  the  places  where  the 
votes  are  cast,  and  which  are  gener- 
ally open  one  day  from  sunrise  to 
sunset.  Poll  Tax,  a  capitation  tax, 
which  is  a  certain  sum  on  every 

POl-YA.NDHY-  —  The  state  of  a  woman 
who  has  several  husbands.  Polyga- 
•Hiy,the  state  or  practice  of  having 
a  plurality  of  wives  or  husbands  at 
the  same  time.  Po-tie,  a  writ  where- 
by a  cause  is  removed  from  a  county 
or  other  inferior  court  to  the  supe- 
rior courts.  Pottta^e,  a  contribu- 
tion for  repairing  a  bridge. Pool, 
in  the  stock^exchange,  aring.clique, 
or  combination, formed  to  control 
prices,  and  carry  through  a  corner; 
also  the  stock  or  money  contributed 
for  such  purpose. 

POOR  .—Every  township  is  under  ob- 
ligation to  provide  for  the  support  of 
those  indigent  poor  who  have  acquir- 
ed a  legal  residence  therein.  Those 
needing  relief,  but  having  no  legal 
residence  in  any  *ownship,are sup- 
ported by  the  county. The  township 
trustees  or  supervisors  are  empowered 
to  oversee  the  poor.VJbc*V^w,o«,Y\. 


247 


POPbLAJ\  \CTIOff.—  An  action  allow 
ed  by  law  to  any  one  who  will  sue  for 
the  penalty.  Popular  Will,  the  voice 
of  the  people.  A  constitution  is  a  for- 
mal expression  of  the  popular  will 
of  the  state,  gratilin?  authority  to 
the  government.  Every  state  is  di- 
vided into  two  classes,— those  having 
a  voice  in,  public  affairs,  and  those  hav- 
ing no  voice.  A  large  -number  of  people 
seldom  being  unanimous  in  their  o- 
pinions,  justice  requires  that  the 
will  of  the  smaller -number  shall 
submit  to  that  of  the_  larger;  hence, 
the  rule  that  the  majority  decides. 
O/  the  whole  -number  of  people,  pop- 
ular will  is  the  voice  of  much  less 
than  one  half. 

POf\TIO(4.  — Ascertain  part  of  an  es- 
tate which  is  given  or  left  to  achild. 
Port,  a  harbor  for  vessels.  Por*  of 
Delivery,  a  place  where  vessels  way 
legally  discharge  their  cargoes.  Port 
of  Entry,  a  port  or  harbor  where  a 
Custom  House  is  established  for  the 
legal  entry  of  merchandise.  Port- 
sale*,  auction  sales;  so  called  because 
they  were  held  in  ports. 

POSITIVE  EVIDENCE. -Direct  evi- 
dence, or  proof  of  the  very  fact.  Pot- 
itive  Law,  a  law  or  rule  prescribed 
by  the  supreme  power  of  a  State, de- 
claring some  right,  prohibiting  some 
*ct,  or  enforcing  so-me  duty.Potse, 
a  possibility;  a  thing  is  said  to  be'wt 
^o?«*  when  it  may  possibly  be;  the 
civil  power  of  a  county  that  may  be  call- 
ed to  attend  a  sheriff  in  the  execution 
ofiustice. 

'OSS^SSlOff.-StatP  of  owning  or htv 
ing  in  one's  own  power.  To  give  pos- 
session, to  put  in  another's  power  or 
occupancy.  To  take  possession,  to  en- 
ter on,  or  to  bring  within  one^  pow- 
er or  occupancy.  Writ  of  Posteriori, 
a  written  order  of  a  court  directing  a 
sheriff  to  put  a  person  into  possess- 
ion of  property  recovered  by  legal  pro- 
cess. 

POST.  —  After;  a  station  for  soldiers, 
also  the  soldiers  stationed  at  it;   to 
place  letters  in  the  post-of f ice; Hi book- 
keeping, to  carry  the  en  tries  from  oth- 
er books  to  the  ledger.  Postage,  the 
charge  made  by  the  government  for 
carrying  letters, etc.,  to  different  joint*. 
Postage  Sta-mps,  small  pieces  of  pa- 


per having  certain  values  impressed 
by  the  government,  used  for  attach- 
ing to  lett«rsftiewspapeTs,etc.,in.pn> 
paying  postage. Postal  Comrtm-Mica- 
tio-M,  the  delivery  of  the  mails  in  any 
part  of  the  country. The  ordinary 
roats  of  travel,  highways  and  rail- 
roads, are  adopted  by  the  pover-n- 
ment  as  post-roads. Post-Date,  to 
date  an  instrument  later  than  the 
time  on  which  it  is  made. Pott-Mark, 
the  stamp  of  a  post-office,  showing 
the  time  of  a  letter  passing  through 
the  post-office.  Post-master,  one  who 
his  the  superintendence  and  direc- 
tion of  a  post-office.  Posttnaitw-Oen- 
eral,  the  chief  executive  head  of  the 
Post-Office  Department, who  estab- 
lishes post-offices,  provides  forcarru: 
ing  the  mail,  and  has  general  charge 
of  all  matters  connected  with  it.Post- 
Offics,  an  office  where  letters  and 
other  mail  matter  are  received  fo-r 
transmission  to  various  parts,  and 
from  which  letters, etc.,  are  deliver- 
ed that  have  been  received. Post-obit, 
a  term  applicable  to  any  obligation, 
promising  to  pay  unusual  interest  by 
the  promiser  on  the  death  of  some  one 
from  whom  he  has  expectations  of 
property.  Pott  -mortem,  after  death. 
Post  Nuptial,  something  which  takes 
place  after  marriage. fosthumoiuChild, 
a  child  born  after  its  father's  death . 
Post-Office  Motley  Order,  an  order, 
payable  at  sight,  granted  by  a  post- 
office  for  any  small  sum  of -money 
less  than  #100,  and  -made  payable 
at  any  post-office  wished  i-M  the 
United  States,  on  depositing  the  sum 
named  and  the  payment  of  a  small 
commission. Postscript, a  paragraph 
added  to  a  letter  below  the  signature, 
and  usually  marked  P.S. 


Advertiied  Letters.  In  applyino  for 
advertised  letters,  the  parties  should 
mention  the  place  or  places  whence 
they  are  expecting  correspondence. 

Chanpe  of  Address.  -A  subscriber 
to  a  -newspaper  or  other  periodical , 
who  changes  his  post-office  address 
should  at  once  notify  the  publisher, 
and  have  the  publication  sent  to  his 
new  address.  Postal  employe's  are 
not  permitted  to  change  the  address 
upon  misdirected  mail-matter;  but 
•must  return  to  sender,  if  k-nown,or 
send  to  the  Dead  Letter  Office. 

Dead  Letter  Office. -Inquiries  rela- 
ting to  -mail-matter  supposed  to  have 
been  sent  to  this  office,should  bead- 
dressed  to  the  Superintendent,  Dead 
Letter  Office.  The  letter  of  inquiry 
must  state  (I)  to  whom  and  what 
post-office  the  article  was  addressed; 
(9.)  name  and  full  add-ress  of  writer  or 
sender;  (3)  date  and  place  of -mailing; 
(4-)  brief  description  of  contents;)!)) 
if  registered,  the  -number  must  beoivett. 

Directing  Mail-matter.- Address 
leoibly  and  completely,  giving  the  wine 
ofthe  post-office,  and,  if  in  a  city 
with  free- delivery,  the  street  and -num 
ber?  adding  the  numberof  the  post- 
office  box  of  the  person  addressed,  if  he 


have  one.  It  is  well  also  to  91  ve  the 
name  of  the  county,  and  Vo  «^M\w 
\vttvwi.  oi  V*«.  State  Vv\  i\v\\. To  secure 
return  to  the  sender  in  case  of  mis- 
direction, or  if  not  called  for  at  its 
destination,  his  name  and  address 
should  be  placed  upon  the  upper  left- 
hand  corner  of  all  -mail-matter. 

Envelope*.- Thin  envelopes,  or 
those  made  of  unsubstantial  paper, 
should  not  be  used;  as  being- frequent 
ly  hand  led,  and  in  the  majl-bags  sub- 
jected to  pressure  and  friction, they 
are  frequently  torn  open  or  burst. 

General  Delivery.— Letters  address- 
ed to  persons  temporarily  sojourning 
in  a  city  with  free-delivery,  should 
be  marked  "  Transient  "or"  &e-n  - 
e-ral  Delivery,"  if  not  addressed  to 
a  street  and  nun  her. 

Hotel  Matter.  — Matter  address- 
ed for  delivery  at  hotels,  should  be 
returned  to  the  post-office  as  soon 
as  it  is  evident  that  it  will  riotbeclam 
ed.  Proprietors  should  omit  the  re- 
turn request  from  e-nyelopes  gratu- 
itously supplied  to  their  guests,  and 
9uests  using  such  envelopes  should 
designate  what  disposition  should  be 
made  of  letters  sent  by  them  iricase 
they  cannot  be  delivered. Proprietors 
should  have  all  such  envelopes  -mark- 
ed "fruests'  Envelope,"  usin9  for 
their  own  use  a  different  envelope. 

Identification. -In  the  case  of 
money-orders  and  registered  letters, 
the  parties  applying  for  them,  if  not 
known,  should  prove  their  identity 
in  the  same  manner  as  in  ban  k  i-Mg 
institutions. 

Letter  Boxes.  — In  cities  of  free-de- 
livery, patrons  should  provide  letter 
boxes  at  their  places  of  business  or  pri- 
vate residences,  in  order  to  save  de 
lay  in  the  delivery  of  mail-matter. 

Lost  Mail-matter.  —  Inquriries 
relative  to  lost  or  missing  mail-mat- 
ter, should  be  addressed  to  the  t\\ 
VosV  Ott'vce,  \\\^ecXo'«,Vo'iV  Mftet 
^&/vV*v\awV,N*l«i<;V\VY\o/Vo-Y\.)^.Ci.,to  whom 
all  losses  or  irregularities  should  be 
reported  as  soon  as  possible  after  the 
loss,  (rive  the  specifications  named 
unde/.Dead  Letter  Office. 

Mailing  Boxes.  — When  dropping 
packages  into  mailing  boxes, see  that 
they  fall  into  the  box,  and  do  not  stick, 
in  the  passage.  Mail-matter  deposit- 
ed in  mailing  boxes  and  receptacles 
cannot  be  reclaimed  by  any  one  un- 
der any  circumstances. 

Mailing  Letter*,etc.—  Mail  ear- 
ly, especially  when  large  numbers  of 
letters, circulars, etc.,  are  mailed  at 
once. When  large  numbers  of  let- 
ters or  circulars  are  mailed  togeth 
cr,  addressed  to  the  same  destination, 
tie  tVie-m  in  bundles  wjth  the  address- 
es facing  the  s-a  vnc  cide.t-M  addrass- 
ing  matter  to  foreign  counVnas,f7m 
the  name  of  the  post-office  andcoun 
try  \-*\  *u.\\.\kSlt\>'\'«wA\-«^^iv\.-«.»Vi« 

Postage.-  On  f!r9t-class  matter 
the  postage  is  to  be  prepaid  by  affix 
ing  stamps;  but  one  full  rate  may 
be  affixed,  and  the  residue  collected 


248 


of  the  addressee  before  delivery.  O 
second-class  -matter,  such  as  newspa- 
pers and  other  periodicals,  when  sent 
by  the  pound  rate,  the  postage  is  pre- 
paid  iti  -money.  On  third-  and  fourth 
class  matter,  such  as  books,  the  post- 
aae  -must  be_prepaid  by  stamps  affixed. 

Rejistratio-ti.—  All  valuable  matter 
should  be  registered.  The  name  and  ad- 
dress of  the  sender  must  be  given  on 
the  outside  o/thc  envelope  or  wrapper. 
Money  should  be  sent  by  a  mone^-o-r- 
der  or  registered  letter;  otherwise  it 
is  liable  to  loss. 

S*a-mps.—  Postaoe  stamps  should  be 
placed  on  the  upper  riyht-hand  corner 
of  the  addressed  side  oi  all  -mail-mat- 
ter, care  being  taken  that  they  are 
c\we\\)  •aUVxeA. 

Transients.  — For  the  manner  of  ad- 
dressirty  -mail-matter  to  transients,  see 
General  Delivery. 

Unwailjible  ivlatte-f.  —  This  includes 
all  matter  which  is  by  I  aw,  regulation 
or  treaty  stipulation,  prohibited  (rom 
beiny  transmitted  in  the  wails,0rwhich 
by  reason  of  illegible,  incorrect,  or  in- 
sufficient address  of  person  or  office 
cannot  be  forwarded  to  destination  or 
delivered  to  the  person  /or  whoin  it  is 
intended.  Unmailable  matter  is  thus 
Classified :  (I)  Y>e\&  do"<  ^osXa.o,e .  —  0  -r 
matter  insufficiently  prepaid  toenti 
tie  it  to  be  forward. (ft)  vK\<i6,V<acYtt&.- 
That  is,  matter  without  address,  or 
so  incorrectly,  insufficiently  orilleyi- 
bly  addressed  that  it  cannot  be  forward 
ed.  (3)^e%V<\vc,Vwa.—  That  which  from 
its  harmful  nature  is  forbidden  to  be 
in  the  mails.  Amony  these  are:  Pois- 
ons, explosive  or  inflammable  articles, 
live  or  dead  animals,  insects  or  reptiles, 
fruits  or  ve9etable  matter  liable  to  de- 
composition, comb  honey, yuano,  or 
any  article  exhaliny  a  bad  odor, malt, 
vinous,  or  spirituous  liquors,  and  liq- 
uids liable  to  explosion,  spontaneous 
combustion  or  iynition  by  shock  or 
jar.  (4-)  CoYw  tttt&taweVn). — Coin,jew 
eky,  or  other  precious  articles  which 
are  prohibited  from  beinp  sent  in  the 
•mails  to  foreign  cou-ntries.(5)Q\><jce\\e. 
VK"j.VW(.— This  embraces:  Lewd,  las- 
civious, or  obscene  books  or  other  pub 
locations  of  an  indecent  character;  ar- 
ticles designed  to  prevent  conception 
or  procure  abortion;  articles  intended 


for  Indecent  or  immoral  wes;  and 
advertisements  or  notices  relating  to 
any  of  theprecedim9.(6)VoVW/-<>)^taXi- 
xax.— Letters  and  circulars  V\\<m«\  to 
be  concerning  lotteries,  ojft  concerts 
or  other  similar  enterprise s, offer  1119 
prizes,  or  concer-nin9  schemes  devised 
and  intended  to  deceive  and  defraud 
the  public /or  the  purpose  of  obta'miny 
money  under  false  pretenses.  (7)MwiV\- 
\j.va& — Matter  so  darnayed  in  wrecks 
of  mail  cars  or  vessels,  or  other  means, 
that  it  cannot  be  forwarded  to  its  des- 
tination; -matter  -found  loose  in  -the 
mails,  as  when  separated /rom  the  en- 
velope or  wrapper,  or  which  has  been 
recovered  from  depredations  on thewails. 
(8;  tucav;  oi  \Na\ojV\V  ttwfc  <i\re.-  Pack- 
ayes  of  the  third  and  fourth  class 
matter  exceeding  four  poounds,  ex- 
cept sinyle  books  and  official  matter 
of  the  Government. 
'OSfEF^.— A  bill  or  placard  intended 
to  be  posted  in  public  places, calling 
attention  to  some  meetin9,perfor- 
mance,etc 


\VRJTItfcSCHOOl. 


Sos    Small    Bills   Giving    Full    Fartlculurs 
—  OF— 


SOON  TO  BE&IN  HERE. 


Specimens  of  his  Penmanship 


POST-OFFICE. 


.  —  A  public  enclosure  for  the 
safe  custody  of  straw  animals,until 
reclaimed.  Pound-breach,  breakitty 
open  a  pound  in  order  to  release  the 
animals  confined  in  it.  Pou.-Md-tttas- 
*w,  a  person  chosen  to  have  charye 
of  a  pound.— Most  townships  -mam- 
tain  one  or  more  pounds.  The  stat- 
utes of  the  several  states  prescribe 
the  manner  of  advertising  such  es- 
trays  and  the  fees  of  the  off  leers.  !•« 
a  few  states  stray  animals  may  beta 
ken  and  held  by  any  householder. 
PO\J F\PAJVT\. -The  division  awon9 
several  persons  of  lands  before  held 
in  common.  Poursuivatit,  a  wessen- 
per  of  the  king ;  a  follower  or  pursuer. 
OVVEI^.— Authority  ylven  by  one  to 
another  to  act  for  hf-m.  Powe'f  o/ 
Attorney,  a  written  instrument  by 
which  one  person  yrants  authority 
to  another  to  act  for  him.Tlw  do- 
nor of  the  power  is  called  the  principal; 
the  donee  is  called  the  attorney,  or  I/ 


appointed  .by  a  corporation  ayyr^ate 
to  receive  administration, the  synic. 
A  power  only  au-thoriziny  the  attor- 
ney to  vote  is  called  a  proxy;  a  pow- 
er which  simply  authorizes  the  at- 
torney to  appear  in  an  action,  and 
confess  the  action  or  suffer  j  udy- 
ment  toyo  by  default,  is  called  a 
warrant  of  attorney.  All  others 
are  simply  powers  of  attorney,  and 
are  either  9eneraj  or  special\vo/» 


. —  The  particular  form 
o/conduetiny  suits  at  law,  through 
their  various  stapes,  accordin9  to 
the  principles  and  rules  of  the  dif- 
ferent conxrts.  P-rac*ice  Court,  a 
court  in  which  points  of  practice 
are  discussed  and  decided.  Practice 
Reports,  reports  of  cases  decidiny 
some  point  of  practice.  P-raycr, 
a  request  that  a  court  will  gran* 
that  which  *he  petitioner  desires. 
'HEAJV^Bl-E.-  The  introduction  to 
a  discourse  or  some  writin9;  *^e 
introductory  part  of  a  constitution 
in  which  the -reasons  are  given  why 
the  constitution  is  established;  also 
similarly  applied  to  a  bill  or  statute. 
Prebetid,  a  stipend  yranted  to  an  ec- 
clesiastic. 

be/ore j-Wie  riyht  to  a  more  honora- 
ble place;  adjustment  of  rank.  P-re- 
cedcnts,  thinys  which  may  serve 
as  exatn pies  or  rules  to  be  followed 
in  future  actions  o/the  like  k!nd;d<- 
cisions  of  courts  which  serve  as  mod- 
els. Precept,  a  command  inwri- 
tiny  by  a  magistrate  orjudje;  ati 
authoritative  rule. 
Pf\EC(0\JS  M.ETA1S.-A  phrase  us- 
ually applied  to  yold  and  silver.  Pre- 
e-wip*io-M,  act  or  riaht  of  purohas- 
iny  before  others; *«e  riyht  of  a 
nation  to  detain  merchandise  pass- 
inp  th-rouyh  her  territories, in  or- 
der to  9ive  her  subjects  the  prefer- 
ence of  purchase. 

f\EFEflHED  STOCK— Stock  takiny 
preference  over  the  ordinary  stock 
of  acorpora*ion.  A  dividend  is  de- 
clared and  paid  on  preferred  stock 
be/ore  any  can  be  declared  on  com- 
mon stock.  P-re/C'tfe'ticc,  in  a  yen- 
eral  assiynment,  a  direction  that  cer- 
tain ones  o/the  creditors  shall  be 
paid  their  entire  clai-ms,thoitj)hiioth- 
iny  is  left  for  the  rest.  P •rented itatio«, 
a  previous  plan  or  desiyn  *o  commit 
some  crime. 

'F^EiyilSES.— Houses  or  larids;*he 
previously  -mentioned  facts;in  adeed, 
the  thinos,  as  houses  or  lands,  propos- 
ed to  be  conveyed  or  yranted  to  anoth- 
er. P-rerMiiwti,  advance  above  par 
value;  the  sum  to  be  paid  annual- 
ly or  ptherwise^/or  insurance  or  in 
demnity.  P-femiutti  No-te,  a_note 
yiven  in  payment  of  a  prewiuni^or 
a  part  of  it.  Prepense,  preconceived 
or  premeditated;  as,wi\\ce.  ^xe-^arwc. 
Prerogative,  an  exclusive  or  pecul- 
iar riyht  or  privileye  which  one  per- 
son has  over  another. 


•249 


president  o(  the  senate  opens  *  he 
certificates.  The  votes  are  counted, 
and  the  person  having  the  majority 
is  declared  elected.  I/  there  be  no  ma- 
jority, the  representatives  proceed 
at  once  to  choosa  a  president.  A* 
noon  on  March  4-,  the  President 
is  inaugurated  by  taking  the  oa*h 
'  -"•--•---«—  -'-» 


f  administered  b 


rection  of  remedies  (or  a  disease,  and  the 


method  o/  using  them  ;  i-H  law,  a  title 
to  incorporeal  hereditaments,  acquired 
bu  time  and  use,  and  allowed  bu  law. 
PKES<NTrv\ENT.-The  written  notice 
of  an  offense  taken  bu  a  grand  j  ury, 
from  their  own  knowledge  or  observa- 
tion, without  having  a  bill  of  indictment 
laid  before  them;  also  the  writing  which 
contains  the  accusation  so  presented.  Pre- 
sent men*  for  Payment,  the  present- 
ment of  a  bill  of  exchange  or  promisso- 
ry note  should  be  made  on  the  day  of 
its  maturity;  i.e.,  on  the  last  day  warns, 
and  -woV  before,  and  must  be  made  per- 
sonally, either  by  the  holder  or  his  au- 
thorized aaent,  and  cannot  be  made  by 
a  written  demand  V«.»«  ^avv\».\\V\  sent  to 
him  through  the  post-  off  ice.  ^See,  Vto- 
*«<iV  w\&  tfe.s70Yvs  \V\\\V\iy 

.  —  An  officer  appointed,  to 


, 

preside  over  and  control  the  proeetdit^s 
of  a  number  of  persons;  -the  highest  of- 
ficer of  &  republic.  President  of  Utiited 
States,  the  chief  executive  ofthenalwn 
1*1  the  election  of  President,the  nomi- 
nating conventions  several  months  be- 
fore the  date  of  election  nominate  can 
di  dates  for  the  Presidency.  The  qualifi- 
" 


cations  of  President  a  • 


nat 
yea 


tive  citizen;! 9)  He 
rs  of  age; (3)  He  r 


ncu.Th 
re  (I)  He 


must  be  a 


tmu9t  be  at  least  35 
tmst  have  been  arcs 

('dent  of  the  United  States  for  at  least  four 
teen  years.  1*1  choosing  a  President,  the 
people  of  each  State  choose  a  body  of  men 
called  Electors.  The  number  of  these  is 
the  same  as  the  number  of  senators  and 
representatives  which  the  State  sends  to 
Congress.  The  electors  are  chosen  in  all 
the  States  on  the  Tuesday  next  after  the 
first  Monday  in  November  of  each  leap 
year  (including  1900).  They  meetonthe 
first  Wednesday  in  December,  usually  at 
the  capital  of  their  respective  States,  and 
make  three  lists,  each  containing  the  names 
of  the  persons  voted  for,  and  the  number  of 
votes  for  each.  One  list  is  sent  by  a  mes 
wnger  to  Washin9tpn,  another  is  setit 
by  -mail,  and  the  third  is  delivered  to  the 
judge  of  the  U.S.Court  for  the  district  in 
which  the  electors  meet.  O*i  the  second 
Wednesday  in  February,  the  two  houses 


ry  of  the  I 
PF\ESS.  — 


of  off  ice  \ 

I  the  chief  .justice  of  the  supreme  couri 
P -residential  Succession,  in  case 
ofthc  removal,  death,  resignation  or 
inability  of  both  the  President  and  Vice 
President,  the n  t«e  Secretary  of  State 
shall  act  as  President  until  the  disabil- 
ity of  the  President  or  Vice-President 
is  removed  or  a  President  is  electeil/ 
there  be  no  Secretary  of  State,  then 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  will  act; 
and  the  remainder  of  the  order  of 
succession  is:  The  Secretary  of  War, 
Attorriey-G-eneral,  Postmaster-General, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  Secreti 
'nterior. 

The  art  or  business  of  pub- 

iishing;*lie  whole  literature  of  a. 
country  —  usually  restricted  to  the 
literature  of  newspapers.  l*i  writ- 
ing for  the  press,  the  following  list 
of  subjects  will  be  of  advantage  to 
the  writer:  Accidents,  Amusements, 
Births,  Burglary,  Business  Prospects, 
Celebrations,  Cemeteries,  Change  of 
Business  Firms,  Ci£y  and  Country, 
Churches,  Convicts,  Crirnes,Crops, 
Dissolutions  of  Partnership,  Deaths, 
Discoveries,  Distinguished  Arrivals, 
Divorces,  Elopements,  Election  In- 
telligence, Enactment  of  Laws,  En- 
tertainments. Excursions,  Execu- 
tions, Exhibitions,  Facts  and.  Figures, 
Failures,  Fairs,  Festivals,  p  ires, 
Foreign  AffairstFra,ternities,  Im- 
portant Statistics,  Health  of  Com- 
munity, lmprpvements_.  Inventions, 
Lectures,  Marine  Intelligence,  Mar- 
riages, Murders,  Needed  Im  prove - 
rnents,  New  Buildings, New  Com- 
ers, New  Manufactures,  Notices, 
Parties,  Parties  Leading  Town,Pau- 
pors,  Personal  Mentions,  Presenta- 
tions, Prices  of  Commodities,  Rail- 
roads, Sales  of  Real  Estate, Scandals, 
Schools,  Secret  Societies, Shows, Sick- 
ness, Society  Gossip,  State  and  Nation, 
Strange  Phenomena, Suggestions, 
Surgical  Operations,  Telegraphsjel 
ephones,  Theaters,  Trades,  viola- 
t ion  of  Law,  Weather. 

PHESVj(v\PTIOpJ.-A  supposition  on 
viously  formed,  in  the  absence  of  a- 
ny  direct  evidence  to  the  contra  ry  ; 
blind  or  headstrong  confidence. Pre- 
sumptive Evidence, evidence  not  di- 
rect or  positive;£hat  which  shows 
the  existence  of  one  fact  by  proof  of 
the  existence  of  another ,from  which 
the  first  may  be  inferred. Presumptive 
Heir,  one  who  would  inherit,!^ things 
were  to  remain  in  their  present  state, 
but  whose  succession  may  be  defeat 
ed  by  the  contingency  of  some  near- 
er heir  being  born.  Pre*«ritioii,ihe 
omission  of  a  child's  name  in.  the 
father's  will,  thereby  rendering  th« 
will  void. 


of  Congress  meet  as  o-ne  body,  and  the  |Pt\ICE.  — The  turn  of -money  at  which 


a  thing  is  valued.  A*i  agreement 
to  pay  money  is  a  necessary  element 
of  a  sale,  but  it  is  not  necessary  that 
a  price  be  agreed  upon,  for  in  every 
sale  where  the  price  is  not  fixed  there 
is  an  implied  agreement  that  the  buy 
er  shall  pay  what  the  goods  are  reas- 
onably worth.  Price  Current,  a  pub 
1 1  shed  list  of  the  market  value  of  cer- 
tain articles  of  merchandise,  stocks, 
bonds,  and  other  securities.  P-rice 
List,  a  printed  or  written  list  of  ar- 
ticles for  sale,  with  prices  attached. 
P*-ice  lists  are  made  out  by  manu- 
facturers and  dealers, as  prfces_to 
be  charged,  subject  to  the  deductions 
of  certain  rates  per  cent. .which  fluct- 
uate according  to  the  cost  of  manu- 
facturing, demand  for  goods, etc. By 
changing  the  rate-  of  discount,  the 
prices  are  changed  without  altering 
the  price  lists. 

or  best  evidence  in  a  case. Primary 
Contract,  a  contract  of  guaranty 
implies  the  existence  of  some  other 
contract  made,  which  is  the  v*'x- 
\w»-v\»  contract,  the  guaranty  be- 
ing the  =,acov\ia.Yv>.ln  a  sale,  the  ^rv 
vnaA\)  is  the  sale,  and  is  between  the 
seller  and  buyer;  the.  i«*o-»\ta.t>)  is 
between  the  seller  and  surety. l*i 
a  clerkship,  the  ^Vxm&tt)  is  between 
the  employer  and  clerk;  the  %«con4 
Srtu  is.betwee-M^the  employer  and  sure 
ty.Prittiogeniture,  seniority  of 
birth;  a  law  thus  designated;  a  right 
which  belongs  to  the  eldest  son  and 
his  heir  to  succeed  to  property. 
'HINCIP/V-.  —  An  employer;  «he 
head  of  a  commercial  house;*he 
sum  on  which  interest  accrucs.Priti- 
cipal  Debtor,  the  one  for  whom  a. 
guaranty  is  made.  In  a  note,  it  it 
the  maker,  and  his  contract  is  to 
pay,  unconditionally. I-M  an  unac- 
cepted draft,  it  is  the  drawer,  and 
his  contract  is  conditional,  to  pay 
if  the  person  drawn  upondoesnot. 
I-H  an  accepted  draft,  it  is  t  he-accep- 
tor, and  his  contract  t_o  pay  is  M-W- 
conditional.l-f  the  principal  debtor 
fail  to  pay  the  obligation  when  it  is 
due,  it  is  said  to  be  b'v*v\awoYe&.\^ov 


*500.  CHICAGO,  AUCUST  13,19... 

Siirty  days  after  date  I  promise 


to  pay.. 
^\MtViut»owt«^^~Doll 

terest,  value  received. 


.,  or  order, 
s,  with 

..,  Principal. 
.  ..Surety. 


Pr\l  NCI PLES .  - Futidamen tal  truths, 
or  settled  rules  of  action.  Principles 
of  law  are  rules  or  axioms  founded 
in  the  nature  of  the  subject;  hence, 
courts  recognize,  but  do  riot  estab- 
lish, principles  of  law.  Pfiority,  a 
period  of  tenure  of  less  time  or 
less  ancient,  in  comparison  of  an- 
other; slate  of  being  first  in  time, 
place,  or  rank. P-ri*i*i-Mg  Olfice,  a 
place  where  the  printing  of  books, 
newspapers, etc.,  is  carried.on. Pris- 
on, a  building  for  the  punishment 
or  safe  custody  of  criminals.  P-rison 


250 


ers  of  War,  -members  of  the  opposing 
amiy  or  navy  capta-red  in  war.  They 
•may  be  co-n/itied,  and  even  fettered,if 
there  is  reason  to  app-rehend  that  they 
wi|l_rise  against  their  captors,  or -make 
thfiirescape,  but  must  be  treated  with 
humanity. 

PRIVATE  C/VWEH.— One  who  trans- 
ports goods  or  passengers',  but  only  oc- 
casionally, or  for  only  particular  per- 
sons. P-riva*e  Road,  a  road  which  on- 
ly the  owners  o(  certain  property  have 
a  right  to  use.  A  -right  of  way  is  ap- 
purtenant to  the  land  itself;  i.e.,  it 
is  aright  o/one  owner  -to  pass  over 
the  land  of  another  in  order  to  get 
an  outlet.  Such  a  way  -must  be  used 
only /or  i*s  original  purpose;  thus, 
\(  the  right  granted  be  only  a  foot- 
path,  it  cannot  be  used  /or  horses.  It 
-may, however,  be  used  as  often  and 
by  as  many  as  the  owner  of  the^ht 
chooses  to  allow. 

HIVATEEI\S — Ships  or  vessels  own- 
ed by  private  individuals, authorized 
by  a  belligerent  power  to  carry  on  a 
maritime  wa^against  the  enenty.To 
encourage  privateerin9,the  gov- 
ernment allows  the  owner  and  the 
c-i-ew  of  a  privateer  to  keep  the  prop- 
erty captured  as  their  own. Privies, 
persons  who>  have  an  interest  in  an 
action  or  thiri 9,  or  any  -relation  ^to 
another.  Privileged  Cc-wmutiication 
a  confidentiaj  communication,  or  a 
communication  between  a  counselor 
and  his  client. 

HlV\  CH/WBEH.-A  private  apart 
ment  in  a  place  or -mansion.  P*-ivy 
Council,  the  principal  council  of  a 
State,  held  by  the  sovereign.  P-rivu 
Seal,  a  seal  used  by  sovereigns  in  sub- 
ordinate matters,  or  prior  to  the  use 
of  the  qveaX  sea\.P-nvy  Sigriet,  the 
privy  seal  of  the  crown, in  the  custo 
dy  of  the  Secretary  of  State. 
HIZE.—  A  capture  from  an  etiemy- 
applied  to  taking  a  vessel  at  sea;  a  re- 
ward offered  _to  him  who  shall  accom- 
plish a  certain  condition;*he  -money 
or  goods  gained  by  a  lottery-ticket;  a. 
reward  or  premium.  PrjzeCpurt,  a 
court  of  admiralty  having  jurisdic- 
tion in  prize  cases. 

PROBABILITIES  OF LlfE. -The  like 
1 1 hood  of  persons  attaining  certain 
ages  in  life.  Various  tables  are  con- 
structed to  illustrate  the  probabili- 
ties of  life  at  various  ages.  \Jbea  Vn^ec- 


\«LV\»\\ ,  under  >Ni\<$i\Vs  vr\^  V\«&y* 
From  the  tables  above  re/erred  to, one 
can  perceive  at  a  glance  what  amount 
of  propability  there  is  of  a  person  of 
average  health  surviving  any  given 
nunber  of  years. 

PHOBAJ"E.  — Official  proof,  particu- 
larly of  a  will.  Probate  Court,  a. 
court  presided  over  by  one  judge, who 
decides  upon  the  authenticity  of  wills, 
the  administration  of estates,  the  ap- 
pointment o(  guardians  to  minors 
and  others,  and  all  -makers  pertain 
iny  to  the  settlement  of  estates  of 
deceased  pe-rsons  and  wards.The  law 
establishes  one  probate  court  in  each 
county,  and  fixes  the  ti-mes  and 
places  of  holding  the  court  sessions. 
Probate  of  Will,  the  proof,before  a 
probate  judge,  that  an  instrument 
offered  to  be  proved  is  the  tost  wi  1 1 
and  testament  of  the  person  alleged 
to  have  made  it. 

PPtOCE|EDINa.-The  general  /or-m 
in  which  actions  are  brought  and 
defended.  Proceeds, -result,  or  sum 
realized  frpni  asale.P-rocess,  the 
act  of  bringing  the  defendant  into 
court  to  answer;  also  the  name  for 
\\xA\c\a\  writs. 

Pl\OCLAJVlA"riOl{.— A  public  notii 
given  by  a  sovereign  or  sup-rente  au- 
thority of  a  state  to  the  people;  a 
notice  publicly  given  of  anything.Ptoc 
to*,  one  who  -manages  another's 
affairs;  used  chiefly  in  ecclesiastic- 
al and  admiralty  law.  Procuration 
a  written  document,  either  a.  letter 
or  power  of  attorney,  by  which  a 
person  is  empowered  to  transact 
the  affairs  of  Another.  When  the 
representative  signs  a  paper,  he  adds 
to  his  name"7eY  ^rocwc»X.\o-v\.  Also 
the  money  which  parish  priests  pay 
annually  to  the  bishops  or  archdeacons 
P-rocu-ress,  a  woman  who  procures 
females  for  the  purpose  of  prostitution. 

PRODUCE.—  A  general  name  for  farm 
products.  Produce  Broker,  a  cotri- 
rtifssion  merchant  who  deals  in  pro- 
duce. Produce  Note,  a.writte^en 
gagement  to  deliver  specific  articles 
to  a  specified  amount.  I*  is  not  as- 
signable by  -mere  endorse-ment.The 
maker  of  the  note  must  be  a(>le  to 
prove  that  he  was  ready  atthe  prop- 
er time  and  pface,  and  continued  rea- 
dy, to  deliver  the  articles, orhe -may 
be  compelled  to  pay  their  value  in 
money. 


*;5.  WINCHESTER, Nov.  1, 19... 

For  value  received,  we  promise  to 

pay  to...  iai'iXe.VoXV:.. ..,  on  demand, 

chandise  at  our  store. 


The  following  form  of  assign- 
ment may  be  endorsed  on  the  back 
of  a  produce  note; 


For  value  received,  I  assign  the  with 
in  Note  to. ..bovitONvv.vAMA*..', with- 
out lor  with)  recourse,  this  lOthday 
of  November,  19.... 


,  .  $'~  Any  business  or catt 
ing  engaged  in  for  subsistence,  not 
being  mechanical,  in  trade  or  in  39- 
ricultu-re,and  the  like— opposed  to  a 
trade: *he  act  of  becoming  a  mem- 
ber of  a  religious  order;*he  collect- 
ive body  of  persons  engaged  in  a  par- 
ticular art  or  profession;  as,  the  le- 
gal or  the  medical  profession.  ^ 
PROFIT.— The  gain  after  deducting 
expenses.  Profit  atid  Loss,  the  ti- 
tle of  a  ledger  account,  which  is  the 
same  as  Lossg  and  Cain,  which  see. 
Variations  in  value  -may  arisefwm 
•modifications  by  natural  causes,  by 
labor  and  skill,  by  the  variations  of 
supply  and  demand,  or  by  speculation. 
A  -merchant's  profit  is  the  compen- 
sation paid  him  by  his  customers  for 
his  services  in  furnishing  the  goods 
they  want,  and  compensation  for 
risk  assumed,  and  for  skill  in  do- 
i-rio  business^ 

'PidHIBlTlOt*.— A  writ  by  a  supe- 
rior to  an  inferior  court  to  stay 
proceedings  in  a  cause ;  -the  act  of 
forbidding  or  interdicting.  Prohi- 
bitionist, cine  who  is  favorable.to 
the  imposition  of  such  heavy  duties 
on  certain  goods  as  almost  to  a- 
mount  to  a  prohibition  of  their 
importation  or  use. 

'IJOk^lSE.— An  agreement  to  do  or 
not  to  dp  a  particular  thing  at  some 

ViacSirV  Promise  o/Marria9e,a -mu- 
tual contract  made  by  a  man  and  wo- 
man, agreeing  to  marry  each  other 
Promissory  Note,  a  written  in- 
strument by  which  one  person  en- 
gages or  promises  to  pay  a  certain 


the  words  o-vie-v  or\>e-».W(,and  way 
be  transferred  to  another.  Iti  some 
States  the  words  "without  defalca- 
tion "  must  be  inserted  in  the  note 
to  render  it -negotiable. The  words 
"value  received"  are  not  necessary 
to  render  a  note  negotiable,  but  they 
imply  a  consideration,  which  is  nec- 
essary to  make  a  promise  binding  on 
the  maker  of  it.  The  person  who  prim 
isesto  pay  is  called  the  vxowV=.oir,"«w 
V&Y,  or  &\a.vjeir.The  person  to  whom 
the  -note  is  made  payable  is  called  the 
^3A>ec..The  person  who  writes  his 
name  upon  the  back  of  a  note  iscall- 
ed  theYw&o'ra*:  and  the  person  to 
whom  it  is  transferred  by  indorse- 
ment is  called  the  Vntom**.  A  note 
given  on  Sunday  is  void,  but  the 
original  consideration  will  hold. 
A  fraudulent  or  illegal  considera- 
tion renders  a  note  void.  A  -note  as 
a  gift  is  void,  from  want  of  consid- 
eration, unless  i-M  the  Hands  of  a 
third  party.  l*t  most  of  the  States 
-notes  are  not  legally  due  until  threa 
days  after  the  time  specified, which 
three  days  are  called  &&\>*  o4  q-Ya.ce.. 
Demand  /or  payment  -must  be -made 
upon  the  last  day  of  grace,  except 
it  fall  upon  Sunday  or  a  legal  holiday, 


251 


I 


when  it  must  be  made  upon  the  day  price- 

V»i  V*^YM\\xy  A  person  who  cannot  write, 
in  giving  a  note,  should  have  a  person 
to  testify  to  the  genuineness  of  his  mark. 
Unless  so  specified, notes  do  not  bear  in- 
terest until  after  maturity.  A  note  given 
by  a  minor  cannot  be  enforced  against 
him,  unless  he  ratify  it  after  becoming  of 
age.  I/  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange  be  lost, 
payment  must  be  demanded  and  notice 
given  as  if  the  note  were  still  in  posses- 
sion. If  a  note  be  paid  before  due,  and  af- 
terward come  into  the  hands  of  a  \3O-v\-4. 
Vv&e  holder,  he  can  enforce  payment  from 
the  maker  at; maturity.  I/  no  time  is  spec- 
ified, a  note  is  payable  on  demand. I/  it 
k  made  payable  to  a  V\cV\x\o\x,s  person, it  it 
payable  to  bearer. The  amount  of  a  note 
should  be  written  out  in  words  and  al- 
so in  figures;  in  case  of  disagreement.the 
amount  in  words  takesgprecedence.  I/  a 
note  be  dishonored  or  is  over-due,  it  is 
not  negotiable;  but  is  subject  to  all  the  eq- 
uities which  the  maker  -may  have  against 
the  original  payee.  I/  "with  interest"  is 
included  in  a  note,  it  draws  the  legal  rate 
from  the  time  it  is -made.  I/  a  note  utodraw 
a  special  rate  of  interest,  the  rate  must  be 
expressed.  Sae  VV\e  4o\\oW\r\Oy  Vv\  VYwVr  y»o^ 

Accommodation  Note  Mortgage  Note 

Bank  Note  Negotiable  Note 

Chattel  Note  Non-Interest-Bear. Note 

Collateral  Note  Non-Negotiable  Note 

Demand  Note  Note  of  Wholesale  House 

Individual  Note  Note  Payable  at  Bank 
Installment  Note 


Interest -Bearing  Note 
Joint  Note 
Joint  and  Several  Note 
Judgment  Note 
Married  Woman's  Note 
Merchandise  Note 


Note  to  One's  Own  Order 
Note  Without  Grace 
Partnership  Note 
Principal  and  Surety  Note 
Produce  Note 
Sealed  Note 
Swindl!n9  Note 


'f\Olv\OTEf\S.  — Persons  who  prosecute  of- 
fenders in  their  own  names,  and  are  en- 
titled to  a  part  of  the  fines  and  penalties. 
P-ro-fnp*,  a  limit  of  time  yiven  for  the  pay- 
ment of  an  account  for  produce  purchased, 
this  limit  varying  with  different  go»d$.  P-ro- 
•mulyatio-H,  the  ordering  of  a  law  publish 
ed,  and  causing  it  to  be  executed. 

'HOOF.  —The  perfection  of  evidence; *he 
conviction  of  the  reality  of  an  alleged  fact, 
in  the  minds  of  judge  and  jury,throu«h  the 
medium  of  evidence.  Proof  of  Deed, an  ac 
knowledgment  of  it  by  an  authoriied  per 


On  this...  \OxYv...  day         . 
in  the  year  19...,  before  me  person- 
ally carne.-.Nx.'VVox.  ..,  a  subscrib- 
ing witness  -to  the  within  instru- 
ment, with  whom  I  am  personal- 
ly acquainted,  who  being  by  me  du- 
ly sworn,  saiJ  that  he  resided   in 
the  city  of  ..........  in  the  State 

of  ........  ..;  that  he  was  acquaint- 

ed with...iowHS.  atw&  txxKfjox.., 
and  knew  them  to  be  the  persons 
described  in,  and  who  executed  the 
said  instrument;  and  that  he«Saw 
them  execute  and  deliver  the  same, 
and  that  they  acknowledged  t 


him  (the  said.  .AA.T.^oxN,,  that  they 
executed  and  delivered  the  same, 
and  that  he(  the  said...  \J\r^o»..}, 
thereupon  subscribed  his  name  as 
a  witness  thereto  at  their  request. 


.  .  .Ci  * 

Notary  Public 
fortheCity  and  County  of...... 


m. —  The  highest  right  wmch 
one  can  "have  in  anyth!ng,to  the 
exclusion  of  others.  The  right  of 
property  is  based  upon  the  neces- 
sity of  having  to  provide  for  one's 
sol f.  In  Book-keeping  when  jour- 
nalizing, property  is  debited,  un- 
der an  appropriate  title ,  as  Mer- 
chandise, Real  Estate, Cash,  etc., 
when  it  comes  into  our  possession, 
and  credited  when  it  ooes  out  from 
our  possession. 


PROPRIETOR. 


3»00 
100  DC 

HIM 


'-*<<;<] 


7COO 
IPO  BO 


„!•— n  continuance 

of  Parliament  from  the  end  of     

one  session  till  the  commencement  Pl^pVp 
of  another,  by  royal  authority. P-tos- 
ecution,  a  criminal  suit?intended 
to  bring  an  offender  to  trial  and  pun- 
ishment by  due  course  of  law.  Pros- 
ecutor, one  who  prosecutes  an- 
other in  the  name  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  may  be  either  public 
or  private .  Prosecuting  Attorney 
an  officer  chosen  in  each  county 
or  each  judicial  circuit  and  district, 
to  represent  the  State  in  the  di/- 


ferent  courts  holding  terms  with 
iti  the  county.  His  chief  duties  are 
in  prosecuting  violation  of  thecrim 
inal  laws  of  the  State. 
'FtOSTlTUTlOpl.  —  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  offering  for  sale  that  which 
ought  not  to  be  sold;  as,  ability  or 
inf  luence;*he  act  of  offering 
the  body  to  an  indiscriminate  in 

ith  men. 

P.-  Rates  of 


tercourse.sexuallu, 
PROTECTIVE  T/V^I 


duty  fixed  higher  than  the  uniform 
rates ,  on  certain  imported  commod- 
ities, for  the  protection  of  home  man 
ufactures. 

HOT^ST.  —  Presentation  of  an  iti 
strumetit  to  the  principal  debtor 
for  payment  or  acceptance ,  a  n  d 
sending  notice  of  its  non-payment 
or  non-acceptance  to  those  second- 
arily -responsible;  a.  written  doc- 
ument sometimes  drawn  up  by  a 
notary  public,  to  be  attached  to  com 
mercial  paper. 


CHICAG-O,  MARCH  10,19... 

That  a  draft  drawn  by  yourself 
on  Michael  Shiel,  of  Chicago,  for 
the  su-m  of  FIVE  HUNDRED  DOLLARS 
dated  March  3, 19...,  was  this  day 
V-voVe«.VeA  for  non-acceptance,and 
that  the  holder  looks  to  you  for  the 
payment  thereof,  acceptance  hav- 
ing been  duly  demanded  by  me  and 
refused.  SAA.WvaGwtvv-, 
[SEAL] NOTARY  PUBLIC 


An  acceptance" supra- protest"is 
the  acceptance  of  the  draft  by  some 
other  person  than  the  drav*e,"for 
the  honor  of  the  drawee."  If  the 
drawee  then  refuse  to  pay  it  at 
maturity,  it  is  protested,  and  the 
person  making  the"acceptancesu- 
pra-protett"  is  liable  for  the  amount 
A  protest  is  not  absolutely  requir- 
ed to  entitle  the  holder  of  an '\tv\nr\i 
V\\\  to  recover  from  the  drawer  or 
indorser  when  acceptance  or  pay- 
ment has  been  refused ;  but  iu.e 
•woV\ce  is  necessary. \Jae*HoY\-Sa>v- 

PflpTOCoL.— l-n  diplomatics, the 
minutes  or  rough  draft  ofa trea- 
ty, despatch,  or  other  docutnent;a 
record  or  registry ;  an  original  copy 
of  any  writing.  Provisions,  in  the 
prices  current  under  this  head  are 
included  butter,  cheese,  beef  pork, 
bacon, shoulders,  hams,  and  lard. 
Proviso,  a  conditional  clause  or 
stipulation  in  a  deed  ^or  other  le- 
gal writing,  beginning  with' pro- 
vided ^that,'  and  upon  which  the 
validity  of  the  instfumentdepends. 
HOVOST. — The  chief  magistrate 
of  a  city  or  town ;  a  govern  in? 
officer  of  some  corporations  orso- 
cieties.  Proxy ,  a  person  appoint- 
ed in  the  stead  of  another, to  rep- 
resent him;  ati  annual  payment 
made  by  the  parochial  clergy  to  the 
bishop. 

VOTOA  OV 


KNOW  ALL  MEN  BY  THESE  PRESENTS, 
That  l,..&to*o/t^».7.tAt*...,do  here- 
by constitute  and  appoint. ..V.S.tov... at- 
torney and  agent  for  me,  and  in  my  -name, 
place,  and  stead,  to  vote  as  proxy  at  the 
annual  election  for^V\«,t«.X-><\%e.'vV  x\\a 
\\»weoV  oU\cets,eVc.^,  at  fully  as  I 
mi^ht  or  could  were  I  personally  pres- 
ent. 

n  witness  whereof,  I  have  here- 
unto set  my  hand  and  seal,thii-.\t*. 
day  of...OcVo\oe-»...l9... 

Witness,        ..&t.o*w?K«uw..[ 


262 


t.Pttb     ar 


,'.  —  The  age  at  which  persons 
are  capable  of  beyetting  or  bearingchil- 
dren;  in  law, -the  age  of  14-  in  males, 
and  IX  in  females. 
bBLlC  /VCEffT.-An  agent  of  the 
people:  a-M  officer  of  the  National, Mu- 
nicipal, State,  or  other  Govemwent.PB.b 
lie  House,  a  common  inn,  tavern,  or 
hotel.  Public  Law,  the  law  of  nations. 
Public  Works,  a  name  usually  applied 
to  all  great  works  that  are  being  con- 
structed for  public  use;  as  railways, 
telegraphs,  docks,  and  all  works  con- 
structed at  public  cost. 

PUEF\l\.IT\._ln  law,thetime  from 
the  age  of  seven  years  to  the  age  of 
puberty  (q.v.).Pu-pillarity ,  that  part 
of  one's  life  which  includes  infancy 
and  puerility.  . 

PVBLIC  IVlEETItfcS.-'  Calls'forpufc 
lie  meetings  should  be  clear,  distinct, 
and  brief,  yet  sufficiently  explicit 
to  convey  the  purpose  of  such  meet- 
ings, also  the  time  and  place.The gen- 
eral form  of  the  call  depends  upoiithe 
nature  and  purpose  of  the  meeting, 
and  must  be  varied  according  to 
circumstances.  Vfbt&^etato  —-*----*• 


The  friends  of  Education  are  re 
uested  to  meet  at  the  house  of  L.S. 
omstoek,  in  Peach  Grove,  Saturday 
vening,  May  10,  19...,  at  8  o'clock, 


to  take  action  relative  to  opening  a 
public  school  in  this  vicinity.  The 
meeting  will  consider  the  selection 
of  directors,  the  location  of  the  school 
building,  and  the  feasibility  of  open 
jnq  a  school  this  fall. 


\JF\CH/^SE.—  To  buy,  or  obtain  at  an 
expense  of  labor,  skill, etc.;  anything 
acquired  by  paying  a  price  in  money. 
Purchase  Money,  the  sum  which  is 
agreed  to  be  paid  for  the  thing  purchased. 
Puro/atio-H,  the  act  of  clearing  one's 
self  of  a  crime  charged  against  h  ini. 
Purlieu.,  an  enclosures-round  on 
the  borders  of  a  forest.  Purpresture, 
an  inclosure  by  a  private  individual 
of  a  part  of  the  public  dotnain.  Put, 
a  term  used  in  pleading,  signifying  to 
select  a-r  demand. 

PUTATIVE.  — Supposed,  or  reputed. Pu- 
tative Father,  a  phrase  applied  to  the 
father  of  an  illegitimate  child.Pntative 
Marriage,  a  marriage  forbidden  by 
law,  on  account  of  an  impediment  in 
one  of  the  contracting  parties. 


. .->.  — An  ignorant  pretender  to 

medicine;  any  boastful  pretender  to 
skill  and  knowledge  not  possessed.To 
call  a  re9ular  physician  a  quack  is 
actionable.  ft.u,adrooti,  the  offspring 
of  a  white  person  and  a  mulatto. 
^b/\LlFICATlOf/.-That  whidi makes 
a  person  or  a  thing  fit  or  requisite 
for  anything.  Qualifications  /or 
Voti-Mg,  as  a  rule, a  voter  at  a  yen- 
eral  election  must  be  a  male  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States,  who  has 
attained  21  years  of  age,  who  has 
resided  in  .the  State  from  6  months 
to  I  year,  in  the  county  from  3 
to  6  months,  in  the  town  from 
30  to  60  days,  and  in  the  precinct 
from  10  to  30  days,  next  preceding 
the  election.  Women,  are  entitled 
to  vo-te  at  school  elections  in  sever- 
al States,  and  to  full  suffrage  in 
me  or  two  States. 
xlJAulTX.— The  relative  condition  of 
articles  as  to  kind;  used  also  to  denote 
relative  value.  Cluantity ,  any  deter- 
"•inate  bulk,  weight,  or  number. 
.  »  .  . /-^  _  Bestra-|tlj.  o/j-nter- 


course  to  which  a  ship,  dwelling ,  or 
town  is  subjected  on  account  or  be- 
ing infected  with  some  conta_giou.s 
disease.GiU.aran  tine  is  required  by 
the  health  laws  of  the  different  States; 
and  by  the  laws  of  Congress  vessels 
are  to  be  subjected  to  the  health  laws 
•of  the  State  at  whose  ports  they  ar- 
rive. The  usual  time  for  persons  to 
remain  on  board  of  ships  corning 
from  infected  ports  is  forty  days; 
also  the  space  of  forty  days,  during 
which  a  widow  has  a  right  to  re- 
,main  in  the  principal  house  of  which 
her  husband  died  seized. 
vJ/\.llTEf\  D/\<S.— The  four  days 
of  the  year  on  which  rent  payable 
quarterly  becomes  due.  O^uarter 
Seal,  the  Scotch  seal  kept  by  the. 
d  i rector  of  the  chancery  .Quarter 
Sessions,  a  general  court  which  is 
held,  quarterly  for  the  purpose  of 
trying  criminals, and  civil  actions. 
Q^uash,  to  overthrow  or  annul  a 
legal  proceedings.  G^uasi, as  if, or 
in  a  manner.— A  term  denoting  a 
resemblance.  Q^uasi-contract,  an 
implied  contract,  or  one  not  for- 
mal, yet  having  full  force. C^uasJ- 
cprpora*fo*«,  a  corporation  OTSO- 
ciety  not  vested  with  the  general 
powers  of  a  corporation,  yet.rec- 
og.niaed  as  aggregate  .corporations, 
with  duties  and  privileges  which  mail 
be  maintained  at  law.G^uicksales, 
a  demand  for  and  ready  sale  of  com 
modities. 

BlUlT.  — To  resign  or  give  up.G^uit 
Claim  Deed,  a  deed  having  the  rr<t 
ture  of  a  release.  V.'as-e.V^oV'xce.  Vo 


THIS  INDENTURE, made 

day  of.. A\vo,\»,<i*..., 19..., between. 

o f. . .T\^Xo-v\ ..,  State  o f. . .Vw&xA-wa. .. 
p_arty  of  the  first  part,  and... io«u 
Wtkz\^.w...,of  ...VVw.  sa.-w\e.^\ata..,par 
ty  of  the  second  part, 


Witfiesse*h,  that  the  said  party  of 
the  first  part,  for  and  in  considera- 
tion of~v~V\\jO\\mw><M>-v~J)oilaTf 
in  hand,  paid  by  the  said  party  of  the 
second  part,  the  receipt  whereof  is 
hereby  acknowledged, and  the  said 
party  of  the  second  part  forever  -re- 
leased and  discharged  therefrom, has 
remised,  released,  sold, conveyed, arid 
quit-claimed,  and  by  these  presents 
does  remise, .release, sell, convey, and 
quit-claim,  unto  the  said  party  of 
the  second  part,  his  heirs  andassijms, 
forever,  all  theright,title,  interest, 
claim,  and  demand,  which  the  said 
party  of  the  first  part  has  in  and  to 
the  following  described  lot,  piece,  or 
parcel  of  land,  to  wit:  \V\e.i«,  <^'\w& 

.%cV\^V\o-v\  o4  \*v\V\. 

To  have  and  to  hold  the  same,  to- 
gether with  all  and  singular  the  ap- 
purtenances and_ privileges  thereun- 
to belonging,  or  in  any  wise  thereun- 
to appertaining,  and  all  the  estate, 
right, title,  interest,  and  clam  what 
ever,  of  the  said  party  of  the  first 
part,  either  in  law  or  equity,  to  the 
only  proper  use,  bene/it,and  behoof 
of  the  said  party  of  the  second  part, 
his  heirs  and  assigns  forever. 

I'M  witness  whereo/,  the  said 
party  of  the  first  part  hereunto  set 
his  hand  and  seal  the  day  and  year 
above  written. 


_. —  The  number  of  persons 
Delongin'g  to  a  corporation  or  oth- 
er body,  required  to  transact  bus- 
iness. Iti  Congress,  a  majority  of 
each  House  constitutes  a  quorum 
to  do  business.  Iti  the  Hou.se  of  Rep- 
resentatives^ quorum  for  the  elec- 
tion of  President  consists  of  atne-rn 
ber  or  members  from  two-thirds 
of  the  States,  and  amajority  ofall 
the  States.  I-M  most  of  the  State  189- 
islatures  a  majority  constitutes  a 
quorum;  in  some  two-thirds  or 
three-fifths  are  required. 
^VIOT/V.— The  share,  part,  orpropor 
tion  assigned  to  each;  a.  tax  to  be 
levied  in  an  equal  manner.fl^iuita 
tioti,  the  citation  of  some  law, case, 
or  authority, to.support  or  establish 
some  desired  position. Hu.ota*iotts, 
the  published  current  prices  of  pro- 
duce, stocks,  bonds,  freight  rates, 
rates  of  exchange,  etc. ;  at  state- 
ment of  the  prices  of  merchandise 
given  for  the  information  of  corre 
spondents. 

$0  W/VHRWTO.-A  writ  enter 
ed  before  the  proper  tribunal,  to 
inquire  by  what  warrant  a  per- 
son or  corporation  exercises  cer 
tain  powers. 

l/VNSOIV/l.  —  Price  paid  for  the  free- 
dom of  a  prisoner,  for  the  restitu- 
tion of  goods  taken  by  an  enemy, 
or  for  pardoning  some  great  offense. 
Ranso*n  Bill,  a  war  contract,  val- 
id by  international  law,  for  the  ran 
sofrrof'pTOperty  captured  at  sea, and 
its  safe  conduct  into  port. 


.  ,_  „  '.  —  That  law  relating  »o  re- 
al estate  ;  or  a  law  regulatino  specif- 
ic property.  Real  Estate  Broker,  one 
who  acts  /or  others  in  buying,  sell- 
ing, mortgaging, and  -renting  property. 
Real  Property ,  »he  same  as V&VtktM. 
Reality,  a  term  signifying  landed  or 
real  property. 

~    . —  An  allowance  or  discount 


.—  Sexual  intercourse  with  _a  wo 
man  by  a  tnari,  forcibly  and  against 
her  will.  Rapine,  the  act  of  plunder- 
ing, or  taking  a  thing  against  the 
owner's  will,  openly  atid  by  violence. 
Rasu-re.to  scratch  or  rub  out  some 
part  of  a  printed  or  written  instru- 
ment, so  as  to  prevent  it  from  being 
read. 

/VTE.— The  act  °f  ascertaining  the  a- 
mount  of  tax  one  shall  pay,  by  af- 
fixing a  valuation  on  his  estate  ac- 
cording to  its  value  or  income. Rat- 
if  (cation ,  the  act  of  confirming  or 
•making  valid  one's  own  act.or  that 
of  another;  an  adoption  bi^  the  prin- 
cipal, either  by  words  or  acts,  so-me 
unauthorized  act  after  it  has  been 
performed  by  some  one  as  his  agent; 
the  consent  by  a  minor,  after  he 
becomes  of  396,  to  be  bound  by  a  pre- 
vious act.  Rat i habition, agreement, 
consent,  or  confirmation. 
R.EAI-  /VCCO\*(i/T.-ln  book-keeping, 
an  account  kept  with  •ve.a\'\V\e%,and 
includes  all  accounts  of  effects  or 
thin?!  dealt  in;  as,  real  estate, cash, 
•merchandise,  bills  receivable,  bills 
payable, etc.  Real  Action,  an  action 
brought  for  the  recovery  of  lands, 
tenements,  or  hereditaments. Raal 
Contract,  a  contract  relating  to  re- 
al property;  a  contract  which  re- 
quires the  interposition  of  a  thing 
as  the  subject  of  it.  Real  Estate,  a 
terra  signifying  land  in  its  most  en- 
larged acceptation,  including  every- 
thing that  legally  passes  with  it  in 
makina  conveyance  of  the  land. Real 
Estate  Account,  in  book  keeping, an 
account  kept  with  real  estate, which 
includes  all  fixed  property,  and  is  Or. 
for  its  cost,  and  C-r.  for  what  it  brills. 
On  closing  the  account  at  any  time, 
for  pro/it  or  loss,  it  is  Cr._for  the  ac- 
tual VOYVV\  of  what  remains  on  hand. 
A*i  outlay  for  the  ^c.Twv&r>e.Y&  improve- 
ment of  real  estate,  belongs  to  the  Dr. 
side  of  this  account;  but  for  vew^o- 
t*t\>  improvement,  to  the  Or.  side  of 
Expense  Account. 

TOM  tt*  WOXASMTO.  M&GWft . 
REAL  ESTATE. 


&  I  SmA'Vc. 

..  nn.H.c.       »to«r.. 


Balanc* 


TOON 


53M  M 


'from  the  stipulated  price, made  >-n 
consideration  of  prompt  payment, 
or  for  other  reasons.  Rebellion,  a 
revolt,  or  attempt  to  overthrow  the 
government  to  establish  a  different 
one. Rebouter,  to  repel  or  bar. 
IE  BUTTER;.  — A  plaintif/'s  answer 
to  a  defendant's  rejoinder.  Rebut- 
ting Evidence,  evidence  given  by 
one  of  the  parties  in  a  cause,  to  re- 
pel or  disprove  /acts  given  in  evi- 
dence by  the  other  side.  Recaption, 
th«  act  of  retaking  one's  own  goods, 
chattels, etc.,  from  one  wrongfully 
retaining  them. 

f\ECE(lPT.  — A  written  acknowledoweitt 
by  one  receiving  money  or  other  prop- 
erty, that  it  has  been  received.  Upon 
satisfactory  proof  that  a  receipt  was 
obtained  by  fraud,  or  given  under  er- 
ror or  mistake  as  to  facts,  it  -may  be 
corrected  at  law  or  equity.  I/  pay- 
ments of  importance  are  made,  or 
disputes  apprehended,  receipts  should 
always  be  taken.  One  is  not  bound  by 
law  to  give  a  receipt,  but  courtesy 
and  business  practices  require  them 
A  complete  receipt  statesflj  that  a 
payment  has  been  received;(2t)  the 
date  of  the  payrnent;(3)  the  amount 
or  article  received;(4-)  from  whom: 
and  if  for  another,  on  whose  behalf 
payment  is  made;  (5)  to  what  debt 
or  purpose  it  is  to  be  applied;  (6)  by 
whom  received;  and  if  for  another, 
on  whose  behalf  it  was  received. 
A-H  agent  may  either  sign  his 
principal's  name, followed  by  his 
own,  using  "per,  or  he  may_  sign 
his  own  name,  mentioning  in  the 
body  of  the  receipt  the  principal's  name 
I/  a  payment  is  made  only  in  part, 
it  is  stated  that  the  money_  wav're 
ceived  on_account."A  receipt  for 
a  sum  "in  full  "  of  a  debt  -mention 
ed,  is  legal  evidence  of  the  adjust- 
ment of  the  amount  due. A  receipt 
"vv\  W\\  od  a\\  acc.owftV.s'"  does  not  af- 
fect claims  which  are  not  p_roperly 
matters  of  account.  A  receipt  "\w 
4vA\  ot  a\\  ke.wa.\\is"  prevents  any 
further  claim  for  any  demand  what- 
ever, existing  or  known,  or  which 
ought  to  have  been  known,  unless 
some  serious  or  excusable  mistake 
can  be  shown.  When  money  is  re- 
ceived as  a  loan  or  deposit,  or  to  be 
used  or  paid  out  for  the  benefit  of 
the  party  paying  it, an  admission 
of_the  purpose  for  which  it  was  re- 
ceived should  be  embodied  in  the 
receipt.  On  paying  a  note,  draft, 
or  other  instrument  indorsed  by 
the  payee,  a  receipt  is  furnished  by 
the  return  of  the  instru/ment'aw\x. 
A  receipt  given  by  a  person  making 
his  mark  instead  of  writing  hit  name 


Should  be  witnessed.  In  drawing 
a  receipt  involving  an  agreement, 
care  should  be  taken,  as,  in  case  of 
legal  controversy),  no  explanation  in- 
consistent with  its  language  can  be 
given. 


FOR   MONEY  ON  ACCOUNT. 


«IOO.  INDIANAPOLIS,  Feb.3,19... 

Received  /rom...\^.tAto?,6-it>H. . . 
~x~OT\a>\\xv\V(eA.v~~  Dollars  on  account. 


IN  SETTLEMENT  OF  ACCOUNT. 
&IOO.  INDIANAPOLIS.  FEB. 3, 19... 

Received  from...Vfc&.««0*»«.Mt... 

i  ment  of  account  to  date. 


IN  FULL  OPftLL  DEMANDS. 


46100.  INDIANAPOLIS, FEB. 3, 19... 

Received  from...^&.^*.o«.&tKn.. 
•x-^,Ch\s.\k\KAfcY«.o,~^».Dollars,in  /u-ll 
o/all  demands  to  date. 


FOR  RE  NTT 


4*100.  INDIANAPOLIS,  FEB. 3, 19... 

Received  /rom...Nv.^>.&*.o«&tAn... 
-w^/^/we.V>\«v\A'«a^^-%^/Dollars,  in  /ull 
for  six  months'  rent  of  residence 
at  I73T  S  utter  Street. 


ft  PARTICULAR 


WOO.  |NOIANAPOLIS,FEB.3,I9... 

Received  fn>m.jMkfiAvMM*MR« 

-^^/^wiVVw>c\^vao.^^vDollars,in  pay- 
ment /or  a  bill  of  Broadcloth  of  this 
date. 


FO 

INO 


R  A  NOTE. 


»SIOO.  INDIANAPOLIS,  FEB.3,19.. 

Received  from...^.C.^ivow.<yt(>.'H... 
his  note  of  this  date,  at  six  months, 
my  favor,  for^v^/0-*\e\\\»,-v\^'ve,4-wN/ 
Dollars,  which,  when  paid,  will  be 
in  full  /or  amount  rendered  to  1st 
instant. 


FOR  MONEY  ADVANCED  ONlA  CONTRACT^ 


4*100.  INDIANAPOLIS,  FEB. 3, 19... 

Received  from .  ..\*v.G A*.o*&tM» . . . 
~>~0'v\«M\n,ir\&i<efc.vx~Oollars,  in  ad- 
vance, on  a  contract  to  build  /or 
him  a  dwelling  house  at  II  NoeSt. 


TOR  SERVICES7 


Received  fr 
for  services  to  date. 


)NOIANAPOLIS,FeB.3,l9... 


. 
0  ol  la-rs,  in  f  u  1  1 


FOR  INTEREST  ON  A  BOND. 


ttlOO.  INDIANAPOLIS,  FES. 3, 19... 

Received  from...\^.^>&v.ov.^>.H..« 

,0-v\e>\\n,YA-«eA.~x~  Dollars,  in  fu.ll 

for  six  months'  interest  due  this 
day,  on  his  Bond  to  me,  bearing  date 
Nov.  3. 19 Vw*\  ^VA.E.X... 

:QR  PAYMENT  RV  HAND  OF  THIRD  PARTY. 


4CIOO.  INDIANAPOLIS,  FE8.3, 19... 

Received  /rom...VK.t.^».owrt»>H... 
by  the  hand  o/...^o^»'\^c\...«x^0\\«, 

^\«\\k\e^ Dollars,  in  /ull   for 

proceeds  of  sales  of  Iron,  Invoice 
bearing  date  Sept.  10,  IS... 
' 


Vv\ 


\  vo  W\e. 


254 


HECEJPT  BOOK. -A  book  in  whic 

tre  taken  for  the  payment  of  money.  Re- 
ceiver, one  who  receives  money  to 
th«  use  of  another  to  render  to  him 
an  account;  a.  person  appointed  to 
take  charge  of  the  affairs  of  a  corpora- 
tion on  its  dissolution,  and  to  distrib- 
u-te  its  property  according  to  law.  Re- 
ceiver of  Stolen  (roods,  one  who  re- 
ceives 9oods  from  another,  knowing 
them  to  have  been  stolen. VJxi* "b^oNav* 
V*«>V««XuV Recession,  a.  re-grant. 

R.ECIPR.OCITX    TR.EA.TX.  — ft  com- 
mercial treaty  between  two  nations 
which  confers  equal  privileges,  an  d 
with  a  view  to  secure  reciprocal  trade. 
Recital,  the  act  of  stating  something 
which  has  been  done  be/ore,  or  the 
repetition  of  some  former  instrument. 
Reclaim,  to  insist  upon  a  right,  or  de- 
mand again.  Reclamation,  a  claim 
made  ••aimttha  seller  of  ooods  which 
prove  deficient  or  defective. 
ECOC-fflZAffCE. — An  obligation  of 
record  which  an  individual  enters  in- 
to be/ore    a.  court,  with  a  condition 
which  squires  him  to  do  some  spec- 
J/ied  act,  generally  to  appear  i-n  court 
at  a  certain  time,  necoynizee,  one 
to  whom  another  is  bound  in  a  recog- 
nizance. Recognixor,  one  who  ente- 
into  a  recognizance.  Reconductio 
i  renewing  of  a  former  lease. 

HECORJJ.— An  authentic  or  of/ici'al 
copy  of  any  facts  or  proceedings,  in- 
tended to  serve  as  evidence  o/someth'mo 
written,  said,  or  done,  and  preserve  d 
in.a  court  of  record(q.v.|.  Recorder, 
a  judicial  p//icer  in  some  cities,  gen- 
erally having  the  power  of  a  judge;  a 
county  official,  who  records  in  tooks 
provided  for  that  purpose,  all  deeds, 
mortgages,  and  other  instruments  of 
writina  required  by  law  to  be  recorded. 
Recording  (of  deeds, etc.),  the  act  of 
handing  the  paper  to  the  proper  of- 
ficer and  having  him  record  it.  Af- 
ter a  deed  or  mortgage  has  been  sign- 
ed, sealed,  and  delivered,  to  make  the 
purchaser  or  mortgagee  secure,  it 
should  be  recorded  in  the  proper  of- 
/ice.<f>ftfc^<yrt'q,a.o/e.V  Recording  is  not 
necessary  as  againt  the  signer  of  a 
deed  or  mortgage,  as  the  instrument 
Itself  is  valid  as  against  him.  Third 
parties  are  the  ones  protected  by  the 
act  of  record  ing,  the  record  showing 
them  all  instruments  that  have  been 


IQtl, 


recorded,  and  the  law  providing  that 
all  that  have  not  been  recorded  shall 
be  of  no.  effect  as  to  them.  No  u.nre- 
co-rded  instrument  can  affect  the 
interest  of  one  who  holds  a  -recorded 
one  -from  the  same  party,  even  though 
the  other  is  prior  to  his. 
ECOUpl^ENT.  —  The  right.  of  t  he 
defendant,  in  the  same  action,  to 
claim  damages  of  the  plaint!//".  Re- 
covery, obta!nin9  aright  to  some- 
thing from  an  opposing  party  by  a 
judgment  from  the  court.  Recti/i- 
ca-tion,  separating  one  liquid  from 
another;  also  a  second  distillation 
yf  alcoholic  liquors  for  the  purpose 
D/  puri/yin9  them.  Reddendu-m,  to 
yield  or  pay;  a.  clause  in  a  deed,  re- 
serving somethin9  to  the  grantor. 
REDEEM.—  To  pay  the  debt  for  which 
aplcdpe  is  held.  VS«.e.V\e&o,a,yRede-mp- 
tion,  the  act  of  purchasin9  buck  from 
the  buyer  by  the  seller.  _\Se-«-  ^A\>-^  °^ 
^&ew?V\<my  Redhibitiott,  the  avoid- 
ance of  a  sale  because  of  a  defect  in 
the  thing  sold.  Red  Ink  E-ntry  ,  in 
book-keeping,  ted  ink  should  be  used 
whenever  an  entry  is  -made  ou-t  of 
its  proper  place.  When  the  Or.  and 
Cr.  sides  or  an  account  are  equal  then 
will  be  -no  red  ink  entry.  !<*<  accounts 
showing  losses  and  eai-ns,  a-nd  which 
have  inventories,  i/  a  resource,  i-t  is 
entered  on  the  Cr.  side  iii  red  ink;i/ 
a  liability,  on  the  Or.  tide  in  red  ink, 
when  the  accounts  are  closed.Wien 
closing  an  account,  the  difference  be- 
tween the  sides  is  entered  on  the 
smaller  side  i-n  -red  jnk,  alsoj  the 
footing  and  closing  lines  are  in  red 
ink.  Red  Letter  Day,  a  day  whose  TEC 
ollection  brings  pleasure;  a  /ortunate 
day.  So  named  from  the  principal 
saints'days  and  the  chief  Church  fes- 
tivals being  marked  in  the  calendars 
i-n  red  letters.  Red  Tape,  tape  used 
in  public  offices  /or  tying  u-o  doc- 
uments, etc.;  hence,  o//ic!al  (o-r- 


.  —  Foreign  or  su-pe-r- 
flu-ous  matter  introduced  in  apjead- 
i-ng.Re-E«i*ry,  the  act  of  retaking 
possession  of  lands  or  tenements.  which 
one  has  been  deprived  o/.^5>a«,  \ja.t\6\» 
B.-v\&"^e*\»nVV  Re-Exchange,  the 
expense  chargeable  on  a  bill  o/  exchange 
or  dra/t  which  has  been  dishonored 
in  a  /orei9n  country,  and  returned 
to  that  country  in  which  it  was  made 
or  indorsed,  and  then  taken  u.p.  The 
rate  of  ye-excVvwvqe  is  regulated  with 
respect  to  the  drawer,  at  the  course  of 
exchange  between  the  place  where  the 
bill  of  exchange  was  payable,  and  the 
place  where  it  was  drawn. 
H.EFER<EE.—  One  to  whom  a-nyth'm9 
is^rc^erred  for  hearing  or  decision. 
His  judgment  is  called  his  report.Re- 
ge-Mt,  a  ruler  or  9overnor;o«e  who 
rules  in  the  place  .of  another:  a  col- 
lege professor.  Regicide,  the  killing  of 
a  kino. 

EGISTER.-A  book  kept  by  public  au- 
thority, /or  the  purpose  of  enterin9 
/acts  as  they  occur;  also  the  same  as 
recorder  (q.v.)  ;  a  document  issued 
by  the  Custom  House,  containing 
a  description  of  a  vessel,  its  -na-me,t«» 
riaoe,  country,  ownership,  etc.,  which 
is  kept  on  board  during  a  foreign  voy- 
aye  a.t  evidence  of  its  nationality.  Coast- 


ing vessels  are  enrolled,  not  regis- 
tered. Registrar,  (he  person  appoint- 
ed by  law  to  keep  the  register.  Regis- 
tration of  Voters,  the  making  of 
a  list  of  the  names,  previous  to  an 
election,  of  those  presenting  them- 
selves, and  showing  upon  examina- 
tion that  they  are  qualified  electors. 
Only  those  whose  -names  have  been 
registered  are  allowed  to  vote,  on 
election  day.  Registry,  the  re^istTa- 
tfon  or  enrollment  o/ships  at  the 
Custom  House. 

lEHE/VlIN©-.  — The  second  consid- 
eration given  to  a  cause  by  a  court. 
Re-Insurance,  a  contract  whereby 
an  insurer  of  property,  who  has  in- 
curred too  great  a  liability, or  become 
dissatisfied  with  the  nature  of  the  risk 
he  has  contracted  to  take  upon  him- 
self, obtains  indemnity  against  loss, 
by  his  insurance  from  some  other 
insurer.  Rejoinder,  the  defendant's 
answer  to  tpe  plaintif/'s  replication. 

HEl-AJIONSHIP.—  State  of  being 
connected  by  birth,  marriage,  or 
other  alliance.  Relationship  by  blood 
exists  in  three  decrees: (I)  Right  line 
descending;  from  the  father  to  His 
children  and  so  on  down;  (ft)  Right 
line  ascending;  from  the  son  to  the 
father  and  soon  up;  (3)  The  collat- 
eral line  between  brothers  and  sis- 
ters, uncles  and  aunts,  both  ascend- 
ing and  descending.  In  the  following 
list  will  be /ound  the  chie/ titles  of 
relationship:  A -//in  ity,  relation- 
ship by  marriage.  Al-tfia  Mater,  a. 
fostering  mother;  *he  college  or  uni- 
versity where  one  has  been  educated. 
Ancestors,  one's  parents,  grand- 
parents, great-9rand-parents,  e*c. 
Aunt,  the  sister  of  a  parent. By  cour- 
tesy theVvu£\o&w&  of  an  aunt  is- called 
an  \w\c\e,  and  the  wife  of  an  uncle  is 
called  an  aura.  Breed,  a  stock  of  an- 
imals distinguished  by  certain  quali- 
ties and  peculiarities  from  other  an- 
imals of  the  same  species. Brother, a 
male  born  o/*hesame  fa-rents  with 
one's  sel/.  Brotherhood,  the  relation 
ship  of  brothers;  a  number  of  pers- 
ons associated  together  for  the  mu- 
tual interchange  of  kind  o//ices. 
Child,  offspring  o/huinan  parents. 
Chino, the  of/spring  o/a  Mulatto 
with  a  Chinese.  Chi-tio-blanco,  the 
of/spring  of  a  White  father  with  a 
Chitiese.  Cla-H,  a  number  of  fam- 
ilies bearing  the  same  name, united 
under  a  common  chteftain,and  sup- 
posed to  be  descended  from  a  common 
ancestor,  Cotisatigaitt  ity,  relation 
ship  by  birth.  Cousi-H,  the  child  of 
an  u-ncle  or  aunt.Cousins-Oerma-n, 
first  cousins. Cu-artero-fi,  mate  off- 
spring o/a  White /ather  with  aMu- 
Utta..  Dam,  female  parent  among 
beasts.  Daughter,  a  female  child. 
Oauoh*er-Mi-law,  the  wife  of  a  son. 
Descendants,  those  who  derive 
their  origin  from  a  certain  ances- 
tor; as,  the  Jews  are  the  &e-4cev\&- 
vnV»  of  Jacob.  Fattiily^  a  parr  of  pa- 
rents with  their,  own:  immediate 
of/spring  ;  a  pair  of  parents,  with 
all  their  descendants.  Father-amate 
parent  of  the  human  species.  Fore- 
fathers,* he  same  as  ancestors  (q.vj 
Fourth  Cousin,  the  child  either  of 
a  third  cousin,  or  of  a  great-9reat- 


Zoo 


grand-uncle. Genealogy,  an  account 
of  one'*  ancestors.  Every  person  has  two 
parents,  or  ancestors,  In  the  first  degree; 
four  grandparents,  or  ancestors,  in  the 
second  degree;  eight  grandparents,  or 
ancestors,  in  the  third  degree;  16  in 
the  fourth  degree;  32  in  the  fifth; 
64-  in  the  sixth;  etc. Generation,  a 
single  set  of  descendants  related  in  the 
same  degree  to  a  common  ancestor.Chil. 
dren  constitute  the  first  O,«A\«/YIX\O\V, 
grandchildren,  the  second;  etc.  Grand- 
child, the  offspring  of  a  child.  Great- 
grandchild, the  offspring  of  a  grandchild. 
Grand  Nephew,  the  grandson  of  a  broth 
er  or  sister.  Grand-parents,  the  parents 
of  parents. Great-grand-parents, the  pa 
rents  of  grand-parents.  The  termqrteat 
may  be  repeated  any  number  of  times 
according  to  the  degree  of  remoteness 
that  it  to  be  indicated  in  the  ascending 
ancestral  line.  Great  Aunt,  or  Grand 
Aunt,the  aunt  of  a  parent. G~t*at  Un- 
cle, or Grand  Uncle,  the  uncle  of  a  par- 
ent.Half-brother,  a  brother  by  one  pa- 
rent, but  not  by  both.  Half-sister,  a  sis- 
ter by  one  parent,  but  not  bu  both.  Issue, 
a  term  applied  to  the  children  of  aman 
that  is  deceased;  as,  he  died  without Vsw*. 
Kin,  related  by  blood;  as,  we  are  v\n  or 
aVmtoeach  other;  •relatives;  as,  all -my 
Vvw  reside  in  England.  Kindred, relat- 
ed by  descent  from  a  •common  ances- 
tor ;eongenial;  as,  they  are  V.'\-v\Vv«.& 
souls;f«latives  by  birth:  Kinsman, a 
man  of  the  same  race  or  family.  Kins- 
woman, n  woman  of  the  same  race  or 
family. Kins/oik,  persons  of  the  same 
race  or  family.  Maternity,  mother- 
hood. Matron,  an  elderly  married  wo- 
man. Matrimony ,  wedlock.  Mestiao, 
the  male  offspring  of  a  White  father 
with  an  Indian. Mother,  a  female  pa- 
rent of  the  human  species.  Mulatto, 
the  male  offspring  of  a  White  father 
with  a  Negro. \^\V\tt. 'v\A'*v\e-*  oi  i*waNe.o44- 

XVw.  -v«\A\e,,W\XY\  XVve.  Xt,rw\wv».\  "  o"  cYttLW)- 
t&  Xo"V^.  Nation,  a  numerous  body 
of  people  speaking  the  same  language, and 
descended  from  the  same  original  stock: 
an  independent  body  of  people  united 
under  the  same  government.  Nephew, 
the  son  of  a  brother  or  sister. Niece, 
the  daug  hter  of  a  brother  or  sister. 
O/f  spring,  the  young  either  of  the  hu- 
man race,  or  of  the  inferior  animals. 
Parents,  the  sources  of  being  to  oth- 
er animals  of  the  same  kind.  Patri- 


arch, the  father  of  a  race;  as,  Jacob 
was  the  9«vV\a.icV\  of  the  Jewish  race. 
Patron,  one  who  exercises  the  care 
of  a  t«LXY\»ir  over  some  person  or  inter 
o st. Pedigree, -a  line  of  ancestors. Pro- 
genitor, a  forefather.  a.uintero,the 
•male  offspring  of  a  White  father  with 
a.  Cuarterpna.Race,  a  succession 
o  f  generations  springing  from  a  com- 
mon parent;  a  division  of  the  human 
family  distinguished  from  other  di- 
visions by  marked  differences  of  Aat 
ures  and  complexion. Second  Cousin, 
the  child  either  of  a  cousin  or  of  a 
grand-uncle. Seed,  the  immediate  off 
Spring^  and^the  remote  descendants 
of  an  individual;  as,  the  Jews  are 
the  seel  of  Abraham. Si-re, a  rnale 
parent  among  the  inferior  animals. 
Sister,  a  female  born  of  one's  own 
father  and  mother.  Son,  a  male  child- 
Son-in-law,  the  husband  of  a  daughter. 
Step-Children,  the  children  of  ahus 
band  or  wife  by  a  previous  marriage 
Step-Father,  a  husband  married  by 
a  mother  after  the  death  of  the  fa- 
ther. Step-Mother,  a  wife  -married 
by  a  father  after  the  death  of  the 
mother. Stock,  the  common  par- 
ent of  a  race  ;  a  race;  as,  the  Jews 
were  of  the  sXocV  of  A  bra  ham;  a  breed; 
as,  a  good  sXoc-V  of  cattle.Third Cous- 
in, the  child  either  of  a  second  cous- 
in or  of  a  grand-uncle. Tribe, ase- 
ries  of  generations  descended  from 
the  same  progenitor,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  Israel  itish  tribes. Uncla, the 
brother  of  a  parent.. Zambo,  the 
male  offspring  of  a  Negro  fat  her  with 
an  Indian.  \5-c,w»\e,  -~L-a.Y<N\>\x,VZambo- 
Chinp,  the  offspring  of  a  Negro  fath 
er  with  a  Chinese. 

R.ELA.TO^.  —  A  teller  or  rehearsorjone 
who,  by  advice  from  the  court,  brings 
an  iri  formation  in  the  nature  of  a  o^o 

lELEi\SE.— A  discharge;  a  renuncia- 
tion of  the  right  ofaction.lt  is  com- 
mon for  creditors  to  release  t  heir 
debtor  on  payment-  of  a  part  of  the 
debt.  Such  release  is  valid  if  signed 
and  sealed.  If  a  debtor  agree  to  pay 
his  creditors  a  certain  proportion  of 
their  claimsjn  consideration  of  adis- 
charge  of  their  demands,  if  he  pri- 
vately agree  to  give  a  better  or  further 
security  to_one  than  to  others,  the  con- 
tract is  void  as  to  all. 


know  all  Men  by  these  Presents, 
that  l,...io\w\  io-v\es...,of...^>osXo-n., 
for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of 
to -me  paid 


bu...V.¥i.^e.'nVon...,of...Htvi\o'«V.., 
the  receipt  of  which  I  do  hereby  acknowl- 
edge, have  -remised, r« leased,  and  forev- 
er discharged,  and  I  do  for  rnyself, my 
heirs, executors,  and  administrators.^ 
mise,  release,  and  forever  discharye.thc 
said. ..K.Vv.^ervXorv..,  hit  heirs, execu- 
tors, and  administrators,  of  undfrom 
all  debts,  demandj,actions,  and  causes  of  ac- 
tions,in  law  or  equity,  of  every  kind,  character, 
jand  nature  soever, against  him, from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  world  to  this  day. 

In  witness  wherto/,  I  have  hereunto 
set  my  hand  and  seal,thii..Vrd..datiof..V»\i(..l>._ 


.-A  document 

siy-ned  by  owners  of  vessels  or  their 
a9ents  on  receiving  the  payment  of 
freight,  giving  a  formal  release  tothe 
dock  companies  and  wharfmaert  towtion 
they  had  previously  given  notice  tiot  to 
deliver  goods. Relevant,  that  which  ap- 
plies to  the  matter  in  question.  Relic- 
tion, land  which  is  increased  by  the 
retreating  of  the  sea  or  a  river. 
f\ELl&IOlJSllBEr\T\.-The  right  of 
every,  individual  to  hold  such  form  of 
religious  belief  as  he  chooses,  or  to 
have  none  at  all,  and  to  worship  as 
he  chooses,  or  not  at  all. Religious 
Test,  a  critical  triaj  or  examina- 
tion as  to  one's  religious  views.Tk 
constitution  of  the  United  States, art 
6,  s.3,  declares  that  "no  religious 
test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qual- 
ification to  any  office  or  public  trust 
under  the  United  States." 
EIVlAJNDEH.-An  estate  limited  to 
lands  and  tenements  after _anothe- 
estate  in  the  same  is  determined. Re 
tnanding  a  Cause,  the  act  of  send 
ing  it  bnck  to  the  court  from  which 
it  came,  that  it  may  be  reconsider 
ed.  Remedial,  that  which  tends  to 
remedi-  or  removs;  as,  aremedia.1 
statute,  re-medralj u.st ice.  Remedy, 
a  method  provided  by  law  of  redress 
ing  a  wrong, or  of  punishing  awroii 
doer.  A  t\v\\  remedy  is_the  method  o) 
redressing  an  injury  inflicted  by  one 
person  upon  another.  AcT\w'\i\4\re 
edy  is  the  -method  of  punishing  a  wro 
doer  for  some  wrong  commited  agamst 
society. 

ElvllSSlON.— The  forgiveness  of  an 
offense ;*he  release  ofadebt;the 
sending  of  money  to  a  distant  place. 
Remittance,  the  act  of  sending  a 
money  value  from  one  place  to  an 
other.  Renewal,  the  act  of  grant- 
ing again  or  repeating,  as  an  insur- 


PHILADELPHIA,  Nov.  1, 19... 
THE  GERMAN  INSURANCE  COMPANY, OF  B«T<W 
Do  in s ure . . .^. &W\-n  M-wo\& . .. ,  in 
consideration  of,,~^oTX\)-{\ve^ — ~ 
Dollars,  being  the  premium  on-vx-x/ 
Vwe"^VAowsv»\4^Y~ Dollars:  this  being 
a  renewal  of  policy  No...T\,\\6...,it 
being  he-reby  continued  in  force  for 
one  year,  to  wit,  from  Nov.  1, 19... 
to  Nov.  I,  19...,  at  noon. 


DENOUNCE.—  To  repudiate  or  give 
up  a  right.  Renouncing  Probate, 

repudiating  the  right  to  be  executor 
of  a  will,  by  refusing  to  take  out  pro 
bate. 

lEMOtlSTfV\NCE.  — A  strong  repre- 
sentatior.  against  a  measure  or  pro- 
ceddi-ng 


To  THE  MAYOR  AND  COMMON  COUNCIL  OF... 
f/CYvVXeAYienv.—  The  petition  of  the 
undersigned  citizens  and  taxpay- 
ers of  the wards  of  this  city 

respectfully  represents  that  they 
have  learned  that  a  petition  is^now 
before  you  praying^for  the  privilege 


City  of j 

State  of 

Date i 


266 


.  —  Amount  paid  (of  the  privilege 
of  occupying  another's  premises.  Usual- 
ly it  is  111  -money, periodically  paid-,  bu.t  it 
may  be  in  services,  prof  its,  or  anything 
else.  I/  there  is  no  a9reement  as  to  t  he 
amount,thc  tenant  -must  pay  what  the 
use  o(  the  property  is  reasonably  worth. 
When  there  is  no  special  Agreement  as 
to  the  time  of  payment,  the  r<  nt  !s  due 
yearly,  half-yearly,  or  qu.arterly,accord- 
iny  to  the  usa9e  of  the  country. I-H  the 
absence  of  usage,  the  rent  is  due  at  the 
end  of  the  year.  It  there  be  an  express 
agreement  to  pay  rent,  the  destruction 
of  the  property  by  (i*e  or  flood  does  not 
relieve  the  tenant.\v'bc.«.\.'?v\\ii\o*&  a\\4 
"^s.Yto./v\V1'&'Y\&  Vaa^av 

R.ENUNCIAJION. -The  act  of  giving  up 
a  right.  Repairs  of  Rented  Property . 
In  the  absence  of  special  Agreement^ 
landlord  is  under  no  obligation  to  his 
tenant  to  wake  any  repairs  to  the  prop- 
erty rented.  Neither  can  the  tenant 
make  the  repairs  and  ded  act  the  amount 
from  the  rent.  Ori  the  other  hand  the 
tenant  must  deliver  up  the  premises 
when  his  lease  has  expired,  in  as  good 
condition  as  that  in  which  they  were 
when  he  received  them,  ordinary  wear 
and  tear  e*cepted.V$e.<iVw\^\o^an\e,\\V5>V 

IEPEA.L.— The,act  of  abrogating  a  law 
by  an  act  of  legislation.  Repetition,  an 
action  which  lies  to  recover -money  paid 
by  -mistake.  Re  pleader,  to  plead  again. 
R.eplevi*i,  an  action  to  recover  posses- 
sion of  property  wrongfully  taken. Re- 
plication, the  plaintiff's  answer  to  the 
defendant's  plea  or  answer. 

IEPOHTEH-  — An  officer  connected  with 
the  supreme  court,  and  usually  appoint 
cd  by  the  court.  He  is  requird  to  attend 
court  personally  at  all  its  terms,  and 
to  make  true  reports  of  all  its  decisions, 
together  with  the  facts  involved  in  the 
cases  adjudicated,  and  to  publish  these 
from  time  to  time.  Reports,  a  written 
or  printed  collection  of  judicial  opi'ti- 
ions  and  decisions.  Repository,  the 
name  for  some  kinds  of  wa-rehouses,as 
a  carriage  repository. 

f\EPR.ESE;NTAJlVES. -Members  of 
the  lower  house  of  Congress, elected 
by  the  people  of  the  States  every  second 
year. They  -must  be  at  least  25  years 
of  age,  must  have  been  a  citizen  seven 
years,  and  -must  live  in  the  State  from 
which  he  is  chosen.  The.  Congress  next 
after  the  taking  of  a  census  determines 
the  ratio  of  representation,  and  the 
number  of  Representatives,  and  appor- 
tio-ns  them  among  the  States.  IK  the 


first  House  of  Representatives  there 
were  only  65  -members,  and  the  ratio 
was  one  to  about  50,000  inhabitants. 
l*i  order  that  the  House  might  not 
grow  too  large,  the  ratio  is  increas- 
ed as  the  population  increases. 

R.EPHJEVE.  —  A  postponement  of-  a 
criminal's  sentence  for  an  interval 
of  time.  Reprieves  may  be  granted 
either  by  the  President  or  by  a  Gov- 
ernor, after  conviction  by  the  United 
States  courts.  Reprisal,  Hie  act  of 
seizing  ships, or  other  property,  as 
indemnity  for  unlawful  seizure,  or 
detention.  Congress  has  exclusive 
power  to  issue  a  commission  to  a 
private  individual, a uthoriz,i«9  hi-m 
to  seize  the  property  of  a  foreign  na- 
tion or  its  s,ubjects  as  a  reparation 
for  some  injury.  Reprises.,  deduc- 
tions, and  payments  out  of  lands, an- 
nuities, and  the  like. 

R.EPU8LIC.— A  government  in  which 
the  power  to  enact  and  execute  the 
laws  is  exercised  by  representatives 
elected  by  the  people  to  actforthem. 
A  -republic  is  sometimes  called  a  cow- 
Y*\o\\\N&aV&V\,  because  its  object  is  the 
common  happiness  of  all.  Repupnan- 
cy,  in  law,  an  inconsistency  between 
two  or  more  clauses  in  the  same  in 
strument. 

IE<HUISITION.— The  demand  of  a 
r igjit;  *he  demand  by  one  State  or 
government  upon  another  fo,r  the 
surrender  of  a  fugitive  from  justice. 
A  requisition  is  usually  complied  with, 
but  there  is  no  way  to  compel  aC-ov- 
ernor  of  a  State  to  deliver  up  acritn- 
inal.  Resci-ttd,  to  cut  off,  abrogate, 
or  vacate. 

[uSqSSlON\-The  act  of  abrogating 
or  annulling  contracts  by  mutual 
consent,  or  by  one  party,  because  of 
the  breach  of  the  contract  by.the oth- 
er. Rescisso-n;  Action,  an  action  to 
rescind  or  set  aside  a  contract  or  a 
deed.Rescu-ssor,  a  party  who  makes 
a  rescue.  Resetted,  one  who  receives 
stolen  goods,  knowingly. Reserve 
or  Net  Value,  in  Life  Insurance,,  a 
certain  sum  periodically  set  aside, 
and  compounded,  so  that,  as  the  aje 
of  the  insured  increases,  the  suinsset 
aside  will  place  a  policy  issued  at  the 
age  of  30  for  a  premtu.ni  of  #100  in 
as  safe  a  position  as  anew  policy, 
issued  at  the  age  of  50  fora  premi- 

[ESID^NCE].  — Place  whe,->-e  one  re 
sides;  personal  presence  in  a  fixed 
and  permanent  abode.  Residu-ary 
Clan.se,  a  clause  inserted  in ,a  will. 
by  which  all  the  property  isdisposed 
of  which  remains  after  satisfy  ing 
devises  and  bequests. Residuary  Leg- 
atee, one  to  whom  the  residue  of  an 
estate  is  left  by  will.  Residue,  tHe 
remainder  of  an  estate,  after  all 
liabilities  and  bequests  are  paid. 
F{E SOLUTIONS.—  Formal  and  de- 
liberate modes  of  expressing  the 
opinions  and  sentiments  of  asooi- 
ety,club  or  public  assemblage.They 
Should  be  written  tersely  and  with 
great  clearness.  The  preamble  should 
set  forth  the  cause  of  the  resolutions 
which  follow.  It  should  always  bejin 
with  the  word  "Whereas."  The  res- 
olutions follow  immediatejy  after 
the  preamble,  each  one  beg  inning 


with  the  word    "Resolved.' 


.. 

ON  THE  DEPARTURE  OF  A  CLEROVMAN. 


Whereas,  T  he  Reverend  &eorge  8oz- 
ell,  O.D.,  has  been,  in  Hie  providence  of 
C-od, called  to,  labor  in  another  part 
of  Christ's  vineyard,  and  has  incon- 
sequence thereof  tendered  his  res- 
ignation of  the  rectorship  of  this 
parish;  and, 

Whereas,  We  recognize  ai)ivi-ne  in- 
fluence In  *he circumstances  which 
have  induced  our  beloved  pastor  to 
sever  the  ties  which  have  connected 
him  with  this  church  and  its  people; 
therefore,  be  it 

Vv«/so\ve&,  That  the  resignation  of 

the  rectorship  of ,in  this 

city,  by_tlie  Rev. George  Boiell,D.D., 
be, and  is  hereby, accepted,  to  takeef 
feet  on  the  1st  day  of  September  next. 

^a^oXxeA,  That  the  Rev.&eorge  Boz- 
ell  has,  by  courtesy  and  kindness, by 
purity,  of  life  and  doctrine,  and  by 
the  fajthful  discharge  of  the  duties 
pertaining  to  his  holy  office, secur- 
ed the  love  and  confidence  of  h  i  s 
people,  which  will  follow  and  be  with 
hint  in  his  new  field  of  labor. 

Y\e.<io\\i«,k,That  while  the Rev.&eotye 
Bozell's  connection  with  this  parish 
will  close,  agreeably  to  his  wishes, on 
the  1st  day  of,  September  nex t,his sal- 
ary will  continue  until  the  firs* 
of  October  next. 


THE  DEATH  OF  A  MEMBER  OF 
3R  SOCIETY. 


ANY  ASSOCIAT/ION  OF 
Whereas.  In  view  oft 


Whereas,  In  view  of  the  loss  we 
nave  sustained  by  the  decease  of  our 

friend  and  associate ,  and 

of  the  still  heavier  loss  sustained  by 
those  who  were  nearest  and  dearest 
to  him;  therefore,  be  it 

^e.^oVjc.0.,  That  it  is  but  a jwt  trib- 
ute to  the  memory  of  the  departed 
to  say  that  in  regretting  his  remov- 
al from  our  midst  we  mourn  for  one 
who  was,  in  every  way,  worthy  of  our 
respect  and  regard. 

^«,<io\Me&,  That  we  sincerely  con- 
dole with  the  family  of  the  deceas- 
ed on  the  dispensation  with  which 
°t  has  pleased  Divine  Providence  to 
afflict  them, and  commend  them 
for  co,nsolation  to  Him  who  orders 
all  things  for  the  best,  and  whose 
chastisements  are  meant  in  mercy. 

?ie«,o\Mci,  That  this  heartfelt  tes- 
timonial of  our  sympathy  and  sor- 
row be  forwarded  to  the of 

our  departed  friend  by  thesecreta- 
ry  of  this  meeting. 


ry  of  this 

PJNJHO 


HE  DEATH  OF  A TCLER&v M AW. 


Whereas,  It  has  pleased  D'vine 
'rovi.dence  to  remove  our  beloved 
pastor  from  the  scene  of  his  tempo- 
ral labors,  and  the  congregation  who 
sat  under  his  ministry,,and  profited 
ly  his  example,  are  desirous  of  testi- 
fying their  respect  for  his  memory, 
and  expressing  their  earnest  and  af- 
fectionate sympathy  with  the  house- 
lold  deprived  by  this  dispensation  of 
ts  earthly  head;  therefore,  be  it 

yve.<io\\jek,  That  in  the  death  of 
our  beloved  pastor,  this  congrega- 
tion loses  a  faithful  and  affection- 
ate shepherd,  who  was  always  active 
and  aealous  in  his  work  as  a  -minis- 
ter: ever  ready  -to  succor  the  needy 
and  distressed;  one  y/vho  was  wise 


257 


TO  MEMBERS  QF  THE  LEftlSlATUflE. 


Whereas,  Owing:  to  the  peculiar  sit- 
UAlion  oj  this  town, the  general  road 
law  of  the  State  Is  part|y  inapplicable 
to  us,  and  highly  inefficient, and  the 
circumstances  of  the  case  require  a. 
specific  law;  therefore,  be  it 


j'n  counsel  and  fearless  in  action;  an 
honest  and  upright  man  whose  vir- 
tues endeared^him  not  onjy  to  the 
members  of  hjs  congregation,  but  to 
all  his  fellow-citizens. 

^e%oWA,  That  we  tenderly  condole 
with  the  family  of  our  deceased  min- 
ister in  their  hour  of  triaj  and  afflic- 
tion,and  devoutly  commend  them  to 
the  keeping  of  Him  who  looks  with  a 

fitying  eyo  upon  the  widowed  and 
he  fatherless. 

Vvo,^o\N«.d,  That  while  we  deeply 
sympathize  with  those  who  were  bound 
to  our  departed  pastor  by  the  nearest 
and  dearest  ties,  we  share  with  them 
the  hope  of  a  reunion  in  that  better 
world  where  there  are  no  partings 
and  bliss  ineffable  forbids  a  tear. 

V\4so\Me&,  That  a  copy  of  these  res- 
olutions be  sent  to  the  family  of  our 
deceased  minister,  as  a  token  of  our 
respect  a>nd  veneration  for  the  Chris- 
:i«n  character  of  a  good  man  gone  to 
iw  rest,  and  of  the  interest  felt  by 
iis  late  congregation  in  those  whom 
L-I j  ar|()  cher;shed. 


r»M,  The  evil  of  intemperance 
<  steadily  increasing  among  us, and 
many  who  might  otherwise  become 
good  and  useful  citizens  are  falling 
victims  to  this  terrible  curse,  and 

Whereas,  One  great  cause  of  this 
'ncrease  of  drunkenness  is,  in  our 
>pinion,the  open  disregard  of  t  he 
aws  respecting  the  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ng  beverages  on  the  part  of  the  keep- 
ers of  the  bar-rooms  and  saloons  o-f 
-this  place,  who  continue  the  sale  of 
such  liquors  after  the  hour  of -mid- 
night and  on  Sundays, although  for- 
lidden  by  law  to  do  so ;  therefore,  be  it 
^«Ao\ve41  That  a  committee  of  sev- 
in  be  appointed  by  this  meeting  to 
nvestigate  the  extent  of  this  viola- 
tion of  the  law,  and  to  lay  the  result 
of  their  labor  before  the  ConrmonCtun- 
cil  of  this  city  at  its  next  meeting. 

Vig,so\MtA,  That  we  call  upon  the 
mayor,  alder-men,  and  the  police 
force  of  this  city,  to  enforce  the  law 
relating  to  the  sale  of  liquors;  and 
we  hereby  remind  them  that  the 
people  of  this  city  are  becoming  a- 
vyakened.atid  will  hold  them  respon- 
sible for  allowing  the  ordinances /regu- 
lating the  sale  of  liquors  to  be  violat- 
ed by  the  keepers  of  saloons,  and  the 
owners  of  b«r-rooms. 


ib,  That  the  Senators  and  Reptesen 
tatives  of  this  district  in  the  Legisla- 
ture, be,  and  hereby  are, instructed 
to  procure  the  passage  of  a  law  exempt- 
ing this  town  from  the  action  of  the 
general  road  law,  and  placing  the  re- 
pair and  working  of  the  roads entrre- 
y  under  the  control  of  the  local  au- 
thorities.^  

FtESOUn^CES.—  Money  and  property 
of  all  kinds,  together  with  any  and 
all  sums  owing  to  its  by  others  i-t-i 
notes,  accounts,  or  otherwise.  A-M 
account  exhibits  a  -vesoxwce ,  when 
it  represents  property  on  hand,  or 
an  amount  owing  to_  us. The  excess 
in  an  accou-nt  showing  a  -reso\vtc«.  or 
a  Vow  will  be  on  the  Or.  side;  show  ing 
a  \\aV\\\U)  or  a  aaV»\,  on  the  Cr.  side. 
E-SHIPMENT.-Th«  act  of  trans/er- 
ring goods  from  one  conveyance  to 
another.  Respite,  forbearance,or con- 
tinuation of  time;  -temporary  suspen- 
sion of  capital  punishment.  Respon 
de-M*,  one  against  whom  an  appeal 
is  taken;  ot«e  who  goes  security  for 
another;  one  who  answers  inasuit, 
whether  for  himself  oranother.Respoii 
dentia,  a  loan  upon  the  cargo  of  a 
ship,  conditionally  that  if  it  be  lost 
at  sea, the  lender  loses  his  money. 

RESPONSIBILITY— State  Of  being, ac- 
countable or  answerable;  £he  having 
of  sufficient  property  to  pay  al_l  ordi- 
nary obligations. TMC  responsibility 
of  parties  to  commercial  paper  to  the 
owner  is :  I .  Those  -VNC*  Yesvoi\s\VAfe 
to  the  owner  are: (I)  The  person  itpon 
whom  a  draft  is  dra.wn,  until  he  has 
accepted;(S)  The  bank,  in  an  uncer- 
tified checkj  (3)  Sometimesjthe draw- 
er in  a  certified  check;(4)  Any  prior 
owner,  of  any  kind  of  pa  per,  who  has 
not  indorsed  it,  or  who  has  indorsed 
without  recourse:  It. Those -w*^»»- 
sVo\«,  W\*Y\o\vV  &e,-vwaA\4.  being  made  on 
the  principal  debtor  on  the  day  of  pay- 
ment are:  (I)  Makerpf  note;(ft)  Ac- 
ceptor of  draft:  HE.  Those  ta,^o\\- 
%\\>\e  o\\\\)  »iVve.-v\  &e.-WYa%\&  Vva."»  \>  e/t.-v\ 
wato  on  the  principal  debtor, and  no- 
tice given  them  within  the'p'roper 
time:  (I)  Indorser  of  note;(5l) Draw- 
er o-f  draft;  (3)  Indorser  of  draft;(4-) 
Drawer  of  check;  (5)  Indorser  of  check. 
The  Things  Necessary  for  the  own- 
er of  any  of  the  ordinary  kinds  of 
commercial  paper  to  a o  ,  to -render 
the  parties  upon  it  responsible  to  him 

tovwraj  -nothi-ny,  the  maker  is  respon- 
sible without  demand:  IE.  A  wote, 
WxtVx Yn&o/vse'rv.  (I)  Present  it  to  the 
maker  for  payment,  on  the  day  it 
is  due.  and  (Jl)  If  not  paid,  send  no- 
tice of  its  non-payment,  to  each  in- 
dorser, on  that  day  or  the  next:  in. 

imoe.-,  A .  If  due  at  sight,  or  a  certain 
time  after  sight,  (I)  Present  it  to  the 
person  drawn  upon,  for  acceptance,as 
soon  at  possible; (St)  If  not  accepted, 


send  notice  of  its  non-acceptance,  to 
the  drawer  and  each  indorser,onthe 
day  or  the  day  following  the  refusal 
of  acceptance;  B.  If  due  at  a  speci- 
fied time,  (I)  Present  it  to  the  person 
drawn  upon,  for  acceptance, any  time 
before  it  is  due,  and  (2)  If  not  accept- 
ed,send  notice  of  its  non-accept- 
ance, to  the  drawer  and  each  in- 
dorser, on  the  day  or  the  day  follow- 
ing the  refusal  of  acceptance .\Ua& 
ce^Vefc,*ee,"\M"V,  or  (I)  Present  it  to 
•the  person  drawn  upon,  o-n  the  day 
it  is  due,  and  (2)  If  not  paid, send  tio 
tice  of  its  non-payment, to  the  draw- 
er and  eachindorser,  on  that  dag  or 
thenext!  J.V.  An  'fcc.ce.^VsA  b4f%Vta 
(I)  Present  it  to  the  acceptor,for  pay- 
ment, on  the  day  it  is  due,  and(fc)  If 
not  paid,  send  notice  of  its  non-pay- 
ment, to  the  drawer  and  each  indors- 
er, on  .that  day  or  the  next.  V.  A  n 
u«v4«vV\S\e^  cV\ex.V,  A. To  make  the 
fc-v-avMe-v  responsible,  (I)  Present  it  to 
the  bank,for  payment,  at  any  time, 
and  (51)  If  not  paid,  send  notice  of 
its  non-payment  to  him,  on  the  day 
orthe  day  following  the  refusal  of 
payment;  B.  To  make  anVwo-oisei  re- 
sponsible, (I)  Present  or  send  it  to  the 
bank,  for  payment,  the  day  it  is  re- 
ceived from  the  indorser,  or  the  next 
day,  and  (9)  If  not  paid,  send  notice  of 
its  non-payment,  to  the  indorser  on 
that  day  or  the  next.  VI.  A  eeirWxeA 
c\\ecV.  A.  To  make  the  o/faAwe'v  re- 
sponsible (when  not  discharged),)!) 
Present  it  to  the  bank,  for  payment, 
at  any  time,  and  (%)  If  not  paid,  send 
•notice  of  its  non-payment,  to  him, 
on  the  day  payment  is  refused, or  the 
next;  B. To  make  the\>o.Y»V.  respon- 
sible, Present  it  to  the  bank, for  pay- 
ment, at  any  time;  C.To  make  an'\\\- 
4m«.r  responsible, (I)  Present  or  send 
it  to  the  bank, for  payment,  the  day 
it  is  received  from  the  indorser,  or 
the  -next  day,  and  (it)  If  not  paid,  send 
notice  of  its  non-payment,  to  the  in- 
dorser, on  that  day  or  the  nex*. 

RESULT? Kc^flfUST^  A  trust  arls 
ing  from  the  operation  or  construc- 
tion ofequi-ty,and  presumed -to  exist 
from  the  intention  of  the  parties.  Re- 
suiting  Use,  one  raised  by  equity  for 
the  benefit  of  the  feoffor  who  has  made 
a  conveyance  without  a  declaration 
of  its  use. 

(ESUI^E.— To  proceed  or  take,  up  a- 
gain  after  interruption;  a  summa- 
ry or  abstract.  Retail,  to  sell  in  a 
small  quantity.  Re-tail  Ledger,  a 
ledger  ruled,so  as  to  be  convenient  for 
a  retail  business. 


S.T. MARSH,  No.  176  Market  St. 

Dr.  Cr. 


7  S 


I  lb.Chme.ISl;  I  Ib. 
Tea,50<;  Soap,30«, 
;  Spires, 


,, 
10  noitt,90<;;  Candy, 

30£;  Pim  30«. 
IT  Potato«s70<;C»- 

cottriut-SOie, 
31  Raisins.50i!;OT- 

anoes,  30^, 


lOCash, 
31  Cash, 


200 


6  Jl 


258 


..—  The  act  of  engaging  the 
services  o<  an  attorney.  Retainer,  a 
(ee  by  which  a  client  engages  an  attor 
ney-at-law  to  do  certain  business  for 
him;  the  act  of  withholding  what  one 
has  in  his  own  hands,  by  virtue  of  a 
right  claimed.  Rete-Htio-n,  the  right 
of  retain  ing  property,  or  witholdinq 
a  debt,  until  a  debt  due  shaljbepaia 
ETII\t.  —  To  -relinquish  business;*o 
take  up  one's  notes  before  du«. 

Wi  ov 


Sir, —  We  beg  to  acquaintuou  that 
our  late  partner,. ..VIW. SoVv«\<3.Milo\$(.. 
has  retired  from  our  firm  by  mutu. 
al  agreement,  and  that  we  the  under- 
signed, and  ...ViM.^fa'wV  \A.Wo\x,  4.. 
continu-e  to  carry  on  the  business 

thefirm  oV..ANa\Xot\,>NVv«\e.Y  tL'4lo\«.. 
Respectfully  -referring  you.  to  our 
signatures,  we  are 
Yours  truly. 


imposing  a  tax  or  duti^.  Revenue  Of- 
ficers, the  government  officers  em-, 
ployed  in  the  customs  or  excise  ser- 
vice, under  the  direction  and  author- 
ity of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

\EVEI\SIOp.-A  payment.or  the  res- 
idue.of  an  estate,  which  is  not  to  be 
received,  or  a  benefit  which  does  not 
begin,  until  the  happening  of  some 
event, as  the  death  of  a  person.  Re- 
view, a  second  examination,  as  for 
improvement  or  amendment ;  a 
public  inspection  of  troops  or  ships 
by  a  superior  officer. Revisionary 
Interest,  a  right  to  possession  o  f 
property  at  the  termination  of  a 
certain  period,  or. upon  the  death 
of  the  holder. 

R.EVIVA.L.-  The  act  by  which  a  judg- 
ment is  restored,  after  lying  d  or- 
mant  for  a  year  and  a  day,  by  writ 
of  <»c'w6  V&cttiv,  an  agreement  to  re 
new  a  just  debt  after  it  has  been  bar- 
red by  lapse  of  time  or  limitation. 
Reviver,  a  bill  used  to  revive  or  re- 
new an  original  bill  in  equity, which 
has  become  inoperative. 

R.EVoCATlOp.-  The  recall  of  a  power 
conferred,  or  the  vacating  of  an  in 
strument  previously  made.  A  prin 
cipal  may  take  away  the  authority 
of  an  agent  at  any  time;  but  there 
is  a  distinction  between  his  right  to 
•revoke  the  agent's  authority  as  to 
third  parties  and  the  right  to  break 
his  agreement  as  to  the  agent.  He 
may  exercise  the  former  right  free 
ly,  but  is  responsible  to  the  agent 
for  any  injury  in  the  latter. 


R.ETOR.SIOH. -When  a  sovereign  or 
the  head  of  a  nation  is  not  satisfiet 
with  the  manner  in  which  his  Sub 
jects  are  treated  by  the  laws  and  cus- 
toms of  another  nation,  he  isat  lib 
erty  to  declare  that  he  will  treat  the 
subjects  of  that  nation  in  the  same 
manner  as  his  are  treated. Retract 
*he  act  of  withdrawing  an  offer  or 
proposition,  before  it  has  been  accept 
ed.  Return  Days,  days  appointed  by 
law  for  the  return  of  writs.  Return 
of  Warra-M*,  _a  short  statement  by 
an  officer  having  made  an  arrest 
of  the  manner  in  which  the  comma™ 
has  been  executed.  It  is  written  on 
the  back  of  the  instrument,  and  sian 
ed  by  the  officer.  Returns,  bills  of 
exchange,  or  goods  bought  and  trans 
mitted  as  a  medium  of  returning  the 
proceeds  of  consignments;  also  the 
amount  of  goods  sold. 

R,EVEr*OICATIO(JL- A  suit  brought  k 
a  party  for  the  return  of  a  thing;as 
when  a  wan  demands  the  return  01 
goods  sold  on  credit.  Revenue,  the 
annual  income  of  a  State  or  nation 
from  all  sources;  the.  income  of  an 
individual.  Revenue  B ills, bills  for 
raising  money  for  the  govcrnment,e' 
ther  by  direct  or  indirect  taxation 
These  lawsmust  be  passed  by  t  He 
House  of  Representatives  f irst,  bu 
all  other  laws  may  originate  in  e'the 
House.  Revettue  Gutters, small  ves 
sets  employed  to  aid  revenue  officer 
in  the  collection  of  duties, or  to  pre 
vent  smuggling.  Revenue  Law,  a  law 


Whereas,  l,...bov,<*^tt\...,of  the 
...C\V\)...of.  ..C\ce-»o..,in  the  coun- 
ty of...>fca.-w\\\>nm..,  and  State  of...W 
fcvwva,..,  by  my  certain  power  of  at- 
torney, bearing  date  the. ..Ifc... day 
of. ..Wv«\)...  IS...,  did  appoint.. A-S. 
V>oVw\  . . ,  o  f  t  he . . .  CAXi\) . . .  of . .  rv\^\tt«v.. 
in  the  county  of.  ..T\^nc«\.., and  State 
of...Vv\&V».wa...,my  trite  and  lawful 
attorney,  for  me  and  in  my  name 
to  yV\ev«.  «yi».ve.  vMV\ax,  V\e, 


,,as  by  the  said  power  of  at 
torney,  reference  thereto  being  had 
will  more  fully  appear: 

There/ore,  KNOW  ALL  MENSVTHCSI 
PRESENTS,  That  I,. ..io\w "\tt\_.., afore 
said,  have  countermanded  and  revolt 
ed,  and  by  these  presents  do  counter 
mand  and  revoke  the  said  power  of 
attorney  and  all  power  and  author 
ity  thereby  given  to  the  said. ..V5X>»V 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereun 
to  set  my  hand  and  seal,  this... W(Vv. 
day  of...Ho\iew\>eY..,  19.. 


4.— A  term  signify  ing 
that  a  judgment  has  been  recalled  for 
an  error  in  fact.  Revolt,  an  attempt 
by  one  or  more  of  the  crew  of  a  ves- 
sel to  overthrow  the  authority  of 
those  in  command. Revolu-*ion 
an  extensjve  and  sudden  change  in 
the  constitution  and  govcrn-men, 
of  a  country.  Reward,  a  remuner 
at  ion  for  services;  a  sum  paid  or  ta 
ken  for  doing,  or  forbearing  to  do  a 


certain  act;  the,  compensation  act- 
ually so  paid.  Rider,  a  schedule, or 
a  small  piece  of  paper,  added  to  some 
part  of  a  record .  Rigging ,  the  ropes 
which  support  the  masts  and  ex- 
tend the  sails  of  a  ship. 
[IG-H.T.- A  justly  founded  claim.  We 
have  aright  to  do  whatever  we  think 
necessary  for  our  own  safety  and 
happiness,  provided  we  do  not  tres- 
pass upon  the  rights  of  others. 
Right  (Writ  of ),  a  writ  which  lay 
for  a  man  who  had.  the  right  of 
property  against  him  who  had  the 
right  of  possession,  and  was  i  n 
possession  under  su-ch  right. Right 
of  Possession,  that  right  which  one 
has  to  possession,  while  the  actual 
possession  is  in  another,  in  which 
event  he  may  enter  in  and  turn  out 
the  actual  occupant.  An  i^-vxe.\\v 
right  of  possession  may  be  defeated, 
but  an  •a.eXvxaN  right  will  stand  the 
test.  R  ipht  of  Property,  after  the 
actual  possession  is  lost,  the  abstract 
right  which  still  remains.  Ri9h* 
of  Search,  in  a  belligerent  power, 
the  right  to  examine  and  inspect 
the  papers  of  a  neutral  vessel  at 
sea.  Ri9Ht  of  Way,  the  right  of 
the  owner  of  one  piece  of  real  estate 
to  pass  over  another's  property  at 
a  certain  place.  Right  o/Suf/rajc 
the  right  of  voting,.  When  people 
have  once  enjoyed  the  privilege  of 
voting,  they  have  claimed  it  as  a. 
right,  basing  the  claim  upon  the 
fact  that  it  has  been  given  by  the 
government.  R  ight  to  Begin,  t  he 
burden  of  proof  lying  upon  the  par- 
ty who  asserts  the  affirmative,  of 
an  issue,  he  has  a  rigVit  to  begin 
and  to  reply.  Right  to  Assemble, 
and  to  Petitio-M,  see  Personal  Lib- 
erty. 

I\IOT.  — A  disturbance  of  the  peace 
by  three  or  wore  persons  conspir- 
ing together  to  raise  a  tumult, or 
to  commit  a  wrong,  in  a  violent 
manner.  Riparian  Proprietors, 
owners  of  land  bounding  upon  a 
water-course.  They  also  own  the  bed 
to  the  central  line  of  the  stream. 
Road,  see  Highway. 
BOBBER. -One  who  takes  the  prop 
erty  of  another,  by  force,  by  open 
violence,  or  by  secret  theft.  Rob- 
bery, the  taking  of  personal  prop- 
erty from  another,  usually  in  his. 
presence  and  against  his  will, by  »i- 
plence,  or  by  putting  him  in  fear  of 
immediate  injury  to  his  person. 
HOI.!..-  A  public  writing,  register, 
or  schedule,  containing  legal  pro- 
ceedings ;*he /records  of  a  court 
or  off  ice  ^  a  list  or  register  of  the 
names  of  persons,  as  of  a  school, 
or  any  organized  body  of  persons. 
Roster,  a  list  of  persons  who  are 
in  their  turn  required  to  perform 
certain  duties. 

DOTATION  IN  OFFICE;. -The  lim- 
itation of  the  term  of  office  of 
the  members  of  the  governme.nt. 
as  an  effective  way  of  preventing 
the  exercise  of  unconstitutional  au 
thority.  There  being  a  strong  temp 
ration  to  so  use  an  office  for  self 
ish  ends,  the  principle  of  rotation 
in  office  is  one  of  the  most  mischiev- 
ous (hat  can  guide  an  intelligent  people. 


259 


R.O\A,l.  FlSr^.  — The  whale  or  sturgeon. 
Rubric,  the  inscription  ortitle  of  any 
law.  Rule  of  Court,  en  order  made  by 
a  court  having  jurisdiction. The  prac- 
tice rules  of  the  different  courts,and 
which  the  judges  are  empowered  to 
frame  and  en  force,  as  occasion  way 
require,  are  called  rules  of  court.  Rule 
of  Law,  a  general  principle  of  law,  so 
recognized  by  authorities,  and  which 
aids  in  deciding  doubtful  cases.  Rw-le 
of  Practice,  an  order  made  by  the 
court  for  the  purpose  of  regulating 
the  practice  of  the  members  of  the 
bar  and  others.  Ruta,  things  taken 
from  the  land;  as, sand, coal, chalk, 
stone,  etc. 

S/VCR.lLEGE.-The  act  of  stealing  frtm 
churches.  Safe -conduct,  a  pass  or  war 
rant  of  security  given  to  the  captain 
of  a  neutral  ship,  to  enable  trim  to  pro- 
ceed on  a  particular  voyage  with  satiety; 
a  passport,  or  that  which  gives  sa/e 
passage. Safeguard,  a  protection  to 
one  who  is  a  stranger,  who  fears  vio- 
lence from  some  one,  for  seeking  his 
right  by  course  of  law. 
^LE.—  An  agreement  between  two 
parties  for  the  transfer  of  property 
from  one  to  the  other, for  a  price, 
paid, or  to  be  paid.  A  cowi\V\o«&\sale 
is  one  dependent  upon  something  un- 
known or  to  be  determined.  TheVv\c.V 
&e\\Xt  of  a  sale  are:  (I)  DELIVERY,  which 
is  not  essential  to  a  sale,  as  between  the 
parties,  but  it  is  as  to  third  parties; 
\!p«.«.^«\\Ne.Y\j\(i)  SELLER'S  LIEN,  which 
gives  the  buyer  a  right  to  take  the  prop 
ertg  when  he  pays  for  it,  but  rot  un- 
til then;\J>ee.v\fc\v,  (3)Ri»HT  OF  STOP- 
PA»E,  wriich  gives  the  seller  the  right 
to  retake  his  goods  sold  on  credit, and 
hold  them  until  paid  for,  when  he  heart 
of  the  buyer's  failure,  and  the  goods 
have  not  yet  been  delivered  by  the  car- 
rier; (4-)  WARRANTY  OF  OwNERSMiP.giv- 
ing  the  buyer  the  right  to  be  reimburs- 
ed by  the  seller,  if  the  goods  are  prov- 
en to  belong  to  another  party  than 
the  seller;  (5)  WARRANTY  OF  QUALITY, 
which  gives  the  buyer  the  right  to 
return  the  goods  to  the  seller,if  or) 
the  sale,  he  warrants  thatthegoods 
are  of  a  certain  quality,  or  are  suit- 
ed to  a  certain  purpose,  arid  they  turn 
out  differently.Tlie  4«4UAS\*a.*  of 


a  sale  are:  X.  IT  MUST  BE  A 
con-^kcv,  *o  which  the  following  are 
necessary:  (I)  \f  the  price  is  under  a 
certain  amount,  the  first  six  req- 
uisites of  a  binding  contract  areap 
pi  (cable;  VJ>«e  CoYiV«aeX\,  (  R)  If  the  price 
(s  over  that  amount;  A.  The  first 
six  requisites  of  a  binding  contract, 
and  B.  The  seventh  requisite,  vi  7., 
either  (a)  A  writing;  (bj  Delivery  and 
acceptance  of  part,  or  (o)  Part-pay 
ment;  H.THE  PROPERTY  MUST  EXIST 

m.  THE   PROPERTY  MUST  BE  OWNED 

BY  THE  SELLER,  exce^v  in  the  case  o( 
(I)  Money,  and  (^Negotiable  secu- 
rities payable  to  bearer;  IV.  Par- 
ticular property  must  be.  contempla- 

ted; V.    THE  CONSIDERATION  MUST  BE 

MONEY.  The  «equXcA*«s  of  an  agree 
ment  to  sell  are:I.  IT  MUST  BE  A 
«\*\T>\Y*&  CONTRACT,  to  wh  i  ch  the  fol- 
lowing are  necessary:  (I)  If  the  price 
is  under  a  certain  amount,  the  first 
six  requisites  of  a  binding  contract; 
(!l)  If  over  that  amount;  A.  The. 
first  six  requisites,  and  B.'Thc 
seventh,  viz.,  either  (a)  A.  writing; 
(k)  Delivery  and  acceptance  of  part, 
or  (c)  Part-  payment;  IE.  THE  CON- 
SIDERATION MUST  BE  MONEY. 
5AJLES.—  A  term  used  extensively  to 
indicate  the  volume  of  business  trans 
acted  fora  given  period,  or  to  in- 
dicate relatively  the  general  busi- 
ness of  a  commercial  house.Sales 
Book,  a  book  designed  to  contain  on- 
ly the  sales  of  merchandise.  The  to- 
tal footing  is  posted  to  the  credit  of 
merchandise  account. 


JANUARY  I,  19. 


L.T.Maton,Utica,N.Y. 
5  Grindstones,     2,. 50 
10  B  Drills,        7.23 


4  S.  P.Moore,  Xenia,0, 
7  doi.CaroetStret's.3-00 
IO,,C.S.(Ues,      IS.OO 
3  ,,C.S. Augers,    7.05 


7  J.L.Lewis,  Reading.Pa. 
5  G-rindstones.  i.50 
5  B  Drills,  7.J5 
IOdoz.C.S.A>es,  15.00 

Forward, 


7250 


21  00 
15000 


85 


75192  75 


iaso 

3ff  25 

15000  198  75 


47850 


»  L^DG-EPj.  — A  book  designed  to 
contain  accounts  with  parties  who 
have  made  purchases  on  accouttt.lt 
may  be  kept  in  any  form,  but  an 
ordinary  ledger  is  the  most  conve- 
nient form.  Salesman,  one  who 
exhibits  goods  to  customers,  takes 
orders, etc. 


Clerk's  No.07.  Oep't  Letter,  H. 

Date,...i*v\.\0,  19... 


Sales 
No. 


24  M 
MM 
2SM 

3000 
2050 


118  00 


ales 
No. 


Amount 


ales 
No. 


Clerk's  No.  II. 
Name,  .  ..\Ms.K%a 
Address..  ..\<yi... 
How  Delivered,  ... 


,     Letter,  M. 
KNO... 


yds.  Black  Lace,  60 if, 
doa.Jet.Butt9ns,  -90ef, 
yds.Gross&rain,  854, 

19 


Cash-i-ec'd, 
Examined  by-.-' 


18  85 


aooo 


—The  compensation  al- 
lowedto  those  who  voluntarily 
save  property  abandoned,  or  in 
great  peril  at  sea;  -the  property 
saved  after  a  disaster. The  amount 
of  salvage  varies  according  to  the 
difficulty,  sometimes  amounting 
to  one-half  of  the  value  of  the  ves- 
sel and  cargo  saved.  All  who  take 
part  in  the  saving  have  a  share  of 
the  salvage,  viz.,  the  waster,  crew, 
and  owners  of  the  saving  vessel 
Salvage  Loss,  a  loss  which  it  i  s 
presumed  would,  were  it  not  for 
certain  services  rendered  and  ex- 
ertions made,  have  become  a  to- 
tal loss;  a.  mode  of  settling  a  loss. 
Salvor,  one  who  saves  property, or 
rescues  it  from  the  perils  of  the  sea. 
or  other  waters. 

SAMPLE.— A  small  quantity  or  por- 
tion taken  from  the  bulk  of  any 
kind  of  merchandise  to  show  the 
quality  of  the  whole.  A  collection 
of  samples  oraverage  sample  is 
called  a  ynvtslex. 

5A.NITA.I\X.— Pertaining  to  meas- 
ures for  preserving  health.  Sani- 
tarium, a  hospital  or  retreat  for 
convalescents.  Sanctuary, a  place 
where  the  process  of  the  law  can- 
not be  executed.  No  place, howev- 
er, affords  protection  from  arrest 
in  criminal  cases. 

S/\TISFA.CTIOt*.-A  record  entered 
by  which  a  party ,  in  whose  favor 
a  judgment  has  been  rendered^de- 
clares  hirnself  satisfied  and  paid. 
Satisfaction  Piece, art  instru-metit 
in  writing,  in  which  it  is  acknowl- 
edged and  declared  that  satisfac- 
tion is  had  between  plaintiff  and 
defendant.  , 

SAVE  A.  LITTLE.-  Prudence  and 
discretion  require  that  every  one 
who  is  obliged  to  work  for  his  liv- 
ing,should  make  a  point  to  lay  up 
a  little  money  for  that  "rainy  day" 
which  all  are  liable  to  encounter 
when  least  expected.  The  best  way 
to  do  this  is  to  open  an  account 
with  a  savings  bank.  Accumulatr 
ed  money  is  always  safe;  it  is  al- 
ways ready  for  use  when  needed. 
Scrape  together  five  dollars,rnake 
your  deposit,  receive  your  deposit 
book,  and  then  resolve  to  deposit 
a  given  sum,  small  though  it  be, 
once,  a  month,  or  once  a  week,  ac- 
cording to  circumstances. Nobody 
knows  without  trying  it,  how  easy 
a  thing  it  is  to  save  money  when  tan 


2GO 


account  with  a  bank  has  been  opened. 
With  such  an  account  o-ne  /eels  a  de- 
sire to  enlarge  Ms  deposit.  It  gives 
him  lessons. in  frugality  and  econo 
•my,  weatis  hirn  from  habits  of  extrav- 
agance, and  is  an  excellent  guard  a- 
giinsfc  intemperance.,  dissipation  and 
vice. 

CA.LES.— A  weighing  apparatus,  in 
which  the  body  to  be  weighed  is  sus- 
pended /-row  the  shorter  arm  of  a 
lever,  which  turns  on  a  fulcrum, and 
a  counterpoise  is  caused  to  slide  upon 
the  longer  arm  to  produce^quilibri- 
u-m,  itg  place  upori  this  ar-m,  which 
is  9  radu-ated,  indicating  the  weight. 
The  scales  used  at  the  United  States.As- 
say  Office  are  so  del  icaie  that  a  hair 
tarns  the  balance.  You.  can  ascer- 
tain by  *hem  the  difference  in  *he 
weight  of  tvOo  eyelashes.  They  are 
wa.de  o/  alu-miniu.ni,  and  -might  be 
compared  -to  a  snow-flake. 
CHEDULE.—  A  sheet  o/  paper  or  parch- 
ment containing  a  written  OT  print- 
ed list,  irwen-tory,  or  table, and  some- 
times  attached  to  deeds, etc.  School 
Funds,  sums  of  -money  or  oth.er 
property,  the  income  /ro-m  which 
is  set  apart  for  the  support  of  public 
schools.  I'M  addition  to  about  thir- 
ty -millions  of  dollars  distributed  a- 
mon>9  the  States  in  1836,  Congress 
has  passed  acts  by  which  a  certain 
proportion  of  the.  land  in  every  town- 
ship is  reserved  forthe  support  of 
schools  therein.  By  these  acts,  in 
some  'of  the  States  /£e  • '""  others  fa 
o/  the  whole  State  has  been  thus  ap 
propriated.  School  O/ficcrs,  offi- 
cers to  whom  is  entru-sted  the  su- 
pervision of  the  pu-blfc  schools. The 
official  titles  -may  differ  to  a.  limited 
extent  in  the  different  States, but itt 
general  will  accord  with  those  9iven 
In  the  following 


O//icers.  — Superintendent  Public 
Instruction,  State  Board  of  Education, 
County  Superintendents, City  and 
Town  Trustees  (or  Directors), Town- 
ship Trustees. 

General  Institutions. -Ungraded 
Schools,  District  or  Township  Graded 
Schools,  Town  and  City  Schools. 

University  System. -State  Un'i- 
veriity, State  Normal  School,  Indus- 
trial School. 


Charitable  l-HSti-tuliotiS.-School 
for  the  Blind,  School  for  Deaf.  Mutes, 
Orphans'  Home. 

Reformatory  Institutions. -Boys' 
Reformatory,  Girls'  Reformatory. 

Special  (•nstituCions.- State  Teach 

iers' Association, County  a-nd  Town- 
ship Institutes. 
SCOT  A.ND  LOT. -A  customaru  con- 
tribution placed  upon  all  subjects  ac 
cording,  to  their  ability.  Scrip,  d  i  v- 
idends  issued  by  a  stock  company 
payable  in  stock.  Scrip  dividends  are 
simply  an  increase  of  the  capita.)  of 
the  company,  as  the  stock  issued  to 
•meet  them  is  added  to  the  capital, 
and  in  its  turn  is  entitled  to  future 
dividends. Scrip*,  an  original  instnt 
tnent,  where  there  are  part  andcoint 
terpart. 

SCIllVEN;Eni.-One  whose  business 
is  to  place  -money  at  interest;  one 
who  draws  up  contracts  and  oth- 
er instruments.  Scroll, a  -mark  us 
ed  to  supply  the  place  of  a  seal. 

SEA..—  The 'ocean;  a  wav"e  pr  large 
quantity  of  sea-water,  as  to  ship  a 
sea;  the  character  of  the  surging 
and  swellmg  of  the  waves, as  a.heavy 
sea.  Sea-Breexe,  a  wind  bio  win  9 
from  the  sea .  Seafaring,  following 
the  occupation  of  a  seaman .  Sea. 
Laws,  laws  relating  to  and  govern- 
ing maritime  affairs. Sea-Level, 
the  surface  of  the  open  sea  taken 
as  the  point  from  which  to  esti- 
mate or  measure  the  perpendicu- 
lar hei9hts  or  depression  of  otHer 
surfaces,  as  of  hills  and  mountains. 
Sea-Shore, that  space  of  land  lyin? 
between  high  and  low- water  mark. 
Sea-Sickness,  the  nausea,  accompa- 
nied by  retching  and  vomiting  ex- 
perienced on  a  vessel  at  sea.,  and 
caused  by  the  constant  -rocking  of 
the  vessel  by  the  waves.  Sea-Wai  I, 
a  strong  wall  built  to  resist  the  en- 
croachments of  the 'sea. Sea-Weed, 
the  plants  found  growing  in  the 
sea, and  which,  when  washed  ashore 
belongs  to  the  owner  of  the  land 
ad/i)ining.S«a.wor»hy_,f  it  for  a  voyage. 
EJ\l — An  impression  upori  any 
yielding  substance.  A  seak  is  a  nec- 
essary part  of  a  deed  in  most  States. 
It  may  be  a  piece  of  paper  wafe-red  ot 
gummed  to  the  instrument, and  in 
many  States  it  is  sufficient  if  a 
circle  orsc-trawl  is  made  with  the 
pen.  opposite  the  signer's  name. 
An^  one  may  attach  the  seal,pro- 
vided  it  is  done  before  the  deed  is 
delivered.  When  a  seal, is  attached 
to  an  instrument,  it  is  called  a 
Specialty.  Sealed  Bids,  bids  put  iti 
writing,  and  placed  in  an  envelope, 
and  sealed.  Scaled  Verdict,a  writ- 
ten verdict,  inclosed  in  an  envel- 
ope and  sealed,  in  the  absence  of 
the  judge,  in  order  to  relieve  the 
jurors,  and  allow  them  to  separate 
for  the  time.  Sealed  Wri*Itt9S  or 
l-ns*ru.ttients,  those  having  seals 
attached,  as  bonds, deeds, and  cer- 
tain contracts.  All  contracts  not 
under  seal  are  called  jaxoXe,.  A  seal 
is  of  twofold  effect:  (I)  It  assumes 
a  consideration;  hence,  un_necessi- 
ry  to  prove  one;  (8)  By  ordinary 
statutes  of  limitation,  it  runs  twen- 


ty. years,  instead  of  si*,  before  the 
right  of  action  ceases. 

*5000 .  CoLuM8os76.-,Nov.  1,19... 

For  value  received,  I  promise  to  ' 
f .  •  .^N  .V.  K\_^^\tc\vr  &uQ>o. .,0r  otdc 
*>^t-^V\>4ft.  \V\o\vs3flft&'w^/Dol lars,  in 
three  years  from  the  date  hereof, 
witli  interest  payable  semi-annu- 
ally, without  defalcation  or  dis- 
count. And  in  case  of  my  default 
in.the.  payment  of  the  interest  or 
principal  aforesaid  with  punctu- 
ality, I  hereby  empower  any  attor- 
ney-at-law,  to  be  appointed  by  said 
...W.VAvaRtcwx  &.  to...,  or  their  as- 
signs, to  appear  in  any  court  which 
said  ...NN.VA\.w*cw\  fcXo..,  or  their 
assigns, may  select,  and  conrmerce 
and  prosecute  a  suit  against  me 
on  said  note,  to  confess  judo-ment 
for  all  and  every  part  of  the  inter- 
est or  principal,  on  said  note,in  the 
payment  of  which  I  may  be  delin- 
quent. 

Wit-Mess  my  hand  and  seal  the 
day  and  year  above  written. 


_  Attest  :..tt.*.' 


_.—  A  seeking  or  looking, for 
the  "purp.ose  of  discovering  evidence 
in  relation  to  the  matter  sought 
far.  Searcher,  3  customs  officer, 
whose  duty  is  to  examine  aljships 
outward  bound,  to  ascertain  if 
they  have  any  prohibited  or  uticu.s 
tomed  goods  on  board;  also  one 
who  examines  records. Search 
of  Title,  examining  the  succes- 
sive deeds  and  records  relating  to 
real  estate.  Search  Warrant,  a 
written  authority  addressed  to 
an  officer,  requiring  him  to  enter 
certain  places  and  search  for  stol- 
en property,  etc. 

SEiCO(tfD  DELIVERANCE. -A  sec- 
ond writ  of  replevin. Second  Con- 
veyance, one  which  presupposes 
some  other  conveyance  precedent, 
and  only  serves  to  enlarge,  alter, 
confirm,  restrain,  restore, or  to 
transfer  the  interest  granted  by 
'such  original  co  nvey  an  ce.  Second- 
'arily,  a  term  applied  to  the  lia- 
'  bility  of  an  endorser  of  a  note, 
orthe  drawer  of  a  bill,  signifying 
that  he  fs  only  cctf\&'\x\<yvva.\\\)  I  ia- 
ble,  the  maker  of  the  bill,  or  ac- 
ceptor being  primarily, or fiust 
liable.  Secondary  Evidence, that 
evidence  which  is  best,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  primary  evidence.  Sec- 
ond-hand, that  which  has  been 
used  or  worn  ;*iot  original  or 
primary.  Secondary  Use,  that 
use  which  is  limited  to  take  effect 
in  derogation,  of  a  preceding  es- 
tate. 

jECHETA.H\.-One  entrusted  with 
the  management  of  b u.si  ness  ;o tie 
who  writes  for  another.  Secreta- 
ry of  State,  the  chief  officer  at 
the  head  of  the  Department  of  State, 
in  the  National  G-overnment.  He 
has  charge  of  all  the  business  of 
the  Nation  with  foreign  nations- 
Secretary  o/ the  Treasury, the 
head  of  the  Department  oi  JheTnat 
ury.  He  has  charge  of  the  finances 
of  the  Nation.  The  vast  atnountof 


261 


business  in  this  department  requires 
a  great  number  of  assistants.  All  the 
custom  houses,  mints,  and  subtreas- 
uries  form  part  of  it.  Secretary  of 
War,  the  head  ofthe  Department  of 
War.  He  has  charge  of  the  procuring 
of  supplies, equipments,  and  other 
matters  relating  to  the  army. The 
duties  are  most  important  in  time 
of  war.  Secretary  ofthe  Navy,  the 
head  of  the  Department  of  the  Na- 
vy. He  has  charge  of  th«  navy,  the 
procuring  of  supplies  and  equipments 
of  vessels  of  war,  etc.  Secretary  of 
the  Interior,  the  head  of  the  Depart 
meni  ofthe  Interior.  Hehascharge 
of  the  taking  of  the  ca\\*ut  every 
ten  years,  the  management  and  sale 
of  the  TU>D\\C  \a*\&*,  the  management 
of  theX-v\V\*\\s,  the  payment  of  \«. 
twm«,and  the  granting  of  7<&XeA\X 
Secretary  of  Agriculture,  the  head 
ofthe  Department  of  Agriculture. 
He  has  charge  of  the  agricultural  in 
tertftj  of  th«  Nation,  and  of  t  he 
signal  service.  The  other  -two  De- 
partments in  the  President's  Cab- 
inet are:  Attorney  0-encral,  who 
attends  to  all  suits  in  the  United 
States  courts  in  which  the  Nation 
is  interested;  and  Poiti«as*er  Gen- 
eral, who  has  charge  of  all  matters 
connected  with  the  Post-Office  De- 

.  part  merit. 

SECRET  PA.HTNEIV.-One  who  is  re 
ally  a  partner,  though  not  adver- 
tised as  such  to  outsiders.  He  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  firm's  debts  the 
same  as  any  other  partner.  See-to - 

vres,  bidders  at  an  auction. 

»ECUI{ITX  —  A  right  which  a  credit 
or  has  to  rel_y  upon,  besides  the 
mere  promise  ofthe  debtor;  such 
as  guaranty,  lien,  pledge,  and  wort 
gage.  Security  for  Costs,  in  case  a 
plaintiff  resides  out  of  the  jurisdic 
tion  ofthe  court,  or  is  trustee, he  is 
sometimes  required  to  give  security 
for  costs.  Security  o/Life,  Reputa 
tion, etc.,  the  compelling  by  the- 
government,  of  corporations  to  take 
precautions  for  the  safety  of  their 
own  employees,  ofthe  public  whom 
thejj  serve,  and  protection  from  all 
against  false  and  malicious  utteran 
cesj  also  requirement  from  its  of 
ficials  to  take  precautions  to  pre 
vent  the  spread  of  contagious  diseases. 


,... \ovtt*  ^\>v<,..  do  hereby  agree 
to  be  responsible  to...^vm\\>«  Soxxv.., 
or  his  assigns,  for  the  true  and -faith- 
ful performance-  of  the  above  natti- 
ed  contract  on  the  par*  of  ...Vvv 

stt  V\OW*OH.  . . 

In  witness  whereo/,  I  have  here- 
unto set  my  hand  and  seal  on  -this 
...\0n\\...  day  of...i\w\«.,..!9.... 


revolt  against  the 
9overnment,not  amounting  to  a 
capital  crime,  nor  to  treason.Seduc- 
tion  ,  the  act  or  crima  of  persuad- 
ing a  female  to  surrender  her  chas- 
tity. Seignjor,  the  lord  of  a  fee  or 
manor.  Seisin,  in  common  law,  a 
term  signifying  possess  i  on.  "ieXVvvN 
\v\VacX  is  the  actual  taking  of  pos- 
session. S«.\*Yv\Vw\.«i.>N  is  yvhere 
lands  descend,  and  one  hasnotast 
ually  entered  upon  them. 
SEIZURE.—  The  takino  possess- 
ion of  property  suspected  to  Have 
been  stolen  ,  or  property  su-bjectto 
duty  ;  *He  act  of  taking  possession 
lof  the  property  of  a  judgmentdebt- 
\  or,  by  a  sheriff,  or  other  officer  au- 
thorized thereto.  Select-men,  the 
••name  of  the  city  council  in  some 
ofthe  New  England  States. 
SELL.—  To  transfer  ownership  for 
an  equivalent.  Seller,  a  vender,or 
one  who  disposes  of  a  thing  in  con- 
sideration of  money.  Seller's  .Op- 
tion, a  stock  exchange  term,  signi- 
fying a  sale  which  aives.to  *he  sell- 
er the  option  of  delivering  the-  ar- 
ticle sold  within  a  certain  time,  the 
buyer  paying  interest  up  to  the  de- 
livery. Selling  Short,  a  stock  ex-- 
change term,  signify  ing  the  selling 
for  future  delivery  that  which  .otie 
does  not  possess,  in  hopes  that  prices 
will  fall.  Selling  Out,  trie  dispos- 
ing of  one's  entire  stock,  usually 
to  close.the  business. 
E.I.F  OE;FE>ISE;.-  The  acfc  of  de- 
fending one's  own  reputation,  per- 
son, or  property.  A  man  is  justified 
in  committing  a  homicide,  If  nec- 
essary, in  defending  himself  from 
personal  injury. 

SENA^TE.—  The  upper  House  of  Con- 
gress. The  causes  whicn  make  the 
Senate  a  more  select  body  than  the 
House  of  Representatives  are:(l)  It 


dS 


are 
s  in- 


has fewer  rrtem.bers;(i)  They  i 
elected  by  the  State  legislature.  ... 
stead  of  by  the  people;  (3)  The  term 
of  office  is  longer;  (4-)  The  qiialifi 
cations  are  higher.  In  the  Senate- 
the  States  are  equal  in  power,  each 
having  two  members.  The  term 
of  off  ice  for  senators  is  si*  years; 
one-third  of  the  whole  number 
being  elected  every  two  years,  de- 
signedly to  avoid  too  abrupt  an  al- 
teration in  the  body.  A  senator 
must  be  at  least  30  years  of  age, 
must  have  been  -nine,  years  a  cit- 
izen ofthe  United  States, and  an 
inhabitant  of  the  State  for  which 

§ he  shall  be  chosen. 

lEfrTEfiCE.- The  judgment  pronoun- 
ced on  a  criminal  by  a  judge;  *he 
decree  or  judgment  of  a  court. 


EST^E.-Anestatewheh 
belongs  to  one  only  of  several;  as, the 
separate  estate  of  a  married  woman. 
Separate  Maitite-Matice,  _a  ce-rtai-M 
sum  or  allowance,  provided  by  the 
husband, -for  thg  wife's  separate 
support  and  maintenance.  Sepa- 
ra-tion,  the -act  of  living  apart  by 
a  husband  and  wife,  by  mutual 
consent. Sequestration,  the  act 
of  taking  possession  of  a  Dene/ice- 
by  legal  process,  in  order  to  satisfy 
the  claims  of  creditors;  *Me  setting 
aside  of  a  thing  in  controversy,fr<mi 
the  possession  of  both  parties  that 
contend  for  it,  to  be  delivered  to  the 

one  adjudged  entitled  -to  it. If 

may  be  either  voluntary  or  invol- 
untary. 

5EIJF.—  One  bound  to  labor  onacer- 
tarn  estate,  for  the  benefit  of  His 
lord.  Sergeant-at-ar-itis,  a-mitior 
off  leer  in  legislatures,  to  a-r-Kest 
members  and  other  persons  gu.il- 
ty  of  disorderly  conduct, to  compel 
the  attendance  of  absent  members, 
and  to  do  other  business  of  a  like 
nature.  Setioea+its-at-Law,  in  the 
common  law,  the  highest  degree  con 
ferred  upon  advocates. 

SEI^V/\NT.  — A  person  employed  by 
another  for  labor,  and  to  be  at  h  is 
command. V5>ee^-\v\\\o\je,-v'\.  Ser- 
vice, labor,  physical  or  mental, 
performed  in  course  of  duty, orfor 
the  benefit  of  another;  the.  ejrecu 
tion  of  a  writ  or  process;  a.  servi- 
tude. Scrvien-t,  a  tenement  or  es- 
tate- in  respect  of  which  a  service 
is  owing  another.Servi*u.«J«,  the 
condition  of  a  servant  or  slave; 
a  right  which  subjects  a  land  to  a 
service  for  the  use  of  othe-r  land,  be 
longing  -to  another  person. 

SESSION.— The  time  durmg_  which 
a.  court  or  other  assembly  sits  for 
the  transaction  of  business. Sc*  A- 
side,  to  make  void  or  annul.  Se*  Off, 
one  demand  placed  against  anoth- 
er. V!=ee.04<  "io^. Settlement,  liq- 
uidation or  payment; adjustment 
at  of  differences  or  a  claim;  a  d  is- 
position  of  property  for  the  benefit 
of  some  person  or  persons,  usually 
made  on  the  prospect  of  marriage; 
a  residence,  or  settled  place-. of  a- 
bode.  Several*^,  see  Estate  in  Sev- 

SEVEffA.NCE.-THe  act  o.f  severing 
•>wo  or  more  that  are  joined  in  one 
writ;  the  putting  in  .separate  an- 
swers or  pleas  by  two  or  more  dis- 
j'ointly;*He  destruction  of  the  an 
fty  of  interest  in  a  joint  estate. 

SH»\M.  PLEA..- A  false  plea,  or  one 
entered  for  the  mere  purpose  of 
delay.  Share,  the  part  allotted  9r 
belonging  to  one,  of  any  property 
or  interest  owrftd  by  a  nu--mber. 
Shareholder,  the  owner  of  one  or 
more  shares  of  stock  in  a  corporation. 

SHELLEY'S  C/\SE,  Rule  in. -"When 
the  ancestor,  by  any  gift  or  convey- 
ance,taketh  an  estateflf  freehold, 
and  in  the  same  gift  or  conveyance 
an  estate  is  limited, either  mediate- 
ly or  immediately,  to  his  heirs  m 
fee  or  in  tai  I ,  We.  Vtw*  arp  words 
of  limitation  of  the  estate,  and  not 
words  of  purchase." 


262 


'.  —  A  chie/o//icer  in  every 
county, having  the  administrative 
power  of  the  State  for  his  county. If 
is  his  duty  to  execute  all  warrants, 
writs,  and  other  process  directed  to 
him  by  the  courts;  .to.apprehend  per- 
sons charged  with  crime;  and  to 
take  charge  of  the  ja_il,  and  of  the 
prisoners  therein.  It  is  his  duty,  al- 
so, to  preserve  the  public  peace,  and 
he  may  cause^ll  persons  who  break 
the,  peace  to  give  bonds ,  with  sureties, 
/or  keeping  the  peace,  and  for  appear- 
ing at  the  next  term  of  court,  and 
to  commit  them  to  jail  if  they  refuse 
to  give  such  bonds.  He  is  assisted  by 
one  or  mo-re  deputies.  She-riff's 
Jury,  a  Jury  summoned  by  a. sher- 
iff to  hold  an  itiqu.est.Shi/ti-M9  Use, 
the  same  as  Secondary  Use  (q.v.). 
Sr[IP.  — Any  large  sea-going  vessel;  es- 
pecially a  square-rigyed,  three-mast- 
ed vessel.  Ship  Broker,  one  who  acts 
for  Bothers  in  the  buying,selli-tiy,and 
/reighting  of  vessels.  Shipment,  the 
act  of  loading  a  vessel  for  a  voyaye;a 
bill  of  goods  shipped.  Shipped,  deliv- 
ered to  a  railroad,. vessel, canal  boat, 
or  atiu_ common  carrier  (or  trans- 
portation. Shipping,  vessels  of  nav- 
igation in  general;  the  Collective  body 
of  ships  in  one  place.  Ship's  Husband, 
an  ayent  who  looks  after  the  repairs, 
equipment,  and  other  concerns  of 
a  ship.  Ship's  Papers,  documents  or 
papers  with  which  a  vessel  is  required 
by  law  to  be  provided,  such  as  the  reg- 
ister, passport,  bills  of  lading, invoice, 
log-book,  etc. Ship-stores,  food.drink, 
and  cooking  utensils  on  board  a  ves- 
sel for  use  during  a  voyage.So-metimes 
riyying,  extra  spars,  and  other  neces- 
saries are  included. Shipping  Arti- 
cles, articles  of  agreement  between 
the  master  or  captain  of  avessel  and 
the  seaman  on  board,  in  respect  to 
the  amount  of  wages,  length  of  ti-me 
/or  which  they  are  shipped,  etc.Ship- 
•Mie-Ht  Account,  in  book-keeping, an 
account  kept  with  shipments.  The 
title  of  the  account  usually  combines 
Shipment  and  the  name  of  the  per- 
son to  whom  sent,  the  place  to  which 
sent,  or  both,  thus:  "-' 


.,  ,.,. 

Shipments  are  Dr.  for  the  invoice 
price  of  property  shipped, including 
shippjn?  charges  (i/any)  paid  by  the 
consignor;  and  Cr.,  on  receiving  an 


account  sales  /rom  the  consignee, 
/or  their  net  proceeds,  when  for  loss 
oryain  they  properly  clos-e  into  the 
Loss  and  G-ain  Account. 


Peru,0c«.l,l9.*  Perii,0c*.l,l9... 

Shipped  perx  Received  fro«...<i.'\,ta&*.., 

..........  x  in  yood  order,  on  board  the 

on,,~A  i~~  ^'''iVfc.Vis^fc'te,"  bound  for 
Bound  for  x  Bostori)  ^  P2,c|<aaes  watk. 

V  ".  ......  x  ed  and  entered  as  below: 


Marks 


. 

L.S.     5  Sacks  ClomSeed. 
C.  D.    10  bbls.O.  Flour. 
.  AC'*. 


0«.l  27  Cox  L  Kline,  Arcadia. 
50  boxes  Oranoes,  2.00 
20  »  Lemons,  2.50 


Naw«  and  Extensions. 


Oct.7  36  More  LCo.,  Tipton. 
50  bbls.  Applet,  2.SO 
10  Crates  Otiiotts  1.25 


Shipwetits 
To  Mdse. 


100  oo 

50  00  150  00 


12500 


13750 


I  Lot*  I. 
lOcr.Onil 


NORTON  &.CO.,        Akron. 


52er.  1.75 
63,,  1.75 
64-,.  1.75 


SHll\E.  — A  district  or  division  of couiv 
try_.  Shorlny  up,  the  actof  stre-noth- 
ening  the  building  .adjoining  where 
an  excavation  is  being  made,  by  run- 
ning large  pieces  of  timber  known  as 
"needles"  through  the  basetrte-nt, 
to  support  the  floor  and  wall  o/th« 
builditig. 

SHOUT.—  Not  having  ready  money. 
\<beeS>«A\vv\c>'yv\o<<V\. Short  Exchanpe, 
bills  o/exchanga  made  payable    at 
sight,  or  at  "bVo-vVVv^Vv,  i.e.,  ifi  -a, 
little  time,  three  days  or  so,  a/ter 


ing  presented  to  the  payer.Shrink 
je,  a  reduction  in  tKe .'bulk  of  meat- 


be 

urement.  Side-bar  Rules,  /br-merly 
rules  which"  were  moved  for  byattor: 
neys  on  the  side-bar  of  the  court, 
but  now  can  be  had  of  the.  clerk  of 
the  rules  upon  ayc*c\va. 

SIG-HT.  —  Usually  the  time  of  present 
ing  a  bill  to  the  drawee. Sight Dra/t. 
a  dra/t  made  payable  at  sight,  or 
on  presentation  to  the  drawee. For 
/orm  see  Dra/t. 

>I&NAJ_  SERVICE. -A  bureau  of 
the  government,  connected  with 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  or- 
ganized to  collect  /rom  the  whole 
country  simultaneous  reports  of 
local  meteorological  conditions, up- 
on comparison  of  which  atttiecen 
tral  office  in  Washington,  predic- 
tions concerning.the  weather  are 
telegraphed  to  various  sections  of 
the,  country  where  they  are  made 
known  bit  signals  publicly  display- 
ed. The  places  where  the  observa- 
tions are  made,and_the  signals 
displayed,  are  called  V\yi\a.\  »V«.<w» 


VMVMKMIVOH  O^  VX-W.&  %\OWKUS. 

No.l.      No.2.      No.3.      No.4.      No.5. 


No. I,  white  /lag,  six  feet  square, in- 
dicates clear  or  fair  weather.  No. 8, 
blue  flag.,  six  feet  square,  itidicatesraiti 
or  snow.  No.3,  white  and  blue  flag, 
siv  /eet  square,  indicates  that  local 
rains  or  showers  will  occur, and  the 
rain  will  not  be  general.  No.4-,  black 
triangular  flag,  four  feet  at  base,s«4 
six  /eet  in  length,  always  refers  to 
temperature;  when  placed  above 
Nos.  I, .2, or  3,  it  indicates  warmer 
weather;  when  placed  below  Nos.l, 
2,  or  3,  it  indicates  colder  weather; 
when  not  displayed, the  i indica- 
tion s_are  that  the  temperature  will 
remain  stationary, or  that  tHe 
change  will  not  be  more  than  4-° 
from  that  of  the  same  hour  of  the 
preceding  day  /rom  March  to  Octo- 
ber, and  not  more  than  6°/orthe 
remaining  months  of  the  year. 
No.  5,  white  /lag,  si*  /eet  square,  hav 
ing  black  square  in  center,  indicates 
the  approach  of  a<i\xA&«/w  and  &ec'\e/ 
e6.  fall  in  temperature.  It  is  not  to 
be  displayed  unless  it  is  expected 
that  the /all  will  be  to  4i°  or  low- 
er, and  is  usually  ordered  at  least 
X4  hours  in  advance  of  the  expect- 
ed cold  wave.  When  No.  5  is  display 
ed,  No.4  is  always  omitted. When 
displayed  on  poles,  the  signals  read, 
downward;  if  displayed  from  hori- 
zontal supports,  a  small  streamer 
should  indicate  the  point  from  which 
to  read  the  sionalst 

.COMBINATION^. 
No.-t,  with  No.4-  above=/air,  warmer, 
No.l,  with  No.4  below=fair, colder. 
No. 2,  with  4  above  Drainer  snow,  warmer 
No. 2,  with4  be  low-rain  or  snow,  colder. 
No.3,  with  4  above=local  rains, warmer. 
No.3,witK|4  below*loca)  rains, colder. 
No.  I,  with  5  above=cold  wave,  fair. 
No. 2,  with  5  above-cold  wave,  wet. 


No.l.      No.2.       No.3. 


No.  I,  red  /lag,  black  center.  No.3, 
Mellow  /lag,  with  white  center.  No. 
3,  red  pennant.  No.4-,  white  pen- 
nant. The  square  flags  indicate  the 
character  of  the  storm,  whether  se- 
vere or  moderate.  No*.9l  indicates 
that  the  winds  will  not  be  so  severe. 
No.  I  indicates  marked  violence  in 
the  expected  storm.  No.3  displayed 
with  No.  I  or  2,  indicates  easterly 
wind  ( from  northeast  to  south). No 
4-  displayed  with  No.  I  or  2,  wester- 
ly wind  (from  southwest  to  north). 
The  pennant  above  the  /lag,  i  n  d  i- 
cates  that  the  wind  is  to  be  expected 
from  the  northerly  quadrant;  belov 
/rom  the  southerly  quadrant.  A* 
night  a  red  light  indicates  easter- 
ly winds,  and  a  white  light  above 
a  red,  westerlw  wind*.  The  "  Infor- 
mation sign  alt  a  yellow  pennant)  in- 
dicates that  the  local  observer  has 
received  in/orrnatipn  of  interest  to 
vessels  about  to  sail  to  certain  points 


263 


BUSINESS 

FORMS 

AND 

TERMS. 


Sl&N/\TbflE.- One's  name  writ^ 
ken  by  himself.  819*1  Manual,  Hir 
signature  of  o  tit's  name  in  his  own 
handwriting;  the  roual  signature. 
Signing  Judgment,  act  of  enter- 
ing the  judgment,  which  either 
the  plaintiff  or  defendant  has  ob- 
tained in  an  action. 

SILENT  PAF\Tt<EH.-One  who  in- 
vests his  capital  in  a  business,  but 
whose  name  does  not  appear  in 
the  firm.  His  liability  is  limited 
lo  the  extent  of  his  contribution, 
except  when  he  fails  to  make  the 
proper  publication  of  hit  connection 
with  the  concern, in  which  case 
hi*  liability  is  the  same  as  that  of 
a  secret  partner.Si-ttlOtty,  an  un- 
lawful contract  for  presenting  a 
clergyman  to  a  benefice. 

SIMPLE  CO(s(TH/VCT\-A  contract, 
either  verbal  or  written,  but  not 
under  seal  or  of  record.  Simple  In 
t«rest,  interest  on  the  principal 
only.  Sittfple  Larceny,  plain  lar- 
cetiy,  without  violence.  Sinecure, 
an  office  having  a  salary  attach- 
ed, without  the  requirement  of 
services;  »  rector  without  cure  of 
touts. 

»INI(.—  To  lower  in  amount  or 
value-.  Sinking  Concer-ti,  a  busi- 
ness establishment  or  ffrrri  con- 
tinually losing  money.  Sinking 
Fund,  a  fund  created  for  the  pay- 
tnent  of  the  interest,  and  aradual- 
ly  the  principal,  of  a  public  debt, 
or  that  of  a.  corporation.  Skele- 
ton Ledger,  a  trial  form  of  the 
ledger,  showing  only  the  debits 
and  credits. 

VO^Vi  0*  SV£\.VtOH  Ytft&t*. 
^t.       Stock.     Ct.   ^r.     Mdse.      C*. 


6057.40     35. 
1945.        899,93 
8002.40    934753" 


8002,40    934.93 

.—  Great  readiness  and  ability 
in  the  practical  application  of  an  y 
art, science, or  handicraft. Any  one 
by  engaging  in  any  kind  of  busi- 
n«»t  represents  that  he  and  h  is 
clerki  or  workmen  have  the  de9ree 
of  skill  ordinarily  required  in  that 


business.  He  does  not  there/ore  a 
oree  to  use  all  possible  skill,  but  on- 
ly such  as  is  ordinarily  possessed. 
L/VNDEf\. -Words  spoken  with  the 
intent  to  injure  the  character  of 
another.  It  is  actionable  the  same 
as  libel  Iq.v.).  Slander  of  Title, a 
statement  of  something  tending 
to  injure  or  cut  down  the  extent 
of  title  to  some  estate  vested  i  n 
another.  Slavery,  the  state  of 
being  absolutely  the  property  of 
another, usually  for  life.  Slave 
Trade,  the  traffic  in  slaves  for  prof- 
it. Sleeping  Partner,  one  who  in- 
vests his  capital  in  a  business, and 
shares  the  profits,  but  takes  no 
part  in  the  active  management 
of  it.  Slop  Shop,  a  shop  where  cheap 
ready-made  clothing  is  sold. 
r*V\r\T  tyONE\.-Asumof  mon 
ey  given  beyond  the  actual  dam 
ages,  in  case  of  misconduct  on 
the  defendant's  part,  by  way  of 
example  and  punishment.Sittu.9- 
gling,  the  act  of  importing  or  ex- 
porting goods,  without  paying  the 
duties  imposed  thereon. Socage,  a 
tenure  by  any  certain  or  determi- 
nate service.  Socer,  the  father  of 
one's  wife. 

SODOfv\ITE.-One  who  has  been 
guilty  of  sodomy. Sodottiy.,  the 
crime  of  haying  unnatural  in- 
tercourse with  a  male  human  be 
inq,  or  %e,-w\\o\e.,  a  female  person; 
or,  with  a  brute.  Solar  Day,  the 
interval  of  time  between  sunrise 
and  sunset.  Solar  Month,  a  cal- 
endar month.  Sole,  single,  not 
married. Solicitor,  one  who  so- 
licits, or  asks  with  earnestnest, 
for  another;  ail  off  icer  in  a  court 
of  chancery,  who  is  retained  by 
clients  to  defend  and  sue  in  their 
behalf;  an  attorney. 

SOLVENCY. -The  condition  of  a 
person  who  is  able  to  pay  all  h  is 
debts  in  full.  Sough,  a  drain  or 
watercourse.  Sovereignty,  the  un 
ion  and  exercise  of  all  human  pow- 
er possessed  in  a  state.  I*  means 
the  full  right  to  govern  its  sub- 
jects without  interference  or  di 
rection  from  any  other  power, 
and  the  right  to  enter  into  rela- 
tions with  other  states. 
'P/VOOf(ES.-  Those  who  are  una- 
ble to  procreate.  Speaker,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  legislative  body,  who  is  chos- 
en to  preside  over  their  delibera- 
tions. Speaking  Demurrer,  one 
introducing  new  facts,  which  do 
not  appear  upon  the  face  of  the 
bill  in  equity. 

SPECI/^L.-Pertaining  to  a  partic- 
ular kind;  opposed  to  ^/ne^aA.Spe- 
cial  Assurtipsit,  an  action  of  as- 
sumpsit  brought  on  an  express 
promise  or  special  contract.  Spe- 
cial bail,  one  who  undertakes  to 
be  answerable  for  the  appearance 
of  another.  Special  Books, in  book 
keeping^  extra,  books  employed  for 
convenience  in  particular  ca  — 


books  of  original  entry, and  aux- 
iliary to  the  Day  Book  or  Journal. 
Special  Columns,  columns  addi- 
tional to  those  usually  employed  in 
keeping  accounts,_and_infcroduced 
generally  for  saving  time,  sp_ace, 
or  work. Special  columns  in  jour- 
nalizing ;aves  work  in  posting, 
and  accommodates  ledger  accounts 
in  less  space.  In  a  journal  for  a  re- 
tail business,  a  special  column  for 
•mkii.  ex.  may  be  introduced  to 
advanta9e,  thus  constituting  a 
v\«e4-co\\vw\Yx  journal.  \(  expense 
items  occur  often,  a  special  col- 
umn for  e.x^ew;«,  &T.  may  be  add- 
ed, maki  ng  a  xow»-co\\vw\r\  '^o\\,n- 
\va\.  By  introducing  additional 
debit  and  credit  columns  for  c»<;Vv 
a  Ma-cAwwm'Yn*nM&  isprovided.l« 
a  cash  book, special  columns  may 
be  introduced  for  mere  hand  ise, 
both  debit  and  credit^  thereby  sav- 
ing ti-H-ie  and  space  in  posting. — 
Special  Damages,  damages  arising 
directly  from  the  act  or  fault  corn 
plained  of.  Special  Demurrer,  a 
pleading  because  of  some  defect  in 
the  form  of  the  opposite  party's 
pleading.  Special  Jury,  a  jury  se 
lected  in  a  particular  way  by  the 
parties. Special  Partner,  one  in 
a  limited  partnership  whose  prop 
erty  cannot  be  taken  to  pay  the 
firm's  debts,  beyond  the-  money 
he  has  contributed  to  the  f  ir_m. 
Special  Plea  iti  Bar,  a  plea  which 
advances  new  matter.  Special  Plead 
1+19,  the  allegation  of  new  mat- 
ter, as  distinguished  from  a  direct 
denial  of  matter  previously  alleg 
ed  on  the  other  side;  also  the  sci- 
ence of  plead  ing.  Special  Property 
limited  or  qualified  property.  Spe- 
cialty, a  writing  sealed  and  deliv- 
ered under  some  agreement.  Spe- 
cial Verdict,  a  verdict  by  which  the 
facts  of  the  case  are  put  on  the  rec 
or  tt,  and  the  law  is  submitted  to  the 
judges. 

SPECIE.-  Metallic  money, asgold 
silver,etc.,  coined  by  authority 
and  used  as  a  circulating  medium 
of  commerce.  Specification, awrit 
ten  statement  containing  a  tni- 
nute  description  or  enumeration 
of  particulars;  the  charge  prefer- 
red against  a  person  accused  of  a 
military  offense.  Specific  Per/or- 
ttiatice,  an  actual  performance  of 
a  contract,  by  the  party  bound  to 
perform  it. 

SPECbL/\TE.-To  purchase  with 
the  expectation  of  a  contingent  ad 
vance  in  value,  and  a  subsequent 
sale  at  a  prof  it.  Speculation,  the 
act  of  buying  goods,  lands.  Stocks 
etc.,  in  expectation  _of  an  advance 
in  price,  as  distinguished  from  a. 
regular  trade  in  which  the  profit 
expected  is  the  difference  between 
the  wholesale  and  retail  price. Spec- 
ulative Accounts,  in  book-keep- 
ing, accounts  that  indicate  the 
source  of  0,3.x •«  or  \o«;v,  as,  merchan 


264 


a    cal  medium  of  exchange. 


Australia.  Austria.  ArgentitieRep 

Brazil.-  Bolivia.  Belaiu.rn. 

Brit.Col.i-nA/.  China.  CViili. 

Brit.N.Amer.  Cochi-n-Chma.Cu.ba. 

Denmark.  Colombia.  France. 

Egypt.  Ecuador.  (rfeece. 

G-errnany.  East  India  Is.  Hayti. 

G-T. Brit. &. Ire.  Hungary.  Italy. 

Liberia.  India.  Netherlands. 

New  Zealand.  Japan.  Roumania. 

Norway.  Mexico.  Spain. 

Portugal.  Peru..  Switzerland. 

Sweden.  Russia.  Venezuela. 


disc,  real  estate,  interest.expense.etc. 
Speculator,  one  who  buys  real  es- 
tate, stocks,  or  goods, expecting  to 
hold  them  until  they  advance    i  n 
price ;  a-H  irregular  dealer. 

SPI((STEI\.— A  term  applied  to  a 
rnaide-ti,  or  a  woman  who  was  nev- 
er married.  Spotisio-ti,  a  solemn 
act  or  engagement  on  behalf  of 
another;  an  act  on  behalf  of  t  he 
State,  by  an  agent  -not  authorized, 
or  one  who  exceeds  his  authority. 
Spo*iso-r,  one  who  undertakes  to 
answer yor  another;  a  surety. 
Springing  Use,  a_ vested  or. corjtin 
gent  future  use, limited  to^rjse 
without  any  preceding  limitations. 

SPULTIIE.  -The  act  of  taking  away 
movables  without  the  owner's  con 
sent,  orthat  o/ the  law.  Spy,  one 
who  secretly  watches  the  conduct, 
condition,  actions, etc.,  of  anoth- 
er, or  of  an  enemy,  in  order  tore- 
port  thern  to  another  party. Spies 
may  be  shot  in  time  of  war,  the  same 


ay  ,.._ 

as  dcse-rters.Squ.aWer,  one  who 
settles  on  the  land  of;  an  ot  her 
without  legal  authority. 
5T/\M;P  "TAX- -Charge  /or  sta.rnps 
required  by  law  to  be  placed  oncer- 
tain  legal  documents  and  various 
•manufactured  articles.  Standard, 
that  which  is  established  by  author- 
ity or  custom,  as  a  rule  or  meas- 
ure of  quantity;  as,  a  pound,  gal- 
lon, or  weight;  the  proportion  of 
weight  of  -fine  metal  and  alloy  es- 
tablished by  authority  for  coinage. 
Stannary  Coiwts^English  record 
courts.forthe  administration  of 
justice_among  the  tinners  of  some 
countries. Standard  of  Moneta- 
ry Value,  the  standard  of  mon- 
etary value  js^eithergold^orsilver 
in  all  the  cjvilized  countries.  The 
folio  winy  is  a  list  of  the  most  im- 
portant countries  in  the  world, 
divjded  into  three  groups,  those 
nshi0  (I)  a  gold  standard,  (2)  a  sil- 
ver standard,  (3)a  double  or  vari- 
able standard.  The  tetm"  varia- 
ble" is  preferable  to  that  of  "doub- 
le," inasmuch  as  the  double  stand- 
ard never  exists  at  one  and  the- 
same  time,  gold  or  silver  becoming 
alternately  the  standard, asthestate 
of  the  exchange  makes  the  one  or  the 
other -more  desirable  as  thepracti 


Turkey.  Tripoli.  United  States. 
STI\TE.— A  community  of  persons 
living  within  certain  limits  of  ter- 
ritory, under  a  permanent  organr 
ization,  which  aims  to  secure  the 
prevalence  of  Justice, and  other- 
wise promote  the  common  weal) 
by  self-imposed  laws.  The  sover- 
eignty of  a  state  consists  in  the 
absolute  right  to  control  its  own 
members,  and  in  the  absolute rjght 
to  resist  any  interference  in  its 
affairs  by  any  other  state.  The 
individual  states  of  the  Aweri- 
can  Union  are  not  sovereign, but 
the  nation  itself  is.  The  statejs 
the  whole  body  of  people  organiz- 
ed for  the  purpose  of  control;  the 
government  in  that  partofthe 
whole  body  through  which(the 
control  is  exercised._T'-iere  is  no 
way  for  a  private  individual  to  sue 
a  state,  as  it  has  been  thought  best 
to  le-ave  each  state  free  to  settle  jts 
obligations  in  its  own  way  aud  in 
its  own  time.\5>M.to\nrt\i  otCY&vw^ 
State  Circuit  Courts,  courts -next 
in. grade  to  the  -supreme  court. Prom 
ten  to  thirty  are  established  inev 
ery  state,  one  for  e'tach  district  in 
to  which  the  state  is  divided. In  a 
few  states  they  correspond  to  the 
*\\^e.y\oir  courts;  in,  others  they 
are  called  J>\^Vv\oV  cowv^s.  They 
have  original  jurisdiction,  in  genet 
al,  of  all  classes  of  cases,  both  civil 
and  criminal,  and  are  the  courts 
in  which  the  great  body  of  trials 
are  had.  They  also  hear  appeals 
from  the' lower  courts. \?«*to^vV\ 
State  Prisons,  prisons  maintain 
ed  by_the  state,  in_  which  criminals 
convicted  of  the  higher  crimes  are 
confined.'  Convicts  are. forced  to 
worlTvvhile  confined, thereby ren 
deri-ng"  tHe  prison  to  a  certain  ex 
tent  self-supporting. State  Law, 
the  Jaws^of  the  indiv'dual  states  a1 
distinguished  from  the  laws  passe< 
by  Congress.  Whenever  they  con 
flict,  the  former  must  give  way 
to  the  latter.  State  Rights, those 
rights  peculiar  to  the  individual 
states  as  opposed  to  those  of  the 
nation.  A-Miong  the  rights  of  the 
states  are  " 


or  more  states  or  parts  of  states, 
without  the  consent  of  the.  legis- 
latures of  the  states  concerned,as 
well  as  of  Congress;  (3)  The  srnal  I 
states. have  equal  power  in  the  sen- 
ate with  the  large  ones,  and  this 
right  is  perpetuated  by  the  consti- 
tution; (3)  To  prevent  the  inequal- 
ity in  the  treatment  of  the  states 
by  the  general  government,  it  is 
provided,  that  no  tax  or  du-ty  may 
be  laid  on  articles  exported  frotn 
any.state;  (4-)  No  preference  may 
be  given  by  any  regulation  of  com- 
merce or  revenue  to  the  ports  of 
one  state  over  those  of  another; 
I  S)  Vessels  engaged  in  commerce 
between  the  states,  may  not  be 
made  to  pay  the  usual  charges  for 
entrance  and  departure  to  which 
vessels  engaged  in  foreign  trade 
or  commerce  are  subject. 
ST/\JEf^E(iT.-  A  list  of  .resources 
and  liabilities;  a  report  of  an  a- 
gent's  transactions  sent  to  his 
principal;  a.  synopsis  of  an  account, 
or  a  brief  enumeration  of  bills  which 
have  been  purchased  within  a  cer- 
tain time.  Some  mercantile  hous- 
es send  statements  at  regular  in- 
tervals, as  monthly,  to  their  cus- 
tomers who  purchase  on  credit, 
that  a  com  parison  of  account  maji 
be  made,  and,  that  if  any  error  ex- 
ists, it  may  be  -rectified. 


ttiong  th< 
:  (I)  No  n 


lew  state  may 

be  formed  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  another  state, _nor  any  state 
be  formed  by  the  Junction  of  two 


MONTHLY  STATEMENT. 


5t.  Louis,  Oct.  31, 19... 
Messrs.  A.M. Bowls  fc.Co., 

C.  D.  Brown  6.  Co. 


Oct.4  ToMdse.asperBill,@3mos., 

„       „     •„    ,,3    ,,        9500 
.f       ..      ..    ..60 days,     8000 

25000 


RESOURCES  AND  LIAB | LITIES. 


STATEMENT,  J  A  N.3 1, 19.. 


Per.Accts.Rec.,as  perLedaet, 
Bill  Rec^as  per  Bill  Book, 
Cash,  as  per  Cash  Book, 
Mdse.,as  per  Inventory, 
Store  and  Fixtures, 
Furniture, 


y.^  perLeJjei; 
Bill  Pag.,  as  per  Bill  Book, 
Pres.  Worth, 
Invested, 
Withdrawals, 
Net  Credit, 
Net  Gain, 


58160 
71715 
95JX5 
130000 
I9ITOO 


71715 

81?  85. 


437000 
151,00 


530.00 


«I9  00 


15  04 


STATEMENT  OF  ACCOUNT. 

BOSTON,  MARCH  2.5,19... 
Messrs. Cue  ti. Jones, 

In  acct.  with  Small  t-Coy.      Dr. 


MafTO  Mdse.,  Imos., 


July 


Ouly 


3 
4 

Ox. 


May  20  Cash, 

Averaf*  due  Sept.  n. 


, 

I5COO" 

100  00^50  00. 


2C5 


JSTATEMENL 
To  WEUS.MUN 


'ATEMENT  FOR  OBTAINING  CREDIT. 


K&Co., 
Cincinnati',  0. 

C  ENTLEMENr-For  the  purpose 
of  obtain! rio  credit, we  hereby  submit 
the/ollowing  statement, showing  the 
total  amount  of  resources  and  li- 
abilities of  whatever  kind,  and  af- 
firm that  said  state-men*  rep-resents 
theetiti-ce  and  complete  condition 
of  our  business,  and  that  the  /acts 
stated  therein  are  true  an  d_  correct 
as  shown  by  our  books  and  inventory 


Mds«., Schedule  A.9I70.N  Bill;  hy.SeM4.SiaN 
AcctiRec.,,.    8,7100.00 Accts.Pa».  ,.    H.670JJO 
illiRec.,  ..    C,  710.51  T, 
FurtiUute,  ••    0,  600.10 
Horses,      ..    E,  25000 
F,  I70JO 
Cash  on  hand,      150.01 


Total  Resour.,  1 8350 JO 


otal  Liabil.,  1480.1)0 
Pres.Worth,  16870.50 


18350.50 


STATES.— The  condition  of  persons. 
Statute,  an  act  o/the  legislature  or 
supreme  power  of  a.  state  commanding 
or  prohibiting  a  thing.  Statutes  of 
Limitation,  see  Limitation  of  Ac- 
tion. Stay  of  Execution, a  period 
o/time  during  which  no  execution 
can  issue  on  a  judgment.  Stay  of 
Proceedings,  suspension  of  an  ac- 
tion, either  conditionally  or  absolute 
ly.Steelbow  (roods,  implements  of 
husbandry, cattle,  corn, straw,  etc., 
delivered _by  a  landlord  to  a  tenant, 
on  condition  that  on  the  expira- 
t  ion  o/  the  lease,  he  will  return  the 
like  number  of  goods  of  I  ike  quantity. 

STE.l-MONA.TE.-The  acto/selling 
the  same  property  to  two  di//erent 
parties;  any  /raud  which  has  no  def- 
inite name.  Sterl  1*419,  thecitrrent 
money  of  G-reat  Britain.  The  Pound 
Sterling  is  represented  by  a  gold 
coin  called  a  %oNete\<yrv  coined  at 
04.863-3.  The  Farth  ing  is  TIM  coin- 
ed; the  Penny  is  Qopper;  the  Crown, 
Shilling, and  Sixpence, are  silver; 
the  Sovereign  and  G-uinea  are  gold. 
Sti-Mt,  th at  iro portion  o/a  man's 
cattle  which  he  is  allowed  to  keep 
upon  the  common. 


STIPES. -Stock,  or  source  of  descent 
or  title.  Stipulation,  an  agree- 
ment or  bargain;  in  admiralty, 
a  recognizance  in  the  nature  of 
bail  /or  the  appearance  o/the  de- 
fendant. Stirpes,  root,  stock,  I  in- 
eaqe,  or  stem. 

TOCI^.  — Race,  lineage,  or /amity; 
capital  in  trade;  the  title  of  t  he 
proprietor  o/the  business. Stock 
is  also  synonymous  with  Capital 
Stock.  It  is  also  used  to  denote  the 
shares  into  which  the  capital  stock 
is  divided,  as  where  one  is  said  to 
own  so  much  stock, meaning  so 
many  shares.  Stock  Account,an 
account  employed  to  represent  the 
person  or  company  doing  business. 
I-H  opening  the  books  for  a.  busi- 
ness, the  several  kinds  of  property 
belonging  to  the  business  are  each 
Dr.,  under  its  proper  title, to  Stock 
for  the  amount  of  the  whole;  and, 
i/  there  beany  debts  to  be  paid,Stock 
is  Dr.  /or  the  amount  of  them  to 
the  persons  owed, or  to  bills  pay- 
able, or  to  whatever  -represents  the 
claim.  The  Stock  Account  is  C-r. 
/or  the  assets  q/the/irm,  and 
Dr. /or  its  liabilities. Stock  Bro- 
ker, an  agont  who  buys  and  sells 
stock  /or  others  on  commission, 
Stock  Certi/icate,  a  certificate  en 
titling  its  owner  to  one  or  more 
shares  in  a  stock  company.Stock 
Exchange,  an  association  orco-m 
pany  of  stockbrokers;  the  building 
where  brokers  and  bankers  meet  to 
buy  and  sell  stock,  bonds, etc. Stock 
Far-mer,  a  /armer  who  con/ines 
his  attention  chie/ly  to  the  rais- 
ing of  live-stock. Stockholder, one 
who  holds  shares  in  the  capital 
stock  o/  a  joint-stock  co-mpa-ny.Stpck 
Insurance  Company,  one  in  which 
the  capital  stock  is  owned  by  per- 
sons who  compose  the  company, 
and  who  are  called  stockholders  — 
the  losses  being  paid  /row  the  pre 
miums  received,  or  i/  these  are  in- 
su//icient,  /rom  the  capital  stock 
Stock-in-trade,  the  goods  o/a-mer 
chant,  which  are  employed  in  his 
business.  Stock  Jobber,  one  who 
speculates  in  stocks. Stock  Market 
the  state  of  demand  for  stocks 
Stock  on  Hand,  unsold  'merchandise. 
Stocks,  shares  in  the  capital  stock 
o/a  joint-stock  company. Stock- 
taking, an  inventory  of  thequan 
tity  and  cost-value  o/the  goods  on 
hand,  and  o//ixtures  and  /urni- 
ture,  taken  periodically  by  a  mer- 
chant or  tradesman.  Dead-stock, 
gos  ds  for  which  a.  marked  cannot 
e  /ound.  "Watered  "  Stock.- At 
times  the  charter  o/a  corporation 


/or bids  the  declaring  o/a  dividend 
exceeding  a  certain  percent  of 
the  par  value  of  its  stock.  In  this 
case  the  directors  may/ind  it  de- 
sirabla  to  "water"  the  stock,  i.e., 
to  issue  additional  shares. This  in 
crease  in  the  number  of  shares 


reduces  the  percentage  o/dividend, 
yet  the  same  pro/it  in  the  ayotegate 
is  secured  to  the  stockholders. 


No.n5..jUNING-/»   50  Shares. 


This  certi/ies  that...  ^O 
>N.\A».v,Kx...is  entitled  to^S'\<-  o 
v\>™  Shares  in  the  Capital 
Stock  of  the 
DRVTOWN  MININ6  COMPANY, 
Trans/era  ble  only  on  the 
Bookso/theCompanj/jinpef 
son,  or  by  Attor-ney,  upon 
the  surrender  o/this  Cer- 
ti/icate. 

In  witness  whereo/,  the 
Seal  of  said  Company  has 
been  hereunto  a//ixed,this 


A.L.WARD,T-reasV.      M.T.SHiEi,Pres't. 


. —  I/  one  at- 
tempt to  sell  whathc  does  not  own, 
there  is  no  sale;  i.e.,  no  one  can 
claim  a  thing  be  cause  he  boupht 
and  paid  for  it,  unless  he  bought  it 
/rom  the  owner.  The^true  owner 
of  property  can  claim  it  atani;  time, 
and  in  whosever  possession  he  may 
find  i*.  There  are  two  important 
exceptions  to  the /oreg_oin 9  rule, 
viz.,  -mo-weA)  and  \\e.qoV\a.\5\«,  sacw- 
V\V\es  ^a.\&a>B\aVo>9M.-w«i  such  as 
promissory  notes,  dra/ts, bills  of 
exchange,  checks,  bonds, etc.Who- 
ever  obtains  money,  or  negotiable 
securities  payable  to  bearer  (I)  be- 
fore they  become  due,  and  [ftjgii/es 
something  in  consideration,  and 
(3)  has  no  reason  to  suspect  that 
theone/rom  whom  he^obtains 
them  has  not  the /uU  right  to 
trans/er  them,  obtains  the  same 
right  to  them  that  he  would  i/the 
other  party  were  the  real  owner. 
V5>*-e-  Voss  oV  7f  o^a*<XN»\. 

STOPPAJB-E  IN  Tl\A.NSlTU.-There 
calling  and  taking  possession  o/  a 
bill  o/goods  sold  on  credit,  while 
they  are  still  on  their  way  to  t  he 
buyer,  and  be/ore  he  has  taken  pos 
session  o/theni.V'a«'^>'a-\*'V3>^  V  — 
Stop  Payment  (o/  a  check),  to  no- 
fci/y  the  bank,  be/ore  the  cHeck  has 
been  presented,  not  tr  pay  it. Stop- 
ped Payme+i*,  an  expression  equiv 
alent  to  /allure;  as,  when  awetxhant 
/ails,  or  ceases  to  pay  his  notes  or 
liabilities. 

STO(VA.G-E.— Amount  paid  fay  the- 
privilege  of  storing  goods  in  an- 
other's warehouse.  The  charges 
are  a  certain  price  per  barrel, bale, 
box,  etc.  All  goods  scored,  though /or 
only  a  day,  are  subject  to  at  least 
one  month's  storage.  To  co-m- 
pu-te  storage,  multiply  the  num 
her  of  barrels,  or  other  articles 


266 


/its*  entered,  by  the  number  of  days 
between  the  time  o/  entrance  and 
the  time  o/  /ir st  delivery,  o-r  sec- 
ond en  trance.  Then  -multiply  each 
balance  by  the  number  of  days  it 
co-ntiriu.es  unchanged.  The  sum 
o/  all  the  products  will  equal  the 
number  o/ articles  in  store  for 
one  day.  To  /inc1,  the  number  stor- 
ed /or  one  -nion-th,  divide  the  sum 
o/the  products  by  30. 


PHILADELPHIA,  JULY  3,19.... 
deceived  on  storage  account  at  our 
Water  Front  warahou.se,  /row 
YiNvm  ti.C>o...~w'V\\a 
barrels  Shcnandoah  Val- 


ley Headlight  0  i  I  /'Crescent"  brand. 
The  same  are  to  be  returned  *  o 
them  on  the  pay  went  p  /storage  and 
the  return  of  this  receipt,  endorsed 
by  them.  Storage  and  charges  /i've 
cents  par  barrel  a  month.  Insured 
bw  owners 


m  ... —  A  place  where  goods  aresold, 
or  a  warehouse.  Store  Goods,  those 
bought  at  a  store  as  distinguished 
/row  home-made  goods.&orehouse, 
a  depository  for  -merchandise.  Store- 
keeper, a  retail  dealer,  generally  one 
who  keeps  a  miscellaneous  assort- 
ment o/ goods;  an  o//icerwho  has 
charge  of  the  United  States  b  o-nded 
warehouse.  Stores,  a  ship's  supplies, 
or  those  of  a  family;  as,  various  ar- 
ticles of  provisions.  Stowage,  t  H.c- 
arrangewent  of  the  goods  in  a 
warehouse;  the  arrangement  of  a 
ship's  cargo,  so  as  to  prevent  injury 

tby /ri'ctfon  or  leakage. 

•TODDLE.— In  the  stofk  exchange, 
a  combination  of  theftput"  and 
the  "call."  It  gives  the  purchaser 
•the  ri'ght  to  get  the  di//erettce  whetk 
erthe  grain  goes  up  or  down.THc 
•man  selling  the  straddle  bets  that, 
within  *He  specified  time,  grain 
will  not /(actuate,  while  the  buy- 
e-r  bets  thai  it  will. Stranding, ihi'. 
voluntary  OT  accidental  running 

%o/ a  ship  or  other  vessel  onshore. 

>TH/\N<rERS.— Legally, third  parties; 
as.the  persons  bound  by  a/itie  are 
parties,  privies.and  strangers;  *he 
person  who  is  not  privy  to  an  act 
or  action;  one  born  out  of  t  He 
United  States.  Stratagem, « plan 
o-r  scheme /or  gaining  some  ad- 
vantage, or  of  deceiving  an  enemy, 


especially  iti  war.  S*ratage-ms  and 
deceit  are  allowable  in  war,  but  not 
so/a-r  as  to  constitute  a  breach  of 
/aith.  When  an  enemy  surrenders 
or  is  captured, the  right  to  kill  is 
gone.  Stratocracy,,  a  military  gov- 
ernment. 

TFtEAJVlS.— Streams  o/waterrun- 
ning  through  one's  land,  con/er 
the  right  on  th«  owner  to  tHeir 
use,  so  /ar  as  that  use  does  -not  per- 
ceptibly diminish  their  volirnie,ot 
change  their  course, or  in  any 
way  prevent-  a  similar  use  by  oth- 
er ownters.  An  owner  may  build 
a  dam  upon  his  own  land, bat  -not 
so  high  as  to  cause  -the  water  t  o  ' 
set  back  upon  his  neighbor's  land, 
unless  with  the  latter's  permis- 
sion .  V^e-e-  Vv\v»V\».-v\  V-vo^  V\e.Vo^<\. 
Street,  sec  H  fgh way.  . 

STI\II(IN&  PvJyift.-The  select- 
ing indiscriminately  by  asheri// 
of  /orty-eight  of  the  principal  free- 
holders, anj  the  striking  o//twe«- 
'ty-/our  o/tHew,  twelve  by  each  side, 
and  returning  the  re-main  in  9 
twenty- /our  /or  duty.  S-tuprum 
criminal  sexual  i-ntercourse, accord 
ing  to  Rowan  law,  between  a  man 
and  an  unmarried  wornan,maid, 
or  widow,  who  be/ore  lived  honestly. 

SUB-A&ENT.-The  agent  o/an  a- 
gent.  All  *he  rules  of  agency  are. 
applicable  to  the  relation  between 
.the  agent  and  the  sub-agent,./or 
as  io  each  other  they  are  princi- 
pal and  a9ent.\5>e.a^c)e/\\c\)YSu.b- 
jection,  state  of  being  under  the 
power, control,  o f  government  o/ 
another.  Su.b-i.ease,  a  lease  /row 


whole  or  a  part  of  the  property,  /or 
a_part  of  the  time.  I/  a  tenant  de- 
sire to  trans/er  his  right  entirejy 
to  another  party,  he  may  do  so,iji 
which  case  he  is  said  to  i^s'^w  his 
lease.  In  this  case  the  s'ub^-tena-nt  is 
not  responsible  to  the  original  land- 
lo^d  /or  the  rent,  the  tenant  bei-ho 
his  only  landlord.  I/  a  tenant  t-fa-ns 
/er  only  a_part  o/  his  right,  he  is  said 
to  %vOt>\e.v  it,  and  the  new  te-t-iarit 
becomes  a  tenant  of  the.  original 
landlord,  to  whom,  he  must  pay  the 
'  " 


rent. 


SUBIVllSS(0(/.-The  act  of  putting 
one's  property  or  person  under  the 
control  o/another;  a-ti  agreement 
bu  which  parties  consent  to  submit 
their  di//erences /or  arbitration. 
Subornation  o/Perju-ry,  see  Per- 
jury. Subpoena,  a  writ  /row  a 
court  commanding  the  attendance 
of  witnesses,  under  heavy  penalties 
i/they  do  not.  Su.brogation,  the, 
act  of  substituting  one  person  in 
the  place  of  another,  who  is  a  cred- 
itor, and  to  whose  rights  in  rela- 
tion to  the  debt  he  succeeds. 

SUBSCRIBIN&VVITNESS.-A  pers- 
on vv^ho  subscribes  his  name 
to  an  instrument,  so  that  he  can 
ata/utureday  prove  its  execution. 


ITV  AND  COUNTY  OF  NewYoRK,*v. 
On  this...\OW...  day  o/.'..?eV<*- 

-xx)...  in  the  year  I9...,be/oreme 
personally  came...VN.^».t\v*V\<=.., 
a.  subscribing  witness  to  the  with- 
in instrument,  with  whom  I  am 
personally  acquainted,  who  being 
by  me  duly  sworn,  said  that  he  re- 
sided in  the  city  o/  Brooklyn,  in  the 
State  of  New  York;  that  he  was  ac 
qu-ainted  with..A.^.  and  VN'\n\\\\e 
\N\)vi\6if..,  and  knew  them  to  be  the 
persons  described  in,  and  who  ex 
ecu-ted  the  said  instrument;  and 
that  he  saw  them  execute  and 
deliver  the  same,  and  that  they 
acknowledged  to  Him  (the  said  Cur- 
tis), that  they  executed  and  deliv- 
ered the  same,  and  that  he(thesaid 
Curtis),  thereupon  subscribed  his 
name  as  a  witness  thereto,  at 


...D.P.THOMPSON.., 


.-----,        ,.      ^-— The  head- 
ing should  be  as  brie/ly  and  plain- 
!ly  written  as  is  consistent  with 
*a  clear  expression  o/the  purpose 
!!/orwhich  *he  money  is  subscribed 


WASHINGTON,  SEPT.  10,19... 
We, the  undersigned,  agree  to 
pay  tHe  sums-set  opposite  our  re 
spective  naniesr/or  the  purpose 
o/de/raying  the  expenses  -necessa 
ry  to  the-  appropriate  celebration, 
in  this  city,  o/our  National  Inde 
pendence,  on  the  coming  Fourth 
o/  July. 


Names. 


Names. 


SUBSID\.— Money  /urnished  /or 
a  particular  purpose;  assistance 
granted  by  one  state  to  another  by 
treaty  /or  aid  in  war.  Substitute 
one  put  to  occupy  the  place  or  posi- 
tion of  another;  one  sent  to  the 
army  in  place  of  another,  when 
,  dra/ted.  Substitution ,  the  act  of 
•  placing  one  person  in  the  place,  of 
'  another,  that  he  may  act  /or.  him 
Substitution  o/ Attorney, see  At- 
torney. Subtraction,  in  jaw,  the 
withdrawing  or  withholding  of 
'some  rig  hfc.  Su-b-Te-»ia*i*,  the  ten 
:! ant  o/atenant.\5>e«S)\v\s-\.6'8i«.^. 
stiCC^SSlOff .—  The  act,right,orthe 
power  of  succeeding  to  *he  inherit 
ance  of  another.  Successor,  one 
who  /ollows  or  succeeds  to  the  po 
sition  of.  an  other.  Sue,  to  cotti-meiee 
or  continue  legal  proceedings  agains 
a  party. SM-//ra9e,  the rigtit^rpn' 
ilege  of  voting.  ^c.fcC^NVjMtvc&xVorv^V 
\lo*'\wo/\.  Suicide,  the  act  of  deliber- 
ately taking  one's  own  li/e, while 
in  the  possession  and  enjoyment 
of  his  mental  -faculties. 


267 


SUIT.  —  A  prosecution;  an  action  at  law 
or  in  equity.  The  proceedings  man 
ordinary  civil  case  are:  (I)  the  sum- 
mons, (1)  the  pleadings,  or  prepar- 
ing the  necessary  papers ,(3)  the  se- 
lection of  a  jury,  (4-)  the  trial, 
(5)  the  verdict,  (6)  the  judgment, 
(1)  the  appeal,  if  the  defeated  par- 
ty thinks  j ustice  has  not  been  done. 
The  proceedings  in  a  criminal  case 
are:  (I)  the  indictment, (2) the ar- 
rest,and  giving  of  bail,  if  bailable, 
(3)  the  examination, (4)  the  appli- 
cation for  habeas  corpus, if  the  pris- 
oner thinks  his  arrest  is  unlawful, 
^5)  the  trial, (6)  the  charge  to  the 
;ury,(7)  the  verdict,  (8)  the  sen- 
ten  ce_or_discharge.\\\\«,  co\vv°>e.  oA 
».\._  «.j-._\  •.  ...».- --\-r\cvA\  c.w 


' 

Su  fv\lv\AJlY'-  Ar>  abstract  or  abridg- 
ment.  Summary  Proceedings,  a 
method  given  by  statute, by  which 
a  landlord_regains  possession  of  his 
premises,  i-n  case  the  tenant  refits 
es,upon  demand,  to  pay  the  rent, or 
when  he  wrongfully  holds  over. This 
•method  is  less  expensive  than  an  cc- 
tion  -for  ejectment.  Su/m+m'-Hg  Up, 
a  review  made  in  favor  of  one  of  th< 
parties  in  a  cause,  before  a  court  aw 
jury, after  the  evidence  has  all  been 
jiven.  The  judge  usually  sums  up  the 
evidence,in  his  charge. 

SUN^rv\ONS.- A  writ  issu-ed  by  a 
court  at  the.  instance  of  the  plain 
tiff,  and  served  upon  the  defendant 
summoning  him  to  appear  in  court. 
Generally  this  appearance  is  made 
by  the  defendant's  attorney  fil- 
ing a  notice  in  the  clerk's  o  f  ( i  ce 
Sumptuary  Laws,  those  relatin9  to 
the  expenses  of  the  people,  and  made 
to  restrain  excess  in  apparel, furni- 
ture, food,  etc. 

UflfD/fr.— The  first  day  of  the  week. 
I*  begins  at  IX  o'clock  midnight  on  Sat 
urday.and  continues  for  24  hours, 
except  in  some  of  *he  New  England 
States,  where  it  begins  at  sunset  on 
Saturday, and  continues  24- hours. 
1«i  -many  of  the  States  a  contract 
•made  on  Sunday,  or  an  a9reement 
to  do  anything  ort  Sunday , except 
such  as  relate  to  works  of  necessity 
and  mercy,  is  illegal  and  void. 


u.  •_.1«ry1i^J.—  An  officer.or  other 
person  engaged  to  proceed  in  a  mer- 
chant  ship,  to  have  charge  of  the  car- 
go, and  sell  it  to  the  best  advantaac.^ix) 
to  superintend  returning  cargoes,and 
receive  freight,  as  far  as  he  -mat)  have 
authority.  Superficies,  buildings  and 
other  things  that  have  been  erected 
on  the  soil.  Superintendent  of  Pub- 
lic Instruction,  an  officer  whose  du- 
ty is  to  examine  into  the  condition 
of  the1  public  schools  of  the  State, 
and  report  thereon  to  the  legisla- 
ture; to  attend  institutes  and  oth- 
er meetings  of  teachers;  to  pre- 
pare blanks  for,andto  preserve  sta- 
tistics from,  the  local  school  offi- 
cers; to  supervise  the  school  funds, 
and  to  distribute  the  school  laws 
a-wd  other  documents  forthe  use 
of  school  officers. 
i\JPEf\IO!\  COU^T—A  court  of  in- 
termediate jurisdiction  betwee-n 
the-  inferior  courts  and  those  of  last 
resort.  Superstitious  Use,  the.  use 
of  land  for  a  religious  purpose,  or 
by  an  ecclesiastical  corporation. Su- 
pervisor, an  officer  appointed  to 
superintend  and  care  for  the  high 


taj  Bill,  a  supplement  or  addition 
to  an  ori9inal  bill  in  equity,  made 
to  supply  some  defect.  Supplementa- 
ry Proceedings,  those  supplementa- 
ry to  execution  under  the  Code,  de- 
signed to  furnish  the  Judy-went  debt- 
or with  a  cheap  and  summary  mode 
ofreachin9  such  property  of  his 
debtor^as  could  not  be  reached  by 
execution  at  law,  and  to  compel  hi-m 
to  make  discovery  of  his  property, 
Sl)PPOf\T.-The  necessaries  of  lift; 
an  easement;  *he  -right  of  a  -man  to 
rest  the  timbers  of  his  house _upon  or 
in  the  adjoining  wall  belonging  to 
another  mart.  Support  o/the Cov- 
e-Mi-ttieti*,  this  -means  not  onlu  pe- 
cuniary support  which  one  is  boitw 
to  contribute  to  meet  the  necessa 
ry  expenses,  but  also  moral  sup- 
port which  conies  f-rom  -respec* 
and  obedience. 

lJPftENlE.-Holding  the  highest  po 
sition  or  place  in  government  or 
power.  Supreme  Court,  the  high- 
est court  in  the  land,  and  was  es- 
tablished by  the  Constitution  it- 
sel/.  It  consists  of  nine  judges, and 
its  iuris  diet  ion  i's_almost  wholly  ap- 
pellate, having  original  jurisdiction 
in  only  a  few  cases.  Surcharye,  an 
overcharge;  a  disallowed  item  in 
an  account  which  those  who  pre- 
sent it  have  personally  to  pay;  put- 
ting more  cattle  on  a  common  than 
the  herbage  will  sustain. 
URETY.— A  person  who  binds  him- 
self to  pay  a  sum  of  money, or  per- 
form some  act  in  case  of  the  failure 
of  another  to  do  so.\^>8-«'&^'^'«'a.v\- 
Xf\),WoV\ca  ot  ?Yo*e%*,v»\&  ^-v\io-<S6- 
•Kwnv.  Suretyship,  the  obligation 
of  being  bound  to  answer  for  the 
debt,  default,  or  -m iscarrigye  of aflottei 


.— In  ancient  times  pa- 
rants  in  naming  their  offspring, us- 
ed names  descriptive  of  some  pecul- 
iarity already  existing,  or  which  it 
was  hoped  might  become  character 
fstio.  Thus  Eve  means  Iife-givin9, 
Jacob, a  supplanter,  etc.These  -names 
were  all  ^e'v<=o\va,\  names,  having 
nothing  in  common  with  the 
names  of  others.  In  this  respect 
they  correspond  to  the_  English  Chris 
•fcian  names- of  modern  -titties. As  pop- 
ulation increased  it  was  discovered 
that  something  more  was  requir- 
ed to  distinguish  between  two  or 
more  persons  named  alike  or  sim- 
ilarly. Hence,  arose  the  practice  of 
giving  a  supplementary  name,  or 
adding  something  to  the  proper 
name.  These  additions  were  called 
su^e*-  or  «vx"Y\a.-Y*\e%,  the  first  syl- 
lable being  spelled  with  the  letter 
u..  These  surnames  were-  n  ot 
t-ransmissib-le  frorn  father  to  son, 
and  were  changeable  at  will.  A/- 
ter  a  time,  as  population  contin- 
ued to  increase,  additions  some- 
what analogous  to  these  OMM-  or 
%\wv-names,  came  to  be  adopted,  to 
fix  -more  completely  and^accurate- 
1 4  the  identity  of  any  particular  per- 
son. To  obviate  to  some  extent  the 
inconvenience  of  this  system  of 
nomenclature,  which  gave  no  clue 
to  the  family  or  connection,  me/n 
began  to  add  their  father's  n  ame 
to  their  own.  With  this  custom 
came  in  the  now  universal  use  of 
j>V<-names,  spelled  with  the  letter 
\ .  It  is  no  longer  a  swr-  or  OMC^T- 
name,  but  a  %w-  or  Vvre,-name, 
that  is,  the  name  derived  from  the 


which  is  left 
over;  in  law,  matter  foreign  and 
impertinent  to  the  case.Surrebut 
•ter,  answer  of  the  plaintiff_to  the 
defendant's  rebuttal. Surrejoinder, 
a  plaintiff's  reply  to  the  defend- 
ant's rejoinder.  Surrender,  the 
act  of  resigning  or  yielding  up  a 
smaller  estate  to  him  who  has  a 
larger  estate  in  the  same  lands",  in 
remainder  or  reversion,  by  which 
the  smaller  estate  is  merged  jnto 

.the  larger. 

iUf^OG-AJTE.-A  judge  having  juris- 
diction of  the  probate  of  wills.  He 
is  sometimes  called  surrogate,  reg- 
ister, judge  of  probate,  judge  of 
the  orphans'!  court. Survey,  an 
examination  into  the  condition 
of  a  ship  or  its  cargo.  Surveyor, 
an  officer  chosen  to  make  tne 
surveys  of  any  lands  inihe  coun- 
ty, when  applied  to  for  the  purpose 
by  parties  interested,  or  by  any  of 
the  courts;  a  person  employed  by 
marine  insurance  companies  to 
inspect  ships;  a-H  officer  of  a 
f  ire_  insurance  company  who  ex- 
amines and  reports  on  applica- 
tions for  insurance  on  merchan 
dise  and  buildings. Survivor,thc 
lonaest  liver  of  two  or -more  persons. 


SUSPEND.— To  stop  payment.  _  S  u.  s- 
pc-Hse  Account,  in  book-keeping, an 
account  containing  balatices  o/ per- 
sonal accounts  considered  to  be  doubt 
fit  I.  To  keep  such  an  accou-nt,  place 
upon  the  rredit  side  the  separate 
amounts  which  appear  upon  the 
debit  side  of  the  doubtful  accounts, 
debiting  the  same  to  Loss  and  Gain 
at  once,  thus  permitting  the  doubt- 
ful accounts  to  remain  upon  the 
Ledger  without  the  corresponding 
gain  which  such  -resource,!/ gen- 
uine, would  im  pi  y. Suspension  , the 
act  of  delaying  or  withholding  for 
a  ti-rne  a -man's  rights;  as,  when 
the  rent*  or  other  profits  o/  land 
cease  by  unity  of  possession  of  land 
and  rent,  they  are  then  said  to  be 
in  <=Av=,i}e.\vi£,. Suspension  o/ Payment, 
the  act  of  afirn-i  or  trader  declin- 
ing -to  pay  any  one  debt,  upon  find- 
ing that  they  are  unable  to  -meet 
all  their  liabilities;  also,  when  a 
bank  stops  cashing  its- checks  or-notei 

SUTLER.— An  authorised  vendor  of 
provisions, etc., to  soldiers  in  camp 
or  garrison.  Swindling  Note,  a. 
note  so  worded  and  formulated  as 
to  lead  farmers  or  others  to  believe 
that  they  agree  to  pay  only  as-mail 
amount,  as  twenty  or  thirty  dol- 
lars, when  they  have  sold  9 pods 
to  a  9!  ven  amount.  By  tearnij  off 
the  right-hand  end  of  the  -note, what 
is  apparently  an  agreement  for  a 
small  amount,  becomes  a  promis- 
sory note/or  a  large  sum.  When 
the  note  is  sold  at  a  bank. it  becomes 
the  property  of  a  third  and  iwnocetit 
party,  who  can  by  law  enforce  i  ts 


payment.  \Jbee.  <bVo\e.'«Vi<o^«*>iw'\.  \  ve.e.  ~^<va^e,V 
VOW*  OJ  S<M\WV\\V&  YWt^. . 


—A  -number  of  capitalist! 
who  unite  together  to  dispose  of  a 
large  loan,  or  to  conduct  some  yntat 
financial  enterprise.  SynorapH,  a 
writing,  bond,  or  deed, under  the 
hand  and  seal  of  all  the  parties. 

rA,BELLlOltf.  —  A  notary  public.  Tac 
/-fee,  free  from  payment.  Tacit, 
that  which  is  understood  or  im- 
plied from  the  nature  of  the  thing, 
or  from  the  provision  of  the  law. 
Tacking,  the  act  of  uniting  secu- 
rities given  at  different  times, all 
of  which  must  be  redeemed  before 
an  intermediate  purchaser  can  in- 
terpose his  claim.  Taking  Stock, 
see_ Stock-taking.  Tales ,  a  number 
of  jurors  added  to  a  deficient  pan- 
el. If  the  number  is  selected frotn 
the  bystanders,  the  order  of  the 
judge  is  called  V-iXes  \e  c.'wc.vtw- 
sva-*\i'\\>\fc.%,  Tal«  G^uale,  a  term 
used  in  contracts  where  grain  is 
sold  off  the  coast,  by  a  s  a-vn  pie 
drawn  at  the  port  at  which  the 
ship  has  touched;  and  signifying 
that  the  cargo  is  held  to  be  t  he 
same  I'n  quality  as  th£  sample, 
and  that  the  buyer  takes  the  risk 
of  any  damage_the  cargo  may  af- 
terwards sustain. 

PARITY.—  Any  method  of  marking 
or  checking  enumeration;astick 
cut  in  two  parts,  on  each  of  which 
is  marked  what  is  due  between  debt 
or  and  creditor.  Tall y-ftia-H,  one 
who  receives  payment  for  goods 
in  weekly  installments.  Tare, an 
allowance  in  the  purchase  of -mer 
chandise,for  the  weight  of  bores, 
etc., in  which  it  is  packed;  ati  al- 
lowance to  purchasers  for  wa^ste, 
of  4  Ibs.  on  every  104  Ibs.of  weiaht 
after  the  above  tare  is  deducted  is 
called  VifeX. 

TARIFF.-  A  rate  of  duty  fired  by 
law  on  imports  and  erports.The 
tariff  tares,  commonly  called  du- 
ties,or  customs,  belong  to  the  class 
of  indirect  tares.  They  are  made 


up  of 


and 
A  - 


\ia\o<- 


Va.V\U  is  one  laid  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  collecting  revenue  for  the  uses 
of  government,  and  is  made  up  of 
duties  on  goods  not  produced  at 
home,  as  the  tar  on  these  will  be 
paid  without  interfering  ittatiy  way 
with  the  prices  of  domestic  goods 
V'YoV«,cV\M«,"\'»/v\tt  ,  TtX 


DANVILLE, IND., MAY  1, 19 

One  year  aftsr  date, I  promise  to  pay...Vv\.osix...or  bearer-w^evx — Dolton,when  (sell by 

order — T\Me\\\vv\o,\c.o.  v^o,  Vxiv^-v^DollaTsjfcSSO)  worth  of  Patent  Wheat  SctEens, 

for  value  received,  at  ten  per  cent  per  annum,  said  -vJ\«/v\ — Dollars  when  due  is 
payable  at  Danville,  Ind. 

%«••.  P  D  f  i.  ,,M.(b.NN\v\.\KW«...  Ayent  for  H.  Losey. 

Witness,  ..C.B.fribson... 


SYMBOLIC  DELIVERY.- A  del ivery  of 
property  sold  by  delivering  something 
else^  as  a  symbol,  token,  or  represen- 
tative of  it;  as,  of  lands,  a 
•v\H  or  a  little  of  the  e.i"«VV\ 
of  houses,  aWsq  and  -iVa 


. -The  keeper  of 

an  inn  or  inferior  hotel. \Jbw- ^o- 
VeVVe«-^a\> .  Tax,  a  certain  trib- 
ute imposed  upon  individuals  for 
the  support  of  the  State  or  govern 
•went.  Tares  are  either  VxtacV  or 


Xvx^wacV.  Direct  tares  include  poll- 
tares,  and  tares  on  land,  houses, 
and  other  real  estate  and  person- 
al property.  Itidirect  tares  include 
duties, imposts,  and  ercises.  Proper- 
ty erempted  from  laration,!nclude$ 
the  property  of  the  United*  States,  of 
the  State,  counties, townships, cit- 
ies, literary  and  charitable  instiga- 
tions, schools  and  other  education- 
al institutions,  religious  societie^, 
scientific  and  agricultural  societies, 
public  libraries,  burial  grounds, and 
a  certain  portic-n  of  the  property 
of  private  individuals,  as  of  wid- 
ows, orph_ans,  and  some  others. 
An  apportionment  of  the  whole  a- 
mount  of  tares  raised,  is  made  for 
the  various  State,  county, *ndtowit 
ship  purposes.  F^om  the  complete 
tar  list, containing  a  description 
of  all  the  items  of  property  tared, 
the  county  treasurer  collects  the 
tares  according  to  law.  If  the  tar 
is  not  paid  within  a  specified  time, 
the  treasurer  may  take  the  property 
or  such  portion  of  it  as  he  deeiris 
necessary,  and,  after  public  notice, 
may  sell  it  at  public  sale. Taxation, 
adjustment,  or/f iring  the  amount 
of  costs;  also  the  process  of  taring 
or  imposing  a  tar.  Tax  Deed,  a  doc- 
ument by  which  the  title  of  the 
rightful  owner  is  conveyed  to  the 
purchaser  at  a  tar  sale  of  property 
for  the  non-payment  of  tares.  Tax 
Sale,  the  sale  of  property  -for  the 
non-payment  of  tares. Taxation 
o/ Costs,  the  act  of  firing  or  adjust- 
ing the  a-mount  of  costs  to  which 
a  party  is  entitled. 
TELEPHONE. -A  mechanism  for 
the  reproduction  of  sounds,  partic- 
ularly articulate  speech,  at  a  dis- 
tance. Tele9'TatH,  a  dispatch  or-mes- 
saoe  received  or  transmitted  by  the 
electric  telegraph.  Telegraph  Com- 
pany, a  company  or  corporation 
who  own  and  control  tili-iie  of  tel- 
egraph wires.  I-M  the  sending  of  a 
dispatch,  the  two  parties  concerned 
are  the  sender  of  the  message  and 
the  company.  The  message  must 
be  sent  ac  it  is  oiven,the  operator 
not  being  permitted  to  correct  ev- 
ident mistakes,  such  a»  errors  in 
grammar,  nor  add,  nor  omit  aity- 
thing,  nor  make  any  change  in  it. 
A  message  must  be  sent  as  soon  as 
it  can  be,  and  in  its  proper  order  as 
received.  An  hour's  unnecessary  de- 
lay might  make  the  company  re- 
sponsible.A  telegraph  company  is 
a  confidential  messenger,  and  is 
responsible  if  it  reveal  the  tnessi9e 
to  any  one  except  the  person  ad- 
dressed. Telegraphic  correspondence 
being  somewhat  expensive,  it  is  de- 
sirable to  erpress  in  the  very  few- 
est words,  clearly  and  unmistakably, 
our  ax-aci  meaning,  l-n  writing  a 
telegram, (I)  write  out  i-M  _/i*ll 
what  you  desire  to  communicate: 
(2)  read  the  message  carefully,  and 
strike  out  all  the  unnecessary  words 


269 


13)  copu  it  as  corrected,  si^n  your  name, 
rncluditig  street  »nd  number;  (4-J  keep 
ih«fir«»  corrected  draft  for  reference  in 
eas«  of  trouble.  (There  is  no  charge  for  ei- 
ther the  address  of -the  sender.or  that  of 
the  person  addressed. 


NOTICE  OF  SAFE  ft  R  RIVA  Lt 


..., 
716  Market-  St.,  Fresno,  Cal. 

Arrived  safe.  Like  place.  Will  visi*  Fair  to 
morrow.  Letter  to-day. 

HENRY. 
187  Dearborn  St. 


AN  ORDER  FOR  ..BOOKS. : 


N.R.Os&ooo, 
161  Rose  St.,  New  York. 

Send  first  express  C.O.D. 
\cV4o-Ate.  J.  R.  LYTLE,  Age-nt. 

73  Treat  Ave. 


TO  A   LADY  FRIEND. 


Miss  EMILY  BARNET, 
793  Broadway, New  York. 

Your  father  very  ill.  Is  very  low.Cotne 
on  immediately. 

MAMIE  FRAN 


J— J-, = . IVIXIV1IC    |-M*HIK. 

TELLER. -One  who  -receives  or  counts;  a 
batik  officer  who  receives  or  pays  out  -mon- 
ey. Tetiati*,  or»e  who  holds  or  possesses 
lands  or  tenements  by  any  kind  of  title, 
either  in  fee,  for  life,  for  years,  or  at  wi  1 1. 
Tenants  in  Ccmmo-n,  tenants  holding 
land  and  tenements  by  several  and  dis- 
tinct titles  and  not  by  a  joint  title,  b  ut 
occupied  in  common,  the  only  u-nitu  rec- 
ognized between  them  being  that  ofpos- 


St.Paul,  March  i7,  19.... 
DEAR  SIR: 

The  premises  I  now  occupy  as  your 
tenant,  at  No  717  Fourth  street, I  shall 
vacate  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  April, 19... 
You  will  please  take  notice  accordingly. 


TEN'ENpVirv\.-Acla.usein  a  deed, 
limiting  and  creating  the  tenure 
of  the  land.Te-rtet,  a  term  used 
in  stating  the  tenure  in  an  action 
for  waste  done  during  tenancy.Tew- 
FortieSj  one  of  the  first  loans  of 
the  government  during  the  Civil 
W a-r, 1 861-5,  socalled  because  of 
the  privilege  of  the  government 
to  take  it  up  in  VeY\  years, or  to 
let  it  remain  4o-vl\)  years,  at  its 
own  option.  Interest  at  5%. 
Te-Mo^general  drift  or  course 
of  thought;  also  implying  that 
a  correct  copy  has  been  set  o_ut. 
Tenu.!*,  a  term  used  in  stating 
the  tenure  in  an  action  for  t  he 
waste  done  after  the  expiration 
of  the  tenancy. 

rEffUnlE.-  Manner  of  holding; 
especially  the  manner  in  which 
an  estate  in  land*  is  held.Ter«ti 
the  limitation  of  an  estate;*he 
space  of  time  in  which  a_court 
or  other  organized  body  is  open. 
Ter-wi~o/ C-redi*,  the  time  that 
is  allowed  for  the  payment  of 
merchandise  bought  on  account 
and  varies  according  to  the  kind 
of  goods  dealt  in,  and  local  usage 
Some  firms  do  only  a  cash  bus- 
iness, while  others  allow  a  uni- 
form term  of  credit  for  30,60, 
or  90  days. Te-r-ms,  the  condi- 
tions of  a  sale  or  agreement. 

TE^MOf\.— One  who  Holds  lands 
or  tenements  for  a  term  of  years 
or  for  life.  Terre-Te-tiatt*,  one 
who  is  in  actual  possession  of  th< 
land.  Te-f-Me-r,  a  roll,  catalogue 
or  survey  of  lands.  Ter-ri*ory. 
a  district  of  country  not  yet  or 
ganized  and  admitted  as  aState 
0-ntil  a  Territory  becomes aStatt 
it  is  under  the  control  of  the 
United  States  G-overnment,  which 
grants  it,  to  a  certain  cxtent,self 

tovernment,  on  the  plan  of  the 
tate  governments.  Each  Ter- 
ritory has  a  right  to  send  a  del- 
egate to  Congress,  who  may  take 
part  in  the  debates  of  the  House 
but  cannot  vote. 
TEST.  — Any  critical  trial  or  ex- 
amination; that;  with  which 
anything  is  compared,  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  the  truth 
of  another  thing.  Tes*  Oath, an 
path  relating  to  religious  opin 
ions. \j5M-OlVv\V  Testament,,) 
written  document,  properly  at 
tected,  in  which  a  person  declare 
his  pleasure  as  to  the  disposal  of 
his  property  after  hisdeathA^**- 


-YouNO.  Esq.  

., ,.  — The  act  of  offering  money  01 

nything  in  settlement,  by  a  debtor  01 
ome  one  authorizEO;  aiti  offer  in  writ 
ng  to  supply  certain  articles, ooods, ships, 
r  anything  that  may  be  required, at  pri 
es  and  conditions  specified  in  the  XtvttaA 

rty  occupied  for  a  limited  time  on  cer- 
ain  conditions;  as,  lanjj  or  houses. 


VN'\\\y  Testate,  having  made  a 
will.  Testato-r,  one  who  -makes 
a  testament  or  will. Testatrix 
a  woman  who  makes  a  will  or 
testament.  Teste,  the  witness 
ing  part  of  a  document,  as  the- 
date,  etc.  Testify,  to  give  testimo 
ny  or  evidence  according  _to  law 
Testi-rtio-ny,  evidence  given  by 
a  witness  under  oath.  Standing 
hg  raises  his  rtaht  ha.nd,»ndswea 


to  tell  the  truth,  the  whole  truth, 
and  nothing  but  the  truth. 

TEXTILE  FABFJICS.-AII  kinds 

of  woven  goods,  especially  ^xece. 
goods.  The/t,  the  general  namt 
for  larceny  (q.v.). Theft  bote, 
the  act  of  compounding  a  felony; 
the  act  of  receiving  a  man's  stol- 
en goods  frorni  the  thief,  with 
the  intent  not  to  prosecute  him. 
Theocracy,  a  government  by 
the  immediate  direction  or  ad- 
ministration of- God.  Thi-M9S, 
a  term  extended  to  all  objects 
subject  to  dominion  or  property 
except  man.  Things  are  -<e.».\  or 

rf\jf\0  PITIES.-  A  term  used 
in  connection  with  transactions 
between  two  parties^ to  denote 
other  persons  whom  the  trans 
actions  may  affect  at  the  time 
or  afterwards.  Thread  ,  t  he 
central  line  of  a  riveV  or  of  a 
stream.  Tickler,  a  book  which 
contains  a  memorandu-m  of 
notes  and  debts, arranged  i-n 
the  order  of  maturity.  The 
to\\e.cX\oA\~V\c\A«.Y  contains  a 
record  of  all  time  paper_lef  t 
w_ith  a  bank  /or  collection.The 
V\sco\VYiX A\cV.\«,t  isabookinvxhk 
are  entered  all  discounted  note_ 
or  bills,  arranged  with  referena 
to  their  maturity.  Its  object  is 
to  insure  the  presentation  of 
paper  for  payment  at  the  prop- 

.  ...     er  time. 

fthe  TIDE.  — The  alternate  rising 
and  falling  of  the  waters  of 
the  ocean,  bay9,rivers,etc.Th' 
law  recognizes  three-  kinds  ol 
tides:  viz.,V\o,V\  spring  tides, 
S^VVVNO,  tides,  and  -we-aL.^  tides 
Tide  Water,  water  which  flows 
and  reflows  with  the  tide. TJ-m 
her  Trees,  trees  that  are  com 
monly  used  for  building>  pu.r 
poses,  such  as  oal»,ash,pi-pe,et< 
TI^E.-A  particular  portion  o 
duration,  past,  present^  or  fuJ 
ure.  Iti  computing  time,  tht 
fi-rst  day  or  month  or  year 
is  excluded,  and  the  last  is  in 
eluded.  When  months  are  co 
sidered,  they  are  construed  to 
mean  calendar  months,  by 
which  is  meant  thetimefrom 
one  day  in  one  month  to  the 
same  day  in  another -month 
Notes  or  securities  failing  du 
on  the  30th  or  31st  of  any 
month  which  has  only  db 
29,  or  30  days  in  it,  are  con 
sidered  to  be  nominally  due  o 
the  last  day  of  the  month,an< 
therefore  legally  due  on  *  he 
3rd  of  the  following  n-iontl 
For  instance,  a  note  dated 
Nov.  30th,  payable  3  month 
after  date,  falls  due  on  the 
last  day  of  Feb.,  and  three 
days  of  grace  make  it  payabl 
on  March  3rd.  Less  than  a 
month  is  reckoned  attherata 


270 


of  30  days  to  the  mo-nth.  For  com- 
puting interest,  360  days  are  con- 
sidered a  year,  or  30  days  a  month.l/ 
iccwrafce  \\\Vc.vesV  is  desired,  compute 
the  interest  on  a  360  day  basis,  then 
~ 


subtract 


£  of 


\>\e  -\-v\fcexY  To  find  the  difference 
between  two  dates,  see  Business  Time 
Tables  —  Index.  Ti-ttie  Bargainer*  a- 
greement  to  buy  or  sell  goods  at  some 
definite  ^time  m  the  future  and  at  a 
fijred  price.  Ti-ttie  Book,  a  book  in 
which  are  entered  the  names  of  wo_rk- 
-men,  their  department  of  work,  time 
employed,  rate  of  daily  wases,  amount 
of  wages  tor  the  month  ,  and  the  to- 
tal amount  of  the  pay  roll  for  this 
time.  A  ti'rne  book  is  both  a  pay  roll 
and  a  book  of  original  entry,  and  as 
such,  should  be  preserved  as  an  essen- 
tial part  of  the  records  of  ore's  business. 


es  would  be  contrary  to  the  funda 
mental  principle  o/the  government, 
accordingly,  the  Constitution  declares 
that  no  title  of  nobility  shall  beprant- 
ed  by  the  United  Stales  or  by  any  State. 

TO-BOOT.— A  part  of  the  compensation. 
To/*,  the  site  or  piece  of  ground  on 
which  a  house  has  stood;a  messuage. 
Toll,  a  tar  or  duty  imposed  on  trav- 
elers or  poods  passing  310719  a  bridge 
or  a  public  road:  a  m  i  I  ler's  compen- 
sation for  grinding  corn,  wheat, etc. 
Ton-HS^e,  the  carrying  capacity 
of  a  ship  or  vessel;  a  duty  or  to  II 
on  vessels,  o»  on  goods  carried  upon 
the  water.  Tonnage  duties  are  for- 
bidden to  the  States,  as  they  are  a 
means^  of  regulating  commerce, 
which  is  a  subject  given  entirely  to 
Congress.  Ton-tirie,  an  annuity 
on  survivorship,  it  being  shared 
equally  by  several  individuals,  the 
equal  share  being  increased  by  the 
death  of  successive  annuitants  un- 
til the  whole  goes  to  the  last  survi- 
vor, unless  otherwise  agreed  upon 
by  the  original  parties.  Took  and 
Carried  Away,  a  necessary  phrase 
in  an  indictment  for  simple  larceny. 
Tor*,  a  wrong  or  injury.  Tor-tfcas 
*r,  a  wrong  doer.  To  wit,  namely, 
or  that  is  to  say_.  _ 

TOWN.  — A  subdivision  of  a  county 
in  the. Eastern  States.  In  the  West- 
ern an d  ^the  Southern  States,  the 
same  division  is  called  a  Township. 
Townships  arc  CAM'\\  or  CKywaxcv 
V\<yvYa\ .  A  congressional  township 
contains  36"  sections  or  square  miles; 
while  a  civil  township  varies  in  size, 
being  sometimes  smaller,  and  at  other 
times  lar?er,than  a  congressional  one. 


Names.   Work 


C.Crowe 
Joe  fan 
Eli  Dunn 
S.Hall 


rotEtnan 
Enjineer 


Porter 


n  m  ,1  £  a6,  »  A  A  g  36  8  il  it  iiUTimllhlJA-iii'jJI  Total. 


'IME  TO  SUE. -Sea  Limitation  of  A 
tion.  Ti-ttie  Ora/*,see  Ova.ft.Tifsta.ff 

an  officer  of  the  court,  who  serves  its 
process.  Tillies,  a  right  to  the  tenth 
part  of  the  produce  of  land,  of  t  he 
stocks  upon  lands,  and  of  the  personal 
industry  of  the  people.  Title,  an  in- 
scription put  over  a  thing  asthe-na-me 
by  w_hich  it  is  to  be  known;  a  claim 
of  right ;  *He  means  whereby  an  own 
er  justly  possesses  his  property ;*he 
rtyht  of  action  which  aplainti/f  has 
Title  Deed,  a  document  containing 
the  evidence  of  the  title  of  the  owner 
o/an  estate.  Titles  o/ Nobility,  the 
titles  by  which  the  highest  (so-called] 
classes  of  society  are  dislinfuJshed.The 
Declaration  of  A-tnerican  Independence 
states  as  a  sell-evident  truth, that  all 
men  are  created  equal;  hence,anyar 
ti/icial  division  of  the  people  into  class 


3  50  101  50 


250 


200 


7375 


504650 


5600 


27775 


The  powers  of  a  township  are  de- 
fined by  the  general  laws  of  t  he 
State,  and  are:(l)  to  sue  andbesued; 
(A)  to  hold  and  dispose  of  real  and 
personal  property  for  the  public 
use  of  the  in  habitants:  (3)  to  make 
such  contracts  and  or  den  as  are 
necessary  for  the  exercise  of  its  cor- 
porate powers; (4-)  to  mck«  such 
by-laws  as  are_  necessary  for  man- 
aging its  affairs,  and  for  preserving 
peace  and  good  order;  (5)  to  raise 
money  by  taxation.  The  chief  of- 
ficers of  a  township  are  the  Clerk, 
Assessor, and  Trustees  orSupervis- 
ors. 

'flA.DE.— Any  kind  of  dealing  intlie 
line  of  sales  or  exchanges;  a  gen- 
eral term  indicating  the  condition 
of  the  market.  Trade  and  Comment 
a  phrase  signifying  ititer-state  and 


inter-national  commerce-  trade 
conveying  the  ideao/  home  tra/-' 
fie,  _and  commerce, •* ha f  of  atien 
tensive  and  varied  traffic.  Trade 
Discount,  an  allowance  from  cer- 
tain list  prices,  or  from  the  amount 
of  purchases,  made  to  a  dealer  on 
account  of  a  change  in  the  prices, 
or  on  account  of  cash  payments. 
Trade-Mark,  a  name,  symbol,  let- 
ter, figure,  form,  or  device  .put  up- 
on manufactured  goods.  They  are 
acquired  simply  by  use,  by  anycit- 
i2en  or  foreigner.  The  object  of  a 
trade  mark  is  to  protect  both  the 
owner  and  the  public  against  im- 
itations of  an  article  which  has 
acquired  a  good  repu-tation. There 
is  no  application  made  to  either 
the  State  or  National  Government 
for  the  right  to  use  them,  but 
if  used  in  foreign  commerce, they 
should  be  registered  in  the  Patent 
Office  at  Washington. An  'infringe- 
went  of  a  trade  mark  is  prevent- 
ed by  a  suit  against  the  infringer 
for  damages, *nd  for  an  injunction 
to  compel  him  to  cease  using  it. 
Trade-Price,  the  price  at  which 
goods  are  sold  to  those  in  the  same 
trade.  Trades-Union,  a  combina- 
tion among  workmen, having  in 
view  the  settlement  of  the  propor- 
tion which  wages  should  bear  to- 
the  profits  of  the  employers,  and 
the  redress  of  grievances.  Trad* 
Winds,  winds  in  or  near  t  he 
torrid  zone  which,  north  of  the 
equator,  blow  from  the  north-east, 
and,  south  of  the  equator,  blow 
from  the  south-east.  So-called  be- 
cause of  their  advantages  to  navi- 
gators, and  hence  to  trade. 
THA.O  IT  I  ON  .—The  transmission 
of  events,  doctrines, opinions,etc. 
from  one  to  another, especially 
from  father  to  son,  through  suc- 
cessive generations,  by  word  of 
mou-th.  Traitor,  one  who  betrays 
his  trust,  or  is  guilty  of  treason  . 
Transaction,  the  act  of  buying 
or  selling,  whether  payment  is  made 
at  the  time,  or  property  is  bought 
or  sold  on  account.  Transcript, 
a  copy  of  an  original  writing  or 
deed.  Transit  Insurance,  insur- 
ance on  transportations  by  land 
only.  A  single  policy  -may  covet- 
both  marine  and  transit  insur- 
ance. 

'I\A.NSIRE.-A  warrant  from  the 
custom-house  to  let  goods  pass.Trati- 
sitory  Actions,  those  which  may 
be  brought  in  one  place  as  well  is 
in  another.  Transportation,  the 
act  of  conveying  goods  from  place 

Trans-ship,  to  transfer  merchan- 
dise from  one  conveyance  to  an- 
other. Transit,  a  conveyance  or 
line  of  passage  through  a  country. 
Transport,  a  ship  employed  to 
carry  goods  from  one  place  to 
another,  especially  goods,  stores, 
etc.,  -for  the  government. 


271 


._ >t  —  A  commercial  agent  whose 

business  is  to  travel  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
ceiving orders  from  merchants,  coj- 
lecting  money,  and  representing  *heir 
interests.  Trave-rsa,  the  act  of  denying; 
as,  in  traversing  a  return  or  a  pleading, 
•  denial  of  some  matter  of  fact  is  alleg- 
ed. To  V*a*«*%«  *V\  \\\&\GV'VA!.Y*  JS  to 

plead  not  guilty,  or  to  deny  the  indict- 
ment; also  to  postpone  a  trial  to  the 
following  session.  T -reason,  a  breach 
of /idelity ;  *he  crime,  of  a  subject  at- 
tempting in  any  way  to  overthrow  the 
government,  as  by  waging  war  against 
it,  or  of  adhering  to  its  enemies,  g  i  v- 
ing  them  aid  and  com/ort.  This  crime 
is  punishable  with  death. 

rilE^\SlJHE.—  A  s*ore  o/money  in  re- 
serve, or  a  store  of  anything  collected 
/or  /uture  use.  Treasure  Trove,  money, 
or  gold,  silver,  plate,  or  bullion,  /pund 
hidden  in  the  earth  or  other  private 
place,  the  owner  of  which  is  unknown 
If  the  owner  is  found,  it  must  be  re- 
stored to  him.  Treasurer,  a  State  of 
/icer  who  receives  all  money  accruing 
to  the  State  from  taxation  or  otherwise; 
keeps  all  notes,  bonds,  or  other  securi- 
ties belonging  to  the  State,  and  pays 
out  such  sums  as  the  auditor  draws 
his.warrant  for.  A-n  officer  whose  du- 
ty is.similar  is  elected  in  each  county 
a-nd  in  many  townships.  Treasury, 
*he  place  where  the  public  treasure  is 
kept.  Treasury  Notes,  notes  of  vari- 
ous denominations  issued  by  the  gov- 
ernment, and  receive^  in  payment  of 
all  dues,  except /or  duties  on  import- 
ed goods.  The  notes  have  comparative 
ly  no  intrinsic  value,  and  contain  on 
ly  a  promise  to  "pay  to  bearer,"  or  to 
"-the  bearer  on  demand_,"  the  amount 
for  which  the  note  is  issued. 

r^E^TY.— An  agreement  between  na- 
tions, upon  an  i/ -subject;  as, for  peace, 
for  war  against  sortie  third  power,  con 
earning  commerce,  the  mail,  the  re 
turn  of  escaped  criminals,  etc. The 
power  to  make  treaties  /or  the  United 
States  rests  with  the-P-resident,  two- 
thirds  of  the  Senate  concurring.  Treat 
IBS  are  •n*o/ox\a*eo  ;  i.e.,  the  terms  are 
agreed  upon  by  the  agents  of  the  two 
governments;  an'd  a  copy  o/*he  arfri 


cles  of  agreement  is  sent  to  each 
government  to  be  v«.\t\eA.  l*«  a 
treaty  of  peace,  terminating  a 
war,  the  contracting  parties 
have  no  right  to  take  up  arms 
again  in  the  same  cause,.  and 
the  government  is  bound  to  or- 
der and  en/orce  the  restitution 
of  property  eaptiu-ed  subsequent 
ly  to  the  conclusion  of  the  treat)). 
Tf\ESP/V,SS.—  Any  wrono,  or  dam- 
age done,  by  force,  or  violence,on 
the  person,  property,  or  relative 
rights  of  another;  U--H  law/u-l 
entry  on  the  lands  of  another; 
a  kind  of  action  at  law.  T-re*, 
see  Ta-re.  Trial,  the  formal  ex- 
amination of  a  cause  be/ore  a 
Judge  by  means  of  witnesses 
in  a  court  of  law,  as  to  whether 
certain  alleged  facts  or  charges 
are  true  or  false.  The  usual 
course  of  proceeding  in  a  trial 
is:  (I)  the  plaintiffs  counsel  o- 
pens  the  trial  by  brie/ly  statitt9 
what  the  case  is,  and  then  exa-m- 
ines  such  witnesses  as  he  choos 
es,  the  de/endant's  counsel  hav- 
ing the  right  to  cross-examine 
each  one;  (31)  this  examination 
and  cross-examination  is  made 
by  the  counsel  asking  questions 
which  the  witness  must  answer; 
(  3)  after  the  plaintiff  has  pre- 
sented all  his  witnesses,  the  de/en 
danfs  counsel,  in  turn,  brie/ly 
states  what  his  defence  is,  and 
examines  his  witnesses,  the  oth 
er  side  having  the  right  to  cross 
era-mine  each  one:  (4-)  the  dc- 
/endanfs  counsel  then  -makes  an 
argument  upon  the  case,  and_  -Hie 
plaintiff's  counsel  closes  with 
his  argument.  THis  ends  the  tri 
al  if  it  is  be/ore  the  court  alone 
I/  i*  is  before  a  jury,  see  Suit  for 
the  remainder  o/the  procedure 
f^l/Vt  B/^JVNCE.-ln  book-keepitio 
a  test  to  ascertain  whether  the  del 
it  and  credit  sides  o/the  ledger 
are  equal.  It  does  not  prove  the 
work  to  be  absolutely  correct,  as 
errors  may  be  made  which  will 
not  affect  the  equality  of  the 
ledger,  such  as  erroneous  cowpu 
tations,  errors  in  journalizing, 
posting  to  the  wrong  account,etc 
Ho_wever,  i/the  /ootinps  o/the 
Trial  Balance  are  equal,  it  is  gen 
erally  accepted  as  proof  that  the. 
work  upon  the  ledger  is  correct 
- 


rHIB\JNJ\]L.-6  court  of  justice, ot 
the  seat  of  a  judge.  Triers,  pers- 
ons appointed  to  ascertain_wheth- 
er  a  challenge  to  a  panel  of  jurors, 
or  to  a  single  juror,  is  just.  Tro- 
ver, the  obtaining  possession  of 
goods  by  finding  them,  or  by  va- 
rious means  other  thati  by  pur- 
chase; an  action  at  law  by  the 
rightful  owner  to  recover  from 
the  finder  lost  or  strayed  proper 
ty,  or  to  try  a  disputed  case  of 
property  in  goods  or  chattels. 
Truce,  an  agreement  to  su-s- 
pend  hostilities  temporarily.  I* 
•way  be  for  a  few  days,  months. 
or  /or  years,  and  for  any  purpose 
The  government  is  bou.nd  to 
-wake  retribution  for  prizes 
taken  after  its  commencement 


JANUARY  31,19.... 


Proprietor, 

Cash, 

Merchandise, 

Expense, 

L.S.Mitchell, 

M.L.G-unn, 

Chas.  Landers, 

A.P.Parker, 

Alex.  G-ibson, 


697  SO 
17500 
12500 


4000  0 
671875137355 
477500132162 
23550 

5000 
400100  11750 


zooo 

1000' 
2000 


I3I26S75JI3U6  75 


and  marketing  of  vegetables  . 
It  is  carried  on  in  favored  local 
itics  at  a  distance  /rom  market 
water  or  rail  transportation  be 
ing  necessary.  I/  carried  on  -near 
local  markets,  the  grower  u-sing 
his  own  team  /or  transporta- 
tion, it  is  called  wa.iiV.«,V  o,*i6.«,i(\ 
vwq,.  TVu-e  Bill,  an  indorsement 
which  a  grand  jury  makes  upon 
a  bill  -when  they  find  it,  being 
satisfied  of  the  truth  of  the  ac 
isation. 

.. An  festate  or  right  held 

by  one  party  /or  the  benefit  of 
another.  When  it  is  desired  to 
give  one  the  income  from  cer 
tain  property,  but  without  the 
right  to  manage  or  dispose  pi 
it,  as  where  a  parent  is  provid 
ing  for  children  too  uaung  to 
manage  /or  -themselves,  the 
property  is  given  to  a  third  per 
son,  who  is  called  a  Vtu.%*c.e..Th 
powers  of  a.  trustee  over  the  pro] 
erty  are  governed  by  the  deed  i. 
wi  II  creating  t-hc  trust,  and  are 
different  in  different  cases.Th 
position  is  one  requiring  perfec 
and  good  faith, the  trustee  no 
beini?  allowed  to  do  anythi-M9 
with  the  estate  -to  benefit  him 
sel/.  The  person  for  whose  ben 
e/i't  the  property  is  held  has  n 
power  over  it. 

Ff^llSTEE.-A  person  who  holds 
an  estate  or  other  property  for 
the  benefit  of  another.  Trustee 
P-rocess,  a  process_  by  which  the 
goods  of  a  debtor,  in  the  hands 
o/a  third  party,  may  be  reache- 
by  an  attaching  creditor.  Tu.b 
-Hian,  a  barrister  having  a  pre 
audience  in  the  exchequer,  an 
a  particular  place  in  court.  Tur- 
bary, an  easement;  a  right  to 
dig  turf.  Tu-r/,  peat,  or  the  fi 
brous,  black,  earthy  substance  u 
ed  as  fuel  ;  horse-racing.Tu^or 
one  who  has  charge  ofthees 
tate  and  person  of  a  minor, 
Twelve  Tables,  the  earliest  cod 
of  Roman  law,  cut  on  twelve 
bronze  tablets. 


272 


\jLlAGE.-What  a  cask  lacks  of  being 
/ull.  Ultittio,  ih<  last  month  preceding 
the  present;  as,  on  the  tenth  ultimo, 
weaning  the  tenth  of  last  -month.  Ab- 
breviated \x\x.U-Hclaittied  Goods,  any 
merchandise  upon  which  duty  has 
not  been  paid  within  the  time  which 
is  prescribed  by  law,  or  which  has  re- 
mained in  the  government  sto^res 
/or  three  years  a/ter  importation. 
Su-ch  merchandise  is  appraised,  ad- 
vertised, and  sold  at  public  auction 
as  "unclaimed  goods. "U-M current 
Money,  money  which  does  not  pass 
/or  its  /ace  value. 

UNDEFtf.EA.SE.-  Another  word  /or 
Sublease,  which  see.  Under  P-rice, 
below  the  regular  price.U-Hder-Sell, 
to  sell  at  lower  prices  than  those  in 
the  regular  trade.  Undertaking,  a 
written  obligation  -required  by  stat- 
ute, and  without  any  expression  of 
a  consideration.  If  need  not  be  u-n 
der  seal.  Under-tenant,  one  who 

,  holds  by  underlease  or  subleasefq.v.). 

\WDEFlVVHrrEf(.-  An  insurer,  espe- 
cially one  who  insures  vessels  and  car- 
goes. So-called  because  he  writes  his 
•name  under, and  guarantees,thecim- 
ditions  of  insurance.  U-Hi-forttiity 
of  Law,  a  phrase  having  -reference 
to  law  as  based  upon  general  princi- 
ples. The  laws  o/the  di//etent States, 
instead  o/di//ering  greatly, are  com- 
paratively uni/orm;  the  di//erences 
being  only  in  minor  matters.  The 
chie/ reasons  for  Wiis  uniformity 
are:  (I)  All  law  is  supposed  to  bebas 
«d  upon  the  principles  o/rigjit^wheth 
er  ^oVvV'xcaX ,  cW\\ ,  •a.utoXwke.  C\M'\\ ,  or  *ceV 
a.V\\ie  cw\V,(2J  All  the  law_  has  -the 
same  historical  origin;  viz., the  com 
mon  law  of  England. 
JN(TEJ>  STATES  BOffDS.- Bonds  is- 
sued for  the  /unded  loans  o/the &ov 
ernment.  They  are  known  by  the 
rates  o/  interest  which  they  bear, 
and  by  the  dates  when  they  are  pay- 
able or  redeemable. Civs<'V/<c.\\cv}co\xe.c, 
were  made  payable  thirty  years  /row 
their  dates  of  issue,  July  f,  1862, and 
July  2, 1864.  They  were  all  registered 
bonds  o/SIOOp,  *5000,and*IO,000, 
and  bore  6%  interest  payable  Jaw 
ary  I  and  July  I.  V\\ie.-~T \NC-VMI\M, re 
deemable  in  /rom  /ive  to  tweit. 


at  6%  interest.  SVne.1:,  o<<  YJftX, is- 
sued -mostly  in  1861,  payable  in  1881, 
at  69^  fnterest.'Xe'v\-1fo'vV\es,  issu- 
ed in  1864,  redeemable  in  /row  ten 
to  /orty  ijears,  at-  5%  infcerest.ScN- 
ewAVCvrVxe*,  redeemable  in/rotn 
seven  to  thirty  years,  at  I?fo9^ 
interest.  >J.S.Wc.\y\c^.^.t\m8.*c,\) 
S\xe*,  issued  to  aid  in  the  construc- 
tion o/  -railroads  to  the  Paci/ic Coast, 
redeemable  in  thirty  years, at  6% 
interest.  All  the  above  bonds, ex- 
cept the  currency  bonds,  were 
made  redeemable  in  coin,  and 
the  interest  payable  semi-annu- 
ally  in  coin 


to  another  without  impairing  the 
substance  or  without  alienating  it. 
U*u/ructuary,  one  who  has  t  He 

.  use  and  pro/its  o/a  thing. 

\JSl>HPA/IOpf.-  The  act  of  selling 
and  taking  possession  of  another's 
property  or  rights.  Usurper,  one 
who  /orcibly  assumes  the  n'ght 
of  government,  contrary  *o  the 
laws  o/the  country.  Usury. the 
taking  o/more  than  legal  inter- 
est for  the  use  of  money.  Iti  most 
o/the  States  it  is  illegal  to  agree 
to^pay  or  take -more  than  a  cer- 
tain rate  o/  interest,  and  -no  such 
an  a9reement  can  te  en/orced;i.e, 


Treasurer^ iDepartnient. 
fJLQOQ:   U  is  hereby 


0//fee. 


Are  indebted  unto .CvNV.V^oMM^Xow, or  Assigns, 

in  the  sum  ofX~~O*\a"^Vvo%v6».*\&T>o\\*!ir*.-^~v~  pay  able  on  the 
/irst  day  of  January,  1897,  with  interest  /r&m  the  /irst  day  o/Ja» 
uary,  1879,  Si)f  percent,  per  an-num,  payable  semi-annuallj),  iti  law- 
/ul  wo-ney,  on  the /irst  day  o/  January  and  July  in  each  year.  This 
debt  is  authorized  by  Act  o/  Congress,  approved  July  1, 1862, and  Ju- 
ly X,  1864,  and  is  trans/erable  on  the  books  o/  the  o//fce 
" 


UNITED  STATES  NOTE. -A 

promise  to  pay  to  the  bearer  on 
demand  a  certain  sum  o/money, 
issued  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment,and  used  as  money  .Unify 
o/ Possession,  possession  where 
one  has  several  rights  or  estates 
in  his  own  hartd.Unlaw/ul  As- 
sembly, any  meeting  o/a  num- 
ber o/personSj/or  the  purpose  of 
mutually  assisting  each  other  in 
creating  a  disturbance  o/the  pub- 
lic peace,  or  the  eirecution  o/so-me 
unlaw/ul  enterprise, with  /orce 
and  violence.  U-«li«|»»4da*eil  Da-tM 
ages,  open  damages,  or  those  not 
yet  ascertained. 

UwrviERCVtANTAjaUE.-  Unsalable 
/rom_any  cause.  U-Hseaworthy, 
not  /ft  /or  a  voyage. U-*isoutid,aiiy 
werchandise,the  value  of  which  is 
impaired.  Usage,  long  and  uni/orm 
practice.  Usance,  business  custotn 
which  is  generajly  conceded  and  act 
ed  upon;  -the  time  allowed  by  cus- 
tom /or  the  payment  of  bills  of 
exchange.  Use,  a  con/idence re- 
posed in  another,  who  was  ten- 
ant, or  terre-tenant,  that  he  would 
dispose  o/the  land  according  to  the 
wishes  of  the  c/e«,W\  <\\v«.  \v%e-,or  to 
whose  use  it  was  gran  ted, a-nd.su/ 
/er  him  to  take  the  p-^o/its. 

JSUCAPTlO(tf  —  The  title  or  right 
to  property  acquired  by  the  u-ni-nter 
rupted  and  undisputed  possession 
o/  it  /or  a  certain  time.  Usu/ruct, 
the  right  o/ using  and  enjoying 
the  pro/its  o/a  thing  belonging 


|  PAYABLE  IN    30  YEARS.|ftssista-nt  RegisteTofrttt  1 


a  borrower  cannot  be  compel  led 
to  pay  -mo-re  than  a  certain  rate, 
even  though  he  promises  it. Tha 
theory  with  reoardto  usury  has 
been  that  it  injures  the  comnju- 
nity  as  a  whole.  A  penalty  is  in- 
dicted upon  the  one  who  takes  us- 
ury, the  penalty  varying  in  the 
di//erent  States,  but  general I'y 
is.one  o/these  three  kinds:(l)the 
/or/eiture  o/the  usurious  interest 
i.e.,  all  above -the  law/ul  rate;(X) 
the/or/eiture  o/  all  the  interest; 
(3)the  /or/eiture  o/  both  princi- 
pal and  interest.  UfBfitie,  born 
o/the  same  mother.  Utter,  to  o/- 
/er;  *c. publish.  Ux**-,  a  woman 
law/ul  I  y  married. 
Ap^TE.— To  annul, or  rendervoid 
as,  to  vacate  an  order  o/the  court 
Vagabond,  a  vagrant,  or  an  idle 
/elfow  without  a  settled  home.Va- 
jra-M*,  one  who  re/uses  to^work 
or  goes  around  begging.  Valid,  o/ 
binding  force',  a  term  applied  to 
a  contract  that  is  properly  execu 
ted. Value, the  amount  o/tnoney 
people  in  peneral  would  pay  /prthe 
property.  Valitafio-M,  the  esti-mat- 
ed  worth  o/  a  thing.  ValueReceiv 
ed,  a  phrase  used  in  the  body  o/a 
promissory  rtote,  or  bill  o/e*chati9c, 
to  denote  that  a  consideration  has 
been  given  for  it.  The  vj/ords  are 
not  generally  necessary. Valued 
Policy,  one  which  fixes  the  value 
o/the  property  insured. 
VA.HI/VNCE.-Disagreement  Between 
two  parts  o/the  same  l«9al  proceed- 


273 


ing, which  ought  to  agree. Vassal,  a 
tenant,  or  dependent;  one  who  owes 
servitude  to  a  superior  lord.  Vendee, 
one  who  purchases  a  thing, or  to  wham 
it  is  sold.  Vendition,  a  sale,  or  the  act 
of  selling.  Vendo*1,  one  who  trans- 
fers the  exclusive -right  of  a  thing 
for  a  price  or  pecuniary  equivalent. 
Mewo.  is  applicable  only  to  wares, mer 
chandise,or  other  small  articles, not 
to  lands  and  tenements.  Ve-ndor's 
Lien,  in  equity,  a  lien  which  the  ven- 
dor has  upon  property  sold. The  lien 
remains  until  th«  purchase-money 
is  paid. 

VEKTbf\E.-A  term  used  by  seamen 
for  adventure. Venue,  in  a  legal  pro- 
ceeding, the  county  in  which  the 
facts  are. alleged  to  have  occurred,and 
from  which  the  jury  are  to  come  to 
try  t.he  issue. Verbatim,  a  term  sig- 
nifying word  for  word.  Vet-diet,  the 
decision  of  a  jury  reported  to  a  judge, 
on  the  matters  brought  before  them. 
If  the  jury  cannot  agree, they  are 
discharged,  and  another  trial  maybe 
had;  but  if  they  agree, they  return  to 
the  court  and  announce  their  verdic" 
In  most  of  the  States  all  the  men 
bers  of  a  jury  must  agree  before  ave 
die*  can  be  rendered. 

VEHIFICATIOK.-The  act  of  proving 
to  be  true,  applied  to  a  writing;  an  a- 
yerment  under  oath  by.  the  party  mak- 
ing the  pleading,  that  he  is  prepared 
to  establish  the  truth  of  the  facts 
•vtiicflM  has  pleaded.  Vessel,  a  ship 
in  genera.l  .\S>««  %V\\^\.  Vest,  to  place 
in  possession ;  to  invest,  as  with  au 
thority  or  right.  Vetted  Remainder, 
after  a  particular  estate  is  spent,  an 
estate. which  is  fixed  to  re-main  to  a 
ieiiA-m'v  Y\AW  ^e-YSow .  Ves^u/fG,  p rof- 
i^or  production  of  land. 

VETO.—  The  right  possessed  by  the, 
executive  power  of  a  government  to 
reject  the  laws  or  propositions  pass- 
ed or  promoted  by  the  legislative  de- 
partment. As  the  two  houses  of  a 
legislature  may  concur  in  adopting 
an  unwise  measure,  this  additional 
safeguard  is  provided  against  the  en- 
actment of  bad  laws,  by  requiring 
all  bills  to  be  sent  to  the  executive, 
as  the.  President  or  a  G-overnor,  for 
examination  and  approval.  If  heap- 
prove  a  bill,  he  signs  it, and  itisalaw; 
if  he  does  not  approve,  he  must  re- 
turn the  bill  to  the  house  in  which 


it  originated,  Stating  his  objections  to 
it;  and  if  it  shall  be  again  passed  by  both 
houses,  it  will  be  a  law  without  the  e>- 
ecutive's  assent.  I-M  Congress  a-nd 
most  of  the  State  Legislatures^avote 
of  two-thirds  of  the  members  is  nec- 
essary to  pass  a  bill  the  second  time. 

VE\.—  To  view  or  see. Via,  by  way  of: 
a  cart  way,  including  a  foot-way  and 
a  horse-way.  Vicar,  one  who  performs 
the  functions  of  another;  the  i-M- 
cum.bentofa  benefice. Vicarage, 
the  living  or  benefice  of  a  vicar. 

VICE- PRESIDENT.-  The  officer  next 
in  rank  below  the  President.  Me  is 
elected  at  the  same  time  and  in  the 
same  manner  as  the.Preside.nt,but 
by  distinct  ballots.  His  qualifications 
are  required  to  be  the  same  as  those 
for  President,  and  he  is  chosen  for 
the  same  term.  He  is  not  strictly 
connected  with  the  executive  de- 
partment of  the  government,  hav- 
ing no  executive  functions, except 
he  succeed  to  the  presidency.  He  is 
more  closely  connected  with  the 
legislative  department,  being  presi- 
dent of  the  senate,  though. he  has 
no  vote  except  in  case  of  a  tie-vote. 

VICINAGE. -The  venue;  the  neigh- 
borhood. Vi/-gag«,  live  pledge.  Vil- 
la.ge,  a  small  inhabited  place  less 
than  a  town  or  city ,  but  larger 
than  a  hamlet.  Villein,  a  servant 
or  bondsman;  a  feudal  tenant  of 
the  lowest  class;  one  who  holds 
lands  by  a  base  or  servile,  tenure. 
Vis,  force,  violence,  or  disturbante 
to  a.  man's  person  or  property. Vis 
•major,  an  inevitable  accident;  a  Su- 
perior force. Void,  having  no  legal 
or  binding  force. Voidable, thatwhich 
has.  some  binding  f orce. or  effect, but 
which  may  either  be  avoided  o.r  rati- 
fied by  the  party  who  has  a  right  to 
annul  it.  VoJdance,  vacancy,  as  of 
a  benefice;  the  act  of.emptying. 
/OIH  DIHE.-A  preliminary  examina 
tion  of  witnesses,  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  their  competency  to 
testify. Voluntary  Conveyance, the 
conveyance  of  an  estate  without  any 
adequate  consideration  of  value.Vote 
suffrage;  the  number  of  voices  giv 
en  at  an  election. VJbee. 0^aNXV»ciV«>Tv 
loKMoVvw^V  Vouchee,  one  called  in- 
to court  to  make  good  his  warranty 
of  title.  Voucher-,  a  paper  or  docu- 
ment proving  that  some  transac- 
tion occurred;  as,  a  receipt  or  a  can- 
celed note  is  a  voucher  for  the  pay- 
ment of  money. 

W/^6E.— To  give  security  for  the  per- 
formance of  anything.  Wager,a 
bet.  Wager  of  Battel,  the  waging 
battle  by  the  plaintiff  with  the  cham 
pion  of  the  defendant.  Wager  oAmw, 
the  act  of  discharging  a  debt  by  an 
oa-th  taken  by  the  defendant, that 
he  does  not  owe  the  claim,  in  an  ac- 
tion of  debt  supported  by  the  oaths 
of  eleven  neighbors. Wai/,  a  thing 
found,  as  goods,  but  claimed  -by  no 
one;  such  as. a  thief  threw  away 
in  his  flight,  in  order  to  effect  h  is 
escape. 

iMA.IVE.-To  abandon  without n'oht; 
to  abandon  or  forsake  a  right;  *o 
outlaw  a  woman.  Waive-r,  the 
act  of  one  who  waives;  one  who 
does  not  insist  .on  some  right  or 
cjaim.  Wakening,  the.  act  of  re- 
viving an  action.  Way,  an  armed 


contest  between  nations  or  states. 
When  two  nations  are  at  war  all 
commercial  intercourse  between 
them  is  prohibited;  hence.,  a  con- 
tract made  between  a  citizen  of  one 
nation  and  a  citizen  of  an  other  with 
which  it  is  at  war,  is  ille.gal  and  void. 
A//\f^D.—  A  certain  division  of  a  city 
or  town;  a  person  underage  com- 
mitted to  the  VMJT^  or  care  of  a. 
guardian.  Ward  in  Chancery,  a  mi- 
nor placed  under  the  care  of  thechiit 
cellor.  Warden,  a  guardian  orkeef 
>  r.  Ward  Court,  district  courts  in 
some  large  cities  are  so  called. Ward! 
mote,  a  ward  court  in  London. 
Wa-res,  merchandise  of  any  kind. 
Warehouse,  a  store  for  good«,eitHet 
for  safe  keeping  or  for  sale.  Ware- 
housing, the  act  of  depositing  in 
a.  warehouse  for  safe  keeping. Wai 
randies,  a  warranty,  persona  I  or  real. 
AT  AH  II  ANT. -A  writ  under  seal,  is- 
sued by  a  court  to  an  off  icer,  di- 
recting him  to  arrest  an  offend- 
er. Warra-M*  o/  Attorney,  a 
power  given  by  a  client  to  his  at- 
to.rney  to  appear  and  plead  for 
him, or  to  suffer  judgment  to 
pass  against  him,  by  confessing 
the  cause  of  the  action  to  be  just. 
Wa-r-ran-ty,  an  engaae-ment  or 
undertaking  that  a  certain  fact 
regarding  the  subject  of  a  contract 
is,  or  shall  be,  as  it  is  declared  or 
promised  to  be.  A-n 'w«\^Y\e.o  war 
ranty  is  one  which  the  law  pre- 
sumes every  grantor  o-r  vendor 
to  make  when  he  disposes  of  prop 
erty.  A-H  e.<^^e.%9  warranty  is 
one  which  binds  the  grantor  anc 
his  heirs.  A  \\r\ea\  warranty  i  s 
one  wherein  the  heir  derived,  or 
might  have  derived,  his  title  from 
or  through  the  war-rantor.A  co\- 
V&*e*&\  warranty  is  one  whene-in 
the  heir's  title  neither  was  nor 
could  have  been  derived  front  t  he 
warrantor.  Iti  every  sale  of  per- 
sonal property  there  is  an  implied 
warranty  of  ownership. l«i  a  sale 
if  t.he  seller  warrants  that  the  art! 
cle  is  of  a  certain  quality,  or  is  suit 
ed  to  a  certain  purpose,  and  it  does 
not  prove  to  be  such,  he  must  s  uf • 
fer  the  loss.  If  there  be  no  express 
agreement  as  to  quality  or  fitness, 
the  buyer  must  take  the  risk,  for 
•no  warranty  is  implied.  In  a  sale 
of  real  estate  if  the  deed  contain 
no  covenants  of  warranty,  the  bay 
er^mutt  stand  the  loss,  if  some  one 
else  Trove  himself  to  have  a  better 
Tigh*  or  a  prior  claim  to  the  prop- 
erty or  any  part  of  it.  In  insur- 
ance law  it  is  a  stipulation  or  en 
gagement  by  a  party,  insured,  that 
certain  things  relating  to  the  sub 
ject  of  insurance,  or  affecting 
the  risk,  exist,  or  shall  exist ,  or 
have  been,  or  s.h  a  1 1.  be  done;  such 
•s  the  stipulation  in  a  policy  o./ 
life  assurance  that  the  declaration 
ts  to  health, etc.,  signed  by  the  as 
lured,  shall  become  part  of  the  pol- 
icy; and  in  marine  insurance, the 
periods  of  the  ship's  sailing, or  the 
liability  .of  the  insurers  for  average 
claims.  These  VMa-VTa-v\V\e»  whet 
express,  should  appear  in  thepo 
icy;  but  there  are  also  cert  a  it 
implied  warranties,  as  in  othe 
Con*r«ct«.\5>««fc'^va.T»-Y\*vk'\.  . 


274 


In  the  stock  exchange,  a  pre- 
tended sale  by  special  agreement  be- 
tween buyer  and  seller,  (or  the  pur- 
pose oi  getting  a  quotation  reported. 
Waste,  clippings,  remnants, etc.,  of 
manufactures,  many  of  which  are 
valuable,  and  have  a  recognized  place 
in  commerce;  *hat  destruction  or 
devastation  of  property  which  arises 
from  exceeding  the  right  of  user. 
Wasta9«,  '05S  '"  handlingjshrinl'age 
Waste -Book,  a  book  in  which  rough 
entries  of  transactions  are  made. 
W/VJER  BAJLIFF.-An  of  ficer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  search  ships  in  port.Wa 
ter  Course,  a  channel  for  the  con- 
veyance of  water,  having  special  ref- 
erence to  a  running  strea.m.V->e*V\- 
^vAfcYi^xo^VveHoxV  Water  Level,  the 
level  formed  by  the  surface  of  still 
water.  Water-Logged,  lying  like  a 
tog  on  the  water,  as  a  ship,  when 
a  large  quantity  of  water  has  en- 
tered the  hold.  Water-Mark,  a  let 


tght 


pape 


Water  Power-,  water  employed  to  set 
and  keep  machinery  in  motion. The 
riparian  proprietor  is  entitled  to  the 
fall  of  a  stream,  when  in  its  natural 
state,  as  itpasses  through  his  land, 
or  along  the  boundary  of  it;  that 
is,  the  >N»Ve-<  ^OVMB-V  consists  in  the 
difference  of  level  between  the  sur 
face  where  the  stream  first  touches 
his  land  and  the  surface  where  it 
leaves  it.  V^«*<P1wea.-<v^.WaterProo/' 
so  fine  and  close  in  texture  as  not 
to  allow  water  to  pass  through. 
Nlft.  —  A  route,  passage, strcet.ot  road 
There  are  four  kinds  of  ways,  via.; 
e  foot-way;a  horse  and  foot-way, is 
also  called  a  pack-way;  acart  way,  in 
eluding  the  two  preceding;  and  a 
drift-way,  which  is  a  way  for  driving 

tw&WxqV*  oi  \NAV>V  Way  Bill. a  doc 

ument  containing  a  list  and  a  de- 
scription of  goods  sent  by  a  common 
carrier  by  land;  it  may  also  Include 
the  names  of  the  passengers.  When 
sent  by  water  it  is  called  a  \>\\\  o»\». 
OA-W).  Ways  atid  Means,  anexpres 
sion  implying  the  resources  of  an 
individual  or  conce-rn  applicable  for 
certain  purposes,  and  the  mode  of  ap 
plying  them. 

WEA.^.— Injury  or  decay  by  use;  a 
dam  made  across  a  river,  accommo 
dated  for  the  taking  of  fish  ,ortocori 
vey  a  stream  to  a  mill.  Wed,  an  agree 
ment  or  covenant;  whence. a  wed 
ded  husband. Weight  o/ Evidence 
an  expression  signifying  that  the 
proof  on  one  side  of  a  cause  is  great 


er  than  on  the  other.  What-/,  the 
landing  place  for  loading  and  unload 
ina  vessels.  Whar/age,  money  paid 
for  using  a  wharf,  dock, or  quay,  for 
loading  or  unloading  goods.  Whar/- 
inger,  one  who  owns  or  keeps. a 
wharf  for  the  purpose  of  receiving 
or  shipping  merchandise  to  or  from 
it  for  hire. 

W>{ol.ESALE.-To  sell  goods  in  quan 
tity;  usually  in  whole  or  unbroken 
packages.  Wholesale  Dealer,  one 
who  buyes  his  goods  from  first 
hands, and  sells  in  large  quanti- 
ties to  other  merchants. Wife's 
Equity,  the  claim  or  right  which 
a  wife  has  to  a  suitable  provision 
out  of  her  estate,  by  settlement  up 
on  her,  for  the  support  of  herself 
and  children. \5>e-e.V>axV\eAxNo'««.YC\. 

WILL'.—  The  disposition  of  one's 
property,  to  take  effect  after  the 
occurrence  of  death.  As  a  general 
rule  a  person  may  dispose  of  all 
his  property  upon  his  death  in 
any  way  he  wishes,  even  to  dis- 
inheriting his  own  children. The 
person  making  a  will  is  called  the 
ne^av-o-*.. If  no.will  is  left, the  per- 
son is  said  to  die '\-vOt«,4*ate,and  the 
property  is  distributed  among  cer- 
tain relatives  according  to  law.As 
a  rule  every  person  of  full  age 
and  sound  mind  may  make  a  will, 
except  -married  women  in  some 
ca.ses.  If  upon  the  probate  of  a 
will,  it  is  shown  that  the  testa- 
tor was  of  unsound  mind, or  was 
unduly  influenced  by  any  one,  it 
will  be  declared  void.  A  will  must 
be  made  according  to  legal  require 
merits,  or  it  is  void.  It  mustlljbi 


jpt 


and  (3)  it  niust.be  signed  by  two 
or  more  attending  witnesses,  in 
whose  presence  the  testator  must 
sign  the  will,  or  acknowledge  that 
he  signed  it,  and  declare  itto  be  his 
last  will  and  testament.  A  testato 
may  -revoke  or  alter  a  will  in  any 
particular  before  death.  It  -may  be 
revoked  (I)  by  burning ,  tearing 
or  otherwise  purposely  destroying 
it,  or  ( 2)  by  making  a  new  will 
with  the  satne  fo-rmalities,  ex- 
pressly revoking  the  prior  will 
I/  a  will  is  accidentally  destroyed 
and  there  is  no  intent -to  revoke 
it,  it  still  legally  exists.  If  a  secon 
will  does  not  expressly  revoke  the 
former,  both  stand  as  far  as  they 
do  not  contradict  each  other, bu 
the  latter  prevails  where  they  are 
antagonistic.  A  coo'\ci\  is  an  addi- 
tion or  supplement  to  a  will,  anc 
must  be.execu.ted  with  the  same 
formalities.  A  will  made  by  an  un 
married  woman  is  legally  revoke< 
by  her  marriage. Witnesses  a-re 
not  requifad  to  know  the  content: 
of  a  will,  but  simply  to  know  that 
the  document  is  a  will,  and  witnesr 
the  signing  of  the  same  by  the  tes 
tator.  A  testator  may  appoint  his 
executors,  but  no  one  can  serve- 
if  he  be  a  -mino-r,  a  convict,  a  luna 
tic,  a  drunkard,  an  imbecile, or  an 
alien.  One  who  is  appointed  ane» 
ecu-tor  may  renounce  his  appoin 
merit  by  legal  written  notice  sign 
ed  before  two  witnesses,  which  no 
tice  mutt  be  recorded  by  the  office 


before  whom  the  will  is  proved. 


I,  James  Armstrong,  of  thecity 
of  Indianapolis,  in  the  county  of  Ma- 
rion, and  State  of  Indiana,  being  of 
ound  mind  and  memory  and  under- 
tanding,  d.o  make  my  last  will  and 
estament  in  manner  and  form 
ollowino.: 

V\«**.-l  give  and  bequeath  unto 
my  beloved  wife,  Jennie,  the  use.iw- 
irovement  and  income  of  my  wan 
louses, .dwelling  house,  and  lands, 
situate  In  White  River  township, 
vlarion  county,  State  of  Indiana, 
o  have  and  to  hold  the  same  to  her 
or  and  during  her  natural  life. 

Seco-*»ci.—  I  give  and  bequeath  to 
my  daughters,  Emily  ,  Jane,  and 
idna,  five  thousand  dollars  each 
after  they  have  attained  the  age 
of  twenty-one  years. 

T\\vir4.-l  give  and  bequeath  to 
my  son,  Henry,  two  thousand  dol- 
ars  after  he  attains  the  age  of 
twenty- one  years;  and  I  also  give, 
devise,  and  bequeath  to  my  said 
son,  Henry,  the  reversion  orrema'™ 
der  of  my  warehouses,  dwelling  house, 
and  lands.,  situate  in  White  River  town 
ship,  Marion  county,  State  of  Indi- 
ana, and  all  profits,  income  and 
advantage  that  may  result  there- 
from, from  and.  after  the  decease 
of  my  beloved  wife,  Jennie. 

TO\VY*V\.— I  alst)  give, devise, and 
bequeath  to  my  beloved  wife, Jennie 
all  the  residue  of  my  estate,  real, 
personal,  or  mixed,  of  which  I  shall 
be  seized  or  possessed,  or  to  which  I 
shall  be  entitled  at  the  time  of  my 
decease;  to  have  and  to  hold  the  same 

>  her  and  her  executors  and  admin 

Orators  and  assigns  forever. 

V\t*Y\.— I  do  nominate  and  appoint 
my  brother,  William  Armstrong 
to  be  the  executor  of  this, my  last 
will  and  testament. 

Irt  wit-ness  whereof,  I  hereun- 
to set  my  hand  and  seal, this  tenth 
day  of  September,  A. 0.,  19 

\  K  afc.c-.~  o»-o       fl      5 

Signed, sealed,  declared  and  publish 
ed  by  the  said  James  Armstrong  as 
and  for  his  last  will  and  testament 
in  presence  of  us,  at  his  request  and 
in  his  presence,  and  in  presence  of 
each  other,  have  subscribed  ou. 

ames  as  witnesses  hereto. 

^ov*t*^«.KWv%,  residing  at  hidianapolis. 


O^  COOXCAX-. 


Whereas  I,  James  Arinstrong,du 
on  the  tenth  day  of  Septem  be-r, 
I9...,make  my  last  wi_l(  and. testa- 
ment, I  do  now,  by  this  writing 
add  this  codicil  to  my  said  will,  to 
be  taken  as  a  part  thereof. 

Whereas,  by  the  dispensationof 
Providence,  my  daughter,  Edna.hjt 
deceased  March  II,  19..., and  where 
as  a  son  has  been  born  to  me,¥diich 
son  has  been  christened  Robert  Arm 
strong,  I  give  and  bequeath  unto 
him  five  thousand  dollars, bequeal 
ed  to  my  deceased  daughter,  Edna 
in  the  body  of  this  will. 

I-M  witness  whereo-f,etc.^»\\\ 
XV\e  toT-m  oi  »  >N\\\>\  . 


Various  clauses  maybe  inserte< 
in  a  will;  such  as  relating  to  the 
cancelling  of  debts, etc. 


276 


WlSBUY  LA.WS.-A  code  of  -marine 
laws,  at  one  time  the  laws  of  the  tea, 
compiled  at  Witbuy.  the  ancient  cap 
ital  of  Gothland. Withdrowi-M9  a  Ju 
*»r,  in  case  it  it  improper  that  a 
cau.se  should  proceed,  at  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  judge,  on*  of  the 
juror*  !i  withdrawn,  which  ends 
the  proceeding*  for  the  time. With 
out  Recourse,  words  which    ar 
sometimes  added  to  an.  indorse- 
ment by  the  indorsee,  in  order  to 
avoid  any  personal  liability, and  that 
h«  -may  transfer  the  instrument 
and  still  have  it  retain  its  negotia- 
bility. Without  this,  that,  words 
technically  used  in  a  traverse, which 
deny  a  material  fact  in  the  preceding 
pleadings. 

WITplESS.—  One  who  testifies  un- 
der oath  to  what  he  knows;  one 
who  sees  the  execution  of  a  deed, 
a  will,  etc.,  and  subscribes  his. name 
to  it  to  confirm  its  authenticity 
Workhouse,  a  house  where  the 
poor  .are  taken  care  of  and  provid- 
ed with  employment. Working  Day, 
a  day  on  which  ordinary  laborer  bw 
iness  is  carried  on,  as  distinguished 
from  ^>«.Tv6»«. Wreck,  the  goods 
cast  ashore  from  a  ship  that  has 
broken  up  at  sea.  In  England  such 
goods  belong  to  the  crown  .In  the 
United  States  the  various  States 
have  laws  relating  to  property  wreck 
ed  on  the  coast. Wrecked  Goods, met 
chandise  taken  from  &  wreck, or picl 
<d  up  while  floating  on  the  water 
after  the  wreck  of  a  vessel. 

VVJ\IT.—  A  legal  instrument, issue 
by  tome  court,  directed  to  the  defen 
dant  or  an  officer  of  the  court,com 
rnandina  him  to  do  something  there 
in  •mentioned  touching  a  suit, action 
or  proceeding. There  are  about  two 
lundred  different  kinds  of  writs. 
f^Hp.  —  An  enclosure  in  which  • 
ny  work  is  carried  on;  an  inclose 
space  of  ground  attached  to  a.  d  we  I 
ing  house  forth*  use  of  its  inhabi 
tants.Yem-r,  the  C\M'\\  year  contains 
365  days,  every  leap  year  366,  an< 
commences  at  the  completion  of 
12  o'clock  on  the  night  of  December 
31  in  each  year.  The  «.sk TO \\oW\ca\ 
ytar  Contains  365  days  5  hours 
48  minutes  4-6  seconds  of  •mean 
solar  time.  Yaa-r  and  Day, «.  ter 
much  used  and  recognized  in  law 
meaning  a  full  year.  Yeoman,  in  tn 

•  lish  society,  a  grade  next  to  that 
of  a  I)»Y\V\«\V%»\\-,  a  man  of  small 

•  state  inland.  Yielding  and  Paying 
a  phra»*  exprtiiing  th«  reservation 
of  rent  in  a  deed  or  lease. 


^BDICATIO(f.-TH«  renunciation  of  «ti 
office  before  the  expiration  of  ¥  he 
t«rm.  Abduction,  the  act  of  fraud - 
ulc  ntly_  and  forcibly  taking  away  or 
detaining  a  man's  wife  or  child.  Ab- 
juration, *l<c  act  gf  renouncing  by 
oath,  of  one's  alliance.  Abortion, 
the  premature  expulsion  of  the  cotv 
tents  of  the  pregnant  ut«rui.  Ab- 
sconding Debtor,  a  debtor  who 
9ocs  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
courts,  iti  order  to  avoid  their  pro- 
cesses. Absolu.*is*»i,  that  form  of 
government  in  which  the  powe-r 
is  vested  in  one  or  more  persons 
uncontrolled  by  any  law. 

A.CCEPTOI^.-The  drawee  of  a  bill 
of  exchange, af-ter  acceptance. He 
is  then  the  principal  debtor,  arid  re- 
sponsible to  all  parties.  Accessary, 
one  who  aid*  privily  in  committing 
a  crime,  when  it  is  said  to.  be  \je- 
ko"(«,  VVia  4acV.  If  he. knowingly  re- 
ceive*, relieves,  or  aids  the  felon,  it 
is  said  to  be  a.iv»*  *V\e  lax*.  Accesso- 
ry Co»i*-ract,  a  contract  made  (or 
assuring  the  performance  of  a  for- 
mer one.  Accumulative  Judgment 
after  the  expiration  of  the  first 
sentence  a9a!nst  a  convicted  per- 
son, the  commencement  of  a  sec- 
ond. Accusation, .*hc  act  of  charg- 
i  no  one  with  a  crime. 

A,CfliUlTTAA..-The  discharge  of  one 
accused  of  a  crime.  Actio-M,  a  legal 
demand  of  one's  rights.  Adu.1*, 
a  person  21  years  of  391:, accord in9 
to  cow-mo^ \»VM ;  or  a  tnale  14  or  a 
female  13  years  of  896,  according  to 
cW\\  \avM.  Adultery,  violation  of thi 
•marriage  bed,  by  two  persons.otjier 
than  husband  and  wife.  Affinity 
relationship  by  marriage.  A//iVr« 
ativc,  that  which  declares  or  asserts 
athin9to  be  true  In  diccwssiom  th 
burden  of  proof  generally  lies  with 
the  affirmative.  A$e,  see  Full  Ape. 
Aid  P-raye*1,  a  petmon  to  a  court 
asking  help  from  another  person 
who  is  interested  in  the  matter  i 
dispute.  Aldcrmar<,  see  Board  of  Al 
dcrmen. 

ALIBI.— Being  elsewhere  at  the  time 
of  the  commission  of  a  crime.  Ali 
•mony ,  the  sum  allowed  for  the  sup 
port  of  a  wife  who  is  separated  from 
her  husband.  Alluvion,  earth  or 
other  matter  gained  on  a  shore  or 
bank  of  the  sea  or  river,  to  which 
*h«  owner  of  the  land  is  entitled 
Ally,  a  confederate.  Al*efa*io*i 
any  change  in  the  terms  of  an  in 
strutnent,  which  renders  it  voi< 
A-m-nesty,  a  general  pardon  of  of 
fenses  against  a  government.  An 
arch y,  the  absence  of  all  political 
authority.  Apparent  Authority 
the  power  which  a  principal  has  al 
lowed  his  agent  to  seem  to  have,t 
act  for  him. 

A.f\ISTOC«/SCY.- That  form  ofgov 
ernment  in  which  only  a  privile 
•  d  class  of  persons  it  vested  wit.h 
supreme  power.  A-f-rest,  to  restrain 
a  person  of  hit  liberty  by  authority 
of  law.  Arrest  of  Judgement,  the 
staying  of  judgment, on  account  o 
some  error  appearing  on  the  recon 
A-rso-M,  the  crime  of  wilfully  burn 


inq  any  property.  AssAssi-nation, 
the  act  of  secretly  murdering  by  vi- 
olence or  surprise.  Assent,  to  a- 
gree.  A  proposition  not  assented  to 
by  both  parties  is  not  binding.  As- 
sent may  be  given  by  words,ei- 
ther  oraf  or  written,  by  acts, and 
sometimes  by  silence.  Assessor, 
one  who  is  authorized  to  fix  the 
Value  of  .taxes.  Assessment,  the 
amount  of  tax  .laid  on  property. 
ASSIZE.  — A  session  or  sitting  as  of 
a  court;  a  s.he-riff's  writ  for  the 
recovery^of  immovable  property. 
Assurning  Mottgage,  the  act 
of  purchasing  mortgaged  proper- 
ty, agreeing  to  pay  the  mortgage. 
Asylum,  a  hospital  for  the  insane 
blind,  deaf  and  dumb,  inebriate, 
orphans,  and  others.  EveryState 
establishes  and  supports  some  of 
Hicsc.  Attorney  General,  see  Sec- 

BAjCkC  BOjJO.- A  bond  of  indemni- 
ty given  to  a  surety.  Balance  of 
Power',  the  endeavor  not  to  per- 
mit anw  nation  to  have  such  a 
p-reponderatin9  power  as  to  en- 
danger the  peace  or  independence 
of  the  others.  Bawis***-,  one  who 
pleads  at  the  ba-r  in  a  cou-rt  of 
law.  Basta/fd,  one  born  of  an  il- 
licit connection.  Betiefice,  an  ec- 
clesiastical living  or  preferment 
Bigiiwy,  the  state  of  having  two 
or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  the 
same  time.  . 

BILL  OF  SIGHT.- A  form  of  entry 
made  at  the  Custom  House  when 
the  importer  of  9Oods,orthe  per 
son  to  whom  they  are  consigned 
does  not  kriow^the  exact  descrip 
tion  or  quantity,  by  which  form 
they  are  per-mitted  to  be  landed 
for  his  examination,  and  then 
he  makes  a  correct  form  of  en- 
try for^he  goods.  Bill  of  Entry 
f  description  of  goods  entered  a! 
the  Custon  House,  whether-  irn 
ported  or  intended  for  eiportation.i 
Bill  and  Note  B-roker,  one  who 
acts  for  others  in  the  buying  and 
selling  of  commercial  paper. 
BLOOD  MOt* El--  Money  paid  to 
the  next  of  kin  of  one  who  met 
with  his  death  at  the  hands  of  an- 
other, accidentally  or  with  pre- 
meditation. Body  Politic,  a  state 
in  its  national  or  political  capacity. 
Bond-C-reditor,  a  creditor  whose 
debt  is  secured  by  a  bond.  Bond- 
Debt,  a  debt  contracted  under  the 
obligation  of  a  bond.  Booty,  the 
spoils  taken  by  an  enemy  on  the 
land.  If  taken  on  the  sea  it  is  call- 
ed a  priz.c.  Bote,  an  allowance  or 
recompense.  The  expression  X/o 
\>ooV  is  derived  from  this  word. 
FIE'VE.-  A  letter  or  writ  on  pub- 
lic affairs,  by  which  anything  is 
commanded  to  be  done  in  the 
king's  name.  It  is  most  frequent 
ly  written  "  brief. "  B-rief,  a  sum- 
mary or  abbreviated  statement 
of  the  questions  at  issue.  B-ro- 
kc-r's  Contract,  a  paper  signed  by 
a  broker,  and  sent  to  the  person 
forwhoni  he  has  bought  or  sold 
goods,  immediately  upon  com- 
pleting the  bargain,  describing  the 
goods  and  the  price,  and  condi- 
tions upon  which  they  were  sold 
or  bought. 


276 


sons  descended  from  the  same  fath- 
er and  mother.  Cohabit,  to  live    as 
wan  and  wife, in  the  same  house. 
Corv\rviiS3iot<EF\  op  DEEDS. -A,,  Of 

ficer  in  tnany  States  before  whom 
deeds  are  acknowledged.  Commit- 
tee, a  number  of  persons  appointed 
to  consider  and  manage  any  matter. 
Concord,  an  agreement  between 
parties  who  intend  to  levy  a  fine 
of  lands;  an  agreement  between 
two  or  more  upon  a  trespass  com- 
mitted. Conditional  Sale,  an  a- 
greernent  between  two  parties  that 
certain  property  belonging  to  one 
shall  at  some  future  time  belong 
to  the  other,  provided  a  certain 
thing  does  or  does  no  v  take  place. 
Conditions  o/ Sale,  the  terms  up- 
on which  it  is  proposed  to  sell  prop- 
erty at  auction. 

COf/DOJM'f\TIOK — The  act  of  par- 
doning, as  in  divorce  actions.  Con- 
fession of  Judgment,  a  confes- 
sion in  writing  by  a  defendant  of 
an  action  brought  against  him, 
to  which  he  has  no  defense.  Con- 
firmation, an  agreement  which 
renders  valid  a  voidable  estate; al- 
so a  kind  of  conveyance.-Co-ftju.ra- 
*IO-M,  the  using  of  certain  words 
or  ceremonies  in  order  to  g  ain 
the^assistance  of  some  supposed  su- 
perior power;  a  compact,  wade  by 
persons  under  oath,  to  do  some  pub 
lie  harm.  Con  sen  *  Rale,  a  docu- 
ment in  which  the  defendant  con- 
fesses the  lease,  entry  and  ouster 
of  the  plaintiff,  in  an  action  of  e- 

n     jectrnent. 

id  CO^STlT\JE|*T.-One  who  votes 
to  elect  a  person  to  an  off  ice, with 
authority  to  act  for  him.  Contract- 
or, one  who  engages  to  perform  any 
work  or  service  for  the  public,  or 
to  supply  certain  quantities  of  ma- 
terials or  goods  at  a  certain  price. 
Contumacy,  refusal  to  appear  in 
court  when  summoned. Cotivcn- 
*ion,  see  Nominations.  Convic- 
*iort,  proving  the  guilt  of  one 
charged  with  a  crime.  Council, 
an  executive  body  elected  in  some 
States  to  advise  the  governor. Cov 
erture,  the  condition  of  a  married 
woman. 

DULPf\IT.  — One  indicted  for  acrim 
inal  o»/v,itse.  Cumulative  Evidence, 
additional  evidence  confirming  that 
already  given.  Curtilage,  the  inclos- 
ed space  surrounding  a  dwelling  house; 
a  court  yard.  Curtis,  the  space  about 
a  building.  Decapitation,  punish- 
ment by  cutting  of  the  head. Dec- 
laration, at  common  law, a  plaint 
iff's  statement  of  hig  cause  ofac 
tion.  Del  C-redere,  an  agreement 
by  an  agent,  in  consideration  of 
an  additional  premium  or  compcn 
sation,  engages  when  he  sells  goods 
on  credit,  to  insure,  warfant.orgiwt- 
antee  to  his  principal  the  solvency 
of  the  purchaser,  the  true  engage 


„.  —  In  a  wass  or  solid  state,  as 
pork  \-v\V\v\V,  or  \>\x\V  ^o-vV.,porl<  not 
cut  up  or  prepa-red  for  packi-ng.'tvaXa 
Vn)  S>\v\V  is  a.sak>  of  goods  as  they  are, 
without  weight  or  measure.  \_a&e\\ 
or  %Vo>Ne&  Vv\  'oviXV  is  having, the  car- 
go loose  in  the  hold,  or  not  inclosed 
in  boxes,  casks, etc.  Canon  Law,  ec- 
clesiastical law  for  church  discipline. 
Capias,  a  writ  addressed  to  a  sheriff, 
directing  him  to  arrest  and  hold 
the,  defendant.  Capture,  the  act  of 
taking  or  seizing,  by  force,  of  proper- 
ty or  persons  by  an  enemy. Carrier, 
a  person  who  undertakes  to  transport 
goods  from  place  to  place. 
/^UTEL.—  An  agreement  between 
two  belligerent  powers  for  the  ex 
change  of  prisoners  ;  a  challenge  to 
a  due],  or  letter  of  defiance. Cash 
Credit,  the  privilege  of  drawing  rnon 
ey  from  a  bank,  obtained  by  deposite 
or  personal  security-Cashier,  one 
who  has  charge  of  money,  as  the 
clerk  who  superintends  the  books, 
payments,  and  receipts  of  a  Ijatik 
or  company. Catching  Barpai-H, an 
agreement  with  an  expectant  heir 
for  the  purchase  of  his  expectancy 
at  an  inadequate  price.  Caucus,  see 
Nominations. Ce-rtiorari, a  writ 
from  a  superior  to  an  infcrioTcourt 
commanding  the  return  of  certain 
records  for  the  purpose  of  a  review. 
ir|/\LLEr«&C.  — In  elections,  the  ques- 
tioning of  an  ejector  upon  his  oath, 
in  respect  to  his  age,,  term  of  his  res- 
idence, and  his  nationality. l-n  law, 
an  exception  made  to  the  jurors  chos- 
en to  try,  a  cause.  Charge,  a  judge's 
instructions  to  a  grand  jury  ;*he  ex- 
planation by  ajudge  to,  the  Jury  of 
certain  principles  which  they  are 
to  consider  and  apply  in  determi-n 
ing  their  verdict.Civil  Service,  the 
body  of  persons  employed  by  the  Uni- 
ted States,  from  the.  Cabinet  down 
to  the  lowest  clerks  in  the  Post  Of- 
fice, except  the  army  and  navy. 
<uEI\l£.—  One  engaged  to, write  ii 


, 

an  office,  keep  books,  wait  upon  cus- 
tomers,etc.;  a-ti  officer  in  a  cou-r* 
whose  duties  are  to  attend  its  ses 
sions,  to  preserve  its  papers, to  keep 
a  record  of  its  proceedings,  and  to 
issue,  writs  in  its  name.  Close,  an 
imaginary  fence  with  which  the  law 
surrounds  a  person's  property  to  pro- 
tect his  rights  therein. Cog-Hatio-n, 
relationship  existing  between  per- 


, 

ment  of  One  agent  being  to  pay 
the  debt  himself  if  it  is  not  p-romp.t 
ly  discharged  by  the  buyer.  De-Mi- 
xe-n,  one  born  an  ajien,  but  hav- 
ing letters-patent,  giving  him  the 
right  of  a  subject.  Oeodand,  any 


personal  chattel  which  has  caused 
the  death  of  a  person,  and  for  that 
reason  is  forfeited  to  the  king.  De- 
partments  of  C-overtime-nt,  i  in 
three  departments  of  government 
are  :  (I)  Executive, \av\i- e.xet«.V«\a, 
represented  by  the  executive  offi- 
cers, as  the  President  and  his  Cab- 
inet, Governors, etc. ;|?lj  Legisla- 
tive, \avg- \v\aV\v\O;,  consisting  of 
the  Senate,  Hou-se  of  Represent! 
tives.and  the  G-pvernor  in  some 
States;  (3)  Judicial, \»>N  °\Y\u.K^reV 
vvxo,  awi  \a\N- avvW^1*4^^ consists  of 
all  the  judges. 

EjSPOT.-^A  tyrant  or  absolute 
prince.  Dic*u.rn,an  opinion  ex- 
pressed by  a  court.  Dilapidation, 
decay  or  waste^especially  when 
applied  to  ecclesiastical  buildings. 
OJ  latory  Plea,  a  plea  which  may 
destroy  a  particular  action,  but 
not  affecting  the  right  of  action 
of  the  plaintiff.  Diplo-Hiatics,  the 
science  of  ancient  writings,  and 
the  art  of  deciphering  then-i,de 
termining  their  aye,  etc. Disbar, 
to  revoke  a  lawyer's  license.  Dis- 
claimer, a^renunciation  or  dis- 
avowal. DM-ec*of,  an_  officer  or 
trustee  of  a  corporation  ;a  niem- 
ber  of  a  board  of  education.  Dis- 
coiiti*i  ttg  Bills  of  Merchandise, 
owing  to  unsuspected  losses, dis- 
counts afe  f-requ-ently  made  irt 
addition  to  the  regular  discount. 
If  an  article  is  sold  at  a  profit  of 
2  5  % ,  ano1  5  %  is  deducted  from 
the  selling  price, it  is  not  20%, but 
\Q%?i,  because  the  d  iscount_  i  & 
calculated  on  the  selling  price, 
while  the  profit  is  calculated  on 
the  cost.  Also  if  25%  be  added  and 
20%  be  deducted, the^ppare/nt 
profit  is  5  %,  when  in  reality 
the  goods  are  sold  for  cost. 

DISMISS.  -To  remove  or  send  out 
of  court.  Dispensation,  the  per- 
mission to  do  something  forbid- 
den; a  relaxation  of  I .iw. Disseis- 
in, an  unlawful  dispossession  of 
a  person  of  his  lands  or  tenements. 
Document  Bills,  bills  with  ship, 
ping  documents  for  goods  attach- 
ed to  them  given  as  collateral  se- 
curity available  if  the  bill  should 
not  be  duly  honored.  Do-micH, 
the  place  where  a  person  has  hii 
permanent  abode.  Dysrto-my.the 
act  of  making  bad  laws. 

ELEOIT.-A  writ  directed  to  the 
sheriff ,  ordering  him  to  make 
delivery  of  a  rnoiety  of  a  party's 
land  and  all  his  goods,  beasts  of 
burden  excepted.  Elorigata,  tin 
return  made  by  the  sheriff  in  re- 
plevin, that  the  goods  hawp.  been 
removed  and  cannot  be  fou.nd. 
E-ttii-Me-H-t  Dottiai-ti,  see  Domain. 

FEKCE  VlEYyEHS.-Offi'cers,u« 
ually  supervisors  or  trustees, 
whose  duties  are  to  settle  dis- 
putes between  the  owners  of  ad- 
joining estates  respecting  parti- 
tion fences.  Free  Po-r*,  a  port  where 
the  ships  of  all  nations  may  load 
and  unload  free  of  duty,  provided 
the  goods  are  not  carried  into 
an  adjoining  country. 


277 


NAMES  OP  MEN. 

^ar'oti  (Heb.)  Lofty,  very  high. 
Ab'diel  (Heb.)  The  servant  of  God. 
A'bel  (Heb.)  Vanity,  breath. 
Abi'a*Jiar(Heb.)  Father  of  plenty. 
Abi'el  (Heb.)  Father  of  strength. 
Abi  'jah  ( Heb.)  Jehovah  is  a  father. 
Ab  -ner  (Heb.)  Father  of  light. 
A '  bra  h  am  ( Heb.)  Father  of  a  multitude. 
A'bratti  (Heb.)  Father  of  elevation. 
Ab'salotn  (Heb.)  Father  of  peace. 
Ad 'am  (Heb.)  Man,earth-rnan. 
A 'din  (Heb.)  Tender,  delicate, soft. 
Adol '  phus  (Sax.)  Successful  helper. 
Adoni  'ram  (Heb.)  Lord  of  height. 
Al'an  (Slav.)  Harmony,  a  hound. 
Al'aric  (Sax.)  All-powerful,  all-rich. 
Al '  ber*  (Sax.)  All-bright,  illustrious. 
Alexan'derfGr.)  A  helper  of  men. 
Al  fred  (Sax.)  Protecting  all,  all  peace. 
AI'lani(Slav.)  The  same  as  A I  an, 
Allen  )     which  see-. 
Alon'zc  (Ger.)  Same  as  Alphonso. 
Al'pheus  (Heb.)  Exchange 
AlpHo-n'ce  (Oer.)  Willina, 
AI'vah  (Heb.)  Iniquity. 
Al'van  (Heb.)  Unrighteous. 
Al  'vin,  Al'wm  (Sax.)  Conquering  all. 
A-tnari'ah  (Heb.)  Jehovah  promised. 
Ar«'asa(Heb.)  A  burden. 
Atn'brese  (&r.)  Divme,  immortal. 
Atti'rtii  (Heb.)  My  people. 


A'mes  (Heb.) Courageous,  strong. 
Ati'drew  (&r.)  Man lu,  courageous. 
Atidttmi 'cus  (&r.)  A  conqueror  of  wen. 
Ati'seltti  l&er.)  An  heroic  defender. 
A-n'*h«rtij)ILat)  Praiseworthy. 
Archela'iw  (&r.)  Ruler  of  the  people. 
Archibald  (&cr.)  Boldness. 
A'riel  (Heb.)  Lion  of  Ood,  valiant. 
A  r 'field  (Sax.1  Strong  as  an  ea^le. 
Ar'tcitias  (Gr.)Giftcf  Mi-nerw  or  Artemis. 
Ar'thiwlBrit.)  Noble,  hioh. 
A'sa(Heb.)  Physician, healer 
A'saph  (Heb.)  A  collector. 
Ash'bellHeb.)  Fire  of  Bel. 
Ash'erfHeb.)  Fortunate,  happy. 
Ash'ur  (Heb.)  Black, blackness. 
Audits '*us(Lat.)  Majestic,  exalted. 
Aitjus'tinc)  (Lat.)  Belonging  to  Au 
Aus'tin       )      Justus. 
laid 'win  (Sax1.)  Courapeous,  bold. 
Bar'-ttabas)  ( Hcb.l  Son  of  prophecy,  or 
Bar'naby  )    exhortation. 
BartHol'oniewlHcb.)  A  warlike  son. 
Basil  (&T.)  Royal,  kindly. 
Ben 'edict  (La.t.)  Blessed- 
Ben'jattiiti  (Hcb.)Son  of  the  ripht. 
Beri'ah  (Heb.)  In  calamity. 
Ser'-Mard  (Sav.)  A  brave  wan. 
Bcr'tratti  (&er.)  B-right  raven. 
Bethu'el  (Heb.)  Man  of  God. 
Bon'iface  (Lat.)  A  benefactor. 
Bri  'ati  (Celt.)  Stronp. 
Cadwal'la<ler( Brit.)  Valiant  in  war. 


Cae'sarlLat.)  Hairy, or  blue-eyed.    •' 
Ca'lcb(Heb.)A  do9. 
CaJ'yi-n(Lat.)  Bald. 
Ce'cil  (Lat). Dim-sighted. 
Charles  (Sax.)  Noble-spiri-ted,  marili;. 
Chris '*epher(Gr.)  Bearing  Christ. 
Clar'ence  ( Lat.)  Illustrious. 


Come 'I  ins  ( Lat.)  Si^tiificatiort  uncertain 

Cuth'bert(Sav.)  Renowned. 

Cy  'tus  ( Pers.)  The  sun . 
Dan  iel  (Heb.)  A  judae  from  God. 

Dari  'us  ( Pers.)  P-reserver. 

Da  'vM  (Heb.)  Beloved. 

DC-M'IS  )(Gr.)  Belonyiriji  toDio-n^sos^' 

Den 'nisi    or  Bacchus,  goA  of  wine.1- 

Dcx'ter(  Lat.)  The  riyht  hand. 

Diotiys'ius(6-r.)  The  sarne  as  Denis.'' 

Don'ald  (Ceft.) Proud  chief. 

Du.n'can  (Celt.)  Brown  chief. 
Eb'«-H(Heb.)Astone. 

Ebctie'zerj  Heb.)  The  stone  of  help.  ] 

Ed 'par  (Say.)  Successful  warrior. 

Ed'wund  (Sax.) Successful  protect 01. 

Ed 'ward  (Sav.)Guardian  of  property; 

Ed 'win  (Sax.)  Successfu-l  in  war. 

Ea 'her*  I  Sax.)  Bright  eye. 

EI'b«T*(  Sax.)  All-  briflht,  illustrious     _ 

El 'dred  (Sax.)  Terrible. 

Elea'zer(Heb.)  Whom  &od  helps. 

E'li  (Heb.)  A  foster  son.  I 


278 


Eli  'ab  (Heb.)  God  is  his  father. 
Eli'as  (Heb.)  Jehovah  is  my  (rod. 
Eli 'hu(Heb.)  Cod  the  Lord. 
Elijah  (Heb.)  Strength  of  the  Lord. 
Eli'shajHrb.)  God  triy  salvation. 
Eli'zur(Heb.)  God  istnyrock. 
Ettiman  'uel  (Meb.)  &pd  with  us. 
Etie'as  (&r.)  Cow-mended,  Braised. 
E'noch  (Heb.)  InstrucUd.initiated. 
E'-tios(Heb.)Man. 
E  phraini  (Heb.)  Very  fruitful. 
Eras'+tius  ( &r.)  Wo  r-th  y  to  be  loved. 
Eras'*ii.s  (&T.)  Amiable,  lovely. 
Er'«es*  (G-er.)  Earnest. 
E'sau.(  Heb.) Covered  with  hair. 
E'than  {Heb.)  Strength,  firmness. 
Eu.9etie'(&r.)  Noble,  wetl- born. 
Eus'tace  (&r.)  Standing  fir-m. 
Ev'an  ( Bri-t.)  Gracious  gift  of  G-od. 
Ejce'kiel(  Heb.)  Strength  of  (rod. 
Ez'ra( Heb.)  Help. 
FeTx{Lat.)  Happy,  prosperous. 

'ditiatid(&eT.)  Brave,  valiant. 
Ft    nan 'do  (Span.) Same  as  Ferdinand. 
Fvati  'cis  ( Fr.)  Free. 
Fr>*ik,Fra«klm  ( Fr.)  Free. 
'    -.d 'crick  (Ger.)  Peaceful  ruler. 
iel(Heb.)Man  of  G-od. 

...  .la'liel  (Heb.)  Recompense  of  God. 

'of'fny  (Sax.)  Good  protector. 
».  o«-jic  (&r.)  A  Husbandman. 
G*r  'aid  (Ger.)  Strong  with  the  spear. 
Gid'eon  (Heb.)  A  destroyer. 
GJI'lfrrtlSax.)  Bright  as  gold. 
Oiles(Gr.)  A  little  goat.     ' 
God'dard  (Ger.)  Virtuous,  pious. 
Cod  '-frcy  ( Sav.)  Good  p_  rotector. 
Go  'wi«  (Sax.)  Good  in  war. 
O   '.9  'ory  ( &er.)  Watchful . 
&ti/"/itti(  Brit.)  Havinagreatfaith. 
Gusta'vus  (Sw.)  A  warrior,  hero. 
Gu-y  ( Fr.)  A  leader. 
Hati  tiibal  (Pu-nic)  A  9racious  lord. 
He'ttian  ( Heb.)  Faith/u.1. 
Hp->iVy  (Ger.)  Rich  lord. 
H  r'be-rt(&er.)  Glory  o^the-ar-my. 
H  :r'*ttatt  (&cr.)  A  warrior. 
H':zeki'ah  (Heb.)  Strength  of  God. 
';l'ary  (Lafc)  Cheer/ul,tnerry. 
.li'ratti  (Heb.)  Most  noble. 
Her 'ace  (Lat.JSijtiifjcation  u-ncertaiti. 
,  I    V  •ra'*ie(Lat.)Sionificatiotiancertain. 
iose'a(  Heb.)  Salvation. 
w 'ell  (Brit)  Sound,  whole. 

4'ber*  (Sax.)  Bright, handsome. 

igh(  Dutch)  Hi9h,  lofty. 
.•HiphVey  (Sav.)  Protector  of  home, 
abod  (Heb.)frlory  has  departed. 
HA'ttHS  (Gr.)  Ardent,  fiery. 
ltHftiati'ttel(Heb.)&od  with  u-s. 
l-n'araw  (&er.)  A  stalwart  UOM.Hl. 
l'ra(  Heb.)  Watchful. 


r*aac(Heb.)  Laughter. 

Isa'iah  (Heb.)  Salvation  of  the  Lord. 

ls'-rael(Heb.)  A  soldier  of  &od. 

Ith'iel  (Heb.)G-od  is  with  me. 
Ja'bex(Heb-)  He  will  cause  pain. 

Ja'cob(Heb.)  He  will  supplant. 

James(  Heb.)  He  will  supplant. 

Ja'rcd(Heb.)  Descent. 

Ja'soti  ( Gr.)  A  healer. 

Jas'per(Pers.)  Signification  uncertain. 

Jeffrey  ( Sax.)  At  peace  with  God. 

Jeremi  ah  ( Heb.)  Exalted  of  the  Lord. 

Jero«tie'((rr.)  Having  a  holy  name. 

Jes'se(  Heb.)  Wealth. 

Jo'ab  ( Heb.)  Jehovah  is  his  father. 

Job  (Heb.)  Afflicted,  persecuted. 

Jo 'el  ( Heb.)  The  Lord  is  God. 

Johtt  ( Heb.)  Gracious  gift  of  God. 

Jo'tiah  (Heb.)  A  dove. 

Jon  'athan  (Heb.)  Gift  of  Jehovah. 

Jo'seph  (Heb.)  He  shall  add. 

Josh 'ua(  Heb.)  Lord  of  salvation. 

Ju'dah  I  Heb.)  Praised. 

Jul'ian  ( Lat)  Belonging  to  Julius. 

Jul'i'iis  (&r.)  Soft-haired. 

Jus 'tin  (Lat.)  Just. 
Ken'el-m  (Sax.)  Defender  of  kindred. 

Kc-ft/*ie*h  (Gael.)  Leader,  commander. 
La'bati(  Heb.)  White. 

Lam  'bert  (Sax.)  A  keeper  of  lambs. 

Law'retice  ( Lat.)  Crowned  with  laurel. 

Letn'uel  (Heb.) Created  by  God. 

Leon 'ard  (Sav.)  Brave  as  a  lion, 

Le'opold  (Ger.)  Bold  as  a  lion. 

Le'vi  (Heb.)  Adhesion. 

Lew/is(Fr.)  Defender  of  the  people. 

Li'-Mus  (&r.)  Flaxen-haired. 

Li'onel  (Lai.)  A  little  I  ion. 

Loren'zo  ( Ital.)  Crowned  with  laurel. 

Lofc  (Heb.)  A  veil,  covering. 

Lit 'bin  (Sax.)  Beloved  friend. 

Lu-'cius  (Lat.)  Born  at  break  of  day. 

Luke  (Lat.)  Contraction  of  Lucanus. 

Lu'ther  (G-er.)  Illustrious  warrior. 

Lycur 'gus  (Gr.)  Wolf-driver. 
Marachi  ( Heb.)  Message  of  the  Lord. 

Marcel 'lus  (Lat.)  Dimin.of  Marcu-s. 

Mar'cius [Lat.]  Same  as  Marcus. 

Mar'ciw.Mark(Lat.)  A  hammer. 

Mar'ttiaduke  (Sax.)  A  mighty  noble. 

Mar 'tin  ( Lat.)  Martial,  warlike. 

Mat 'thcw(  Heb.)  Gift  of  Jehovah. 

Ma«hi'as(Heb.)Giftof  the  Lord. 

Mau '-rice  (Lat.)  Sprung  of  a  Moor. 

Mer'edtth  (Celt.)  Sea- protector. 

Mi  'cah  ( Heb.)  Who  is  like  the  Lord  ? 

Mi'chael  (Heb.)  Who  is  like  God  ? 

Miles  (Lat.)  A  soldier. 

Mor'pa-H  (Brit.)  Born  on  the  sea. 

Mo  'ses{  Egypt.)  Drawn  out  of  water. 

la  'hum  ( Heb.JConsolation, 

Nathan'1'  ' 

Nathan 

Neal(L,     , 

Nich'olas(Gr.)  Victory  of  the  people 

No 'ah  (Heb.)  Rest,  comfort. 

No 'el  (Heb.)  Born  on  Christmas  day. 

Nor '-ttian  (Ger.)  Native  of  Normandy 
Obadi'ah  (Heb.)  Servant  of  the  Lord. 


hu-m  ( Heb. (Consolation. 
i'*hati(Heb.)  A  gift,  given. 
rfhan'iei  ( Heb.)  The  gift  of  God. 
sal  { Lat.)  Dark,  swarthy. 


0 'bed  (Heb.)  Serving  God. 

Octa'viu*(Lat.)  The  eighth  born. 

OI'iver(Lat.)  An  olive  tree. 

Orlati'do  ( Ital.)  Counsel  for  the  land. 

Os 'car (Celt.)  Bounding  warrior. 

Os'mutid  (Ger.)  Protection  of  God. 

Os'wald  (&er.)  Power  of  God. 

Ow'ett  (Celt.) Young  warrior. 

Ozi'as  (Heb.)Stmigth  o/th*  Lord1. 
Pa* 'rick  (Lat.)  Noble,  a  patrician. 

Paul  (Lat.)Small, little. 

Pele?(Heb.)  Division. 

Pe'*er(Gr.)  A  rock. 

Phjlati'der(Gr.)  A  lover  of -men-. 

Phile'tnon  (Gr.)  Loving,  friendly. 

Phil'ip  (&r.)  A  lover  of  horses. 

PHiti'easjHeb.)  Mouth  of  brass. 

Pol'ijcaYp(Gr.)  Much  frui*. 

Ptol 'ct*9 (Gr.)  Mighty  in  war. 

luiti'titi  (Lat.)  The  fifth. 
Ralph  (Sax.)  Helpful  in  counsel. 

Raph  'ael  ( Heb.)  The  healing  of  God. 

Ray'ttiond  (Ger.)  Strong  protector. 

Reu'ben( Heb.)  Behold  -a  son! 

Reyn'old  (Sax.)  Strong  ruler. 

Rich 'ard  (Sax.)  Rich-hearted. 

Rob'crt(Ger.)  Bright  in  fame. 

Rod 'erick(Ger.)  Rich  in  fame. 

Ro'dolpH  (Sax.)  Aiding  in  counsel. 

Roo'er(Ger.)  Famous  with  the  spear. 

Roland,  Rowland  (Ger.)  Fame  of  the  land 

Ru'dolph  (Sax.)  Famous  hero. 

Ru'fus  (  Lat.)  Reddish,  red-haired. 

Ru.'per*(Sax.)  Bright  in  fame. 
Sa«i'soti(Heb.)  Splendid  sun. 

Sa-w'uel  (Heb.)  Heard  of  God. 

Saitl  (Heb.)  Asked  for. 

Sebas'-tiati  ( &r.)  Venerable,  -roverend. 

Si'las(Lat.1  Contraction  p/Silvanus. 

Sil  vaiius,Sy  Iva'nus  (Lat.)  Living  in  a  wood. 

Silves't«r(  Lat.)  Living  in  the  woods. 

Sitfi'eon  ,Si  '-won  ( Heb.)  Hearing  withauept'ct 

Sol'omon  ( Heb.)  Peaceable. 

Ste'phe-n  (Gr.)  A  crown  or  garland. 
Thad 'dens  (Syr.)  The  wise. 

The'obald  (Sax.)  Bold  for  the  people. 

The'odore(Gr.)  The  gift  of  God. 

Theoph'ilu.s(&r.)  A  lover  of  God. 

Thotti'as  (Heb.)  A  twin. 

Titti'othy  (&r.)  One  who  honors  God. 

Tobi'as  (Heb.)  Pleasing  to  JcJwvah. 

Tris  '*rat«  ( Lat.)  Grave,  pensive, sad 
Ulys'ses(Gr.)  A  hater. 

Ur 'bati  ( Lat.)  Courteous,  polished. 

Uri'ah  (Heb.)  Light  of  the  Lord. 

U'-riati  (Dan.)A  husbandman. 
Val'entine  ( Lat.)  Strong,  powerful. 

Vic'*or(Lat.)  A  conqueror. 

Vi«'ce-M*(Lat.)  Conquering. 

Viv'ian  (Lat.)Lively,  living. 
Wai '*cr(Ger.)  Ruling  thehos*. 

Wil  liatti  (&er.)  Resolute  helmet. 

Wi-H'/red  (Sav.)  W'm  peace. 
Zab'diel(Heb.)Giftof  &od. 

Zacche'us  (Heb.)  Innocent,  puna. 

Zachari'ah1(Heb.)  Remembenad  of 

Zach'ary  J     the  Lord. 

Zcdcki'ah  (Heb.)  Justice  of  the  l»rd 

Zcpha-ni'a>i(Heb.)Hid  of  the  Lord. 


279 


NAMES  OF  WOMEN, 

hjail  (Heli)  My  father's  joy. 

A  da  (Sax.)Ha^'mess,™lioift. 

Ad  alitie  )(&er.)  A  (rrincess, 

Ad  elinej     of  noble  birth. 

Ad'ela(&cr.)  The  same  as  Adaline. 

Ad  claidc  (&£T.)  The  same  as  Adaline. 

A<Jc  lia(Gcr.)7he  sarrie  as  Adaline. 

Ag  atha  (Or.)  Good,  kind. 

Ao'«ics(Cr.)  Chaste,  pure. 

Alber  *a(Ger.)  Feminine  of  Alber*. 

Alethe'a(C-r.)  Truth. 

Al 'ice  (C-er.)  Noble  birth,  a  princess. 

Almi  ra  (  AT.)  Lofty,  noble. 

Alt  he 'a  (Or.)  A  healer. 

Am'abeJ  (Lat.)  Lovely,  amiable. 

Atnan;da( Lat.)  Worthy  to  be  loved. 

Attte'li a  (Ger.)  Busy,  energetic. 

A  tnu  (Lat.)  Beloved. 

(W.)  Angelic,  lovely. 

eb.)  Grace,  alto  the  same  as 

Atitie 

Annette  (  Heb.)  French  form  of  Anne. 

An-*oitictte'(&r.)Dimin.  of  Antonia. 

Att*o'tiia(Lat.)  Inestimable. 

Arabel'la(Lat.)  A  fair  altar. 

Aupus  tafLat.)  Feminine  of  Augustus. 

Aurc'lialLat.)  Feminine  of  Aurelius. 

AUTO  'ra(  Lat.)  Morning,  brightness. 

Azu'ba(Heb-)  Deserted. 
Jar  'bara  (Gr.)  Foreign,  strange. 

Be  atrice  ( Lat.)  Making  happy. 

Ber  *ha(Sa)f.)  Bright,  beautiful. 

Blanche!  Teut.)  White,  fair. 

Bridg'et  (Celt.)  Strength. 
Camil  la(Lat.)  Attendant  at  sacrifice. 

Car  oli-ne  (Ger.)  Feminine  of  Carolus. 

Cecil 'ia(  Lat.)  Fern'mine  of  Cecil. 

Ce'lia(Lat.)  Feminine  of  Goelius. 
Celes'*i*»c(Lat.)  Heavenly. 
Char 'lotte  ( Fr.)  Feminine  of  Charles. 
Chlo'e(Gr.)  A  green  herb,  blooming. 
Clar 'a  (Lat.)  Bright,  illustrious. 
Cla-ris'saf  La*.)A  variation  of  Clara. 


an  'ttu  (Ger.)  Di  m  in  nt  ive  of  Frances. 

Fau*ti'tia(  Lat.)  Lucky. 

F«lic'ia(Lat.)  Happu,  happiness. 

Fide'lia(Lat.)  Faithful. 

Flo  't-a(Lat.)  The  goddess  of  flowers. 

Fl  or  'etice  (Lat.)  Blooming,  flourishing. 

Fra«  'ccs  (Ger.)  Feminine  of  Francis. 

FreJcri  'ca  (  &cr.)  Feinini-ne  of  Frederick  . 
rCOTpiati'a(&r.)  Femittine  of  &eor?e. 

Cer  'alditie  (Oer.)  Feminine  of  Gerald. 

Oer  'tru.de(&er.)  All  truth. 

G-race  (  Lat.y^&raca,  favor. 

Driscd  'da  (  Teu.t.)  Stone  heroine. 
Han'tiah  (Heb.)  The  same  as  Anna. 

Har'riet  (fter.)  Fem.  di-mmittive  of  Henry. 

H«l'c*i(&r.)  Liaht,  allurin?. 

Hcnriet'*a(Ger.)  Fern.dimmntive  of  Henry. 

Heph'zibah(Heb.)  My  deliaht  in  her. 

Hes'terlPers.)  A  star,  good  fortune. 

Hila'ria(Lat.)  Feminine  of  Hilary. 

Hono'-ra(Lat.)  Honorable. 

Horten'sialLat.)  A  lady  aoddeis. 

Hu.1  'dab  (  He  b.)  A  weasel. 
'da  (5av.)  Happy,  happiness. 

\'nei  (Or.)  Chaste,  pure. 

lre'ne(&r.)  Peace,  peaceful. 

!saabbee,',a}(Sp.)  Worshiper  of  Cod. 


Con  'statics  (Lat.)  Constant,  firm. 
Co'ra(&r.)  Maiden,  daughter. 
Corde  lia(  Lat.)  Warm  -hear  ted. 
Coriti'-tial&r.)  Maiden. 
Cortie'lia  (Lat.)  Femini-ne  of  Cornelius. 
Cyn  'thial&r.)  Belonging  to  Cwnthus. 
Deb'orah(Heb.)  A  bee. 
De'lia  (Or.)  Belon^in^  to  Oelos. 
Diatti'a  (Lat.)  Goddess. 
Diati  'tda(&r.)  Flower  of  Jove,  a.  pink. 
Di  tiah(Heb.j  Judged. 
DoVa.(&r.)  Aaif*. 
Dor'casl&r.)  A  gazelle. 
i'  da(Gr.) 


.)  Same  as  Dorothea. 
.  T.  _•,.    ,r    . 
-1  The  9>(f  »f  &•<»• 


Do 

Bo rot he 'a 
Dor  othy 
Drusil'lafC-r.)  Dewy  eyes. 
:'dith(  Sax.)  Happiness. 
Ed  '«ia  (Heb.)  Pleas  ure. 
EI'ea-nor(Sair.)  All-fruitful. 
Eriner(Sa>.)  Same  as  Eleanor. 
Eli'xa(Heb.)Contrutio7i  of  Eliiabeth. 
Eliz'abetH(Heb.)  Worshiper  of  God. 
El'la(&r.)  Contraction  of  Eleanor. 
Erieti(Oi-.)Di-minutive  of  Eleanor. 
Ej'si<(Sair.) Diminutive  of  Alice. 

getic,  indus 


Elvi'ra(Lat.)  White. 
Em 'clitic    liter.)  Ener 


Uter.)  En 

E-m 'ttielitiej  trious. 
E-m'ily  (Lat.)  The  same  as  Emel'me. 
Et»i'itia(&er.)ThesaTneas  Emelin«, 
Erties  'tme  (&er.)  Fem.dim.  of  Erne»*. 
Es  ther  (  Pcrs.)  A  Star,  good  fortune. 


Eth'cl(Sax.)  Noble. 


Eudo  -ra(&r.)  Good  gift. 
Euge'nial&r.)  Well-born,  noble. 
Eu.  nice  (&T.)  Happy  victory. 
Euphc'ttiialCrT.)  Of  pood  -rapo-rt. 
Eva,  Eve  (Heb.)  Life. 
Evati'o,eli-nc(Gr.)  Br'm^iti^  qla.d  news. 


Philip  'pa  (Or.)  Feminine  of  Philip. 
Phjj,'  fa]  (Cr.)  A  green  bouoh. 
Pol  ly  (Eng.)  Variation  of  Molly,  from  Mary 
Priscil  lajLat.)  Somewhat  old. 

fe'ftf  P.'*'  F°™9M>  P^dence. 
Ra'chel(Heb.)  A  ewe. 
Rcbcc'ca(Heb.)  Of  enchanting  beauty. 


Jane  (Fr.)  Feminine  of  Jo 
Jatie*'(Fr.)  Diminutive 


hn. 

of  Jane. 


Jaq'ucli-nc(  F  r.)  French  fertiin'me  of  Ja-mes. 
Jeantiette'(Fr.)  French  diminutive  of  Jane 
Je«ii'»tia(Heb.)  A  dove. 
Jeru.'sha(Heb.)  Possessed,  married. 
Jes'sie  (Scotch)  Diminutive  and  femol  Jesse 

joaii'«»}f  La*^  Femiriifl«  o(  John. 

Jo  'sephi«e(F-r.)  Feminine  of  Joseph. 


Joyce(Lat.)  Sportive. 
Ju-'dithlHeb-Jfraised. 


Ju.'|ia( Lat.)  Feminine  of  Julius. 

Juliati'a(Lat-)  Feminine  of  Julian. 

Ju.'liet(Fr.)  Diminutive  of  Julia. 

Justi'-na  (Lat.)  Feminine  of  Justin. 
Ka*«(&r.)  Diminutive  of  Catharine. 

Kath  arme)  (Ger.)  Pure,- the  same  as 

Kath'CTitie/     Catharine. 

Keti*'fari  (HebJ  Incense. 

Kezi'ah  (Heb.)Cassia. 
Lau'ra(Lat.)  A  laurel  or  bay-tre 

LaMmt 'da (Lat.)  Variation  of  I 


°f  Louis. 


Lu'cia 

Lu-ci-H' 


ia  I  Lat.)  Feminine  of  Lucius. 

-H'da,Li*ci'tia(  Lat.  (Shinin,),  brilliant, 
Liicre'ttal  Lat.)  C-ain. 
Lu'ey  I  Lat.)  Feminine  of  Lucius. 
Lyd'iaJGr.)  A  native  of  Lydia  in  Asia. 


Ma' be) 


ontraction  of  Amabel. 


Mad  elme(Fr.)  Same  as  Magdalene 
Map  dalene  (Heb.)  Belonging  to Ma^dala 


Mar'cia(Lat.)Fem.of  Maic'ms. 

Mar  'caret  (Gr.)  A  pearl. 

Mari  'a  (  Lat.)  A  foT-m  of  Mary. 

Mariajine'lFf.)  ftom  Mar]i  andAime. 

Mar  ion  (Fr.)  Familiar  firm  of  Nlarj). 

Mar  'tha(Hcb-)  Sorrowful. 
Ma'ry  (Heb.)  Bitter,  star  of  the  sea. 
Matil  da(Ger.)  A  heroine. 
Maud  (Ger.)Contraction  of  Matilda. 

KehU;ablehHeb->  Bclle(ited  atM- 

Mcl'icent  (Lat.)  A  sweet  finger. 

Melis'sal&r.)  A  bee. 

MiTan'«Ja(Lat.)  Admirable. 

Mir'iatti(Heb.)The  same  as  Mary. 

Mj|Va.(&r.)She  who  weeps  or  laments. 
Man'cy  (Enj.)  A  familiar  form  of  Antie. 

No'ra(  Ital.)  Contraction  of  Honora. 
Octa'via(  Lat.)  Fami  nine  of  Octaviut. 


Olytn'pia(G-r.)  Heavenly. 


Pencl'ope  (&r.)  A  weaver. 
Per'sisJOr.)  A  Persian  woman. 


M 


Rho  , 
Re's: 


Ros'abel 
Rosabel 'la. 
Ros'alic  (Fr.)  Little  blooming  rose. 
Ros'alind  (Lat.)  Beautiful  as  a  rose. 
Ros'amond  (&CT.)  Rosy  lips. 
Roxati'tia(Pers.)  Dawn  of  day. 
Ruth  |  Heb.)  Beauty. 
Sabi  'tia  ( Lat.)  A  Sabine  woman. 
Salotne'(Heb.)  Peaceful. 


Sal  'va(  Lat.)  Safe. 

la'  »»h}(Heb-)  A  princes*. 

Seli'<tia(Gr.)  Parsley. 

Sere  '•tia  (Lat.)  Feminine  of  Serenas. 


SoVhie  J  (&T-1  Wisdom. 
SopMro'-nSal&r.)  Of  a  sound  -mind. 


Tab-ithalSyr.)  A  gazelle. 

Thcodo'ra(&r.)The  gift  of  C-od1. 

Theodo  sia(Cr)  The  gift  of  0-od. 

There'sa(  Or.)  Carrying  ears  of  corn. 

Try phe 'na ( Gr.)  Delicate,  luxurious. 

Trypho'sa(Gr.)  Luxurious, dainty. 

I'ricalCer.JRich. 

Ura'tiia(&r.)  Heavenly. 

Ur'sula(Lat.)  A  she-bear. 
Vale'ria  (Lat.)  Feminine  of  Valefius- 

Victo'ria  (Lat.)  Victory. 

Vi 'da  (Erse.)  Feminine  of  David. 


Vi  ola 


Lat.)  A  violet. 


Virgin'ia)  Lat.)  Virgin,  pure. 

Viw'ian  (Lat.)  Lively. 
Wilhelitii'tia(sa>r.)  Feminine  of  William. 

Wini'ifred  (Sa>r.)  A  lover  of  peace. 
Ze-Mo'bia(Gr.)  Life  from  Jupiter. 


280 


THE  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Santa  Barbara 


IM. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW. 


JAN  14 1980 


^- 


JAN  1 1 1980 
^^^ 


Series  9482 


3  1205  00323  533V 


